Romanticismvs.

Realism

Romanticism is born…

Romantic definition

• Reaction to 18Reaction to 18thth century classicism & century classicism & rationalismrationalism

• Viewed as revolutionary, emphasized Viewed as revolutionary, emphasized changechange

• Events now affect human thought & Events now affect human thought & expression and society & politicsexpression and society & politics

Romantic facts

• Height from 1800 – 1850, but varied by Height from 1800 – 1850, but varied by countrycountry

• Seen in painting, architecture, music, Seen in painting, architecture, music, literature, philosophyliterature, philosophy

• Spawns humanitarian movements against Spawns humanitarian movements against poverty, slavery, & industry evilspoverty, slavery, & industry evils

• Destroys simplicity & unity of 18Destroys simplicity & unity of 18 thth c c thought, now many views of Western thought, now many views of Western civilizationcivilization

Romantic elements• Emotion over reasonEmotion over reason

• Optimism, flexibility, personal feelingOptimism, flexibility, personal feeling• Rejection of classic emphasis on rules & Rejection of classic emphasis on rules &

order, imagination & intuitionorder, imagination & intuition• Rejection of Nature as a harmonious Rejection of Nature as a harmonious

whole, now alive & changingwhole, now alive & changing• Rejection of Past as counter-progressive, Rejection of Past as counter-progressive,

now growing & changing nationallynow growing & changing nationally

Realism definition

• Reaction to 19Reaction to 19thth century Romanticism century Romanticism

• Seen in realistic detail, no Seen in realistic detail, no interpretationsinterpretations

• Subjects now everyday life & peopleSubjects now everyday life & people

Realistic facts• Approximately 1840s – end of centuryApproximately 1840s – end of century• Seen in painting, architecture, music, Seen in painting, architecture, music,

literature, philosophyliterature, philosophy• Also seen in new medium of Also seen in new medium of

photographyphotography• Spawns naturalism and all anti-realist Spawns naturalism and all anti-realist

movementsmovements• All later experimentations came as a All later experimentations came as a

reaction to this!reaction to this!

Realism elements

• Positivism: faith in & consequences of Positivism: faith in & consequences of close observation of humans & natureclose observation of humans & nature

• Accuracy & objectivity when portraying Accuracy & objectivity when portraying ordinary worldordinary world

• Inclusion of new science & Inclusion of new science & technological advancementstechnological advancements

Romantic Painting

Characteristics

• Loose, fluid brushworkLoose, fluid brushwork

• Strong colorsStrong colors

• Complex compositionsComplex compositions

• Contrasts of light & darkContrasts of light & dark

• Expressive poses & gesturesExpressive poses & gestures

Ingres Large Odalisque

Gericault Raft of the Medusa

GrosNapoleon in Plague House

Delacroix Liberty Leading the People

DelacroixMassacre at Chios

GoyaThird of May 1808

GoyaFamily of Charles IV

Friedrich Monk by the Sea

Friedrich Wanderer

JMW Turner Slave Ship

Turner Snowstorm: Hannibal

and His Army Crossing Alps

Constable Clouds

Constable White Horse

Realism Painting

Corot Le Pont de Mantes

Corot Volterra

Rosa BonleurPlowing in Nivernais

Millet The Gleaners

Millet Woman Baking Bread

Courbet Burial at Ornans

Courbet The Stonebreakers

Daumier Third Class Carriage

Liebl Three Women in a Village Church

Repin Bargehaulers on Volga

Romantic Architectu

re

Characteristics

• Classical revival: Greek after 1815Classical revival: Greek after 1815

• Romantic classicism: individual, Romantic classicism: individual, intuitive creation that emphasizes intuitive creation that emphasizes classic detailsclassic details

• Picturesque: Gothic motifs & fantasyPicturesque: Gothic motifs & fantasy

John Nash’s Royal Pavilion

Houses of Parliament

Realism Architectu

re

Characteristics• Experimentation & new materials, steel & Experimentation & new materials, steel &

glassglass

• Combinations of design, material, & spaceCombinations of design, material, & space

• Skyscraper in AmericaSkyscraper in America

• Cramped space in urban areasCramped space in urban areas

• Needed elevatorNeeded elevator

• Sullivan: form flows from functionSullivan: form flows from function

Paxton Crystal Palace

Monadnock Building

Louis Sullivan

Romantic Music

Characteristics

• Form subordinate to feeling & harmonies a Form subordinate to feeling & harmonies a means of expressionmeans of expression

• Emphasis on lyrical & expressive melodiesEmphasis on lyrical & expressive melodies• Experiments in new meter & patterns of Experiments in new meter & patterns of

rhythmrhythm• Emotional conflict suggested by Emotional conflict suggested by

juxtaposition of differing meters & juxtaposition of differing meters & rhythmic irregularityrhythmic irregularity

Musicians• Franz Schubert: “art song”Franz Schubert: “art song”

• Frederich Chopin: piano compositionsFrederich Chopin: piano compositions

• Richard Strauss: program musicRichard Strauss: program music

• Johannes Brahms: symphonies & Johannes Brahms: symphonies & choral musicchoral music

• Richard Wagner: operaRichard Wagner: opera

Nationalism• Folk tunes & themes, local rhythms & Folk tunes & themes, local rhythms &

harmoniesharmonies

• Peter Ilyich TchaikovskyPeter Ilyich Tchaikovsky

• Cultural past & political Cultural past & political circumstancescircumstances

• ““Violin Concerto in D Major”Violin Concerto in D Major”

Realism Music

Characteristics• 1870 – 1914: huge change!1870 – 1914: huge change!• Development of elaborate programs to Development of elaborate programs to

explain major plots vs. simple storiesexplain major plots vs. simple stories• Composers much more Composers much more

autobiographicalautobiographical• Birth if program symphonies & Birth if program symphonies &

symphonic poemssymphonic poems

Musicians• Franz Liszt: program musicFranz Liszt: program music• Richard Strauss: symphonic poems & Richard Strauss: symphonic poems &

opera, influenced by German opera, influenced by German expressionismexpressionism

• Tchaikovsky: autobiographical Tchaikovsky: autobiographical “Symphony No. 6 in b minor”“Symphony No. 6 in b minor”

• Gustav Mahler: lately appreciated Gustav Mahler: lately appreciated Bohemian, straddles modern centuryBohemian, straddles modern century

Romantic Philosophe

rs

Immanuel Kant• Lived through 19th century optimism,

so has a positive outlook

• Art unites opposing principles, such as reason & imagination

Georg W. F. Hegel

• Also maintains positive outlook• Art synthesizes opposites of thesis

(pure beings) & antithesis (natural world)

• Applies to human mind & world history patterns

• Contributes to modern art criticism

Arthur Schopenhauer

• Polar opposite of Kant & Hegel

• Dominating will in world is evil

• World is doomed to be ravaged by misery & strife

• Popularity rises after failed nationalistic revolutions of mid 19th c

Karl Marx• Revolution is necessary• Capitalism is evil• Masses are sedated by religion• “Workers of the world, unite!”• Materialist concept of history• Art can determine history & contribute to

change• Realistic style fits struggle best

Charles Darwin• On the Origin of the Species by Means of

Natural Selection• Theory of evolution explains species are

capable of variation• Evolution occurs by natural selection, survival

of fittest• The Descent of Man: humans evolved from

anthropoids• Spawned Social Darwinism, but never

personally endorsed

Realism Philosophe

rs

Friedrich Nietzsche

• Attacked accepted ideas of timeAttacked accepted ideas of time• But readers should not agree!But readers should not agree!• Human helplessness in mechanical Human helplessness in mechanical

world under inflexible lawworld under inflexible law• But human courage in face of this is But human courage in face of this is

best qualitybest quality• Will spawn superhuman raceWill spawn superhuman race

Sigmund Freud

• Developed psychoanalysis, study of Developed psychoanalysis, study of unconsciousness & dreamsunconsciousness & dreams

• Charted levels of mindCharted levels of mind• Symbolism of dreams can also apply to Symbolism of dreams can also apply to

literature, 20literature, 20thth c criticism c criticism• Also influenced stream of Also influenced stream of

consciousness styleconsciousness style

Carl Jung

• Collective human unconscious shared Collective human unconscious shared by all with archetypal imagesby all with archetypal images

• Artists influenced more than everyone Artists influenced more than everyone elseelse

• Artistic creations are unconscious Artistic creations are unconscious representation of archetypal imagesrepresentation of archetypal images

Romantic Literature

Characteristics

• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe transitions from Neo-classicism

• Romantics use both prose & poetry

• Lots of groups & partnerships

Poetry

• Peak in English literature

• Themes of nature, human existence, reaction to art

• William Wordsworth founder

• Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Prose• Literate public eager for fiction• Jane Austin: more Neo-classic & comedy

of manners, Pride and Prejudice• Bronte sisters: Wuthering Heights and Jane

Eyre• Charles Dickens: fence sitter• Leo Tolstoy: Anna Karenina and War &

Peace

Realism Literature

Prose Characteristics

• Depicts life with absolute honestyDepicts life with absolute honesty• Specific & verifiable details vs. Specific & verifiable details vs.

sweeping generalitiessweeping generalities• Value impersonal, photographic Value impersonal, photographic

accuracy vs. interpretationaccuracy vs. interpretation• Influenced by science, reaction to Influenced by science, reaction to

RomanticismRomanticism• Stresses commonplace & brutalStresses commonplace & brutal

Feodor Dostoevski

• Theme of human suffering producing Theme of human suffering producing salvationsalvation

• Crime and Punishment:Crime and Punishment: psychological psychological novel, explores multiple personalitiesnovel, explores multiple personalities

• Theme of moral redemption through Theme of moral redemption through sufferingsuffering

• Morality is what a person is, not what Morality is what a person is, not what they showthey show

Ibsen & Chopin

• Henrick Ibsen: Norwegian playwrightHenrick Ibsen: Norwegian playwright• A Doll’s HouseA Doll’s House: discusses women’s : discusses women’s

rights, controversial playrights, controversial play• Kate Chopin: American, not well Kate Chopin: American, not well

known, novels & short storiesknown, novels & short stories• The Awakening:The Awakening: oppression of women, oppression of women,

controversialcontroversial