saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis departamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

Temur Todua, vaJa kiknaZe

romauli samxedro SenaerTebi

kolxeTsa da iberiaSi

meomris biblioTeka #1

Tbilisi 2008

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ pirveli wigni; seria

iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli

saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.

seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli aRzrda

da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia popularuli, magram

maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es patara, magram tevadi

da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa udides mefe daviTs, Tamars,

giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet

brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio

samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da a.S.

seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.

didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos

yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.

seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom

brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

vaJa kiknaZe

seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe

mecnierebaTa doqtori,

vice polkovniki Temur dalaqiSvili

recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori giorgi qavTaraZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: nino gigani

ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe

redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe

teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili

damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo

departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis

topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.

q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20

tel.: +995 32 91-19-83

faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

2

erT dros msoflioSi uZlieresi romis imperia kacobriobis did

interess dResac iwvevs. teqnikur da kulturul miRwevebTan erTad, romma

Seqmna Zlieri samxedro manqana, romelic saukuneTa manZilze

daumarcxebeli iyo. mwyobrad mimavali, mzeze mbrwyinavi oqro–vercxlis

arwivebiT Semkuli StandartebiT**1, romaeli legionerebi STambeWdavad

gamoiyurebodnen da imdroindel msoflios Tavzars scemdnen. romaeli

jariskacebi da mxedrebi sxvadasxva tipis mZime SubebiT, mWreli

maxvilebiTa da mokle satevrebiT iyvnen aRWurvilebi. maT usafrTxoebas

icavda agreTve, masiuri rkinis farebi da muzaradebi. romis SeiaraRebaSi

Sedioda swrafi da moqnili sabrZolo etlebi, mZimed SeiaraRebuli da

SejavSnuli mxedrebi da cxenebi, balistebi∗∗ katapultebi∗∗ da a.S.

romis samxedro teqnikas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, maSindel msoflioSi

analogi ar gaaCnda.

romTan samxedro Serkineba iberiasa (qarTli) da kolxeTsac (egrisi)

mouwia. saqarTvelos teritoria, romisTvis civiluri samyaros Soreul

sazRvars warmoadgenda, amitomac romaelTa damokidebuleba Cveni qveynis

mimarT garkveuli TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeoda.

romis imperiis mTavar strategiul mizans kavkasiaSi warmoadgenda is,

rom qarTul samefoebs Crdilo kavkasiidan ar gadmoeSvaT momTabare,

umarTavi da ,,araciviluri~ tomebi, romlebic mowesrigebuli da

kulturuli romisTvis, sakmao saSiSroebas warmoadgendnen.

qarTveli mefeebi, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, amas kargad iyenebdnen romze

zegavlenis mosaxdenad da Crdilo-kavkasiur tomebs Seusevdnen xolme misi

kontrolis qveS myof samxreT kavkasiis provinciebs. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,

roms erCivna iberiasTan daedo gansakuTrebuli xelSekruleba e.w.

,,romauli mSvidoba~ (,,paqs romana~). am SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, romze

damokidebuli qveynis mefe iRebda tituls ,,romaelTa megobari da

mokavSire~. romis mxridan, es kargad gaTvlili nabiji iyo. aseTi

statusis qveynebSi, mas ar Wirdeboda didi jaris mudmivi yola.

damokidebuli qveynis Sida saqmeebSic romi faqtiurad ar ereoda,

moiTxovda ra misgan samxedro-politikur momxreobasa da imperiis

sazRvrebis dacvas.

kolxeTsa da iberiaSi romis mudmivi samxedro erTeulebis gamoCenamde,

romTan iberia-kolxeTis uTrierTobis istoria, mokled aseTi iyo:

Zv. w. I saukuneSi, kolxeTisa da iberiis dasavleTiT, Savi zRvis

samxreT sanapiroze, gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda pontos saxelmwifo. pontos

Zlierebis xanaSi, mas saTaveSi edga miTridate VI evpatori (111-63w.w.). man

1 ori varskvlaviT aRniSnuli terminebis ganmarteba ix. bolos darTul ganmartebiT leqsikonSi (danarTi #1)

3

maSindeli mravali qveyana SeierTa (kolxeTi, bosfori∗2, mcire Aarmenia∗

da mokavSired gaixada didi somxeTis (armeniis)∗ yvelaze saxelganTqmuli

mefe

tigran II (95-55w.w.). pontosa da didi somxeTis gaZlierebas romi win

aRudga, magram Tavdapirvelad, miTridate VI-m kargad gamoiyena mcire

aziis mosaxleobis antiromauli ganwyobileba. marTlac, Tavidan,

adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi, miridate pontoels ganmaTavisufleblad

miiCnevdnen, magram male aRmoCnda, rom isic Cveulebrivi dampyrobeli da

despoti mmarTveli iyo. amis Semdgom, miTridatem mosaxleobaSi ndoba

dakarga. es momenti kargad gamoiyena romma da ramdenjerme sastikad

daamarcxa miTridate. Zv. w. 73 wels romma gadamwyveti dartyma miayena

miTridate evpators. Semdeg, romaelebma TiTqosda uZlevel tigran II-sac

Seuties. Zv.w. 69 wels maT Zalian swrafad aiRes somxeTis axali

dedaqalaqi tigranakerti (mdebareobda md. tigrosis CrdiloeT napiraze;

dRevandeli farkini TurqeTSi).

sainteresoa, rom am brZolaSi somxebis mxares, iberieli (qarTveli)

meomrebic monawilebodnen. Zv. w. 68 wels romis sardali lukulusi∗ da

romis legionebi Zveli somxeTis dedaqalaq artaqsatas (artaSats)

miadgnen (mdebareobda md. araqsze, dRevandeli erevnis samxreTiT). aqac,

somxebs iberielebi da maTi ganTqmuli mSvilodnebi exmarebodnen.

artaSatic swrafad daeca.

Zv. w. 66 wels, lukulusi romSi gaiwvies da is Secvala axalma

sardalma gnenius pompeusma. man mitridates Zalebi mcire somxeTSi

gaanadgura. miTridate kolxeTs Seefara, magram mas Semdeg, rac Svilebis

farnakisa da maxares Ralati Seityo, Zv. w. 63 wels Tavi moikla.

rac Seexeba tigran II-s, man jer Tavisi mokavSire da siZe miTridate

VI gamoacxada Zebnilad da misi TavisTvis didi Tanxa daawesa, Semdeg ki

romaelebs danebda da uzarmazari xarki _ 6000 vercxlis talantis

gadaxada ikisra (zogierTi mkvlevaris gamoangariSebiT, es Tanxa dRevandel

10 ml. dolars Seesabameba).

amis Semdeg, romis uSualo yuradRebis centrSi iberia moeqca.

qarTlis mefe am dros iyo artagi (artoki). man kargad gansaja rom

martod darCenili qarTli romTan verafers gaawyobda da gamoCnda Tu ara

pompeusi, zavi SesTavaza mas. pompeusi TiTqos Tanaxma iyo, magram eWvobda,

rom artagi drois mogebas cdilobda da amitom moulodnelad daesxa Tavs

da armazis cixe aiRo. artagi, mtkvris marcxena napirze gadavida (mcxeTis

dRevandeli rkinigzis sadguris midamoebSi) da mtkvarze xidi dawva.

qarTlis mefem kvlav zavi iTxova da sanacvlod ikisra xidis aRdgena da

romaelTa sursaTiT momarageba. zavi TiTqos daido kidec, magram pompeusi

2 erTi varskvlaviT aRniSnuli geografiuli da sakuTari saxelebis ganmartebebi ix. bolos darTuli ganmartebebi (danarTi #2)

4

aRdgenil xidze gadavida da artagis devna ganagrZo. qarTlis mefe md.

aragvisaken (pelori) gaiqca, sadac mcxeTis meore strategiuli

cixesimagre ,,sisamura~ (wiwamuri) mdebareobda. aragvze gadasvlisas,

artagma kidev dakarga mebrZolebi. amis Semdeg, qarTvelebma brZolis

partizanul meTodebs mimarTes. isini xeebze asulan da iqidan uSendnen

isrebs momxvdurebs. maSin romaelebma tyeebis gaCexva daiwyes. cnobili

berZeni istorikosis plutarqes∗ sityviT, am brZolebSi 9000 qarTveli

meomari daiRupa da 10 000 tyved Cavardnila.

amis Semdeg, artags ukan dasaxevi gza aRar hqonda da man romaelTa

wamoyenebuli yvela piroba usityvod Seasrula, maT Soris iyo isic, rom

sakuTari Svilebi mefem romaelebs mZevlebad misca. amave dros, pompeuss

artagma miarTva, arnaxuli silamazisa da Rirebulebis oqros sareceli,

taxti da magida. pompeusma qarTlis mefes romaelTa ,,megobrisa da

mokavSiris~ tituli uboZa, TviTon ki kolxeTSi gadavida. romaelma

sardalma TiTqmis uomrad gaiara mTeli egrisi da iq mmarTvelad

aristarqe datova.

romis legionerebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze pirvelad, rogorc

aRiniSna, Zv.w. 65 w. gamoCndnen. aq romaelebs, politikuri miznebis garda,

ZiriTadad ekonomikur-strategiuli gamorCena izidavda – axali savaWro

gzebis, axali qveynebis Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi moqceva, kavkasiaze

kontrolis daweseba.

kavkasionis qedi bunebrivi winaaRmdegoba iyo Crdilokavkasiuri

momTabare-meomari tomebis transkavkasiasa da mcire aziaSi SemoWris

regulirebisaTvis. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa mamisonis,

darialisa da derbentis gadasasvlelebi. vis xelSiac es gzebi iyo, mas

SeeZlo garkveuli kontroli gaewia Crdilokavkasieli tomebisaTvis.

romis aRmosavlur politikaSi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis

komunikaciebi aucilebeli iyo parTiis∗ msgavs Zlier saxelmwifosTan

qiSpobisas.

antikuri xanis kolxeTs da iberias geopolitikurad namdvilad

sakvanZo teritoria ekavaT. aq xdeboda aRmosavluri da dasavluri

civilizaciebis garkveuli Tanxvedrac da Sejaxebac.

iberia-kolxeTSi samxedro-sabrZolo moqmedebisas adgilobrivi

mebrZolebi flobdnen da kargad iyenebdnen reliefs, mTebs, xeobebis

Casaketad viwro adgilebs, mTa-gorebze moxerxebulad ganlagebul

TavdacviT nagebobebs, xSir gauval tyeebs, fons mdinareebze. igive

faqtorebi uaryofiTad aisaxeboda momxdurTa (am SemTxvevaSi romaelTa)

samxedro Zalis moqmedebebze. isini ar icnobdnen da taqtikurad sworad

ver iyenebdnen adgilobriv bio-geo-garemos. adgilobrivi pirobebis Sesaxeb

maT sruli informacia ar gaaCndaT. kerZod, bundovani warmodgena hqondaT

mowinaaRmdegis sameurneo-ekonomikur baza-resursebze, raodenobriv-

5

demografiul mdgomareobaze, fsiqikur ganwyobaze, komunikaciur da

samxedro qmedebebze.

miuxedavad Zlevamosilebisa, pirvel etapze, romma ver moaxerxa Sida

kolxeTis damorCileba. es ver moxerxda verc aristarqes, verc miTridate

pergamonelis∗ da verc polemonis∗ xeliT. ramdenadme gamarTlda

lukulusis winaswarmetyveleba, romelic aRniSnavda – am mxaris

damorCileba Zalian Zneliao (plutarqe, lukulusi, 14).

iberia-kolxeTi Tavisi xeobebiT, mTebiT, swrafi, Znelad gadasalaxi

mdinareebiT, uRrani tyeebiT – advilad dasamorCilebeli ar iyo. amas

emateboda, agreTve, agresiulad ganwyobili, Zlieri adgilobrivi samefo-

samTavroebi. zRvispireTisaTvis ki romaelebi am saqmeSi kontrolis gawevas

ukeT axerxebdnen. amaSi maTi ZiriTadi sayrdeni unda yofiliyo sanapiro

qalaqebi, romlebSic, Sida kolxeTisagan gansxvavebiT, antikuri sameurneo-

kulturuli gavlena SedarebiT Zlieri iyo. kolxeTis zRvispireTi is

strategiul-komunikaciuri mxare iyo, romelic aucileblad sWirdeboda

roms Tavisi gavlenis dasamyareblad kavkasiaSi, mcire aziasa da bosforSi.

pirvel etapze kolxeTi pontos samefosa da roms Soris saomari

moqmedebebis asparezad gadaiqca. romma garkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina

kolxeTis da Semdeg iberiis ganviTarebis procesze. es zemoqmedeba

uaryofiTi gamodga – zRvispireTi romis politikur gavlenaSi moeqca,

xolo zogierT regionSi, romaelTa moqnili, cbieri politikis Sedegad,

arastabiluri mdgomareoba Seiqmna, rac SemdgomSi romisadmi naxevrad

daqvemdebarebuli "samTavroebis" ganviTarebiT dasrulda. romma – im

droisaTvis maRalganviTarebulma saxelmwifom, ramdenadme dadebiTi rolic

iTamaSa. kerZod, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba gaecno im droisaTvis mowinave

romaul kulturas; gaecnen axal saomar taqtikas da teqnikas.

saqarTveloSi romauli samxedro SenaerTebis Cadgomis drois Sesaxeb

werilobiT wyaroebSi, samwuxarod, mxolod zogadi miniSnebaa.

ax.w. I s-is iudeveli (ebraeli) istorikosi ioseb flaviusi

mogviTxrobs: "...kolxebis, tavrebis∗, bosforelebis, pontosa da meotidis∗

irgvliv mcxovreblebi..., romlebic winaT sakuTar mmarTvelebsac ki ar

scnobdnen, axla 3000 mebrZols hyavs morCilebaSi da amasTanave ormoci

gemi icavs mSvidobas zRvaze, romelzedac uwin curva SeuZlebeli da

SemaZrwunebeli iyo" (iudevelTa siZveleni, II, 16,4). am werilobiT

wyaroSi ax.w. 66 wlis ambebia gadmocemuli. aqedan gamomdinare, romis

samxedro nawilebi saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi imperator neronis∗ dros

ukve Canan. saeWvoa, rom es, winamorbedi imperatorebis: augustusis∗,

tiberiusis∗, kaligulas∗ epoqaSi momxdariyo, radgan am droisaTvis

imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvarze mxolod oTxi legioni imyofeboda, rac

sakmarisi ar iyo. am mcire samxedro ZalebiT romi ver SeZlebda

aRmosavleTiT, kerZod kavkasiaSi, msxvili samxedro SenaerTebis ganlagebas.

aqedan gamomdinare, augustuss ar ucdia maxlobel aRmosavleTSi

6

politikuri situacia Seecvala. man romze formalurad damokidebuli

qveynebis markus antoniusis∗ droindeli sistema ucvlelad datova. maT

Soris TvalsaCino rols pontos samefo asrulebda. romaelebma pontos

taxtze kvlav polemon∗ I daamtkices. mas samarTavad zRvispira kolxeTic

eboZa. augustusis memkvidre imperatorebis – tiberiusisa da kaligulas

drosac, kolxeTis statusi ar Secvlila. is isev polemonidebis pontos

SemadgenlobaSi darCa. SesaZloa, rom am periodisaTvis kolxeTis sanapiro-

ze pontoelTa garnizonic mdgariyo.

neronis dros imperiis politika aRmosavleTSi kardinalurad

Seicvala. man uaryo winamorbedebis buferul qveynebze dayrdnobis

politika. neronma ax.w. 63 wels polemonidebis samefo gaauqma da is

romis provinciad gamoacxada. amasTanave, gansakuTrebiT yuradReba mieqca

kavkasiis zRvispireTSi romis poziciebis gamyarebas. dasaxuli amocanis

warmatebiT gadaWrisaTvis saWiro iyo imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi

mniSvnelovani Zalebis Tavmoyra, rasac ase dabejiTebiT moiTxovda xelisu-

falTagan romaelTa gamocdili mxedarTmTavari gneius domicius

korbuloni∗ (tacitusi, analebi, XIII, 35; XVI, 26).

imperiis komunikaciebis sisuste gansakuTrebiT kapadokiasa da mcire

armeniaSi SeimCneoda. es xarvezi romaelebma nawilobriv Seavses ax.w. 57

wlidan, rodesac dasavleTidan kapadokia-armeniis∗ sazRvarze XII da XV

legionebi gadmoisroles. maT aqve ramdenime strategiuli sasimagro

nagebobac aages. amgvari RonisZiebebis gatarebis Semdgom nerons saSualeba

mieca kavkasiaSi gabeduli samxedro operaciebi ewarmoebina.

ax.w. 60 wels romaelebma daimorCiles armenia. iberia ki romis vasal-

mokavSired iqca (tacitusi, analebi, XIV, 23, 25, 26). kolxeTi galatiis∗

provinciis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca. aq, rogorc Cans, neronma mcire

garnizonebi Caayena. am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs ara marto

neronis zemoxsenebuli zogadkavkasiuri politika, aramed konkretuli

garemoebebic. kerZod, am periodisaTvis roms aRmosavleTis sazRvarTan

sakmarisi samxedro Zalebi ar gaaCnda, raTa maTi garkveuli nawili

kolxeTis sanapirozec ganelagebina; gamoricxulia, rom iseTi

geopolitikuri mniSvnelobis regioni rogoric saqarTvelos

SavizRvispireTi iyo, romaelebs daucvelad daetovebinaT. aRniSnuli

RonisZiebis gatarebis gareSe, neroni araTu ver SeZlebda kavkasiaSi Tavisi

poziciebis ganmtkicebas, aramed Crdilo kavkasiis mTielTa Semotevasac

ver SeaCerebda; is verc zRvaze vaWrobis usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofda.

sxva sakiTxia, Tu ra raodenobis sajariso nawilebi iyo aq

dislocirebuli. ioseb flaviusis zemoT motanili cnobis mixedviT ise

Cans, TiTqosda romi pontospireTis yvela xalxs akontrolebda.

sawinaaRmdegos metyvelebs Tundac is faqti, rom magaliTad, sanebi∗

arianes drosac romaelebs ar emorCilebodnen (flavius ariane,

"periplusi...", 11). kolxeTis sanapiroze dislocirebuli romis sajariso

7

nawilebi mcirericxovani unda yofiliyo, radgan arianes inspeqtirebis

drosac, isini aq arcTu ise mravalricxovani Canan.

kolxeTis sanapiroze romis samxedro SenaerTebis ganlagebis zusti

TariRi ucnobia. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sayuradReboa, plinius ufrosis∗

cnoba afsarosisa∗ da sebastopolisis∗ Sesaxeb. pliniusi afsarossa da

sebastopoliss "kastellum"-ebs uwodebs∗∗, magram arafers gvamcnobs maTi

agebis droze. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT imas, rom kastelumSi, rogorc

wesi, igulisxmeba qvis safortifikacio nageboba, romelze adre iq xis

simagre unda yofiliyo. amasTanave, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kapadokiis

sazRvarTan XII da XV legionebis Cadgomis dros, e. i. 57 wels, maSin

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom afsarossa da sebastopolisSi romis mcire

garnizonebi ax.w. I s. dasasrulisaTvis ukve ganlagebuli iyo, amas

garkveulwilad, arqeologiuri monacemebic mowmoben.

gonio-afsarosis nacixaris teritoriaze aRmoCnda wiTellakiani jamis

Zir-gverdis fragmenti sandliani fexis terfis gamosaxulebiT da meomris

reliefurgamosaxulebiani Wraqi. orive ax.w. I s-is meore naxevriT

TariRdeba. orive romaelTa Semotanili unda iyos. aseTi nivTebi, mxolod

im teritoriebze gvxvdeba, sadac romauli garnizonebi idga. romis

sajariso formirebebis unda iyos, agreTve, soxumis cixis teritoriaze

dadasturebuli, ax.w. I s-is sinopuri∗ warmomavlobis amforebi (oryuriani,

wagrZelebulZiriani WurWeli). romaul garnizons ukavSirdeba q. soxumSi

aRmoCenili ax.w. I s-is nagebobac.

ax.w. I s-is arqeologiuri masalebi fasisidan∗ "natexebis"

namosaxlarze aRmoCenili sinopuri amforebiT Semoifargleba. arianes

gadmocemiT, fasisis cixis kedeli winaT Tixisa iyo da masze xis koSkebi

idga, magram axla kedeli da koSkebi gamomwvari agurisaganaa gakeTebuli

(flavius ariane, "periplusi...", 9). rogorc am cnobidan irkveva, es cixe

Cveulebrivi xis droebiTi sasimagro nageboba yofila. am tipis nagebobebi

funqcionirebda imperiis sazRvrebze mudmivi samxedro banakis agebamde.

msgavsi naSTebi aRmoCenilia britaneTSi, rain-dunaispireTSi da isini,

upiratesad, ax.w. I saukunisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. fasisSi romis

garnizoni, afsarosisa da sebastopolisis Tanadroulad unda Camdgariyo.

Cans, romauli garnizonebi saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi ax.w. I s-is

dasasrulisaTvis ukve idgnen da ZiriTadad afsarosSi, fasisSi da

sebastopolisSi iyvnen dislocirebuli. es ki e.w. pontos limesis∗∗

arsebobas eWvqveS ayenebs. sayuradReboa, rom aqauri garnizonebi ZiriTadad

damxmare SenaerTebisagan Sedgeboda; TviT limesi, romelSic kargad

gamarTuli sakomunikacio qselis sistema da raodenobrivad

mravalricxovani jari igulisxmeba, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis fizikur-

geografiuli sirTuleebisa da garnizonebis simciris gamo aq ver

Seiqmneboda. niSandoblivia, rom romaeli avtorebi saqarTvelos

zRvispireTis TavdacviT xazs limesad ar ixsenieben. isini mas umetes

8

SemTxvevaSi- "sazRvrad" moixsenieben. imperiis samxedro ZalebiT dacul am

zRvispira punqtebs ponto-kavkasiis sazRvari unda ewodos. maT ZiriTad

amocanas warmoadgenda romaelTa poziciebis ganmtkiceba samxreT kavkasiaSi

da CrdiloeT kavkasiis gakontroleba. xsenebuli sasazRvro-gamagrebuli

punqtebis daniSnulebas Seadgenda Crdilo kavkasielTa Tavdasxmebis

aRkveTa; kabotaJuri∗∗ navigaciisa da vaWrobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa

zRvispireTSi.

rogorc aRvniSneT, ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvro simagreebi neronis

epoqaSi iwyeben Camoyalibebas. imperator neronis dawyebuli Zalisxmeva

ganagrZo vespasianem (ax.w. 69-79 ww.). vespasianes saxels ukavSireben

imperiis aRmosavleTis sazRvris modernizacias da dacvis sistemis

reorganizacias.

ax.w. 70-ian wlebSi vespasianem garnizonebi siria-palestinis xazze

ganalaga, legionerTa SenaerTebi egviptesa da arabeTSi Caayena. mis drosve

cixesimagreebi aigo qalaqebSi – palmira∗, bostra∗ da herasi∗. gansakuTre-

buli yuradReba daeTmo kapadokiasa da mcire armeniaSi sasazRvro xazis

modernizebasac. satalasa∗ da melitenes∗ Soris arsebuli teritoria

romaelebma cixesimagreebiTa da fortebiT mtkiced gaamagres, riTac

daiwyo zemoevfratis limesis formireba. zemoevfratis limesis didi

qalaqebi da cixesimagreebi, iseve rogorc aRmosavleTis danarCen sazRvreb-

ze ganlagebuli kastelumebis qseli, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli yofila

mcire fortebiT, saguSagoebiTa da qvafeniliani gzebiT. AamJamad, satala-

trapezuntis monakveTze, arqeologiurad xuTi aseTi fortia gamovlenili.

AmaTgan, erTi Sualeduri kastelumi aRmoCenilia satalis cixesimagris

dasavleTiT. misi farTobi 37 x 55 m-ia. amgvari fortis nangrevebi,

satalis cixesimagris aRmosavleTiT, dRevandeli baiburTis∗ gzazec

aRmoCnda.

satala-trapezuntis cixesimagreTa sistemaSi unda yofiliyo CarTuli

satalidan 20 km-ze mdebare saguSagos nangrevebic. am saguSagos

CrdiloeTiT aris kidev ori simagre, sadac mxolod koSkebis nangrevebiRaa

SemorCenili. aRniSnuli simagreebi sworkuTxa konfiguraciisaa da

kuTxeebi naxevarwriuli koSkebiTaa daboloebuli. zemoevfratis limesis

es fortebi da sadarajo saguSagoebi, dagegmarebisa da zomis mixedviT,

mcire kontingentis sajariso nawilebis droebiTi sadgomebia.

zemoevfratis limesidan interess iwvevs gaC-darvazexis∗ simagre, romelic

Cveulebriv saTvalTvalo punqts warmoadgenda da sworkuTxa formisa iyo.

is 20-mde mebrZols Tu daitevda. zemoevfratis limess ganekuTvneba

simagre pagnik-oreni∗, romlis mSeneblobac ax.w. III s. damTavrda. pagnik-

orenis simagre sworkuTxaa. reliefis gamo CrdiloeTis kedels

rkaliseburi forma aqvs. cixe aRWurvili yofila TerTmeti

naxevarwriuli koSkiTa da oTxi karibWiT. cixesimagris centrSi idga

9

pretoriumis∗∗ Senoba, xolo Crdilo-dasavleTis kedelTan arsebuli

nageboba, sajinibo unda yofiliyo. pagnik-orenis cixesimagre erT

kohortas∗∗ itevda. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aq, ax.w. I s-Si, samSeneblo

samuSaoebSi monawileoba mieRo IV retiul mxedarTa kohortas, romlis

mudmivi adgilsamyofeli pagnik-orenidan 80 km-ze analibaSi∗ mdebareobda.

zemoevfratis kavkasiasTan axlo myofi sasimagro sistemaTa, bolo

rgoli satala da melitene iyo. satala da melitene XV da XII

legionebis Stab-binas warmoadgenda. aq mdebareobda kavkasiaSi romaelTa

veqsilaciebis∗∗ ZiriTadi gamanawilebeli baza. satalis cixesimagre

mdebareobda strategiulad mniSvnelovan adgilze. is kavkasiisaken da

kaspiisaken mimaval gzebs da SavizRvispireTis sanapiroebsac uwevda

kontrols.

satalis cixesimagre kvadratuli formisaa da aRWurvili iyo

sworkuTxa koSkebiT, romlebic erTimeorisagan Tanabari manZiliT iyvnen

daSorebuli. cixesimagres CrdiloeTiT da aRmosavleTiT hqonda karibWe.

satalis teritoriaze dRemde SemorCenilia romauli kastelumebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli abanos, sakanalizacio koleqtorisa da akvedukis∗∗ naSTebi.

melitenes kastelumic kvadratuli konfiguraciisaa. kargadaa

SemorCenili aRmosavleTi kedeli koSkebiTurT. koSkebi naxevarwriulia,

nagebia riyis qvebiT da kirxsnariT. cixesimagris garSemo samoqalaqo

dasaxleba iyo, romelsac traianem∗ qalaqis statusi mianiWa. prokopi

kesarielis∗ cnobiT, melitene mravalricxovani qalaqi yofila. aq taZrebi,

amfiTeatri, abano da sxva nagebobani mdgara. melitenes samxreTiT iwyeboda

siriis limesi, xolo satala sasimagro nagebobaTa qseliT ukavSirdeboda

trapezunts. trapezunti romaul xanaSi mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da

samxedro-strategiuli centri iyo. aniketis∗ ajanyebis Semdeg, aq XII da

XV legionebis veqsilaciebi iyvnen dabanakebuli, xolo III s-Si I ponturi

legioni∗∗. trapezuntidan saTaves iRebda ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvro

sistema, romlis rolic vespasianes dros mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.

vespasianes dros iberiis dedaqalaqSi romauli garnizoni ar idga.

mcxeTaSi jerjerobiT romauli legionis damRebi ar dadasturebula.

Tumca romaelTa monawileoba mcxeTis safortifikacio samuSaoebSi eWvs

ar unda iwvevdes, rasac adasturebs mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili, ax.w. 75 wliT

daTariRebuli imperator vespasianes warwera. masSi naTqvamia:

"TviTmpyrobelma keisarma vespasiane sebastosma... iberTa mefes, miTridates,

mefe farsmanisa da amazaspis Zes, keisris megobarsa da romaelTa moyvarul

xalxs es kedlebi ganumtkices". mcxeTis gamagreba unda dawyebuliyo

alanTa∗ meore Semosevis Semdeg, raTa win aRdgomoda maT xelmeore

Semosevas. vespasianes es RonisZieba qarTlis Zvel dedaqalaqSi megobruli

Jesti iyo iberielebisadmi, am ukanasknelTa gansakuTrebuli wvlilisaTvis

alanTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom romauli

10

samxedro SenaerTebi darialis xeobaSi idgnen. gamagrebas swored am

xeobaSi, pliniusi ixseniebs, romelic agebuli yofila agresiul

momTabareTa Sekavebis mizniT. pliniusis mier moxseniebuli cixesimagre

kumania darialis cixes unda warmoadgendes. `kumania~ _ darialis cixe

bunebriv borcvzea aSenebuli da mdinare Tergi Camoudis.

Sidacixis teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlinda

didi zomis qvebiT nagebi Senobebi. cixis samxreTiT dafiqsirda samarxebi,

romlebic romaul samyaros unda ukavSirdebodes. darialis xeobaSi

romaelTa calkeuli SenaerTebi adrianes drosac (ax.w. 117-138 ww.) unda

mdgariyo. ioane lides∗ (`bunebis istoria~, VI, 30). cnobiT, arianes

mounaxulebia dariali. cnobilia, rom kapadokiis legati∗∗ _ flavius

ariane∗ mxolod im punqtebSi Cadioda, sadac romaelTa garnizonebi iyo

dislocirebuli.

domicianes droidan (ax.w. 81-96 ww.) aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis

mowesrigebulma TavdacviTma sistemam garkveulwilad xeli Seuwyo

romaelTa poziciebis ganmtkicebas kavkasiis albaneTSic. beiuk-daSSi∗

aRmoCenili laTinuri warweridan irkveva, rom domicianem gagzavna XII

legionis nawilebi albaneTSi, raTa mas Tvalyuri edevnebina e.w. kaspiis

karebis samxreT gadasasvlelebisaTvis. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom

aRniSnuli legionis nawilebi centralur albaneTSi dabanakebuliyo. XII

legionis saxeli moxseniebulia md. araqsis marcxena sanapirozec, sof.

kariamnaSi∗ aRmoCenil qvazec. svetoniusis∗ cnobiT, aRniSnuli legioni

sarmatebTan∗ brZolaSi damarcxda.

somexi istorikosi movses xorenacic (V s.) gviambobs, domicianes

mmarTvelobis dros, armeniaSi romaelTa warumatebeli laSqrobis Sesaxeb

(movses xorenaci, 1984, gv. 145). albaT, XII legionis zogierTi SenaerTi

alan-sarmatebTan brZolas Seewira. vespasianes droidan ponto-kavkasiis

sasazRvro sistema sakmaod warmatebiT moqmedebs. am sistemis cixesimag-

reebi, imperator adrianes davalebiT, 131 wels sagangebod moinaxula da

TavdacviTunarianoba Seamowma kapadokiis legatma flavius arianem. arianes,

rogorc es misi "periplusidan"∗ Cans, pirvelad afsarosis cixesimagre da

aq mdgomi garnizonis sabrZolo mzadyofna Seumowmebia. arianes cnobiT,

"afsarosSi... dgas xuTi speira"∗∗ (flavius ariane, periplusi..., 6),

romelsac tradiciulad xuT kohortad∗∗, anu naxevarlegionad Targmnidnen.

Sesabamisad, mkvlevarTa umravlesobas afsarosis romauli samxedro

SenaerTebi legionur garnizonad miaCndaT.

faiumSi (egvipte)∗ aRmoCenilma papirusma∗ da gonioSi dadasturebulma

romauli samxedro SenaerTis tvifrma naTeli mohfines am bundovan

sakiTxs. ax.w. II s-is papirusze moxseniebulia afsarosSi mdgari

klavdiusis saxelobis II kohortis veterani marciali; faiumis am

fragmentis cnobis siswores dokumenturad adasturebs gonios kastelumis

11

centralur nawilSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas, ax.w. II s-is fenaSi

aRmoCenili romauli samxedro SenaerTis damRebic.

es kohorta ax.w. II s-Si kapadokiaSi ganlagebul damxmare kohortas

warmoadgenda. arianes mier afsarosSi dasaxelebul danarCen oTx

kohortasac damxmare nawilad miiCneven, rac arqeologiuri masalebiT

dasturdeba. kastelumis centralur nawilSi savaraudod pretoriumis

teritoriaze, aRmoCnda damRiani aguri. damRa ase ikiTxeba: `sagi~,

romelic mSvildosanTa kohortas niSnavs. amgvari kohorta damxmare

samxedro SenaerTi iyo. aseTi tipis samxedro nawilebi dislocirebuli

iyvnen siriaSi da dunaispireTSi.

afsarosis kastelumis centralur nawilSi warweriani brinjaos

kandelabri∗ aRmoCnda: misi laTinuri warwera gvamcnobs, rom iq romis

armiis damxmare SenaerTi idga. aRsaniSnavia, rom romis imperator markus

aureliusis∗ saxelobis damxmare kohortebi dunaispireTis provinciebSic

idgnen.

afsarosSi ganlagebuli romauli samxedro SenaerTebis xasiaTisa da

maTi funqciis TvalsazrisiT, interess iwvevs kidev erTi damRa, romelic

datanilia wyalsadenis milze. isic kastelumis centralur nawilSia

aRmoCenili. wyalsadenis mili ax.w. II saukunisaa. masze gamosaxulia niSani

– `X~, romelic X legionis aRmniSvnelia. es legioni ax.w. I s-is

dasasruls siriaSi iyo dabanakebuli, mogvianebiT ki palestinaSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom adrianes epoqaSi am legionis jariskacebis mieraa

gamarTuli wyalsadenis sistema kesariaSi∗. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom

aRniSnuli legionis samSeneblo-sainJinro SenaerTebi, amave mizniT

afsarosSi specialurad gadmoesrolaT.

zemoTganxiluli damRebi, rogorc adre iTqva, dokumenturad

adastureben arianes cnobas afsarosSi dislocirebuli xuTi kohortis

Sesaxeb, romlebic damxmare kohortebi iyvnen da ara legionuri samxedro

SenaerTebi. sayuradReboa, rom arianeseuli "speira" daaxloebiT laTinuri

"manipul"-is pirdapiri Targmania da kohortis 1/3, 150-200 kacian razms

udris. ramdenadac Teoriulad xuTi speira kohortanaxevaria, is

daaxloebiT 1000 jariskacs unda iTvlides, rac Seesabameba afsarosis

kastelumis tevadobas.

afsarosis simagris zomidan (1.95 x 2.45 m). gamomdinare, is

daaxloebiT aTas jariskacs itevda, rac aq sakmaod did Zalas

warmoadgenda. unda iTqvas, rom afsarosis garnizoni sagrZnoblad

Warbobda fasisis, sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis garnizonTa raodenobas.

afsarosis cixesimagris aseTi mniSvneloba misi geostrategiuli

mdebareobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. afsarosi uSualod emezobleboda iberiis

im droisaTvis Zlier samefos, saidanac imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebs,

Crdilo kavkasiis mTielTa saxiT, didi safrTxe emuqreboda. amgvari

safrTxe, rom realurad arsebobda, amaze miuTiTebs is faqti, rom farsman

12

II dros iberielebma darialis kari gauRes alanebs da isini romis

imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebs Seusies.

rac Seexeba afsarosis sasimagro nagebobas, rogorc es arianes

aRweridan Cans, is mis dros ukve iyo xis cixesimagris tipis

mudmivmoqmedi kastelumi. am bolo xanebSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis

Sedegad, cixesimagris samxreTi kedlis monakveTSi gamovlinda uZveles

nagebobaTa naSTebi, romlebic qronologiurad win uswrebda arianes

inspeqtirebis periods da ax.w. I s-is meore naxevriT TariRdeba. gonio-

afsarosis dRemde kargad Semonaxuli kastelumi ki gviandelia. afsarosis

kastelumi, romauli cixesimagreebis saerTo standartebidan gamomdinare,

saSualo sididis banakebis kategorias unda miekuTvnos.

goniodan CrdiloeTiT, 60 km-ze mdebareobda fasisis cixesimagre. aq,

arianes cnobiT, mdgara "400 rCeuli" meomari, romelic raodenobrivad

erT kohortas Seesabameboda. arianesave TqmiT, fasisis garnizoni

lodsatyorcni manqanebiT iyo aRWurvili. damxmare samxedro SenaerTebs ki

ax.w. II s-Si, rogorc wesi, satyorcni iaraR-mowyobilobebi ar hqondaT.

balistebi∗∗, onagrebi∗∗ da katapultebi∗∗ mxolod legionebis teqnikur

aRWurvilobaSi Sedioda.

SesaZlebelia, rom fasisSi legionuri kohorta idga. arianes TqmiT,

cixesimagre "imdagvarad yofila mowyobili, rom veravin miuaxlovdeboda"

(flavius ariane, periplusi.... 9). arianes mier naxseneb fasisze SesaZlo

TavdasxmaSi safiqrebelia iberielebi igulisxmebodnen. albaT swored amiT

iyo ganpirobebuli fasisis cixesimagris gamagrebis saWiroeba da samxedro

manqanebiT aRWurva. amave mizans emsaxureboda, aseve, arianes mier aq

Catarebuli RonisZiebani, romelic fasisis navsadgurisa da samoqalaqo

dasaxlebis gamagrebaSi gamoixata.

samwuxarod, fasisis arianeseuli kastelumi arqeologiurad

jerjerobiT ar aris Seswavlili. mis Sesaxeb zogadi warmodgena gveqmneba

diubua de monperes∗ mier Sedgenili sqematuri gegmiT. am gegmis Tanaxmad,

cixesimagre oTxkuTxa formisaa, kuTxeebSi mrgvali koSkebiT. misi

aRweriT, arianes droindeli da diubuas mier aRwerili cixesimagre foTis

navsadguridan 5 km-is daSorebiT mdebareobda, xolo md. rionidan 500 m-is

manZilze. cixis kedlebs Soris manZili udrida 1.60 x 1.80 m. aqedan

gamomdinare, albaT, fasisis arianeseuli cixe, erTi kohortisaTvis unda

yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli.

ase rom, arianes droisaTvis, fasisi da misi midamoebi saimedod

yofila daculi. fasisis Semogarenis gamagreba-ganmtkicebis TvalsazrisiT,

interess iwvevs sof. moedanSi (lanCxuTis r-ni) dafiqsirebuli Zveli

sasimagro nagebobis kvali. aq anakref masalaSi aRmoCnda romauli damRiani

aguris fragmenti. SemorCenilia sami aso – `leg~. damRa SesaZloa XV

legionisa iyos. rac Seexeba mis TariRs, es Zalze rTuli dasadgenia,

Tumca varaudis gamoTqma mainc SesaZlebelia. rogorc cnobilia, IV s-is

13

meore naxevridan, sof. moednis siaxloves mdebare romaelTa erT-erT

mniSvnelovan sayrden punqtSi – fasisSi romauli garnizoni aRar idga.

Sesabamisad, fasisisa da mis midamoebSi romaul sasimagro nagebobebsac

funqcionireba unda Seewyvita. aqedan gamomdinare, aRwerili aguri,

zogadad III-IV ss-is pirveli naxevriT SeiZleba daTariRdes.

sof. moedanSi aRmoCenili sasimagro nageboba, romelic zRvis

dRevandeli sanapirodan foTamde pirdapiri xaziT 10 km-is daSorebiT

mdebareobda da rac mTavaria, romauli damRiani aguri, gvafiqrebinebs aq

raRac gamagrebul punqts, romelic fasisis cixes uecari

Tavdasxmebisagan icavda.

sof. moedanSi aRmoCenili romauli damRiani aguri dokumenturad

adasturebs, rom romaelebi zRvis sanapiro zolTan erTad, ramdenadme

akontrolebdnen kolxeT-lazikis Sida regionebsac. erTi aseTi punqti,

rogorc Cans, md. sufsis marjvena napiras, dRevandel sof. moedanTan

arsebula. aseTive punqti unda yofiliyo, Cveni azriT, arqeopolisi-

noqalaqevi, rasac garkveulwilad mowmobs iq aRmoCenili konstantine

didis∗ spilenZis moneta. amgvari monetebi ki, rogorc wesi, Cndeba iq

sadac romaelTa samxedro kontingenti idga. fasisis midamoebis gamagrebis

sistemaSi unda yofiliyo CarTuli, vaSnaric. marTalia, is romaul-

bizantiur werilobiT wyaroebSi ar ixsenieba, rac imiT unda aixsnas, rom

bizantieli istorikosebi, umTavresad lazikis im punqtebs asaxavdnen,

sadac samxedro operaciebi mimdinareobda. "vaSnaris" Tavdapirveli

cixesimagre, romelic kvadratuli formisaa da romauli kastelumis

principiTaa nagebi, aseTi varaudis safuZvels gvaZlevs.

romaelTa samxedro aqtiuroba iberiis samefos sazRvrebTan xels ar

aZlevda iberiis xelisufalT. droTa ganmavlobaSi, cxadia, amas garkveuli

reaqcia unda mohyoloda. iberiis mefem farsman II protestis niSnad,

darialis kari gauxsna alanebs da isini Seusia kapadokiasa da armenias.

alanebi, dion kasiusis∗ gadmocemiT - "kapadokiis mmarTvelis flavius

arianes mier SeSinebulebi, saomar moqmedebas wyveten". arianes mier

Catarebul samxedro RonisZiebebsa da SavizRvispira cixesimagreebis

ganaxleba-ganmtkicebas, mefe farsmanze zegavlena unda moexdina. amis

Semdeg, adrianem mas "megobrobisa da mokavSireobis" motiviT, elius

spartianes∗ cnobiT, "saCuqrad misca spilo da 50 kaciani kohorta". fm

kohortis raodenobis, statusisa Tu funqciis Sesaxeb samecniero

literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT, es

kohorta 500 jariskacisagan Sedgeboda da sagarnizono iyo, xolo meoreni

mas 50 jariskacian sainJinro nawilad miiCnevs.

marTalia, elius spartianesTan 50 kaciani kohortaa naxsenebi, magram

es gadamwerTa Secdoma unda iyos. teqstSi weria "kohorta". cnobilia,

rom romauli kohorta 500-600 jariskacisagan Sedgeboda. es ki ukve

seriozuli Zala iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, rom xsenebuli

14

kohorta sagarnizono samsaxurisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. igi XV

legionis mebrZolebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli, romelTa erTi nawilic

pitiuntSi idga. teqstSi xsenebul kohortas ramdenime funqciis

Sesruleba unda dakisreboda. am funqciaTagan umTavresi iyo darialis

gadmosasvlelebis gakontroleba, saidanac imperiis sazRvrebs alanebis

saxiT saSiSroeba emuqreboda. amitomac Zneli misaxvedri ar unda iyos,

rom aRniSnuli kohorta swored darialis xeobaSi unda dabanakebuliyo da

ara iberiis sxva romelime punqtSi. am kohortasve unda dakisreboda,

iberiis xelisufalTa moqmedebis gakontrolebac, rasac diplomatiuri

gziT adriane ver axerxebda. masve evaleboda albaT savaWro magistralebis

kontroli.

adrianes mier iberiaSi gamogzavnilma kohortam, rogorc amas Semdgomi

movlenebis analizi cxadyofs, garkveuli misia Seasrula. swored misi

qarTlSi Cadgomis Semdeg, werilobiTi wyaroebis Tanaxmad, Semosevebi

imperiis teritoriaze aRar ganaxlebula.

iberiaSi dislocirebuli kohortis mxardaWeriT, adrianes legatma

flavius arianem, iberia-romis urTierTobaTa mowesrigeba ramdenadme

SeZlo. albaT arianes iberiaSi elCobisas gadawyda farsman mefis romSi

stumrobis sakiTxic. Tumca es adrianes mmarTvelobis dros ver moxerxda,

radgan adrianes imperatorobis miwuruls politikuri viTareba romSi

garTulda, imperatori da senatorebi erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen. cxadia,

aseT situaciaSi sagareo sakiTxebi gverdze gadaideboda. farsmanis viziti

q. romSi arianes elCobidan iberiaSi mcire xnis Semdeg, antoninus piusis∗

imperatorobis dasawyisSi Sedga.

erT-erTi cixesimagre, romelic arianem daaTvaliera – sebastopolisi

(axlandel q. soxumTan) iyo. aq, arianes sityvebiT - "moxerxda

jariskacebisaTvis xelfasis micema, cxenebisa da iaraRis daTvaliereba,

mxedrebis varjiSi ..., avadmyofebis monaxuleba, puris maragis Semowmeba,

kedlebisa da Txrilebis Semovla" (flavius ariane, periplusi ..., 10).

rogorc am aRweridan irkveva, sebastopolisis garnizoni, ZiriTadad,

kavaleriis nawilebisagan Sedgeboda, magram konkretulad ar aris

dasaxelebuli maTi raodenoba. Tu sebastopolisis adreuli, ax.w. I-II ss.

daTariRebuli kastelumis farTobiT (0,7 ha) vimsjelebT, misi garnizoni

200 jariskacs ar aRemateboda. Tu es asea, maSin sebastopolisis

Tavdapirveli kastelumi numeruli∗, anu mcire cixesimagris kategorias

unda mivakuTvnoT, xolo misi garnizoni damxmare jaris Sereuli

qvedanayofebi unda yofiliyo. damxmare jaris nawilebi – sasazRvro

numerebi, romis regularuli armiis nawilebi ar iyvnen. isini, rogorc

wesi araromaelebisagan kompleqtdeboda.

ariane arafers ambobs mis mier sebastopolisSi Catarebul samSeneblo

saqmianobis Sesaxeb, magram arsebobs am faqtis damadasturebeli laTinuri

15

lapidaruli (qvaze Sesrulebuli) warwera. is aRmoCnda q. soxumis

navsadguris damcavi qvis jebiris wyobaSi dafiqsirebul kirqvis filaze.

sebastopolisis kastelumi kvadratuli formisaa da mozrdili

lodebiT, kirxsnariTa da aguris fenebiT nagebi. nawilobriv SemorCenilia

Svidi koSki, xolo mTlianad – CrdiloeTi mxaris kedeli (sigrZe – 80

m), romelsac momrgvalebuli kuTxeebi aqvs, kedlis sisqe – 2,30 m; gegmaSi

amgvari formis cixesimagreebi momrgvalebuli kuTxeebiT, damaxasiaTebelia

ax.w. I s-is dasasrulisa da II s-is dasawyisis romauli kastelumebisaTvis.

sebastopolisis II s-is romauli garnizoni damxmare jaris Sereuli

qvedanayofebi unda yofiliyo. sebastopolisSi, arianes dros, albaT,

afsarosTan SedarebiT mcirericxovani razmi idga, rac paradoqsulia,

vinaidan sebastopolisi xom am dros romaelTa erT-erTi ukiduresi

sasazRvro forpostia dasavleT kavkasiaSi. sebastopoliss evaleboda

imperiis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi sazRvris dacva CrdiloeT kavkasiis

mTielebisagan. sebastopoliss savaWro-ekonomikuri mniSvnelobac hqonda –

aq gadadioda mniSvnelovani savaWro-satransporto gza, romlis gamarTuli

moqmedebiT romaelebi Zalze dainteresebuli iyvnen.

sebastopolisi warmoadgenda sakontaqto adgils da SesaZloa

strategiul placdarmsac CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis qalaqebis mimarT.

Znelia gadaWriT iTqvas, Tu ratom idga ax.w. II s. sebastopolisSi

romaelTa aseTi mcirericxovani garnizoni. savaraudoa, es imiT yofiliyo

gamowveuli, rom am dros romaelTa umTavresi forposti afsarosi iyo.

albaT, aqedan eloda imperiis aRmosavleTis sazRvars gaZlierebuli

iberiis samefosagan yvelaze meti saSiSroeba, da ara sebastopolisis

monakveTidan.

amrigad, ax.w. II s-is pirvel naxevarSi, rogorc es arianes cnobebidan

irkveva, romaelTa ZiriTadi samxedro-sayrdeni punqti aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTis CrdiloeT nawilSi sebastopolisi yofila. swored aq

dausrulebia Tavisi sainspeqcio mogzauroba flavius arianes da aqve

Seutyvia kimeriuli bosforis∗ mefis kotisis gardacvalebis ambavi.

amitomac arianes aRuweria gza dioskuria-sebastopolisidan bosforamde,

raTa Tuki imperatori rames moisurvebda bosforTan dakavSirebiT, am gzis

Sesaxeb scodnoda. pirvel aseT sayuradRebo punqtad bosforisaken mimaval

gzaze ariane asaxelebs pitiunts (biWvintas), romelsac igi patara

navsadgomad moixseniebs. arianes cnobidan Cans, rom mis dros aq romauli

samxedro SenaerTi ar idga. arianemde pitiuntSi garnizoni rom mdgariyo,

is mas gakvriT mainc moixseniebda. garda amisa, ariane konkretulad

uTiTebs, rom dioskuriasTan "mTavrdeba romaelTa samflobeloebi pontos

marjvena mxares mcuravTaTvis" (flavius ariane, periplusi ..., 17).

romauli samxedro SenaerTebis pitiuntSi Cadgomis drois sakiTxs

naTels hfens kastelumis teritoriaze aRmoCenili erTi laTinurenovani

warwera. am warweris mixedviT pitiuntSi romauli garnizoni 135-152 ww.

16

Soris Camdgara. ax.w. II s-is SuaxanebisTvis, biWvintaSi romaelTa samxedro

SenaerTebis yofnas damatebiT mowmobs is faqtic, rom ucxouri nawarmi da

monetebi meti raodenobiT swored am droidan vrceldeba. aRniSnul

xanaSive unda dawyebuliyo aq kastelumis mSenebloba, romelSic, rogorc

amas biWvintis naqalaqarze aRmoCenili legionis tvifriani keramikuli

filis fragmentebi adastureben, monawileobas Rebuloben legionuri

sainJinro-samSeneblo nawilebi.

biWvintaSi jerjerobiT sami aseTi fragmentia dadasturebuli. erTi

fragmenti dafiqsirda inkitis tbasTan arsebuli mrgvali koSkis ax.w. II-III

ss-is fenaSi. aRniSnuli damRis msgavsi, XV legionis damRiani keramikuli

filebi da kramitebi didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili satalaSi, sadac

mdebareobda am legionis mudmivi Stab-bina. swored isini warmoadgenen XV

legionis biWvintis damRebis zust analogebs. ase rom, ax.w. II s-is Sua

wlebSi, pitiuntSi Cayenebulia XV legionis veqsilacia, romlis

raodenoba, biWvintis kastelumis zomebis mixedviT (1.40 x 1.70 m), erT

kohortas ar aRemateboda. aqedan gamomdinare, pitiuntis kastelumic

sakohorto, saSualo sididis cixesimagred unda CaiTvalos. pitiuntis XV

legionis garnizonis mTavar funqcias imperiis Soreuli misadgomebis

CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielebisagan dacva warmoadgenda. Ggarnizoni, rogorc

biWvintis # 18 koSkis IV s-is fenaSi aRmoCenili balistis RerZis

nawili adasturebs, qvis satyorcni manqaniT yofila aRWurvili.

cnobilia, rom XV legioni, romlis formirebac cezaris∗ dros

dasrulda, Tavdapirvelad panoniaSi∗ idga, Semdeg emonaSi∗. aqedan is

gadayvanil iqna karnintumSi∗. ax.w. 57 wels alanTa aqtivizaciisa da

parTiasTan mosalodneli omis gamo, XV legioni romaelebma aRmosavleTSi

gadmoisroles. imperator vespasianes dros, XV legioni siriidan

kapadokiaSi gaagzavnes. salegiono banaki moewyo satalaSi. aRniSnul

xanebSi afrikidan kapadokiaSi gadmoiyvanes aseve XII elviseburi legioni,

romelic imperator titusis dros, meliteneSi∗ dabanakda.

pitiuntis garda, ax.w. II-III ss.-Si am legionis veqsilaciebi unda

mdgariyvnen, agreTve afsarossa (sof. gonio) da sebastopolisSi (q.

soxumi). kolxeTis sanapiro am dros e.w. kapadokiis kompleqsSi Sedioda,

amitom xsenebuli romauli garnizonebi kapadokiis legats emorCileboda.

kolxeTis zRvispira simagreebis garnizonebi aRmosavleT kapadokiaSi

dabanakebul XII da XV legionebis SenaerTebiT kompleqtdebodnen.

niSandoblivia isic, rom ax.w. II-III ss.-Si rize-aTena-xofas xazze, anu

samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, aRniSnuli legionebis veqsilaciebi

idgnen. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom ax.w. III-IV ss-Si aq trapezuntSi

mudmivad myofi I ponturi legionis veqsilaciebic mdgariyvnen.

rac Seexeba romauli garnizonebis Semadgenlobas, is, ZiriTadad,

qveiTebisa da kavaleriisagan Sedgeboda. am qvedanayofebis garda, aRniSnul

punqtebSi romaelTa flotis calkeuli SenaerTebic unda mdgariyo. amgvar

17

mosazrebas erTgvarad mxars uWers zogierTi arapirdapiri cnoba. kerZod,

yuradRebas ipyrobs ioseb flaviusis cnoba Sav zRvaze "mSvidobis

damcveli" ormoci xomaldis Sesaxeb.

savaraudod, ax.w. I s-is miwuruls kolxeTis sanapiroze ganlagebuli

sazRvao floti ravenis eskadrisa∗ an meziur-flaviusiseuli∗ flotis

nawilebisagan unda yofiliyo Semdgari. cnobilia, rom CrdiloeT

SavizRvispireTis sanapiroebs, rogorc aq aRmoCenili werilobiTi Zeglebi

mowmoben, swored am flotis xomaldebi icavdnen. ax.w. I s-is meore

naxevridan Sav zRvaze stabilurobis SenarCunebis mizniT, specialuri

"pontos floti" iqmneba.

amrigad, ax.w. II s-Si ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvro gamagrebebSi

pitiuntis CarTviT, mTavrdeba am sistemis organizaciuli gaformeba. aq

sistemis avanpostis rols aRniSnuli droidan, pitiunti asrulebs.

swored, pitiuntisa da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis danarCeni

cixesimagreebis qselis meSveobiT, romis imperia ax.w. III s-is Sua xanebamde

garkveulwilad akontrolebda transkavkasias, uzrunvelyofda sazRvao

vaWrobis usafrTxoebas.

ax.w. III s-is Sua xanebidan ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvro simagreTa

jaWvSi garkveuli texili SeiniSneba, rac aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi

guTebis∗ laSqrobebs ukavSirdeba. rogorc cnobilia, ax.w. 238 wlidan

iwyeba romis imperiis dunaispireTisa da balkaneTis provinciebze guTebis

Semosevebi. maTi laSqrobebi mxolod balkaneT-dunaispireTiT ar

Semofarglula. ax.w. III s-is 40-ian wlebSi guTebis Tavdasxmebis Sedegad

CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis qalaqebi ganadgurda. ax.w. 252-267 ww. guTebma

mcire aziasa da Savi zRvis sanapiroebze laSqrobebi moawyves. laSqrobaTa

talRam saqarTvelos zRvispireTsac gadauara.

SavizRvispireTis aRmosavleT sanapiros dasaxlebebze guTebis

laSqrobaTa Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs bizantieli istorikosi zosime∗:

"rodesac guTebma daiwyes mooxreba yvelafrisa, rac gzaSi xvdebodaT,

pontos sanapiros mcxovreblebi gaiqcnen gamagrebul adgilebSi.

barbarosebi pirvel yovlisa Tavs daesxnen biWvintas, romelic

SemozRuduli iyo uzarmazari kedliT da romelsac hqonda kargad

mowyobili navsadguri. Aadgilobrivi jaris saTaveSi idga sukesianusi∗. man

mTeli Tavisi jarebiT Seutia barbarosebs da gareka isini. guTebma imis

SiSiT, rom sxva simagreebis mcvelebmac ar gaigon da ar SeuerTdnen

biWvintis jarebs da sabolood ar gagvanadgurono...…xelT igdes

xomaldebi, rac ki SeeZloT da Zalian SeSinebulebma mohkurcxles, ise,

rom biWvintasTan brZolebSi bevri Tavisi meomari dahkarges. eqvsinis∗

pontos sanapiros mcxovreblebi, romlebic gadarCnen sukesianusis

strategobis∗∗ wyalobiT, imedovnebdnen, rom guTebi, romlebic amnairad

ukuqceul iqnen, verasodes ver gabedavdnen gadmosvlas. magram, rodesac

18

imperatoma valerianem∗ sukesianusi gaiwvia da samefo karze misca

Tanamdeboba, da mihyo xeli antioqiis saqmeebis mogvarebas da mis

dasaxlebas, maSin guTebi kvlav gamoCndnen; bosforelebs gamoarTves

xomaldebi da gadavidnen aziaSi. maT bosforelebs aRar daubrunes

xomaldebi, rogorc winaT, da arc Sin gauSves, aramed am xomaldebiT

miadgnen fasiss, sadac rogorc amboben, aSenebuli iyo fasisis artemides∗

taZari da aietis∗ sasaxle. maT scades am taZris aReba, magram unayofod;

amis Semdeg pirdapir wavidnen biWvintisaken. es cixe aiRes maT

daubrkolebriv, mTeli misi mcveli jari gawyvites da ganagrZes gza.

iSoves didi raodenoba xomaldebisa da curvisaTvis gamoiyenes tyveebi,

romlebmac icodnen niCbebis xmareba".

pitiuntis II-III ss. kastelumis gegma jerjerobiT ar aris

gamovlenili, magram gviandeli cixesimagris zomebi ZiriTad monaxazSi mas

emTxveva. pitiuntis kastelumi sworkuTxaa da msgavsebas poulobs

satalis, abritusis, afsarosis III-IV ss. kastelumebTan. zogadad maT

Soris sxvaoba koSkebis moyvanilobasa da raodenobaSic Cans. Tu

abritusisa∗ da Svicendorfis∗ kastelumebi Sesabamisad aRWurvili iyo 25

da 28 koSkiT, an satalasi 22 koSkiT, afsarosisa da pitiuntis

cixesimagreebis kedlebi ki 22 da 27 koSkiT yofila gamagrebuli. Tu

satalisa da sebastopolisis kuTxeebis koSkebi kvadratuli formisaa,

pitiuntis dasavleTi kuTxis koSkebi ki e.w. maraoseburia. am mxriv,

pitiuntis kuTxis koSkebi axlos dgas boiotros∗ da Svicendorfis

kastelumebis kuTxis koSkebTan, romlebic III da IV ss. Cans agebuli.

saerTod unda iTqvas, rom pitiuntis galavnis koSkebis wamyvan

formas, iseve rogorc afsarosisa da sebastopolisisa, kvadratuli tipis

koSkebi warmoadgenen. amgvari tipis koSkebi ki, rogorc cnobilia,

naklebad efeqturi iyo da maleve ingreoda artileriiT, vidre wriuli an

mravalwaxnaga koSkebi, romelTa ageba SedarebiT ZviradRirebuli da

Sromatevadi iyo.

marTalia, mravalwaxnaga koSkebi pitiuntis sasimagro nagebobasac

hqonda, magram sadReisod aq gamovlenili 27 koSkidan mxolod xuTiodea

aseTi. ori maTgani – garedan xuTwaxnagaa, xolo danarCeni rvawaxnaga,

romlebic "kanabes"∗∗ galavnis samxreT mxareze mdebareobs. aseTi tipis

koSkebis arseboba, am monakveTis strategiuli mniSvnelobiT unda aixsnas.

amasve mowmobs samxreTiTve Carigebuli koSkebis simravle (13 koSki) da,

rac mTavaria, # 18 xuTwaxnaga koSkSi aRmoCenili balistis detali.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli koSki specialuri saartilerio satyorcni

meqanizmebisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. vfiqrobT, amave miznebs

emsaxureboda, aseve me-5 da me-6 e.w. maraoseburi formis koSkebi.

vfiqrobT, savaWro-saxelosno tipis _- "vikus"-is rangis samosaxloebi

unda yofiliyo pitiuntisa da fasisis romauli qalaquri dasaxlebebi,

rogoric xSirad iqmneboda msgavsi punqtebis sakohorto kastelebTan.

19

aseTi tipis samosaxloTa moqmedebis areali cixe-qalaqis farglebs ar

scildeboda. romauli praqtikidan gamomdinare, amgvari samosaxloebis

mcxovrebTa ZiriTadi kontingenti, rogorc es fasisis magaliTidanac Cans,

vaWrebi iyvnen. maT xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili qalaqsa da sofels Soris

savaWro urTierTobis mTeli meqanizmi. vfiqrobT, am socialuri

kategoriis saSuamavlo gziT unda iyos moxvedrili kolxeTis zRvispira,

Sida da mTian regionebSi importuli produqciis garkveuli nawili.

aRniSnuli punqtebis romauli samosaxloebis statusisa da funqciaze

msjeloba garkveulwilad, hipoTezuria. miuxedavad amisa, dabejiTebiT

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pitiuntis, sebastopolisisa da fasisis romauli

dasaxlebebi SezRuduli, arastandartuli xasiaTisa iyo. isini rigiT,

samxedro bunebis cixe-qalaqebad rCebodnen. romauli garnizonebisa da

Sesabamisad, veteranebis∗∗ simciriTve iyo ganpirobebuli iberia-kolxeTSi

romauli kulturis gavlenis sakmaod dabali donec.

aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi romauli qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebis

warmoqmnisa da maTi ganviTarebis procesi Taviseburi, gansxvavebuli gziT

warimarTa. aq, romauli, klasikuri tipis kanabebi ar warmoqmnila.

sebastopolissa da afsarosSi romauli samxedro SenaerTebis

samosaxloebis funqcias adgilobrivi saqalaqo centrebi Tu rigiTi

dasaxlebebi asrulebdnen. pitiuntisa da fasisis kastelebTan ki arsebobda

arastandartuli, mcire savaWro-saxelosnos tipis romauli dasaxlebebi,

romelTa "moqmedebis are" ZiriTadad sanapiro zoliT Semoifargleboda.

guTebis Tavdasxmebis Sedegad, ax.w. III s-is Sua xanebSi ponto-

kavkasiis sasazRvro sistemis nawilma (afsarosi-gonio, fasisi-foTi,

sebastopolisi-soxumi, pitiunti-biWvinta da sxv.) droebiT Sewyvita

moqmedeba. ax.w. III s-is 70-iani wlebidan romis imperiaSi stabiluri

mdgomareobis damyarebis Semdgom, ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvro sistema

gamococxlda.

zosimes cnobebidan irkveva, rom guTebs aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi

orjer daulaSqravT. pirveli Tavdasxma, romelic ax.w. 256 w. momxdara,

guTebis damarcxebiT damTavrebula. meore laSqroba ki ax.w. 257 wels

moewyo da pirvelTan SedarebiT ufro masStaburi xasiaTisa yofila.

guTebis Tavdasxmebi am dros aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis araerT

dasaxlebul punqts Seexo. zosimes Tanaxmad, guTebs Tavdapirvelad alya

fasisisaTvis SemourtyamT, magram uSedegod. fasisis damcvelebma

momxdurni ukuaqcies, rac, erTi SexedviT, gaocebas iwvevs, vinaidan

guTebma TiTqmis daubrkoleblad aiRes iseTi Zlieri da mravalricxovani

meomrebiT daculi qalaqebi rogoric iyo trapezunti, gorgipia∗,

filipopolisi∗, pitiunti da sxvebi. es maSin, roca fasiss mxolod

mcirericxovani garnizoni icavda.

fasisidan ukuqcevis Semdeg, rogorc zosime gadmogvcems, guTebs

pitiuntisaken gaulaSqriaT da is iolad auRiaT. aq datrialebuli

20

katastrofa arqeologiuradac kargad dasturdeba. naqalaqaris TiTqmis

yvela ubanze Zlieri ngrevisa da xanZris kvali Cans. cixe-qalaqis

dasavleT karibWis misadgomebTan gamovlinda brZolaSi daRupul adamianTa

uwesrigod Cayrili ConCxebis grova. pitiuntze guTebis Tavdasxmis suraTi

kargad aisaxa, agreTve, numizmatikur∗ masalaSic. biWvintis bedi, rogorc

Cans, sebastopolissac gauziarebia, rasac mowmobs sebastopolisis cixis

kedlis gareT dadasturebuli Zlieri xanZris kvali.

ax.w. 270 wlidan romis imperiis mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad

gaumjobesda. romaelebma naisasTan∗ brZolaSi daamarcxes guTebi da

dunaispireTidan garekes, balkaneT-dunaispireTis provinciebSi mSvidoba

damyarda. bosforis mefe savromat IV∗ kvlav "keisrisa da romaelTa

megobris" tituls atarebda. iranSi ax.w. 272 wels Saburis∗

gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtisaTvis brZola daiwyo. am brZolaSi gaimarjva

nersem∗, romelic iZulebuli gaxda romaelebTan zavi daedo. am droisaTvis

romaelebma TiTqmis mTlianad aRadgines aRmosavleTis sazRvari. swored am

periodSi unda momxdariyo ponto-kavkasiis sazRvris aRdgena - ganmtkiceba.

magaliTad, ax.w. III s-is Sua xanebidan, romaelebma trapezuntSi I ponturi

legioni Caayenes. amave periodidan unda dawyebuliyo sebastopolisis

kastelumis gadakeTeba-gafarToeba. gviandeli cixesimagris farTobi 2

heqtari iyo da ukve erT kohortas itevda.

romis xelisufalni guTebis Semosevebis Semdegac dainteresebas

iCendnen pitiuntis gamagreba-gaZlierebis mimarTulebiT. ax.w. IV s-is

dasawyisSi, romaelebs biWvinta-pitiuntis saqalaqo dasaxlebisaTvis

sasimagro nagebobani SemouvliaT. rac Seexeba Tavad kastelums, rogorc

amas XXII TxrilSi aRmoCenili Tavdacvis meore rigis kedeli mowmobs,

samoqalaqo dasaxlebis xarjze gafarToebula, rac, albaT, Tavis mxriv

garnizonis mebrZolTa raodenobis gazrdaze miuTiTebs. am droisaTvis

cixesimagres SeeZlo daaxloebiT 700-800 jariskaci daetia. ax.w. III s-is

bolos an IV s-is dasawyisSi unda aRdgeniliyo afsarosis (gonio)

kastelumic, romelic dRemdea SemorCenili. am periodis afsarosis

kastelumi sworkuTxaa da 22 koSkiTaa gamagrebuli. kedlebi (sisqe 2,30-

2,40 m) mcire zomis qvaTlilebisagan aris nagebi.

afsarosis kastelumi pitiuntis II-III ss.-is cixesimagresTan, aseve

satalisa da abritusis III da IV ss.-is kastelumebTan garkveul msgavsebas

poulobs. magram maT Soris koSkebis moyvanilobasa da raodenobaSic Cans

sxvaoba. afsarosis samxreT-dasavleTi kuTxisa da samxreTi kedlis

koSkebis moyvaniloba gegmaSi naliseburi konfiguraciisa. afsarosis

kastelumi keTilmowyobili da teqnikurad gamarTuli yofila.

arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas, cixesimagris teritoriaze gamovlenilia

yazarmebi, abano, sameurneo daniSnulebis nagebobebi, koleqtorisa da

wyalsadenis rTuli sistema da sxv. petra-cixisZiric, rogorc es uaxlesi

21

arqeologiuri masalebiT dasturdeba, amave periodSi unda aRdgeniliyo. am

dros cixisZiri romaelebs eWiraT.

romauli xanis safortifikacio sistema cixisZirSi jerjerobiT ar

aris gamovlenili. dRemde SemorCenili cixesimagris naSTebi ki

adrebizantiuri periodisaa. adrebizantiur epoqas miakuTvneben mkvlevarebi

CrdiloeT borcvze ganlagebul safortifikacio nagebobebs. isini ormagi

kedlebiT iyo samxreT-dasavleT borcvze arsebul wriul koSkTan

dakavSirebuli. ormagi kedlidan dasavleTiT mdebare galavani SedarebiT

maRalia da ZiriTad kedels warmoadgens. ZiriTadi kedlis samxreT-

dasavleT nawilSi aRmoCnda karibWe, romelsac dasavleTis mxridan

sworkuTxa koSki icavda. gviandeli TavdacviTi nagebobis zomebi, rogorc

Cans, unda emTxveodes romauli xanis safortifikacio sistemas. cixisZiris

abanoebi IV s-iT TariRdeba da zogadad kastelumis tipis abanoebs

ganekuTvneba.

soxumis gviandeli II cixesimagre, pirvelTan SedarebiT ufro didi

zomisaa, misi farTobi 2,5 ha, riTac is pitiuntis kastelumis sidides

uaxlovdeba. aseTi farTobis cixe Tavisuflad daitevda erT kohortas

(daaxloebiT 500 jariskacs) da is sakohorto anu saSualo cixesimagris

kategorias ganekuTvneba. meore cixis kedlebi srulad araa SemorCenili.

nawilobriv SemorCenilia cixis dasavleTi, xolo mTlianad aRmosavleTis

kedeli. am ukanasknelis sigrZe – 140 m-ia. meore cixesimagre, pirvelis

msgavsad, gegmaSi kvadratuli formisaa. galavnis sisqe 2 m-mde aRwevs, rac

siganiT Camouvardeba Zveli drois gamoCenili samxedro xurotmoZRvris –

filon bizantielis mier rekomendirebul galavnis maqsimalur zomas –

daaxloebiT 4.20 m.

antikuri fortifikaciis tradiciuli wesebis Tanaxmad, galavnis

siganes unda Seedgina aranakleb 1/2 simaRlisa. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

sebastopolisis meore cixesimagris galavnis simaRle 9 metri unda

yofiliyo, rac filonis rekomendaciiT optimaluri iyo imisaTvis, raTa

mowinaaRmdege misadgmeli kibeebiT, galavanze ver gadasuliyo. samwuxarod,

sebastopolisis galavnis daboloebis forma ucnobia. antikuri

safortifikacio praqtikis Tanaxmad, galavanze unda mowyobiliyo

qongurebi. Tumca galavani qongurebiT yovelTvis rodi bolovdeboda.

soxum-sebastopolisis meore cixesimagris kedlebis wyoba nagebia e.w.

"opus miqstum"-is wesiT – e.i. granitis qvebiTa da aguris sartylebiT

kirxsnarze. afsarosis, pitiuntisa da CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis

Tanadrouli cixesimagreebisagan gansxvavebiT, sebastopolisis kedlis

wyobaSi gamoyenebulia xis Zelebi. Zelebi erTmaneTisagan 2,4-2,5 m-Taa

daSorebuli. amgvari wesi dadasturebulia soxumis Sua saukuneebis cixis

wyobaSic. galavnisa da # 2 koSkis kedlebSi, aguris fenebia datanili.

fenebs Soris manZili 1,5-1,17 m, aguris fenebis sisqe 0,20-0,23 sm. meore

cixesimagris aRmosavleT kedelze SemorCenilia ori koSki, romlebic

22

erTmaneTisagan 100 m-Taa daSorebuli. orive koSki, iseve rogorc pirveli

kastelumis koSkebi, kvadratuli formisaa.

soxumis yuredan 2 km-ze CrdiloeTiT, calke mdgomi sadarajo koSki

meore cixis koSkebis formis analogiuria, isic albaT, sebastopolisis

erTian TavdacviT sistemaSi Sedioda da cixe-qalaqis misadgomebs icavda.

koSkis saerTo farTobi – 6,30 m 6,45 m; kedlis sigane – 1 m. koSki riyis

qvebiTa da kirxsnariTaa nagebi. sadarajo koSki, rogorc iq aRmoCenili

masalebi mowmoben, III-V ss-Si iyo moqmedi.

analogebiTa da koSkis kedlis sisqis mixedviT, sebastopolisis calke

mdgomi koSki, ori an samsarTuliani unda yofiliyo da misi simaRle,

albaT, daaxloebiT 12 m-s aRwevda. wyobis teqnikiTa da zomebiT, is

Camogavs megarasTan∗ da sunionis∗ (atika∗) koncxze mikvleul koSkebs.

sebastopolisis meore cixesimagris dagegmareba, romelic ax.w. III-IV ss.

safortifikacio nagebobebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, analogebs pitiuntis,

satalis da sxva kastelumebTan poulobs.

guTebis Semosevebis Semdeg, ax.w. III s-is bolos Tu IV s-is

dasawyisSi aRdga afsaros-sebastopolis-pitiuntis cixesimagreTa xazi.

maTi funqcionireba ax.w. IV s-is manZilze grZeldeboda, rasac araerTi

monacemi mowmobs. arqeologiuri da numizmatikuri masalebis Tanaxmad,

pitiunti ax.w. III s-is bolodan, vidre IV s-is 80-ian wlebamde,

aRmavlobis gzaze dgas. is saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSia CarTuli.

swored ax.w. IV s-s ganekuTvneba naqalaqarze aRmoCenili monetaTa

umravlesoba. es pitiuntis fulad-sasaqonlo meurneobis ganviTarebis

maRal doneze miuTiTebs. am periodSia nagebi citadelis teritoriaze

ganlagebuli monumenturi Senobebi (principia∗∗, lazareTi, yazarmebi da

sxv.), rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom imJamindel pitiunt-biWvintaSi Tavmoyrili

unda yofiliyo aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi ganlagebuli romaelTa

samxedro Zalebis mniSvnelovani nawili.

ax.w. IV s-Si aRmavlobis gzaze idga afsaros-gonio, romelic

kvlavindeburad mniSvnelovan samxedro-strategiul rols TamaSobda

ponto-kavkasiis sasazRvro sistemaSi. is amgvar funqcias ax.w. IV s-is

bolomde asrulebda, rasac mowmobs kastoriusis∗ ax.w. IV s-is meore

naxevarSi Sedgenili ruka, sadac afsarosi Sewyvilebuli koSkebiT aris

datanili, maSin roca, fasisi am rukaze saerTod ar aris aRniSnuli. Cans,

ax.w. IV s-is bolosaTvis fasisSi romauli garnizoni ukve aRar dgas.

aseve Sewyvilebuli koSkebiT aris datanili kastoriusis rukaze

sebastopolisic, romelic arqeologiuri monacemebiT, ax.w. IV-V ss-Sic

moqmedebda, rogorc romauli samxedro punqti. marTalia, sebastopolisSi

romauli samxedro nawilebis tvifriani damRebi jerjerobiT ar aris

dadasturebuli. samagierod, am ukanasknel xanebSi, soxumis cixis

teritoriaze saintereso samarxis berZnulwarweriani stela aRmoCnda. is

aq dislocirebuli IV-V ss-is romauli samxedro nawilebis statusze

23

migvaniSnebs. stelis zedapirze amoWrilia cxrastriqoniani laTinuri

asomTavruli warwera. warweris Targmania: - "qriste mravlis SemZle. aq

ganisvenebs oreste, mamaci jariskaci, legioneri, gTxovT moxvideT."

epitafia∗ damwerlobis mixedviT, IV-V ss TariRdeba.

warweraSi moxseniebuli legioneri `oreste~, saxelis mixedviT,

berZeni unda yofiliyo. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia, rom

sebastopolisis romauli garnizonis garkveuli nawili berZnulenovani

meomrebiT yofiliyo dakompleqtebuli. sebastopolisisa da saerTod,

saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis romauli samxedro SenaerTebis kontingenti

umTavresad berZnuli warmomavlobis meomrebisagan, rom Sedgeboda, amas

mowmobs, aseve sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis naqalaqarebze aRmoCenili

berZnuli warwerebi Tu grafitoebi∗. es gasagebicaa, radgan romaelebi,

jer kidev ax.w. II s-dan, armiaSi berZnulenovan meomrebs iwvevdnen.

Sesabamisad, swored maT agzavnidnen im qveynebSi, sadac elinur (berZnul)

kulturas kargad icnobdnen.

orestes stelaze legioneris samxedro qvedanayofis saxelwodebaze

ar aris raime miniSneba, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo legionerTa

epitafiisaTvis. SesaZloa, oreste XV legionis jariskaci yofiliyo,

romlis Stab-bina II-V ss-Si. satalaSi mdebareobda da romelTa samxedro

SenaerTi pitiuntSi iyo dislocirebuli. SesaZloa igi sebastopolisSi

ganlagebuli klavdiusis saxelobis II kohortis legioneria. xsenebuli

kohorta, rogorc aRiniSna, ax.w. I-III ss. afsarosSi idga. ar aris

gamoricxuli, rom es kohorta mogvianebiT, IV s. afsarosidan

sebastopolisSi gadmoesrolaT. orestes stelis warwera dokumenturad

adasturebs im mosazrebas, rom IV-V ss-Si sebastopolisi, iseve rogorc

pitiunti moqmedi cixesimagreebia, sadac kvlav romauli garnizoni dgas.

metic, rogorc warweridan irkveva, sebastopolisis garnizoni legionuri

yofila. legionuri garnizonebi ki mniSvnelovan samxedro-strategiul

centrebSi iyvnen dislocirebuli.

romauli garnizoni ax.w. IV s-is bolos da V s-Si pitiuntSic idga.

aRniSnul dros pitiuntSi romauli garnizonis arsebobis sasargeblod,

metyvelebs agreTve, bizantieli avtoris – Teodorite kvirelis (394-457

ww.) cnoba ioane oqropiris∗ pitiuntSi gadasaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT:

"pitiunti aris ukiduresi sazRvari pontosi da romaelTa samflobelosi

...".

rac Seexeba iberias, IVs-is. 30-ani wlebisaTvis sabolood

proromaulma orientaciam gaimarjva. romsa da iberias Soris kontaqtebi

gansakuTrebiT iulianes dros (355-363ww.) gaRrmavda. amianus

marcelinusis∗ cnobiT, iberias savromaki (anu saurmagi) `romaelTa

SemweobiT ganagebda”. magram iulianes gardacvalebis Semdeg, sparseTis

mefem Sabur II (309-379ww.), savromaki gaaZeva da taxtze dasva asfaguri.

misi mefoba didxans ar gagrZelebula. romis imperatoris valentianusis∗

24

dros (364-375ww.), amianus marcelinusis cnobiT, `savromaki iberiis

samefodan GgamoZevebuli, Tormeti legioniTa da terencisiTurT, ukan

gaigzavna”. am mravalmxriv saintereso cnobaSi, yuradRebas ipyrobs

`Tormeti legionis” iberiaSi gamogzavnis faqti. rogorc cnobilia, es

legioni ax.w. 74w. dasavleTidan aRmosavleTSi gadmoisroles imperiis

sazRvrebze alanTa gaaqtiurebis Semdeg. misi mudmivi Stab-bina melitene∗

iyo.

cxadia, iberiaSi gamogzavnili `Tormeti legionis”-s sruli

Semadgenloba ki ar igulisxmeba, aramed misi veqsilacia, romelic 500-600

jariskacs Seadgenda. amianusis cnoba kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom XII

legioni aRmosavleTSi V s-is bolomde Tu ara, am saukunis 70-ian

wlebamde mainc unda darCeniliyo.

amianusis zemoTmotanil cnobaSi miTiTebuli ar aris aRniSnuli

veqsilacia iberiaSi darCa Tu savromakis gamefebis Semdeg qveyana datova.

am kiTxvaze pasuxs misive naSromis sxva adgilas vpoulobT. Saburis mier

romis imperatorTan gagzavnil elCobasTan dakavSirebiT vkiTxulobT:

`Saburma imperators (valentinianuss _ T. T. v. k.) gamougzavna elCad

arSaki da urCevda mudmivi ubedurebis mizezi armenia sruliad

daetovebina, xolo Tu es ar endomeboda, mere sxvas moiTxovda, rom

iberiis gayofisaTvis Tavi daenebebina, gamoeyvana iqidan romauli nawilis

mecixovne jarebi da daenebebina mefoba mxolod asfagurisaTvis, romelic

TviTonve daudgina gamgeblad im xalxs~. rogorc Cans, XII legionis

veqsilacia iberiaSi savromakis gamefebis Semdegac darCenila. vfiqrobT, is

mcxeTaSi unda yofiliyo dabanakebuli. misi funqcia, mxolod savromakis

xelisuflebis dacva rodi iyo. mas ufro romaelTa poziciebis ganmtkiceba

iberiaSi da CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionis gakontroleba ekisreboda.

amianusis cnobebze dayrdnobiT, SesaZlebelia, aseve iberiaSi am

veqsilaciis yofnis xangrZlivobis dadgena. xsenebuli avtori, Tavisi

naSromis erT adgilze aRniSnavs, rom rodesac sparselebsa da romaelebs

Soris molaparakeba uSedegod dasrulda, Saburma gadawyvita `savromakis

dasacavad gamwesebuli jariskacebisaTvis usastikesad evno. es

gadawyvetileba saswrafod asrulda kidec da verc veraferi eSvela am

saqmes, vinaidan romis saxelmwifos sxva safrTxeebic daatyda Tavs

Trakiaze∗ guTebis Tavdasxmis saxiT”-wers igi.

rogorc Cans, sparselTa jari iberiaSi SeWrila da iq romauli

sajariso SenaerTebi daumarcxebia. vfiqrobT, es faqti 378 wlis axlo

xanebSi unda momxdariyo. samxedro operacia warmatebiT dasrulebula.

savromaki qarTlidan gandevnil iqna da mefoba proiranuli orientaciis

aspakurs darCa. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli droidan, romauli sajariso

nawilebic iberiaSi aRar unda yofiliyvnen.

iberiaSi romauli samxedro SenaerTebis yofnas da saerTod iberia-

romis samxedro-politikur kontaqtebs ax. w. IVs-is pirvel naxevarSi

25

garkveuli cvlilebebi mohyva. aRniSnul periodSi, iberiis romaul

samyarosTan savaWro-ekonomikuri kontaqtebi winandeburad grZeldeba.

mcxeTaSi, kerZod armazisxevis pitiaxSTa∗ samarxebSi dadasturebulia ax.

w. III-IV ss-is romauli torevtikis∗ nimuSebi, minis nawarmi, gemiani

beWdebi, romelTa erTi nawili albaT, `falerebs~∗∗ warmoadgendnen magram,

maTi raodenoba ax.w.I-III ss-is romaul importirebul produqciasTan

SedarebiT Zalian mcirea. igive iTqmis romaul monetebzec. iberiaSi, ax.w.

I-III ss-is romauli monetebi sakmaod mravalricxovania, maSin roca IVs-Si

isini mxolod ramdenime egzemplariTaa warmodgenili: konstantine I-is,

konstancius II-is∗ ori solidi∗ da valentis∗ erTi vercxlis moneta;

samagierod, romauli kulturis gavlena iberiaSi SesamCnevia: IV

saukunidan iberiaSi vrceldeba romauli tipis wagrZelebuli formis,

ugumbaTo bazilikebi∗, romelTagan uZvelesad iTvleba nekresis samonastro

kompleqsis ansamblSi CarTuli IV s-is meore naxevris eklesia. uTuod

iberia-romis urTierTobis Sedegic iyo 326 wlisaTvis qarTlis samefoSi

qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba.

iberiisa da romis samxedro-politikuri urTierTobani ax.w. IV s-is

70-iani wlebidan Sewyda da qarTli mTlianad iranelebma daiqvemdebares.

aseTi viTareba gagrZelda V s-is pirvel naxevarSic, xolo amave saukunis

meore naxevridan qarTlisa da aRmosavleT romis, (bizantiis) imperias

Soris kontaqtebi kvlav ganaxlda.

26

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ∗∗ (danarTi #1)

akveduki sagangebod wyalsadenisTvis agebuli xidi.

auqsilia (laT. Auxilia – damxmare) damxmare samxedro SenaerTi,

romelic provincialebisa da mezobeli qveynebis moqalaqeebisagan

kompleqtdeboda. augustusis epoqidan auqsilia nawilobriv mZimed

SeiaraRebuli kavaleriisagan Sedgeboda da regularuli armiis

Semadgeneli nawili iyo. ax.w. IV s-Si galur-germanuli msubuqad

SeiaraRebuli qveiTebisagan Sedgeboda da calkeul razmebad iyofoda.

TiToeuli razmi 500 jariskacs iTvlida.

balista (berZ. Balista – satyorcni) lodsatyorcni manqana-

mowyobiloba. maT specialurad gawvrTnili balistariebis,

artileristebis razmi emsaxureboda. zogjer maTi ricxvi aTamde adioda.

balistis energiis wyaros cxovelis, gansakuTrebiT xaris kisris

dagrexili ZarRvebi Seadgenda. balistis zomebi 4-5 m-s aRwevda. isroda

daaxloebiT 400-500 m-ze.

veterani (laT. Veterani – xandazmuli) samxedro samsaxuris vadis

damTavrebis Semdeg romaeli jariskacebi veteranebad iwodebodnen.

pretorianelebis jarSi samsaxuris vada 16 weli iyo, legionerebis 20

weli, xolo damxmare nawilebis jariskacebisaTvis 25 weli. veteranebi

samxedro samsaxuris dasrulebis Semdegac, garkveuli xniT armiaSi

rCebodnen da mravali SeRavaTiT sargeblobdnen. damxmare SenaerTebis

gadamdgari jariskacebi zogjer romis moqalaqeobas Rebulobdnen.

pretorianelebi da legionerebi ki miwaTmflobelebi xdebodnen.

veqsilacia (laT. Vexillatio – droSa) specdaniSnulebis razmi.

romauli veqsilaciebi sxvadasxva saxeobis SenaerTebisagan Sedgeboda.

zogjer es iyo romelime legionis an kohortis nawili, zogierT

SemTxvevaSi ki damxmare kohortebis, flotisa da mxedarTa nakrebi. veqsi-

laciebis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen prefeqtebi, tribunebi, trierarqosebi,

signiferebi, eqimebi; sainJinro-teqnikuri personali – arqiteqtorebi,

balistariebi, xelosnebi, mWedlebi, metalurgebi da a.S.

vikusi (laT. Vicus, sofeli) romauli sofeli, dasaxleba, romelic

gzis gayolebaze mdebareobda. vikusi zogjer Zveli italielebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel uwesrigod ganlagebul soflur saxes inarCunebda, Tumca

vikusebSi dafiqsirebulia paraleluri quCebic, rac maTi saqalaqo

centrebad gardaqmnis tendenciis mimaniSnebelia; vikusebi, rogorc wesi,

romauli damxmare samxedro SenaerTebis banakebTan Cndebodnen, msgavsad

kanabebisa, romlebic legionebis kastelumebTan igebodnen.

imperatori (laT. Imperator, mTavarsardali, mTavari, mbrZanebeli)

respublikis periodSi aniWebdnen gamarjvebul mTavarsardals. iulius

cezars es tituli sicocxlis bolomde mieniWa. Zv.w. 29 w. senatma

27

sicocxlis bolomde daniSna augustusi; Semdgom romis saxelmwifos yvela

meTauris tituli iyo.

kabotaJi komerciuli navigacia erTi qveynis sxvadasxva portebs

Soris.

kanabe (laT. Canabe – sawyobi) samoqalaqo dasaxleba, romelic

legionebis kastelumebis gverdiT arsebobda. kanabebi kastelumebisagan

Cveulebriv 2-3 km-iT iyvnen daSorebuli. kanabebSi gadamdgari jariskacebi,

maTi ojaxis wevrebi, xelosnebi da vaWrebi cxovrobdnen. kanabebi

saSuamavlo rolis funqcias asrulebdnen romael samxedro mosamsaxureTa

da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris. isini romauli kulturisa da

romanizaciis kerebsac warmoadgendnen.

kastelumi (laT. Castelum – simagre) saSualo zomis cixesimagre. misi

farTobi 1,5-dan 3,5 heqtramde meryeobda. kastelums hqonda koSkebiT

gamagrebuli oTxi karibWe, romlebzedac gadioda banakis ori, centrSi

urTierTgadamkveTi quCa. cnobilia ori sxvadasxva tipis kastelumi. erTi

esaa "Castella Tumultuaria" - droebiTi safortifikacio nageboba,

xolo meore - "Castella Murata" mudmivmoqmedi, xangrZlivi droisaTvis

gankuTvnili TavdacviTi nageboba. imperiis sasazRvro punqtebSi arsebobda

mravalricxovani kastelumebi, romlebic kohortebisa da alebisaTvis iyo

gankuTvnili (magaliTad, zalcburgSi, emonaSi, biWvintaSi, afsarosSi da

sxv.).

katapulta (berZ. Catapulta – sasroli) sasrol-satyorcni manqana,

romelic isroda pilumebs, Subebs da sxv. misi srolis manZili 300-500

metrs ar aRemateboda.

konsuli (laT. Consul) respublikis droidan erT-erTi maRali Cini,

xolo imperiis epoqaSi sapatio Tanamdeboba. konsulad yofna pirovnebas

saSualebas aZlevda karieris kibeze (sazogadoebriv da samxedro

sarbielze) ufro swrafad wasuliyo win.

legioni (laT. Legione, – SerCeva, Segroveba) romis armiis ZiriTadi nawili. respublikis xanaSi legioni iTvlida 4.2 aTass qveiTsa da 300

mxedars. Zv.w. IV s-is legionSi Sedioda 10 manipuli, romelic or

centuriad iyofoda. meore punikuri omis dros (Zv.w. 218-201 ww.),

legioni 30 manipulisa da 10 kohortisagan Sedgeboda. cezaris xanaSi

legioni 3 aTas qveiTs, 2-3 aTas mxedarsa da 4-5 aTas galuri tomebisagan

Semdgar mxedrobas iTvlida. augustusis epoqaSi legioni Sedgeboda 6100

mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTisa da 726 mxedrisagan. momdevno xanaSi 4200-

5000 fexosansa da 120-300 kavalerias Soris. legionis SemadgenlobaSi

Sediodnen sainJinro-teqnikuri SenaerTebi, xuroTmoZRvrebi, eqimebi,

xelosnebi, artileristebi, qvissatyorcni manqanebi da sxv. TiToeul

legions Tavisi sakuTari nomeri, saxelwodeba, droSa-Standartebi hqonda.

saxelwodeba misi formirebis adgilze ("italikuri", "makedonuri",

"ponturi"), mfarvel RmerTebze ("apoloniseuli"), gawvrTnilobaze

28

("elviseburi") an garegnul niSnebze ("alaudebi") miuTiTebda.

legionerebis SeiaraReba unificirebuli iyo: maT hqondaT mZime saWurveli,

rkinis an brinjaos muzaradi, loyis sacavi firfitebiT, saxis dasacavad.

tanze ecvaT muxlamde sigrZis javSniani perangi, farebi marTkuTxedis

moyvanilobisa, brinjaos furcliT dafaruli, Subebi, romlis sigrZe 65-

75 sm-s aRwevda. xelCarTuli brZolisaTvis gamoiyeneboda orlesuli,

rombulwveriani, farTotaniani maxvilebi (gladius), romelTa piri 44-55

sm Soris meryeobda. fexze ecvaT "sandlebi" (caligae), romelTa sqeli

lanCebi rkinis lursmnebiT iyo moWedili.

limesi (laT. Limes – sazRvari) romis imperiis sazRvari, erTmaneTTan sagangebod nagebi gzebiT dakavSirebuli cixesimagreTa sistema. klasikuri

tipisa iyo britaneTis, zemogermaniis, reciis, adrianesa da antoninus

piusis droindeli limesebi, romlebic ax.w. 260 wlamde funqcionirebdnen.

panoniis, dakiisa da meziis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, maT

sasazRvro punqtebSi aSenda mravalricxovani safortifikacio nagebobani.

imperiis aRmosavleT provinciis sazRvrebis xSiri cvlilebebis gamo, aq

limesis sistema ar Seqmnila. magaliTad, egvipteSi limesi ar arsebobda.

aseve aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, romlis TavdacviTi sistema ponto-

kavkasiis sasazRvro xazad iwodeba.

mTel rig qveynebSi funqcionirebs specialuri samecniero disciplina

limesologia, romelic swavlobs romis imperiis TavdacviT nagebobaTa

tipebsa da maT funqciebs.

manipuli (laT. Manipulus – muWa) legionis qveiTi SenaerTi. legionis

SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda 10 manipuli, romelic Tavis mxriv 2 centuriad

iyofoda da legionis mcire taqtikur erTeuls warmoadgenda. meore

punikuri omidan legioni 10 kohortisa da 30 manipulisagan Sedgeboda.

manipulis meTauri iyo centurioni. adrianes droidan manipuli gauqmda da

is centuriam Secvala.

numerebi (laT. Numero – swrafi) policiis nawilebi. augustusis

dros policiis nawilebi 1000 jariskacisagan Sedgeboda.

pretoriumi (laT. Praetorium – meTauris, winamZRolis saxli)

samxedro SenaerTis meTauris rezidencia, saxli, romelic idga banakis

gzaTa RerZebis gadakveTis adgilas. pretoriums sami kari hqonda.

pretoriumSi ganTavsebuli iyo xazina, kancelariis sacavi, sacxovrebeli,

samzareulo, sasadilo, iaraRisa da produqtebis sawyobi, marani, sakuWnao

da sxv.

retiul mxedarTa kohorta alpebis olqis romauli samxedro

SenaerTi.

falera (laT. Fhalerae – dawinaureba, jildo) respublikis xanaSi

mxedarTa wodeba. Zv.w. II saukunidan samxedro jildoebi. falerebs

ZiriTadad warmoadgenda samkaulebi (gemiani beWdebi, balTebi, samajurebi)

da liTonis ovaluri Tu mrgvali formis nivTebi (maxvilebi, Tasebi,

29

sasmisebi da sxv.). imperiis epoqaSi falerebiT ajildoebdnen ara marto

calkeul legionerebs, aramed samxedro qvedanayofebsac.

centuria (laT. Centuria – aseuli) legionis samxedro qvedanayofi,

romelic 100 jariskacisagan Sedgeboda. servius tuliusis dros romael

moqalaqeTa definicirebuli qonebriv-asakobrivi erTeuli. TiToeul

centurias asi meomari unda gamoeyvana. imperiis epoqaSi centuriebis roli

gaizarda. adrianes droidan legionis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani taqtikuri

erTeuli.

Standarti sabrZolo SenaerTis droSis liTonis TavsarTi.

30

geografiul da sakuTar saxelTa ganmartebani∗ (danarTi #2)

abritusi _ qalaqi Tanamedrove bulgareTSi.

aieti _ Zveli kolxeTis legendaruli mefe. ixsenieba miTSi argonavtebis

Sesaxeb.

alanebi _ Crdilo kavkasiis mTieli tomebi, iTvlebian osebis erT-erT

winaprad.

albaneTi _ qveyana Tanamedrove azerbaijanis teritoriaze.

amianus marcelinusi _ ax.w. IV s-is romaeli istorikosi.

analiba _ romauli xanis cixesimagre, dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze.

aniketi _ ax.w. 69 wlis monaTa ajanyebis meTauri.

antioqia _ qalaqi Tanamedrove siriis teritoriaze, axlandeli antakia.

armenia _ somxeTi. Zvelad arsebobda e.w. `mcire armenia~ dRevandeli

TurqeTis teritoriaze, `didi armenia~ ZiriTadad dRevandeli

somxeTis teritoriaze.

artemide _ Zvel berZenTa erT-erTi mniSvnelovani qal-RvTaeba;

cxovelebis,

xeebis, mcenareebis, nayofierebis mfarveli RvTaeba.

atika _ Zveli saberZneTis erT-erTi olqi.

baiburTi _ qalaqi dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze.

beiuk-daSi _ dasaxleba azerbaijanSi.

boiotro _ romauli cixesimagre avstriaSi.

bostra _ qalaqi, dRevandeli bosra samxreT siriaSi.

bosfori _ mcire saxelmwifo Tanamedrove qerCis naxevarkunZulze.

galatia _ mcire aziis mTiani regioni, dRevandeli TurqeTis

teritoriaze.

galia _ moicavda dRevandeli safrangeTis, Sveicariisa da belgiis

teritorias.

gaC-darvazexi _ cixesimagre, dRevandeli siriis teritoria.

gemma _ Zvirfasi an naxevradZvirfasi Tlili qva raime gamosaxulebiT.

xSirad gamoiyeneboda sabeWdavad.

gorgipia _ qalaqi yirimSi, axlandeli anapa.

grafito _ (Zv. berZ. `amokawruli~) sayofacxovrebo xasiaTis warwera,

romelic amokawrulia Senobis kedlebze, WurWelze da sxva.

guTebi _ Zveli germaneli tomebi, ZiriTadi samosaxlo mdebareobda

belgiisa da Crdilo Sveicariis teritoriaze.

dakia _ qveyana dRevandeli rumineTis teritoriaze.

dion kasiusi _ Zveli romaeli istorikosi, daaxloebiT 153-230 w.w.

dioskuria _ sebastopolisis (soxumi) antikuri saxelwodeba.

diubua de monpere _ XIX s-is Sveicarieli mogzauri, imogzaura

saqarTveloSic da dagvitova misi aRweriloba.

31

evqsinis ponto _ `stumarTmoyvare zRva~, igive Savi zRva.

elius spatiane _ ax.w. IV s-is romaeli istorikosi.

emona _ qalaqi, dRevandeli lubliana (serbia).

epitafia _ mokle warwera saflavis qvaze.

vaSnari _ dRevandeli sofeli gurianTa ozurgeTis raionSi.

zaicelmaueri _ romauli cixesimagre germaniaSi.

zosime _ Zveli berZeni istorikosi, ax.w. VI saukune.

Trakia _ qveyana, dRevandeli bulgareTis teritoria.

ioane lide _ ax.w. VI s-is bizantieli istorikosi.

ioane oqropiri _ V s-is bizantieli RvTismetyveli.

kandelabri _ sanaTi mowyobiloba.

kapadokia _ mcire aziaSi mdinare halissa da evfrats Soris mdebare

regioni.

kariamne _ mcire dasaxleba dRevandel azerbaijanSi.

kastoriusis ruka _ ax. w. IV s-is romauli ruka; ruka cnobilia `tabula

pevtengerianas~ saxeliTac. masze aRniSnulia

`tefelisi~ (tfilisi).

kesaria _ qalaqi; kapadokiis dedaqalaqi, axlandeli keiseri TurqeTSi.

kimeriuli bosfori _ bosforis saxeli, romelic man miiRo kimerieli

(cxovrobdnen yirimSi) tomisagan.

klavdiusis saxelobis _ romis imperatoris – klavdiusis saxelobis

(41-

54w.w.) samxedro SenaerTi.

konstantine I didi _ romis imperatori 306-337 w.w.

lukulusi _ lucinus liciniusi _ Zveli romis armiis mTavarsardali

(daax. Zv.w.117-56 w.w.)

markus antoniusi _ Zveli romis armiis mTavarsardali da istorikosi Zv.

w. 82-30 w.w.

megara _ Zveli berZnuli qalaqi-saxelmwifo; msxvili savaWro da

saxelosno centri dRevandel saberZneTSi.

mezia _ zemo mezia Tanamedrove serbiis teritoria; qveda mezia moicavda

md. dunaisa da balkaneTs Soris teritorias.

meotida _ Tanamedrove azovis zRva.

melitene _ qalaqi kapadokiasa da mcire somxeTis sazRvarze, dRevandeli

TurqeTis teritoria.

miTridate pergamoneli _ bosforis mefe Zv.w. I s. 50-40-ian w.w. marTavda

kolxeTsac.

naisa _ qalaqi, Drevandeli niSa iugoslaviaSi.

nerse _ bizantieli politikosi da mxedarTmTavari (daaxloebiT 478-568

w.w.)

numizmatika _ monetebis (liTonis fulis) Semswavleli mecniereba.

pangik-oreni _ romauli xanis nacixari dRevandel TurqeTSi.

32

palmira _ `palmis qalaqi~ Crdili-aRmosavleT siriaSi, saqaravno

vaWrobis

msxvili centri.

panonia _ olqi ZiriTadad dRevandeli ungreTis teritorias moicavda.

papirusi _ tropikuli lerwami; am mcenaris Reroebisagan damzadebuli

saweri masala; aseT masalaze Sesrulebuli xelnaweri.

parTia _ Zveli aRmosavluri saxelmwifo dRevandeli iranis teritoriaze.

periplusi _ (Zv. berZ.) `mogzauroba~.

pitiaxSi _ erisTavis sparsuli Sesatyvisi.

plinius ufrosi _ Zveli romaeli mwerali-enciklopedisti; daaxl. ax.w.

23-79 w.w.

plutarqe _ Zveli berZeni mwerali, filosofosi da moralisti (ax.w. 46-

120 w.w.)

polemon I _ pontos saxelmwifos mefe (Zv. w. 41-80 w.w.)

pontos samefo _ saxelmwifo samxreT-aRmosavleT SavispireTSi,

Tanamedrove TurqeTis SavizRvispira sanapiroze Zv.w. IV, ax.w. I ss-Si.

pontos moTridatidebis dinastia ganagebda, Semdeg ki polemonidebis.

prokopi kesarieli _ ax.w. VI s-is bizantieli istorikosi.

ravenis esekadra _ qalaq ravenis (Crd. italia) romauli samxedro

sazRvao flotis SenaerTi.

savromat IV _ bosforis mefe.

sanebi _ Wanebi; qarTveluri tomi, romelic trapezuntis aRmosavleTiT,

dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze cxovrobda.

sarmatebi _ Zveli tomi, mcxovrebi dRevandel yirimSi.

satala _ qalaqi mcire somxeTSi, drevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze.

svetoniusi _ Zveli romaeli mwerali (daaxl. ax.w. 70-140 w.w.) `Tormeti

cezaris cxovrebis~ avtori.

sinope _ berZnuli qalaqi daarsda Zv.w. VII s-Si. dRevandel TurqeTSi

sinopa.

solidi _ oqros moneta.

stela _ (aq) saflavis qva.

sunioni _ koncxi saberZneTSi.

tavrebi _ dRevandel yirimSi mcxovrebi Zveli tomi.

tavrida _ yirimis Zveli saxelwodeba.

torevtika _ liTonis (oqro, vercxli, brinjao) mxatvruli damuSavebis

teqnika.

trapezunti _ Zveli berZnuli qalaqi, daarsda Zv. w. VII s-Si, dRevandeli

qalaqi trabzoni TurqeTSi.

tulni _ romauli cixesimagre avstriaSi.

faiumi _ qalaqi egvipteSi; cnobilia berZnul-romauli kulturis

zegavleniT.

filipopolisi _ qalaqi, drevandeli plovdivi bulgareTSi.

33

Svicendorfi _ cixe-qalaqi germaniaSi.

xaraksi _ cixe-qalaqi yirimSi.

herasi _ dasaxlebuli punqti, dRevandeli qalaqi jarati iordaniaSi.

34

ZiriTadi literatura

1. gamyreliZe g., Todua T., romis samxedro-politikuri eqspansia

saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2006.

2. Todua T., romauli samyaro da kolxeTi, Tb., 2003.

3. lorTqifaniZe g., biWvinTis naqalaqari, Tb., 1991.

4. movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria. Tb., 1984. 5. fifia k., romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss., Tb., 2005.

6. Spaideli m., kavkasiis sazRvari; I s. garnizonebi afsarosSi, petrasa

da fasisSi, saq. mecn. akad. "macne" (ist. ... seria), Tb., 1985, # 1, gv.

134-140.

7. Браунд Д., Римское присутствие в Колхиде и Иберии. – Вестник древней истории 4, 1991, с. 34-52.

8. Ломоури Н., Грузино-Римские взаимоотношения, Тб., 1981. 9. Bosworth A.B., Arrian and the Alani. – Harward Studies Classical

Philology, 81, 1977, p. 217-255. 10. Dubois de Montpereux Fr., Voyage autour du Caucase..., Paris. 1839. 11. Mitford T.B., Cappadocia and Armenia Minor. – Aufst und neideregang des

Römischen Welt, 7, 2, 1975. 12. Rowel H.T., 1937, Numerus. – Realenziklopedie, XVII, 1937.

35

tabulebis aRweriloba

I _ romauli samxedro SenaerTebis ganlagebis sqema.

II _ samxedro gamagrebaTa sqemebi:

1. biWvinTa (pitiunti)

2. gonio

3. foTi (diubua de monperes gviandeli Canaxatis mixedviT).

4. soxumi (sebastopolisi)

III _ 1. romaeli jariskacis muzaradi. napovnia sof. zemo qedSi.

2. romauli maxvilebi (napovnia saqarTveloSi).

3. beqTaris firfitebi (napovnia saqarTveloSi).

4. romaeli jariskacis sandali.

5. pilumi (satyorcni Subi) vanidan.

IV _ 1-2. romauli Standartebi da samxedro niSnebi.

3. sayviri

4. satevari

V _ 1. gneius pompeusi

2. iulius keisari

3. severusi

4. vespasiane

VI _ 1-2. romis armiis oficrebi.

3. legioneri

VII _ romaeli legionerebi

VIII _ romis samxedro manqanebi

1. balista∗∗

2. katapulta∗∗

36

I

37

II

38

III

39

IV

40

V

41

VI

42

VII

43

VIII

44