Romanticism & Realism Romanticism & Realism (1804 – 1887)(1804 – 1887)

Romanticism

Professor A. D’Ascoli

Romantic Art Romantic Art CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Criticism of the past, look to the nowCriticism of the past, look to the now Emphasis on women and childrenEmphasis on women and children Respect for nature and its powerRespect for nature and its power Expression of emotion is the key Expression of emotion is the key

(any emotion)(any emotion) Supernatural and occult themesSupernatural and occult themes

Romantic ArtRomantic Art The WandererThe Wanderer 1817 – 18181817 – 1818 Hamburg, GermanyHamburg, Germany PaintingPainting Artist: Caspar David Artist: Caspar David

FriedrichFriedrich Greatest of the German Greatest of the German

Romantic paintersRomantic painters Mist was a favorite Mist was a favorite

subject for Romantic subject for Romantic Era paintersEra painters

Captures feeling of Captures feeling of solitude or perhaps solitude or perhaps triumphtriumph

The Polar Sea (Sea of Ice)

1823-1825

Hamburg, Germany

Painting

Caspar David Friedrich

His primary interest as an artist was the contemplation of nature, and his often symbolic and anti- classical work seeks to convey a subjective, emotional response to the natural world.

Abbey in the OakWood

1810

Dresden, Germany

Painting

Caspar David Friedrich

He is best known for his mid-period allegorical landscapes which typically feature contemplative figures silhouetted against night skies, morning mists, barren trees or as here amongst Gothic ruins.

Monk by the Sea

1809-10

Dresden, Germany

Painting

Caspar David Friedrich

Exhibited at same time as Abbey in the OakWood

Also captures that solitude

Romantic ArtRomantic Art Family of Charles IVFamily of Charles IV 18001800 Madrid, SpainMadrid, Spain Artist: Francisco GoyaArtist: Francisco Goya Court painter of Charles Court painter of Charles

IVIV Goya includes himself in Goya includes himself in

this painting like this painting like Velazquez did in Las Velazquez did in Las MeninasMeninas

Not a flattering version Not a flattering version of the royal family but of the royal family but Goya’s use of color and Goya’s use of color and costumes probably costumes probably caused them to not caused them to not noticenotice

Romantic ArtRomantic Art Third of MayThird of May Madrid, SpainMadrid, Spain 1814 – 18151814 – 1815 PaintingPainting Artist: Francisco GoyaArtist: Francisco Goya French soldiers execute French soldiers execute

Madrid citizens for Madrid citizens for resisting their resisting their occupationoccupation

Shooters are faceless, Shooters are faceless, inhumaninhuman

Victim in Christ-like Victim in Christ-like pose dies for liberty as pose dies for liberty as the Church in darkness the Church in darkness allows this to happenallows this to happen

The Giant

c. 1808

Madrid, Spain

Painting

Francisco Goya

Goya liked to explore the darker side of art

Saturn Devouring His Children

1819-1823

Madrid, Spain

Painting

Francisco Goya

Even taking the darker side of classical themes as a reaction against Classicism

Romantic ArtRomantic Art Great Courage! Great Courage!

Against Corpses!Against Corpses! Madrid, SpainMadrid, Spain 1810 – 18231810 – 1823 Pen and InkPen and Ink Artist: GoyaArtist: Goya From his series the From his series the

Disasters of WarDisasters of War Goya attempted to Goya attempted to

show the brutality show the brutality and inhumanity of and inhumanity of warwar

Napoleon at St. Bernard’s Pass

Paris, France

1800

Painting

Jacques-Louis David

On the cusp of Neo-classical and Romantic

Napoleon shown as inspirational character

Romantic ArtRomantic Art Raft of the MedusaRaft of the Medusa 1818 – 18191818 – 1819 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Theodore GericaultArtist: Theodore Gericault Inspired by his outrage at Inspired by his outrage at

the ship’s officers and the ship’s officers and captain saving themselves captain saving themselves when the ship sank and when the ship sank and left the 150 crewmembers left the 150 crewmembers and passengers on a raftand passengers on a raft

Triangular composition in Triangular composition in tribute to Raphaeltribute to Raphael

Dramatic contrasts of Dramatic contrasts of light and shadowlight and shadow

Insane Woman (Envy)

1822-1823

Paris, France

Painting

Theodore Gericault

Similar in many ways to my mother-in-law

Captured realism but in a dark evocative way

Romantic ArtRomantic Art Scenes from the Massacre Scenes from the Massacre

at Chiosat Chios 18241824 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Eugene DelacroixArtist: Eugene Delacroix Also from a contemporary Also from a contemporary

eventevent As Greeks declared As Greeks declared

independence from Turkey, independence from Turkey, some 10,000 were some 10,000 were slaughtered on the island slaughtered on the island of Chios (birthplace of of Chios (birthplace of Homer)Homer)

A rival artist nicknamed A rival artist nicknamed this “the massacre of this “the massacre of painting” because of its painting” because of its loose form and lack of loose form and lack of focusfocus

Death of Sardanapalus

1826

Paris, France

Painting

Eugene Delacroix

Captured another real event, the slaughter in Turkey, to evoke emotional response

Romantic ArtRomantic Art Liberty Leading the PeopleLiberty Leading the People 18301830 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Eugene DelacroixArtist: Eugene Delacroix Commissioned by Louis-Philippe Commissioned by Louis-Philippe

to portray the uprising that led to portray the uprising that led to his being placed in power, it to his being placed in power, it was rejected as too emotional was rejected as too emotional and unskilled at the time it was and unskilled at the time it was finishedfinished

Notre Dame can be seen in the Notre Dame can be seen in the backgroundbackground

Both aristocrats and commoners Both aristocrats and commoners were involvedwere involved

Triangular compositionTriangular composition

Carceri 14

ca. 1750

Rome, Italy

Pen and Ink

Giovanni Battista Piranesi

Most famous etcher of his time – did 1000s of sketches – precursor to MC Escher with his intricate and often illusion-like drawings

The Nightmare

1781

London, England

Painting

Henry Fuseli

Fuseli was Swiss born with Italian roots but painted in England

Painting is considered his best and is full of Freudian ideas

Pun on nightmare with horse

Neo-Classical/RomanticNeo-Classical/Romantic La Grande OdalisqueLa Grande Odalisque 18141814 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: IngresArtist: Ingres Although he attempted a Although he attempted a

tribute to Titian’s classical tribute to Titian’s classical Venus of Urbino, it seems Venus of Urbino, it seems Ingres produced a more Ingres produced a more mannerist style paintingmannerist style painting

Ingres was stunned when Ingres was stunned when his work was deemed un-his work was deemed un-classicalclassical

Sensuality is part of this Sensuality is part of this painting despite Ingres’ painting despite Ingres’ own protests to the own protests to the contrarycontrary

Odalisque means harem Odalisque means harem girlgirl

RomanticRomantic OdalisqueOdalisque 1845 – 18501845 – 1850 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: DelacroixArtist: Delacroix 31 years later the same 31 years later the same

themed painting looks themed painting looks dramatically differentdramatically different

No more classical No more classical lines, sensuality is in lines, sensuality is in your faceyour face

OdalisquesOdalisques

The Maja Clothed

c. 1800

Madrid, Spain

Painting

Francisco Goya

Obvious influence from Titian – Goya made two of these as a sort of flip page book

The Maja Nude

c. 1800

Madrid, Spain

Painting

Francisco Goya

Same exact pose

Romantic EraRomantic Era The HaywainThe Haywain 18211821 London, EnglandLondon, England PaintingPainting Artist: John ConstableArtist: John Constable Famous for his romantic Famous for his romantic

era landscape paintingsera landscape paintings He sketched from He sketched from

nature but did the final nature but did the final work in his studiowork in his studio

Paintings that celebrate Paintings that celebrate rural life and its rural life and its attachment ot the landattachment ot the land

Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California

1868

Painting

California

Albert Bierstadt

American landscape painters also gained worldwide recognition at this time by painting live outdoors rather than in the studio

Romantic EraRomantic Era The Slave ShipThe Slave Ship 18401840 London, EnglandLondon, England PaintingPainting Artist: J.M.W. TurnerArtist: J.M.W. Turner Turner captures a moment Turner captures a moment

that enraged him like that that enraged him like that of Gericault’s Raftof Gericault’s Raft

Here slaves were thrown Here slaves were thrown overboard during an overboard during an epidemic because the epidemic because the ship’s captain was insured ship’s captain was insured for loss at sea not illnessfor loss at sea not illness

The colors suggest the The colors suggest the violent act portrayedviolent act portrayed

Men can be barely seen Men can be barely seen engulfed in the seaengulfed in the sea

Romantic EraRomantic Era American Lake SceneAmerican Lake Scene 18441844 New YorkNew York PaintingPainting Artist: Thomas ColeArtist: Thomas Cole Famed for his realistic Famed for his realistic

landscape works despite landscape works despite his own dislike of themhis own dislike of them

Paintings of solitude, Paintings of solitude, even when figures are in even when figures are in work they are work they are insignificant and smallinsignificant and small

Romantic ArtRomantic Art Grand Canyon of the Grand Canyon of the

YellowstoneYellowstone 18721872 Yellowstone, WyomingYellowstone, Wyoming PaintingPainting Artist: Thomas MoranArtist: Thomas Moran Influenced by Turner’s Influenced by Turner’s

use of light after a visit use of light after a visit to England – see the to England – see the Slave ShipSlave Ship

Landscape paintings Landscape paintings became so popular in became so popular in America that they America that they became mass produced became mass produced changing the face of art changing the face of art foreverforever

Romantic ArtRomantic Art La MarseillaiseLa Marseillaise 1833 – 18361833 – 1836 Paris, FranceParis, France Relief SculptureRelief Sculpture Artist: Francois RudeArtist: Francois Rude Placed on the Arc de Placed on the Arc de

Triomphe in ParisTriomphe in Paris The use of the arch and The use of the arch and

a winged female to a winged female to depict victory were part depict victory were part of the classical idealof the classical ideal

The portrayal of emotion The portrayal of emotion however, is romantichowever, is romantic

Sculpture fell out of Sculpture fell out of favor during the favor during the Romantic Era and not Romantic Era and not many works were many works were producedproduced

Romantic Art (Neo-Romantic Art (Neo-Gothic)Gothic) Houses of ParliamentHouses of Parliament

1836 – 18601836 – 1860 London, EnglandLondon, England ArchitectureArchitecture Artists: Charles Barry Artists: Charles Barry

& Welby Northmore & Welby Northmore PuginPugin

More similar to a More similar to a Gothic cathedral than Gothic cathedral than to a government to a government office buildingoffice building

Big Ben is the Big Ben is the nickname of the clock nickname of the clock towertower

Romantic ArtRomantic Art Opera GarnierOpera Garnier 1861 – 18741861 – 1874 Paris, France Paris, France ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: Charles GarnierArtist: Charles Garnier A tribute to the classical A tribute to the classical

world with much more world with much more color and vitality addedcolor and vitality added

Luxuriously ornamented Luxuriously ornamented in a Baroque mannerin a Baroque manner

Opera GarnierOpera Garnier

Romantic ArtRomantic Art Europe: A ProphecyEurope: A Prophecy 17941794 London, EnglandLondon, England Illuminated Illuminated

ManuscriptManuscript Author: William BlakeAuthor: William Blake Blake’s idea of God Blake’s idea of God

(Urizen) is portrayed (Urizen) is portrayed here on the 2here on the 2ndnd day of day of creation dividing the creation dividing the heavens and the earth heavens and the earth with the compasseswith the compasses

Romantic ArtRomantic Art Lord Byron in Albanian Lord Byron in Albanian

CostumeCostume 18141814 London, EnglandLondon, England PaintingPainting Artist: Thomas PhilipsArtist: Thomas Philips Philips captures Philips captures

Byron’s eccentricity Byron’s eccentricity and his good looks in and his good looks in this workthis work

Famed for his travels Famed for his travels and his poems, Byron and his poems, Byron often got involved in often got involved in foreign affairs, actually foreign affairs, actually dying while fighting the dying while fighting the Turks for Greece’s Turks for Greece’s freedomfreedom

Pre-Raphaelites

Ophelia

1852

London, England

Painting- oil on canvas

Pre-Raphaelites - rejected the art of the Renaissance in favor of art before Raphael, Michelangelo and Leonardo (15-16 centuries). The Pre-Raphaelites focused on serious and significant subjects and were best known for painting subjects from modern life and literature often using historical costumes. They painted directly from nature itself, as truthfully as possible and with incredible attention to detail.

Proserpine

ca. 1877

London, England

Painting

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

In top right is a sonnet the author wrote to the model who posed for this

He is considered the master of the Pre-Raphaelites

Beata Beatrix

ca. 1863

London, England

Painting

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

The Florentine writer Dante can be seen hovering in the background admiring his Beatrice

Rossetti saw this work as a memorial to his wife, Elizabeth Siddall, who had died in 1862.

Realism

Realism Art Realism Art CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Everyday people doing ordinary things Everyday people doing ordinary things is a main themeis a main theme

Concentration on the world as it really Concentration on the world as it really isis

The artistic attempt to recreate life as it The artistic attempt to recreate life as it is in the context of an artistic medium is in the context of an artistic medium

Photography used to capture the harsh Photography used to capture the harsh realities of life and as an art formrealities of life and as an art form

The Stone Breakers

1849

Paris, France

Painting

Artist: Gustave Courbet

A master at taking common everyday scenes and turning them to art

RealismRealism A Burial at OrnansA Burial at Ornans 18491849 Ornans, FranceOrnans, France PaintingPainting Artist: Gustave CourbetArtist: Gustave Courbet After the Revolution of 1848, Courbet returned to his village where he After the Revolution of 1848, Courbet returned to his village where he

painted scenes from everyday life of the working classpainted scenes from everyday life of the working class When he returned to Paris and displayed his work, the critics were When he returned to Paris and displayed his work, the critics were

ruthless because of both the subject matter and their disbelief that life ruthless because of both the subject matter and their disbelief that life was so hard for the working classwas so hard for the working class

The subject matter of his paintings was seen to be unworthy of so large a The subject matter of his paintings was seen to be unworthy of so large a size (10 x 20 feet this one) size (10 x 20 feet this one)

Real life being portrayed was a reaction to RomanticismReal life being portrayed was a reaction to Romanticism

The Gleaners

1857Paris, France

Painting

Jean-François Millet

Ordinary themes were attempted to catch moments much like photography was beginning to do

RealismRealism Rue Transonian, April Rue Transonian, April

15, 183415, 1834 18341834 Paris, FranceParis, France Ink and Pen Ink and Pen

LithographyLithography Artist: Honore DaumierArtist: Honore Daumier Artists began to portray Artists began to portray

the world as it actually the world as it actually is – in all of its horrors is – in all of its horrors

This work shows a This work shows a slaughtered family – to slaughtered family – to show repression of the show repression of the troops of Louis-Philippe troops of Louis-Philippe of a real eventof a real event

The Third-Class Carriage

ca. 1862Paris, France

Painting

Honoré Daumier

Artists struggled to capture the despair of ordinary people during a time of chaos

This was unfinished

RealismRealism

Plowing in the Nivernais: the Dressing of the VinesPlowing in the Nivernais: the Dressing of the Vines 18491849 The Nivernais, FranceThe Nivernais, France PaintingPainting Artist: Rosa BonheurArtist: Rosa Bonheur She was the first truly successful painters of working class subjectsShe was the first truly successful painters of working class subjects She painted directly from nature and her subjects She painted directly from nature and her subjects She dressed in men’s suits because she claimed women’s clothes She dressed in men’s suits because she claimed women’s clothes

interfered with her workinterfered with her work

The Horse Fair

1853-1855

Paris, France

Painting

Rosa Bonheur

Her details almost make this appear as a photograph

She sketched 2x a week at the Paris horse fair to capture this work

RealismRealism

The Painter’s Studio: A Real Allegory Summing Up Seven Years of The Painter’s Studio: A Real Allegory Summing Up Seven Years of My Artistic LifeMy Artistic Life

1854 – 18551854 – 1855 PaintingPainting Paris, FranceParis, France Artist: CourbetArtist: Courbet Also trashed by the critics, Courbet had to exhibit it on his ownAlso trashed by the critics, Courbet had to exhibit it on his own Courbet’s art focused on nudes and landscapes – which in this Courbet’s art focused on nudes and landscapes – which in this

work make up the center of the paintingwork make up the center of the painting The title evoked memories of the Revolution of 1848 - Ateliers The title evoked memories of the Revolution of 1848 - Ateliers

were where it began were where it began

Pollice Verso

1872

Paris, France

Painting- oil on canvasJean-Leon Gerome

Painted in new style called Academicism – painting styles produced and accepted by the European art schools and universities

“pollice verso’ – means thumbs down, it is where the popular idea comes from

AcademicismAcademicism Birth of VenusBirth of Venus 18631863 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Alexandre CabanelArtist: Alexandre Cabanel Cabanel hated the Cabanel hated the

impressionists and when impressionists and when he became a professor of he became a professor of art in Paris, banned them art in Paris, banned them from his schoolfrom his school

Cabanel's erotic imagery, Cabanel's erotic imagery, cloaked in historicism, cloaked in historicism, appealed to the propriety appealed to the propriety of the higher levels of of the higher levels of societysociety

The Fifer

1866

Paris, France

Painting

Edouard Manet

Manet is considered by many to be a pre-Impressionist rather than a true Impressionist painter

Realism / Pre-Realism / Pre-ImpressionismImpressionism

Luncheon on the GrassLuncheon on the Grass 18631863 Paris, FranceParis, France PaintingPainting Artist: Edouard ManetArtist: Edouard Manet Immediately deemed indecent Immediately deemed indecent

as a woman is shown nude as a woman is shown nude outdoors with 2 men outdoors with 2 men (thought it was a real event)(thought it was a real event)

Manet used models and Manet used models and painted this in his studio – not painted this in his studio – not outdoorsoutdoors

He based this work on a He based this work on a painting by Raphael painting by Raphael (Judgment of Paris)(Judgment of Paris)

Large brushstrokes remain Large brushstrokes remain visible – this was looked upon visible – this was looked upon as sloppy work by his critics, as sloppy work by his critics, yet it was intentional yet it was intentional

Realism / Pre-Realism / Pre-ImpressionismImpressionism OlympiaOlympia

18631863 Paris, FranceParis, France Artist: ManetArtist: Manet PaintingPainting Same model as from Same model as from

‘Luncheon’‘Luncheon’ No attempt to create No attempt to create

illusion of depth – flat illusion of depth – flat lines on flat surfacelines on flat surface

Viewer is entering the Viewer is entering the room and Olympia room and Olympia seems undisturbed by seems undisturbed by her nudityher nudity

The cat arches its back The cat arches its back and hisses at youand hisses at you

RealismRealism Prisoners from the FrontPrisoners from the Front 18661866 New YorkNew York PaintingPainting Artist: Winslow HomerArtist: Winslow Homer Homer is known as Homer is known as

greatest American artistgreatest American artist Factual accounts of life Factual accounts of life

as it is (was)as it is (was) Confederate soldiers are Confederate soldiers are

shown surrendering to a shown surrendering to a Union general, yet the Union general, yet the defiance of the pose defiance of the pose shows us a nation at shows us a nation at oddsodds

RealismRealism The Swimming HoleThe Swimming Hole 1883 – 18851883 – 1885 Philadelphia, Philadelphia,

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania Artist: Thomas EakinsArtist: Thomas Eakins Fascinated by the new Fascinated by the new

world of photography, world of photography, Eakins tried to capture Eakins tried to capture moments of motion moments of motion frozen in timefrozen in time

Eakins himself is one of Eakins himself is one of the participantsthe participants

Motion of a single boy Motion of a single boy and an onlookerand an onlooker

Winslow HomerWinslow Homer

RealismRealism Maria EdgeworthMaria Edgeworth 18411841 London, EnglandLondon, England PhotographyPhotography Artist: William BeardArtist: William Beard An early daguerreotype An early daguerreotype

from the first portrait from the first portrait studio in Englandstudio in England

DaguerreotypeDaguerreotype is named is named after the process after the process invented by Louis J M invented by Louis J M Daguerre, it produced Daguerre, it produced no negatives therefore no negatives therefore the photograph was not the photograph was not reproducible reproducible

RealismRealism On the Antietam BattlefieldOn the Antietam Battlefield September 17, 1862September 17, 1862 Sharpsburg, MarylandSharpsburg, Maryland Photography Photography Artist: Matthew B BradyArtist: Matthew B Brady Brady was the best known Brady was the best known

Civil War photographerCivil War photographer Camera allows one single Camera allows one single

vantage point, here it vantage point, here it seems as if the fence and seems as if the fence and the bodies stretch on the bodies stretch on foreverforever

Brady also took several Brady also took several photos of Abraham Lincolnphotos of Abraham Lincoln

RealismRealism

Annie G. Cantering SaddledAnnie G. Cantering Saddled 18871887 Palo Alto, CaliforniaPalo Alto, California PhotographyPhotography Artist: Eadward MuybridgeArtist: Eadward Muybridge Sequence photograph showing horse in motion; a Sequence photograph showing horse in motion; a

precursor to the motion pictureprecursor to the motion picture

Walking and Throwing a Handkerchief

1884-85

California

Photography

Eadweard Muybridge

Of course nudity appeared on film almost as soon as it was created

RealismRealism Crystal PalaceCrystal Palace 18511851 London, EnglandLondon, England ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: Joseph PaxtonArtist: Joseph Paxton The building was the The building was the

largest enclosed space largest enclosed space ever created at the time it ever created at the time it was builtwas built

Built as an exhibition hall Built as an exhibition hall of new scientific advancesof new scientific advances

Paxton was a gardener by Paxton was a gardener by trade and the greenhouse trade and the greenhouse like features are like features are reminiscent of his careerreminiscent of his career

Draped Model (back view)

ca. 1854Paris, France

Photography

Eugène Durieu & Eugène Delacroix

Still showing the influence of Titian’s Venus of Urbino’s original pose

Xie Kitchin reclining with parasol

1876

Photography

Lewis CarrollIn Titian like pose – Carroll went on to write Alice in Wonderland

Xie was Carroll’s favorite subject to photograph

RealismRealism Statue of LibertyStatue of Liberty 1875 – 18841875 – 1884 Paris, France – New Paris, France – New

YorkYork SculptureSculpture Artist: Frederic-Auguste Artist: Frederic-Auguste

BartholdiBartholdi Designed and built in Designed and built in

parts in Paris and parts in Paris and shipped to America shipped to America where it was assembled where it was assembled in its completed form in its completed form

The frame was designed The frame was designed by Gustav Eiffelby Gustav Eiffel

Symbol of freedomSymbol of freedom Liberty holds light of Liberty holds light of

freedom high while freedom high while under her feet she is under her feet she is breaking the chains of breaking the chains of tyrannytyranny

The End . . . The End . . .

Next lecture . . .Next lecture . . .

Impressionism and Post-Impressionism and Post-ImpressionismImpressionism