romanian permanency and continuity in the depression tÂrgu ... · ptolemeu (100 -170 ad) is the...

The Annals of Valahia University of Târgovişte, Geographical Series, Tome 11 / 2011 __________________________________________________________________________________________________

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ROMANIAN PERMANENCY AND CONTINUITY

IN THE DEPRESSION TÂRGU SECUIESC

Claudia CĂPĂŢÎNĂ1

1National Institute of Statistics

Abstract: The establishment of the adequate framework for the living and the solidity of the human

settlements in the Depression Târgu Secuiesc, according to historical realities and with the various

writings of the times, proving the ancient, permanency and continuity of the Romanians in this area

have concerned over time the Romanians and the Hungarians in the same time.

Compelling testimonies highlighted by numerous archaeological discoveries are dating from the

Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron and Feudalism, showing continuous occupation of this

territory since ancient times and the absence of a population vacuum, even temporarily, at the coming

migrants Hungarian, Szeklers (Székely) or other migratory. The Romanism aspect of the area is and

was subject to controversy created especially by the Roesler's theory that the vacuum ethnic to the

coming of Hungarians, theory "removed" not only by Romanian, but also by the representatives of the

ethnic groups inhabiting, even by Hungarian ethnicity.

Keywords: ancient, permanency, continuity, archaeological discoveries, autochthonous

1. Location and limits of the Depression Secuiesc

Through the politico-administrative perspective, the Depression Târgu Secuiesc is

part of Covasna County, occupying the north-eastern marginal part of Covasna County, being

crossed by the Râul Negru (Black River) and its tributaries and surrounded on three sides by

mountains. It presents a significant height, in the north part having 600 m, 530-550 m in the

southern part, being stretched from north to south on about 35 km and from east to west on

about 15-20 km.

Fig. 1 The position of the Depression Târgu Secuiesc in the Covasna County

- administrative map


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From geographically point of view, the Depression Târgu Secuiesc, known from

ancient as the Depression Breţcu or the Depression Black River, is individuality in the

Depression Braşov, and represents the eastern section of the Depression Braşov.

It is limited in the north-west and north part by Nemira Mountains and Bodoc

Mountains, in the south and south-east part by Întorsurii Mountains and Breţcului Mountains

and in the south-west by the Reci piedmont corridor, which delimits the Depression Târgu

Secuiesc by the Depression Sfântu Gheorghe. Between these limits, the depression occupies

an area of 600 square kilometers or 640 square kilometers according to some authors, having

the largest extension within the Depression Braşov, being dominated by the Brateş plains and

Estelnic and by the fields of lacustrine terraces from the right of Râul Negru, from Lunga to

Moacşa (Székely, Zs., 1997, p. 12).

Fig. 2 The position of the Depression Târgu Secuiesc within the Depression Braşov

(Source: Google Earth)

Currently, the Târgu Secuiesc Depression consists of a number of two cities: Târgu

Secuiesc (with component locality Lunga) and Covasna (with component locality Chiuruş)

and nineteen Commons: Boroşneu Mare (with villages: Boroşneu Mare, Boroşneu Mic,

Dobolii de Sus, Leţ, Ţufalău and Valea Mică), Brateş (with localities: Brateş, Pachia,

Telechia), Breţcu (with villages: Breţcu, Mărtănuş and Oituz), Catalina (with villages:

Catalina, Hătuica, Imeni, Mărcuşa, Mărtineni), Cernat (with villages: Cernat, Albiş and

Icafalău), Ghelinţa (with villages: Ghelinţa and Harale), Lemnia with homonymous village,

Mereni (with Mereni and Lutoasa), Dalnic with homonymous village, Moacşa (with villages

Moacşa and Pădureni), Ojdula (with localities Ojdula and Hilib), Poian (with localities Poian

and Belani), Estelnic (with localities Estelnic, Cărpinenii and Valea Scurtă), Reci (with

villages Reci, Aninoasa, Bita and Saciova), Sânzieni (with villages Sânzieni, Caşinul Mic,

Petriceni şi Valea Seacă), Turia (with villages Turia and Alungeni), Valea Mare with the

homonymous locality, Zăbala (with villages Zăbala, Peteni, Surcea, Tamaşfalău) and Zagon

(with villages: Zagon and Păpăuţi).


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Fig. 3 The Depression Târgu Secuiesc – satellitaire image

2. Documents certifying the organic unity of the Romanian ethnic bloc

"Since antiquity, geographers and historians have noticed that locals (Carpathian

autochthonous) are related to the land of their country as the tree roots into the earth

(montibus inhaerent Daci)" (Mehedinț i, S., 1943, p. 17), as the Roman scholar Annaeus Florus said.

The organic unity of the Romanians in the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic area was the

subject of dispute and tinting, over time. Proof of uninterrupted continuity of the Romanians

in these lands are the writings of the times, of which highlight some of the most significant.

Abraham Ortelius was the one who, in Atlas "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" made

in sec. XVI, has developed a unique work as value because it brings together maps published

until then isolated and known by the author, in a unitary form, text and graphics. The Atlas

consists of 58 sheets with numerous maps, which encompass the entire territory of Romania

or components from its fundamental parts. It can be found here also the map namely Dacia

prepared by Claudiu Ptolemeu. Ptolemeu (100 -170 AD) is the first scholar who devotes a

map for Dacia unit, attesting mapping, through details, the complexity of the Carpathian area

fundamentals, Danubian and Pontic, the political unity and territorial of the state (Cucu, V.,

S., p 115).

In the work "Geography" of Ptolemeu (90-168 AD), the largest ancient cartographer

of the Carpathian-Danubian area, is presented mapping the situation in the second century AD

in this space, being played about 60 localities, most of them by Daco-Getae origin, but also

the localities with purely Roman names like: Praetoria Augusta (in the central Transylvania)

and Angustia (in the eastern Transylvania). In the Middle Ages, Ptolemeu's maps were

circulated in manuscript, with the text of "Geography", by sec. XIV; they were published for

the first time in Atlas in the Renaissance time, the late century XV (Şoneriu, I., 1984, p 242-

243).


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Pârvan, V., 1972, p. 226 states that in Breţcu, the camp, located at the entrance in the

Oituz step in Transylvania, is identical with Angustia of Ptolemeu, the meaning of "strait" of

the name of this town just referring to that step.

In the atlas of Ortelius is also the map drawn by the cartographer of Venice, the

Austrian army general, Jacobo Castaldo, "Romaniae que olim Thracia dicta", made in

1584. This map is a genuine historical-geographical document of the unit of land and the

Romanian people, reaffirming its position in the Carpathians, the Danubian and Pontic space.

The originality is arising from the author preoccupation to depict the Vlachs in Transylvania

alongside the Vlachs of Moldova and the Wallachia. This is the first time in the cartography

of times when the Transylvania is recorded as Wallachia, respectively Interior Wallachia that

inside.

It recognizes on the well-established grounds, the idea of common origin of all

Romanians, the idea of national unity. Specifying the position of "interior", Castaldo

highlights the geographically aspects in which was the old Romanian province - Transylvania,

intra-Carpathians position, ie inside of Carpathians (Cucu, V., S., p. 116-117).

The last important ancient cartographic document containing information on our

lands is map-route "Tabula Peutingeriana" of Roman origin, probably dating back centuries

III-IV and known as a copy made in sec. XII (the name comes from Konrad Peutinger which

in 1507 received it in possession by will). The map, drawn on 12 sheets of parchment,

contains the known world by the Romans (from the British Isles in the west to the Ganges

delta in the east) representing, essentially, the Roman road network, together with their

localities and with the indication of the respective distances, this content corresponding to the

military and administrative requirements of the Romanian state; of less interest are indications

of physical-geographical elements, played very briefly and distorted, with the contours

compressed more on latitude (Şoneriu, I., 1984, p. 243).

Augustino Gerando in his work La Transylvanie et ses habitants also specifies that

"the Romanians are sons of the defeated Dacians and of the settlers brought by Traian".

In 1778, Josephus Benkö considered "Vlachs descended from Romans, meaning of colonies

that the Traian and the other emperors have brought in Dacia. Today, they have reached in a

state of servitude to the nobles in Transylvania; although many centuries have passed in the

middle, they not completely left no language, no ancestral customs" (Coja, I., 1990, p. 25).

The cartography of periods of feudalism has shown frequent the name as "Vlach" for

all Romanian lands, registration that is found also in documents of history of general culture.

It is a natural recognition of a unit, of a homogeneous ethnic structure, in the area polarized of

the Carpathians.

Sitting on the edge of continental Europe we located "in the way of evils", in the

way of the Eurasian steppes’ nomads, who created here crossing, transit corridors to the

Central Europe and West.

Simon de Kéza Chronicle - Gesta Hungarorum – the source of all Hungarian

chronicles later, reminds by the Romanians of Transylvania Mountains who lived with

Szeklers - descendants of the Huns (Milton, Transylvania, the Romanian land, p. 108).

Simon de Kéza, a priest at the court of Ladislau IV, states that Szeklers would be

descendants of the Huns, the rectum of the 3000 Huns who followed in Scythia on Csaba,

Attila's son. These 3,000 Huns would be expected somewhere in the Carpathian Mountains

for six centuries, the arrival of blood relatives, Hungarians, helping them to conquer

Pannonia.

"After the conquest of Pannonia, the Szeklers received a part of the country, not in

the Pannonia plain, but have experienced the same fate, neighbors in mountains with blahii,

which were mixed and from who is said to have borrowed the alphabet".The first historical

document proving the existence of Hungarians is writing "De administrando imperio" by


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Constantin Porfirogenetul Emperor. In this document, the Hungarians are mentioned as the

Turks and the war fought by the Manuel Comnenul Emperor against the Hungarians in 1161,

is narrated by Byzantine chroniclers as a war against the Huns.

Nestor's Chronicle, Russian chronicler (century XII), recalling the Hungarian

conquest of European territories, states that, to conquer, Hungarians had to fight with

Romanians, whom he called Volochi, and with Slavs (volohov i Slavian), who lived there

(Milton, Transylvania, Romanian territory, p.108).

The Anonymous chronicler of King Bela IV (Anonymus Belae regis notar)

reminds in his chronicle, the oldest written chronicle of Hungarians in Latin and most

important of the century XIII (Iozsef Fitz), that at the arrival of the Hungarians in

Transylvania, there were blaşii and Slavs, who were organized into duchies (Latin name of

voivodships). To conquer them, Hungarians fought battles with the three voivodships that are

described in detail, and when gives priority to Blasi, takes into account the permanence,

continuity, and especially the Blasi predominance.

In 1256, King Bella IV gives the Archbishop of Gran, the right to charge a tenth of

royal revenue from Szeklers and Romanians, but not from the Saxons, and anything from the

Romanians (Dumitrescu, T., 1996, p. 205).

In the document issued by Bella IV since 1259, states that Joachim, committees of

Sibiu, with an army of Saxons, Vlachs, Szeklers and Pechenegs, waged war against Ascenus

Burul - Borilă Asan - from Vidin (Dumitrescu , T., 1996, p. 205).

Fig. 4 The statue of Anonymous notary - Budapest

Anonymous brought very clear evidence to support precedence and continuity of the

Romanians and Slavs against Hungarians, both in the provinces where these Romanians and

Slavs were in majority and in Hungary (Pannonia Plain). Hence, the exacerbation of the


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rejection reaction of the Anonymous work, reaction which peaked through Robert Roesler in

1871 (Pop, I., A., 1996, p. 70).

The Hungarians mind in that time desired only to occupy the lands for itself and to

use the warrior work. The Hungarians, at that time, enjoyed the human blood like the leech

and if they had not done so, they would have not left behind their so many good lands

(Tonciulescu, P., L., Chronicle Anonymous notary - Hungarian Acts (translation from the

original photocopy of Vienna), 1996, p. 30).

In fact, Saint Stephen has always supported the idea that "The country of one

language and one character is weak and shaky." Hence result the Hungarian "lust" to conquer

and rule over other territories and other migratory.

Grigore Ureche (Chronicle of Moldavia by Aron Vodă 1359-1515, compiled after

Grigore Ureche magistrate, Istrate Logofătul and others, by Simion Dascălul, 1916, p.118) in

1650 said: "In the Ardeal (Transylvania) does not live only many Hungarians and Saxons, and

Romanians everywhere, so the country is more widened with Romanians than Hungarians. In

Pannonia, only Hungarians live, and if there are Romanians also, they still hold the Hungarian

law."

Also, Nicolae Iorga concluded: "That we have been here before Szeklers and at the

same time that we were more numerous than they can be seen from what we have borrowed

them. They had received too much from the Romanians in all to can characterize an ethnic

unity and too little we from them that may believe that Szeklers were before the Romanians in

the East Transylvanian and everywhere in Transylvania ".

In response to certain assumptions, Sextil Puşcariu (Romanian language, vol I,

1940, p. 325) stated: "In chronics, the events were noted, not uniform flow of time, invasions

of the new people, not the permanency of the indigenous peoples, wars, not peaceful life, the

organizations of new states, not the lack of organization of the conquered people. The first

news about Romanians appears only when they begin to move, when they revolt, and taking

part in warlike expeditions or they have some relations with some historical figures."

The Spanish writer Jesús Pardo, in his book "Conversations with Transylvania",

subtitled "Travel over fifteen centuries", written during 1968-1987, says: "The conclusion that

my studies have led me is that always Latins- existed in Transylvania: the number,

organization and their refuge may be questionable, but not in my opinion, their continued

presence there. In any case, that of Hungary in Transylvania was an undoubtedly colonial

when was stripped of victories powers in 1918 "(Pop, G., P., 2000, p. 23).

Saxon scholar E. A. Bielz, in his "Handbuch der LandesKunde Siebenbürgens", said

the following: "we consider the Romanians not only most numerous, but the oldest today

inhabitants of Transylvania and that concerning the alleged immigration cannot be real with

no historical evidence."

Martin Hochmeister said: "The Getae descendants live today also and live there

where their parents lived, speak the language in which their parents spoke".

And Ubicinii Abdolonyne in his work "Les Origines de L'histoire roumaine"

concludes: "The truth is that the left of Dacia under Aurelian had no character of generality

that Roesler assigned to it."

Also, Augustino Gerando, in "La Transylvanie et ses habitants," says: "Romanians

are sons of defeated Dacians and of the settlers brought by Trajan ... If Dacia is the result of

conquest, Romanians in turn, are the oldest inhabitants, who like to find elsewhere the

memories of their ancestors. Despite all historic adversities and migratory peoples that

crossed the Romanians country, the people that Aurelian did not take with him, permanent

resisted. Romanians had their national leaders when they were subjugated by Hungarians or

Magyars, who led by Arpad already conquered Pannonia”.


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3. History and continuity

Physical-geographical conditions favored human existence in this region since

ancient times, as attested by the discovery of many remains from the Neolithic Age.

Written sources and archaeological discoveries have helped to prove our existence and

continuity in this region.

The Eastern Carpathians were of old, the bridge between Transylvania and Moldova.

Any of the events or phenomena that occurred on one side of slopes had resonance and

correspondent on the other side.

This area of the Eastern Carpathians bend has been inhabited since ancient times and

provided a favorable environment - food and shelter - for the development of most of the

known civilizations in the country territory.

In the Depression Târgu Secuiesc are mentioned archaeological discoveries

attributed to the Paleolithic and early Neolithic settlements have been investigated,

settlements in the Bronze Age and subsequent periods.

The important Palaeolithic traces and Epipaleolithic, falling chronologically around

23,400 BC, have been referred to the Leț . The Early Neolithic (after the year 6000 BC) is represented by the discoveries of the

Leț , Turia and Cernat. From the Middle Neolithic are recorded discoveries at Turia.

The Late Neolithic phase is represented by the discoveries at Cernat, Covasna, Reci,

Turia (Boian culture), while Precucuteni culture relics are found in Turia and Moacşa.

The Ariuşd culture settlements, contemporary and influenced by Cucuteni culture carriers are

located on high places and headlands (Cernat, Leț , Moacşa, Sânzieni, Reci). For the second half of the fourth millennium, the discoveries of the Reci, Turia, Ojdula,

Poian, Pădureni, Covasna, Sânzieni falling in Tisza-Polgar cultural area, are another evidence

of the level of housing here.

For the Bronze Age (about 2500-1200 BC), this evidence is more consistent, as

represented by discoveries from Turia, Reci, Zăbala, Sânzieni, Moacşa, Peteni, Poian, Albiş,

Valea Seacă, Valea Scurtă.

The violent events that marked the end of the Bronze Age (invasion of the "sea

people") have decisively influenced the historical development throughout the Eurasian space.

Now the formation and evolution of ancient peoples are shaped, including the Thracians

certified in northern Carpathians to the south of the Balkans will have an important role in the

geopolitical equation of the area.

Since the early Iron Age (XII century BC), Dacian civilization is documented until

the Roman conquest, through the discoveries from Caşinu Nou, Boroşneu Mic, Covasna,

Cernat, Peteni, Reci, Târgu Secuiesc, Turia , Zagon, Ţufalău, Boroşneu Mare, Oituz, Catalina,

Mărtineni, Moacşa, Hilib, Surcea, Turia, Valea Seacă, Pădureni, Poian, Ghelinţa.

Organization of the Dacia province by the Romans (the year 106 AD) modified and

spurred the development of local society. Through the discoveries from Breţcu and Boroşneu

Mare can capture the phenomenon of Romanization of the Dacians, while lifting the Roman

camp from Breţcu - Angustia, expresses the importance which the Roman authorities gave to

the circulation, safety and protection of the main ways of communication in the Eastern

Carpathians, through the step Oituz.

In the Postroman Age (fourth century), with the majority Daco-Romans, the Carps

and Goths settled, historical realities proven by the hoard at Cernat and through the objects

identified in Reci. Other relics from the same period come from Cernatu de Sus, Dalnic,

Pădureni, Turia.

The Romanians Ethnogenesis has long been a subject of national debate and

international, the experts stating their opinion about the centuries-old phenomenon that led to


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the birth of the Romanian people, the sole representative of Latinity in Eastern Europe. In this

historical process occurred around year 1000, "popular Romanic - Romanii" premedieval,

local political parties; the existence of "countries" principalities and voivodships, European

and Asian migrants, alien colonization of the West and the formation of independent feudal

states, are realities observed and documented in the contemporary historical literature and

subsequent related events. Archaeological discoveries and the interdisciplinary researches

identifies for this period, the elements of continuity which are the core of the formation and

sustainability of the Romanian people in the Carpathian-Danubian and sustainability of the

Romanian people in the Carpathian-Danubian and the more prominent in the Depression

Târgu Secuiesc, with a high density of Daco-Roman settlements and old Romanian

settlements (Albiş, Breţcu, Cernat, Covasna, Moacşa, Poian, Peteni, Petriceni, Reci, Târgu

Secuiesc, Zăbala).

The Romanian people has created the own socio-political "countries", kniezates,

voivodships on the valleys of rivers, and in the natural depressions. There were actually

unions of village communities in which peasants were free and they owned the house in the

center of the village with a family right to use plot and property of common use (pastures,

forests, waters).

There is a parallelism between the formation process of the Romanian people and

other neo-Latin nations. All are based on a strong substrate: Gauls, Celtic-beer (celti-beri) and

Basques for Spanish and Portuguese, Gallo-Celtic for French, Daco-Getae for Romanians. In

all cases, the elements that led to the Latin peoples’ creation were the Romans, the Latin

language and their culture. Also, intervened the factor represented by the migratory ethnics,

which were settled in the territory of creation of neo-Latin peoples.

The Slavic population of the second wave of migration (VII-IX century), situated in

the Carpathian-Danubian area had lived with Romanians, influencing their social and political

organization, but ending up being assimilated by Romanians.

On the other hand, it was found that here the Christianity of Latin expression was

spread organically, naturally, within the Romanized indigenous population.

The examples are numerous. The Christianity spread throughout the Carpathian-

Danubian area; the paleo-Christian inscriptions (IV-VII century) were reported in our area at

Poian and Târgu Secuiesc.

Patterns to achieve the crosses and oil lamps with Christian symbols (V-VII century)

were found at Poian. In the Middle Ages (VIII-XIII century), in the south-eastern

Transylvania one of the groups of settlements is on the left bank of the Olt, extending on the

valley Breţcu. From this period (IX-XI century), the number of deposits with charred grain

increased significantly, among which are those mentioned to Cernat, Poian, and Oituz being

certified agricultural occupations that were practiced by the people who already were

Christians at this time and who could be only Romanians.

At Peteni and Zăbala were fully dug two cemeteries including elements of

sedentarization and Christianization of the Hungarians (XI-XII century), in which the

inventory is not unitary ethnic, including many Romanian Christian remains, a situation

explained by the fact that Romanians were Christians much earlier.

Such early feudal Romanian settlements were found in Turia, Cernat, Poian, Reci.

Simon de Keza chronicler, in his chronicle written in 1282-1283, said that Szeklers were

placed between Romanians, in the "mountains on the outskirts of the country," observation on

coming back Cronicom Pictum Vindobonense (XIV century). Transylvania whether was

principality and voivodship included in the Hungarian Empire, abolished by the Turks at

Mohacs in 1526, or as autonomous voivodship, as were the other Romanian “countries”, or as

a big principality in the Austrian Empire, remained one of the symbols of Romanianism.


149

Fig. 5 The Iosefin Map of Transylvania, 1769-1773 – p. 271 (localities: Aninoasa, Boroşneu Mare,

Ţufalău, Pachia, Covasna, Chiuruş, Boroşneu Mic, Saciova, Dobolii de Sus, Păpăuţi, Zagon)

In south-eastern Transylvania, more than elsewhere, interculturality proved to be an

alternative which allowed to the Romanians to coexist with Szeklers, Hungarians, Gypsies,

with the Orthodox, Catholics, Reformed, exceeding the moments of tension, caused over time

by the policy makers interested.

The effects of allogeneic infiltration (of the Hungarians) consisted, on the one hand,

in a policy of oppression of the Romanian population in the area, and on the other hand, the

intensification of emigration process of the native population in the Romanian provinces

untouched by allogeneic claims. In the Age of occurrence industries, Muntenia (Wallachia)

was offered as a second "country" more generous to the poor, while in the Middle Ages was

greater exodus to Moldova.

Desire for freedom has led many of the Romanians, whether they were pastors or

simply knowing the harsh realities, not renounce to the faith and Romanian feelings and

choose the way of emigration than the loss of language and ancestral faith due to the politico-

religious constraints imposed by the allogeneic element.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we can say that the permanent existence of Romanian native element

in the Depression Târgu Secuiesc’ space cannot be questioned, although some still believe in

the Roessler’s theory.

Historical documents attest to this fact, exposed by many other professionals not just

of Romanian origin, plus archaeological discoveries in the area that actually authenticate

historical reality. Our great historian and archaeologist, C. Daicoviciu, concluded: "What

could be more alien to historical thinking than denying the life of a nation under a new

dominion, what could be more absurd for the objective historical than the theory on total

uprooting of a strong people, deeply embedded ancestral; what could be devoid of


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understanding than the artificial creation of goals of life and people on a blessed land as that

of our country?”

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