romanesque art - ms. gregory · romanesque art •used to describe history and culture of western...
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Romanesque Art
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Byzantine Review
• What are the key elements of Byzantine
architecture?
• What are the key elements of Byzantine
art?
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Romanesque Art
• Used to describe history and culture of
western Europe between 1050 and 1200
• First since Archaic and Classical Greece to
take its name from an artistic style rather than
from politics or geography
• Art historians invented to describe art and
architecture that appeared to be like Roman
art
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Romanesque cont.
• Construction of churches was widespread
• Significant increase in pilgrimages and relics
• Traveling pilgrims fostered the growth of
towns as well as monasteries
• Regional differences existed throughout
Europe
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Saint-Sernin
Toulouse, France
ca. 1070-1120
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Saint Sernin
• Construction began in honor of
Toulouse’s first bishop, Saint
Saturninus
• 12th century exterior is still largely intact
• 2 towers of the west façade were never
completed
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Saint-Sernin
Toulouse, France
ca. 1070-1120
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Larger Space
• “pilgrimage church” intended to provide
additional space for curious pilgrims,
worshipers, and liturgical processions
(longer nave, doubled side aisles, and
radiating chapels (chapels used for the
display of relics)
• tribunes – upper galleries that opened into
the nave which housed overflow crowds
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Interior of Saint-Sernin
Toulouse, France
ca. 1070-1120
Barrel or tunnel
vault –
uninterrupted
series of
arches, one behind
another over an
oblong space
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Romanesque Church Portal
• Sculpture employed on the exterior of
Romanesque churches
• Most often found in the grand stone
portals through which the faithful had to
pass
• Tympanum – semicircle above the main
entrance comparable to the Roman
pediment
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St. Lazare
• Last Judgment is announced by 4 angels
blowing trumpets
• Christ is far larger than any figure
• On Christ’s right are the saved and on his
left are the damned
• On the left side of the lintel, people are
pleading with angels, and there are pilgrims
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Gislebertus
Last Judgment (plaster cast)West tympanum of Saint-Lazare
Autun, France
ca. 1120-1135marbleapproximately 21’ wide at base
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St. Lazare cont.
• Scene with weighing of the souls
• Demons have claws and monstrous bodies
• Meant to inspire fear in those who passed
• Inscription reads: “May this terror terrify
those whom earthly error binds, for the horror
of these images here in this manner truly
depicts what will be.”
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Pilgrimage and Relics
• Cult of relics was not new in the Romanesque era
• Christians traveled to sacred shrines housing the body parts of, or objects associated with, the holy family or saints.
• People would embark upon pilgrimages to visit these shrines
• Pilgrimages as act of repentance or hope for a cure
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Reliquary/Relic
• Reliquary – a container for keeping relics
(body parts, clothing, or objects associated
with a holy figure)
• Containers were elaborate and expensive
• Source of revenue for churches
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Head Reliquary of Saint Alexander
from Stavelot Abbey, Belgium
1145silver repoussé, gilt bronze, gems, enamel17 1/2 in. high
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Pisa Cathedral complex
Pisa, Italy
cathedral begun 1063
baptistery begun 1153
campanile begun 1174
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Pisa complex
• Shows diversity of Romanesque
architecture
• 3 separate buildings
– Cathedral
– Campanile (bell tower)
– Baptistery – infants and converts initiated
here
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Pisa cont.
• Famous leaning tower
• Result of a settling foundation
• Began to “lean” while under
construction
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Pisa Cathedral campanile
Pisa, Italy
begun 1174
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Interior of Saint-Sernin
Toulouse, France
ca. 1070-1120
Barrel or tunnel
vault –
uninterrupted
series of
arches, one behind
another over an
oblong space
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Exterior of Durham Cathedral
Durham, England
begun ca. 1093
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Durham Cathedral
• William of Normandy’s conquest of
Anglo-Saxon England in 1066 brought
French Romanesque building and
design methods
• We see beginnings of Gothic
architecture here
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Interior of Durham Cathedral
Durham, England
begun ca. 1093
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Vaults
• Groin or cross vault – two barrel vaults
intersect at right angles
• Rib – forms the framework of the
vaulting (forms the “x” in a groin/cross
vault)
• Durham Cathedral – earliest example of
ribbed groin vault placed over a three-
story nave
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Interior of Durham Cathedral
Durham, England
begun ca. 1093