RomeRome

SPQRSenatus Populusque Romanus(the Senate and the people of Rome)

SPQRSenatus Populusque Romanus(the Senate and the people of Rome)

Eras Roman HistoryEras Roman History

Early Rome - Creation Carthage - Competition from Africa Punic Wars - Rise to dominance Republic - Government and expansion Empire - Julius and Augustus Caesar Fall of the Empire - Descent into…

Darkness?

Early Rome - Creation Carthage - Competition from Africa Punic Wars - Rise to dominance Republic - Government and expansion Empire - Julius and Augustus Caesar Fall of the Empire - Descent into…

Darkness?

Aeneas begins the legend…Aeneas begins the legend…

Aeneas fights for Troy in the Trojan War, escapes with twelve shiploads of refugees after the Achaens destroy Troy.

Drifts westward for seven years, until they land at the Phoenician colony of Carthage, where the Phoenician Queen Dido has settled.

Dido falls in love with Aeneas, but he is commanded by Jupiter to leave and fulfill his destiny - to found Rome - and Dido kills herself as he sails away.

Aeneas fights for Troy in the Trojan War, escapes with twelve shiploads of refugees after the Achaens destroy Troy.

Drifts westward for seven years, until they land at the Phoenician colony of Carthage, where the Phoenician Queen Dido has settled.

Dido falls in love with Aeneas, but he is commanded by Jupiter to leave and fulfill his destiny - to found Rome - and Dido kills herself as he sails away.

The Aeneid and CarthageThe Aeneid and Carthage

“’Traitor, did you expect to conceal the crime you were planning,

and quietly sneak away from my land? Was our love unable to hold you,

or the mutual vows that we gave, or the thought of Dido abandoned,

doomed to a piteous death… have you no heart?’

So Dido poured out her pain, but Aeneas, by Jupiter’s order,

displayed no trace of emotion and repressed the anguish of his heart.”

Virgil, The Aeneid lines 305-312

“’Traitor, did you expect to conceal the crime you were planning,

and quietly sneak away from my land? Was our love unable to hold you,

or the mutual vows that we gave, or the thought of Dido abandoned,

doomed to a piteous death… have you no heart?’

So Dido poured out her pain, but Aeneas, by Jupiter’s order,

displayed no trace of emotion and repressed the anguish of his heart.”

Virgil, The Aeneid lines 305-312

The Aeneid and CarthageThe Aeneid and Carthage

Night covers the earth with misty shadows and darkness,

But stars never rise in the east to march on their fiery courses…

And last, great Jove himself - I swear by your head and my own -

Has sent his herald to bring my orders down through the tempest.

By the clearest light of the day I saw him enter the city,And when he addressed me I listened with all my

closest attention.So please, give over inflaming both yourself and me

with your protests;Though not by my own free will, to Italy I make my

venture!”Virgil, The Aeneid lines 334-345

Night covers the earth with misty shadows and darkness,

But stars never rise in the east to march on their fiery courses…

And last, great Jove himself - I swear by your head and my own -

Has sent his herald to bring my orders down through the tempest.

By the clearest light of the day I saw him enter the city,And when he addressed me I listened with all my

closest attention.So please, give over inflaming both yourself and me

with your protests;Though not by my own free will, to Italy I make my

venture!”Virgil, The Aeneid lines 334-345

Early Rome: Twins and AeneasEarly Rome: Twins and Aeneas

Romulus and Remus - descendents of Aeneas Vestal Virgin gave birth to the twins,

father was Mars (miraculous birth) Twins sent in a basket down the Tiber

River Founded Rome where they were found by

shepherd’s wife. Romulus killed Remus, becoming Rome’s

first king Abduction (sometimes Rape) of the

Sabine Women - populating the new city

Romulus and Remus - descendents of Aeneas Vestal Virgin gave birth to the twins,

father was Mars (miraculous birth) Twins sent in a basket down the Tiber

River Founded Rome where they were found by

shepherd’s wife. Romulus killed Remus, becoming Rome’s

first king Abduction (sometimes Rape) of the

Sabine Women - populating the new city

Worldly (NotLegendary)Roman Beginnings

Worldly (NotLegendary)Roman Beginnings

Latin speakers descending from the Alps; Indo-European descendents

Lived closely with Etruscans, Latins,

and Greeks

Latin speakers descending from the Alps; Indo-European descendents

Lived closely with Etruscans, Latins,

and Greeks

Worldly Beginnings of RomeWorldly Beginnings of Rome

Rome thought to have been a collection of villages around 1000 BCE

Around 600 BCE, Etruscan kings conquered Rome and areas beyond

Tribal people, selected chiefs democratically, but eventually grew under influence of many kings.

Senate - an advisory council of elders Capitol - like a Greek acropolis; temple and

meeting place Forum - the heart of Roman political life

Rome thought to have been a collection of villages around 1000 BCE

Around 600 BCE, Etruscan kings conquered Rome and areas beyond

Tribal people, selected chiefs democratically, but eventually grew under influence of many kings.

Senate - an advisory council of elders Capitol - like a Greek acropolis; temple and

meeting place Forum - the heart of Roman political life

Worldly Beginnings of RomeWorldly Beginnings of Rome

The last Etruscan King was Tarquin the Proud. A tyrant who was driven from power around 509 BCE

The Romans declared they would never be ruled by a king again

Established a new government called a Republic - more about the republican government system will be described later

The last Etruscan King was Tarquin the Proud. A tyrant who was driven from power around 509 BCE

The Romans declared they would never be ruled by a king again

Established a new government called a Republic - more about the republican government system will be described later

Challenges to the Growth of RomeChallenges to the Growth of Rome

As Rome grew, she had easy access to the Mediterranean trade routes

Eventually, they came into conflict with Carthage, the other trading power in the Mediterranean

Fought three wars over the course of one hundred years.

[We will work on a packet tomorrow where we will go into more depth on this subject]

As Rome grew, she had easy access to the Mediterranean trade routes

Eventually, they came into conflict with Carthage, the other trading power in the Mediterranean

Fought three wars over the course of one hundred years.

[We will work on a packet tomorrow where we will go into more depth on this subject]

Punic WarsPunic Wars1st Punic War: Fought over control of Sicily2nd Punic War: led by Hannibal brilliant general

from Carthage. 50,000men, 9,000 cavalry, 60 Elephants

Although victorious on many occasions, unable to win decisively and ultimately loses when Scipio leads an attack against Carthage itself

3rd Punic War: Rome is not happy about the re-growth of Carthage, decide to destroy her.

Sold 50,000 inhabitants into slavery and burnt the city

Territory made into a new province in Africa

1st Punic War: Fought over control of Sicily2nd Punic War: led by Hannibal brilliant general

from Carthage. 50,000men, 9,000 cavalry, 60 Elephants

Although victorious on many occasions, unable to win decisively and ultimately loses when Scipio leads an attack against Carthage itself

3rd Punic War: Rome is not happy about the re-growth of Carthage, decide to destroy her.

Sold 50,000 inhabitants into slavery and burnt the city

Territory made into a new province in Africa

Problems after the Punic WarsProblems after the Punic Wars The Punic Wars, though Rome emerged

victorious, led to problems The Wealthy lived on the large estates called

latifundia Many of these estates were from taking land left by

soldiers who went to war Many returning soldiers became homeless and

jobless Romans made slaves of many of the conquered

peoples Slaves became 1/3 of Rome’s population

The urban poor became 1/4 of Rome’s population Class tensions grow

The Punic Wars, though Rome emerged victorious, led to problems

The Wealthy lived on the large estates called latifundia Many of these estates were from taking land left by

soldiers who went to war Many returning soldiers became homeless and

jobless Romans made slaves of many of the conquered

peoples Slaves became 1/3 of Rome’s population

The urban poor became 1/4 of Rome’s population Class tensions grow

The Roman ArmyThe Roman Army All citizens who owned land were

required to serve ten years in the army Roman farmer-soldiers were more

motivated to fight for Rome, increased morale

All citizens who owned land were required to serve ten years in the army Roman farmer-soldiers were more

motivated to fight for Rome, increased morale Army was organized into groups called legions

5,000 heavily armed menEach legion divided into centuries of 80 menEach century could act independently of the legion

More Post-Punic Wars Problems (after 146 BCE)More Post-Punic Wars Problems (after 146 BCE) Some Tribunes attempted to help the poor

by proposing reforms: the Gracchus Brothers These reforms were strongly opposed by

other senators, and these Tribunes met violent deaths in 133 BCE and 121 BCE

Civil War erupted, resulting in very powerful military leaders (Sulla and Marius)

Generals began recruiting the poor and homeless by promising land These soldiers fought for pay and were loyal

to their commander

Some Tribunes attempted to help the poor by proposing reforms: the Gracchus Brothers These reforms were strongly opposed by

other senators, and these Tribunes met violent deaths in 133 BCE and 121 BCE

Civil War erupted, resulting in very powerful military leaders (Sulla and Marius)

Generals began recruiting the poor and homeless by promising land These soldiers fought for pay and were loyal

to their commander

Move Toward EmpireMove Toward Empire

His political rivals ordered Caesar to disband his legions and return home

Caesar disobeyed, brought his army and defeated Pompey, now his rival, eventually marching into Rome

Was appointed dictator for life in 44 BCE However, as an absolute ruler, he gained many

enemies, and on March 15th, 44 BCE, he was stabbed to death in the Senate chamber

His political rivals ordered Caesar to disband his legions and return home

Caesar disobeyed, brought his army and defeated Pompey, now his rival, eventually marching into Rome

Was appointed dictator for life in 44 BCE However, as an absolute ruler, he gained many

enemies, and on March 15th, 44 BCE, he was stabbed to death in the Senate chamber

Move Toward EmpireMove Toward Empire

In order for politicians to be successful, they now had to be supported by military

Caesar with the help of Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular General created a triumvirate - a group of three rulers

Caesar was a brilliant military leader and after his year as Consul he governed Gaul

Conquered Gaul and won the loyalty of his troops Became very popular with the Romans

In order for politicians to be successful, they now had to be supported by military

Caesar with the help of Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular General created a triumvirate - a group of three rulers

Caesar was a brilliant military leader and after his year as Consul he governed Gaul

Conquered Gaul and won the loyalty of his troops Became very popular with the Romans

The First TriumvirateThe First TriumvirateThe First TriumvirateThe First Triumvirate

Julius Caesar

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Gaius Magnus Pompey

Julius Caesar

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Gaius Magnus Pompey

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

Caesar had absolute power He granted citizenship to many people in the provinces Expanded the senate Created jobs with construction of new public buildings Created new colonies where the landless could own land Increased soldiers pay Many nobles and senators were concerned about Caesars

growing power

On March 15, 44 B.C. Caesar was stabbed to death by Brutus and Cassius(his friends)

Caesar had absolute power He granted citizenship to many people in the provinces Expanded the senate Created jobs with construction of new public buildings Created new colonies where the landless could own land Increased soldiers pay Many nobles and senators were concerned about Caesars

growing power

On March 15, 44 B.C. Caesar was stabbed to death by Brutus and Cassius(his friends)

The Empire The Empire

Civil War broke out after Caesar’s death Caesar’s nephew,Octavian, a General, Marc Antony, and a politician –

Lepidus - took control and created the Second Triumvirate This triumvirate killed Caesar’s assassins

After the triumvirate controlled Rome Octavian and Marc Antony became rivals

Marc Antony met Queen Cleopatra of Egypt while in Anatolia He fell in love with her and followed her to Egypt

Octavian accused Antony of attempting to conquer Rome Octavian fought and defeated the combined forces of Antony and

Cleopatra Octavian restored the republic with a few changes

He took the title of Augustus or exalted one Became the imperator or supreme military

commander - the emperor

Civil War broke out after Caesar’s death Caesar’s nephew,Octavian, a General, Marc Antony, and a politician –

Lepidus - took control and created the Second Triumvirate This triumvirate killed Caesar’s assassins

After the triumvirate controlled Rome Octavian and Marc Antony became rivals

Marc Antony met Queen Cleopatra of Egypt while in Anatolia He fell in love with her and followed her to Egypt

Octavian accused Antony of attempting to conquer Rome Octavian fought and defeated the combined forces of Antony and

Cleopatra Octavian restored the republic with a few changes

He took the title of Augustus or exalted one Became the imperator or supreme military

commander - the emperor

The First Roman DynastyThe First Roman DynastyThe First Roman DynastyThe First Roman Dynasty

Roman Roads WorksheetRoman Roads Worksheet

A vast and Powerful EmpireA vast and Powerful Empire

Augustus’ rule was the beginning of 207 years of peace

Minimal fighting along the borders of the empire This period was called Pax Romana, or Roman

Peace Roman Empire

Covered approximately 3 million square miles Included 60 to 80 million people 1 million living in the city of Rome

Augustus’ rule was the beginning of 207 years of peace

Minimal fighting along the borders of the empire This period was called Pax Romana, or Roman

Peace Roman Empire

Covered approximately 3 million square miles Included 60 to 80 million people 1 million living in the city of Rome

A vast and Powerful EmpireA vast and Powerful Empire

Agriculture Most important industry 90 percent of the people

farmed Most Romans survived on

local produce Additional food items and

luxury goods were acquired through trade

Agriculture Most important industry 90 percent of the people

farmed Most Romans survived on

local produce Additional food items and

luxury goods were acquired through trade

Trade Huge trading network Had common coins made

of silver Protected by the roman

Navy Roman cities became

wealthy Rome traded with China

and India Roads originally used for

the military became successful trade route

Trade Huge trading network Had common coins made

of silver Protected by the roman

Navy Roman cities became

wealthy Rome traded with China

and India Roads originally used for

the military became successful trade route

Managing the EmpireManaging the Empire

Borders extended 10,000 miles Reached from Spain to Mesopotamia and from Britain to

North Africa Many cultures became part of Roman life All had to serve in the Army regardless of citizenship

Augustus was the most able Emperor The system of government he created lasted for centuries The government was run more by Plebeians than by the

senate Most Roman emperors during Pax Romana were able but

some were not Caligula Nero - believed to have burnt down Rome Both were either insane or unstable

Borders extended 10,000 miles Reached from Spain to Mesopotamia and from Britain to

North Africa Many cultures became part of Roman life All had to serve in the Army regardless of citizenship

Augustus was the most able Emperor The system of government he created lasted for centuries The government was run more by Plebeians than by the

senate Most Roman emperors during Pax Romana were able but

some were not Caligula Nero - believed to have burnt down Rome Both were either insane or unstable

Roman Empire: Pax RomanaRoman Empire: Pax Romana

Roman Empire: Pax RomanaRoman Empire: Pax Romana

In the film we saw about Carthage,Rome’s empire was called“Rome’s Private Lake.”Why is that?

Examples from: The Twelve TablesExamples from: The Twelve Tables

Table IV: 1) A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed 2) If a father sells his son three times, the son shall be free from his father5) A child born after ten months since the father’s death will not be admitted into legal inheritance.Table V: 1) Females will remain in guardianshipEven when they have attained their majorityTable VII: 1)Let them keep the road in order. If they have not paved it, a man may drive his team where he likes. 10) A man might gather up fruit that was falling down onto another man's farm.

Examples from: The Twelve TablesExamples from: The Twelve Tables

Table VIII: 3) If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain. 23) A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the Tarpeian Rock. Table XI: 1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians.Table XII: 5) Whatever the people had last ordained should be held as binding by law.

CiceroCicero …Right reason is Law, [and] we must believe

that men have Law also in common with the gods. Further, those who share law must also share justice; and those who share these are to be regarded as members of the same commonwealth…

Justice and all things honourable [sic] are to be sought for their own sake. And indeed all good men love fairness in itself and Justice in itself…. Therefore Justice must be sought and cultivated for her own sake.

Marcus Tullius Cicero

…Right reason is Law, [and] we must believe that men have Law also in common with the gods. Further, those who share law must also share justice; and those who share these are to be regarded as members of the same commonwealth…

Justice and all things honourable [sic] are to be sought for their own sake. And indeed all good men love fairness in itself and Justice in itself…. Therefore Justice must be sought and cultivated for her own sake.

Marcus Tullius Cicero