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SAANZ - Passenger Ropeways and Ski Conveyor Guidelines Review - 2011

Passenger Ropeways and Ski Conveyor Guidelines

Acknowledgements and Note on this Code

The Ski Areas Association of New Zealand (SAANZ) acknowledges the considerable assistance given to it by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA). The CSA generously provided SAANZ the use of the ‘Passenger Ropeways and Passenger Conveyors Z98-07 Code’ as the template for the development of the New Zealand Passenger Ropeways and Ski Conveyor Guidelines

SAANZ also wishes to thank those who funded and assisted in the development of this standard: Canada West Ski Areas Association (CWSAA), Ontario Ski Resorts Association (OSRA), Association des stations de ski du Québec(ASSQ), and Atlantic Ski Area Association (ASAA).

This version of the New Zealand Passenger Ropeways and Ski Conveyor Guidelines has also drawn on the ‘1998 Edition Code of Practice for Passenger Ropeways in New Zealand’.

Base Document - Version 2 – April 2011 1


Contents

1 Scope............................................................................................................................................... 31.1 General.....................................................................................................................................................31.2 Equipment covered..................................................................................................................................31.3 Freight......................................................................................................................................................31.4 Existing installations.................................................................................................................................31.5 Exceptions................................................................................................................................................31.6 Funicular railways.....................................................................................................................................41.7 Terminology.............................................................................................................................................4

2 Reference publications..................................................................................................................... 4

3 Definitions........................................................................................................................................ 4

4 General requirements....................................................................................................................... 74.1 Scope........................................................................................................................................................74.2 Alterations................................................................................................................................................74.2.1...................................................................................................................................................................... 74.2.2...................................................................................................................................................................... 74.2.3 Replacement, modification, or repair of critical components..................................................................74.3 Location and alignment............................................................................................................................74.3.1 Site selection............................................................................................................................................74.3.2 Overhead systems....................................................................................................................................84.3.3 Clearing....................................................................................................................................................84.4 General design requirements...................................................................................................................84.4.1 Design considerations..............................................................................................................................84.4.2 Design loads.............................................................................................................................................94.4.3 Designer...................................................................................................................................................94.4.4 Hazards.....................................................................................................................................................94.5 Materials, manufacturing, and quality control.........................................................................................94.5.1 General.....................................................................................................................................................94.5.2 Materials................................................................................................................................................104.5.3 Quality assurance program.....................................................................................................................104.5.4 Referenced Guideline.............................................................................................................................104.6 Fatigue design........................................................................................................................................104.6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................104.6.2 Critical components................................................................................................................................104.7 Corrosion protection..............................................................................................................................114.7.1....................................................................................................................................................................114.7.2....................................................................................................................................................................114.7.3....................................................................................................................................................................114.8 Ropes and chains....................................................................................................................................114.9 Welding..................................................................................................................................................114.9.1....................................................................................................................................................................114.9.2....................................................................................................................................................................114.9.3....................................................................................................................................................................114.10 Buildings and structures.........................................................................................................................124.10.1 General..............................................................................................................................................124.10.2 Rigging connections...........................................................................................................................124.11 Station enclosures and machine rooms..................................................................................................124.11.1..................................................................................................................................................................124.11.2..................................................................................................................................................................124.11.3..................................................................................................................................................................124.12 Internal combustion engines..................................................................................................................12



4.12.1 Fuel storage........................................................................................................................................124.12.2 Overspeed control..............................................................................................................................134.12.3 Exhaust...............................................................................................................................................134.12.4 Engine shutdown...............................................................................................................................134.13 Hydraulic systems...................................................................................................................................144.13.1..................................................................................................................................................................144.13.2..................................................................................................................................................................144.13.3..................................................................................................................................................................144.13.4..................................................................................................................................................................144.13.5..................................................................................................................................................................144.13.6..................................................................................................................................................................144.13.7..................................................................................................................................................................144.13.8..................................................................................................................................................................144.13.9..................................................................................................................................................................144.13.10................................................................................................................................................................154.13.11................................................................................................................................................................154.13.12................................................................................................................................................................154.13.13................................................................................................................................................................154.14 Foundations............................................................................................................................................154.14.1 Design criteria....................................................................................................................................154.14.2 Foundation specifications..................................................................................................................164.14.3 Concrete and rock anchor testing......................................................................................................164.14.4 Glacier foundations............................................................................................................................164.15 Speed, capacity, and spacing..................................................................................................................164.15.1..................................................................................................................................................................164.15.2..................................................................................................................................................................174.15.3..................................................................................................................................................................174.15.4..................................................................................................................................................................174.16 Crossing ropeways..................................................................................................................................174.16.1..................................................................................................................................................................174.16.2..................................................................................................................................................................174.16.3..................................................................................................................................................................174.16.4..................................................................................................................................................................174.16.5..................................................................................................................................................................174.17 Wind gauges...........................................................................................................................................184.18 Towers and equipment..........................................................................................................................184.18.1 Gauge.................................................................................................................................................184.18.2 Access................................................................................................................................................184.18.3 Identification......................................................................................................................................184.18.4 Rope lifting frames and hold-down anchors......................................................................................184.18.5 Work platforms..................................................................................................................................194.18.6 Rope height adjustment.....................................................................................................................194.19 Line sheaves and sheave assemblies......................................................................................................194.19.1 Haul rope deflection...........................................................................................................................204.19.2 Support sheaves.................................................................................................................................204.19.3 Load distribution................................................................................................................................204.19.4 Hold-down sheaves............................................................................................................................204.19.5 Ropeline calculations.........................................................................................................................204.19.6 Combination sheave assemblies........................................................................................................204.19.7 Retaining sheaves..............................................................................................................................204.19.8 Bearings.............................................................................................................................................204.19.9 Alignment...........................................................................................................................................204.19.10 Haul rope retention............................................................................................................................214.20 Tensioning sheaves.................................................................................................................................214.21 Drive and return sheaves........................................................................................................................214.21.1 General..............................................................................................................................................214.21.2 Diameter............................................................................................................................................21



4.21.3 Sheave retention................................................................................................................................224.21.4 Haul rope retention............................................................................................................................224.21.5 Liners..................................................................................................................................................22Table 2 – Coefficient of friction...........................................................................................................................224.21.6 Guide sheaves....................................................................................................................................224.21.7 Ice scrapers........................................................................................................................................224.22 Tensioning systems................................................................................................................................234.22.1 General..............................................................................................................................................234.22.2 Counterweight tensioning..................................................................................................................234.22.3 Winches.............................................................................................................................................234.22.4 Floating return/tensioning sheaves....................................................................................................244.22.5 Hydraulic and pneumatic tensioning systems....................................................................................244.23 Motor systems........................................................................................................................................254.23.1 General..............................................................................................................................................254.23.2 Evacuation motor...............................................................................................................................264.23.3 Motor train components....................................................................................................................274.23.4 Bearings, clutches, couplings, and shafts...........................................................................................274.23.5 Hydraulic motors................................................................................................................................274.23.6 Auxiliary motor..................................................................................................................................274.24 Brakes and antirollback device...............................................................................................................284.24.1 General..............................................................................................................................................28Table 3 – Required stopping devices...................................................................................................................284.24.2 Service brake......................................................................................................................................294.24.3 Emergency brake...............................................................................................................................304.24.4 Antirollback device.............................................................................................................................304.25 Protection in stations.............................................................................................................................314.25.1 Guards................................................................................................................................................314.25.2 Exposed equipment...........................................................................................................................314.26 Loading and unloading areas..................................................................................................................314.26.1 General..............................................................................................................................................314.26.2 Handling of passengers......................................................................................................................324.26.3 Unloading areas.................................................................................................................................324.26.4 Stations..............................................................................................................................................334.27 Carriers...................................................................................................................................................334.27.1 Static strength....................................................................................................................................334.27.2 Factors of safety.................................................................................................................................334.27.3 Endurance..........................................................................................................................................344.27.4 Material..............................................................................................................................................344.27.5 Manufacturer’s tests..........................................................................................................................354.27.6 Maximum load...................................................................................................................................354.27.7 Identification......................................................................................................................................354.27.8 Sway dampers....................................................................................................................................354.27.9 Ski racks and other carrying devices...................................................................................................364.27.10 Work and freight carriers...................................................................................................................364.28 Rope grips...............................................................................................................................................364.28.1 General..............................................................................................................................................364.28.2 Resistance to sliding...........................................................................................................................384.28.3 Springs...............................................................................................................................................384.29 Rope tension..........................................................................................................................................394.29.1 Maximum rope tension......................................................................................................................394.29.2 Minimum rope tension......................................................................................................................394.30 Controls..................................................................................................................................................394.30.1 General..............................................................................................................................................394.30.2 Location of controls...........................................................................................................................414.30.3 Lockouts.............................................................................................................................................414.30.4 Service stops......................................................................................................................................414.30.5 Emergency stops................................................................................................................................41



4.30.6 Deropement switches........................................................................................................................424.30.7 Tensioning system or carriage stop....................................................................................................424.30.8 Safety gate.........................................................................................................................................434.30.9 Bypass circuits....................................................................................................................................434.31 Electrical.................................................................................................................................................444.31.1 General..............................................................................................................................................444.31.2 Motors...............................................................................................................................................444.31.3 Grounding..........................................................................................................................................454.31.4 Ungrounded power distribution systems...........................................................................................464.32 Communications.....................................................................................................................................464.32.1..................................................................................................................................................................464.32.2..................................................................................................................................................................464.32.3..................................................................................................................................................................464.32.4..................................................................................................................................................................464.32.5..................................................................................................................................................................474.32.6..................................................................................................................................................................474.32.7..................................................................................................................................................................474.32.8..................................................................................................................................................................474.33 Signs.......................................................................................................................................................474.33.1 General..............................................................................................................................................47Table 4 – Pictogram signs....................................................................................................................................484.33.2 Additional signs for cabins.................................................................................................................544.33.3 Unauthorized entry............................................................................................................................544.33.4 Electrical equipment..........................................................................................................................544.33.5 Downhill capacity...............................................................................................................................544.33.6 Advertising signs................................................................................................................................544.34 Fire protection........................................................................................................................................554.34.1..................................................................................................................................................................554.34.2..................................................................................................................................................................554.34.3..................................................................................................................................................................554.35 Night lighting..........................................................................................................................................554.35.1..................................................................................................................................................................554.35.2..................................................................................................................................................................554.35.3..................................................................................................................................................................554.36 Emergency lighting.................................................................................................................................554.36.1..................................................................................................................................................................554.36.2..................................................................................................................................................................564.37 Avalanche control...................................................................................................................................564.38 Manuals..................................................................................................................................................564.38.1 Language............................................................................................................................................564.38.2 Technical information........................................................................................................................564.38.3 Operations manual.............................................................................................................................564.38.4 Maintenance manual.........................................................................................................................564.38.5 Rope lift-off during maintenance.......................................................................................................574.38.6 Rope grips..........................................................................................................................................57

5 Reversible passenger ropeways...................................................................................................... 585.1 General...................................................................................................................................................585.1.1....................................................................................................................................................................585.1.2....................................................................................................................................................................585.2 General cabin clearances........................................................................................................................585.3 Vertical clearances.................................................................................................................................585.3.1....................................................................................................................................................................585.3.2....................................................................................................................................................................585.3.3....................................................................................................................................................................585.3.4....................................................................................................................................................................585.4 Horizontal clearances.............................................................................................................................59



5.4.1....................................................................................................................................................................595.4.2....................................................................................................................................................................595.4.3....................................................................................................................................................................595.4.4....................................................................................................................................................................595.5 Wind force..............................................................................................................................................595.5.1 Wind on cabins and hangers..................................................................................................................595.5.2 Wind on ropes........................................................................................................................................605.5.3 Operations manual.................................................................................................................................605.6 Towers, track rope saddles, and roller chains........................................................................................605.6.1....................................................................................................................................................................605.6.2....................................................................................................................................................................605.6.3....................................................................................................................................................................605.6.4....................................................................................................................................................................605.6.5....................................................................................................................................................................605.6.6....................................................................................................................................................................605.6.7....................................................................................................................................................................605.6.8....................................................................................................................................................................60Table 5 – Minimum radius of the track rope saddle............................................................................................605.6.9....................................................................................................................................................................615.6.10..................................................................................................................................................................615.6.11..................................................................................................................................................................615.6.12..................................................................................................................................................................615.7 Haul rope guides.....................................................................................................................................615.8 Cabin guides to limit cabin swing...........................................................................................................615.8.1....................................................................................................................................................................615.8.2....................................................................................................................................................................615.8.3....................................................................................................................................................................625.8.4....................................................................................................................................................................625.8.5....................................................................................................................................................................625.8.6....................................................................................................................................................................625.9 Motors....................................................................................................................................................625.9.1 Main motor............................................................................................................................................625.9.2 Evacuation motor...................................................................................................................................625.10 Braking systems......................................................................................................................................625.10.1 General..............................................................................................................................................625.10.2 Service brake......................................................................................................................................635.10.3 Emergency brake...............................................................................................................................635.11 Systems with track rope brakes on twin track ropes per track...............................................................645.11.1..................................................................................................................................................................645.11.2..................................................................................................................................................................645.11.3..................................................................................................................................................................645.11.4..................................................................................................................................................................645.11.5..................................................................................................................................................................645.11.6..................................................................................................................................................................645.12 Systems with no track rope brakes on twin track ropes per track..........................................................645.12.1..................................................................................................................................................................645.12.2..................................................................................................................................................................645.12.3..................................................................................................................................................................655.12.4..................................................................................................................................................................655.12.5..................................................................................................................................................................655.12.6..................................................................................................................................................................655.12.7..................................................................................................................................................................655.12.8..................................................................................................................................................................655.12.9..................................................................................................................................................................655.12.10................................................................................................................................................................655.12.11................................................................................................................................................................655.12.12................................................................................................................................................................65



5.12.13................................................................................................................................................................665.13 Friction of the haul rope on the drive bullwheel....................................................................................665.14 Carriage..................................................................................................................................................665.14.1..................................................................................................................................................................665.14.2..................................................................................................................................................................665.14.3..................................................................................................................................................................665.14.4..................................................................................................................................................................665.14.5..................................................................................................................................................................665.15 Cabin hanger..........................................................................................................................................665.16 Cabins.....................................................................................................................................................665.16.1..................................................................................................................................................................675.16.2..................................................................................................................................................................675.16.3..................................................................................................................................................................675.16.4..................................................................................................................................................................675.16.5..................................................................................................................................................................675.16.6..................................................................................................................................................................675.17 Loading and unloading areas..................................................................................................................675.17.1 Entrance guides..................................................................................................................................675.17.2 Cabin guides.......................................................................................................................................675.17.3 Carrier stops.......................................................................................................................................675.17.4 Platforms............................................................................................................................................675.18 Controls..................................................................................................................................................685.18.1 General..............................................................................................................................................685.18.2 Control room......................................................................................................................................685.18.3 Manual stop switches........................................................................................................................685.19 Communications.....................................................................................................................................685.19.1..................................................................................................................................................................695.19.2..................................................................................................................................................................695.19.3..................................................................................................................................................................695.20 Evacuation..............................................................................................................................................695.20.1..................................................................................................................................................................695.20.2..................................................................................................................................................................695.20.3..................................................................................................................................................................695.20.4..................................................................................................................................................................695.20.5 ...........................................................................................................................................................69

6 Circulating passenger ropeways...................................................................................................... 696.1 General...................................................................................................................................................696.1.1....................................................................................................................................................................706.1.2....................................................................................................................................................................706.1.3....................................................................................................................................................................706.1.4....................................................................................................................................................................706.2 Speed......................................................................................................................................................706.2.1 Skiers and boarders................................................................................................................................706.2.2 Foot passengers......................................................................................................................................70Table 6 – Maximum relative carrier speeds for circulating passenger ropeways using a loading conveyor, m/s 706.3 Vertical clearances.................................................................................................................................706.3.1....................................................................................................................................................................706.3.2....................................................................................................................................................................716.3.3....................................................................................................................................................................716.4 Horizontal clearances.............................................................................................................................716.4.1....................................................................................................................................................................716.4.2....................................................................................................................................................................716.4.3....................................................................................................................................................................716.4.4....................................................................................................................................................................716.4.5....................................................................................................................................................................716.5 Ski tip deflectors.....................................................................................................................................71



6.5.1 Lattice towers.........................................................................................................................................716.5.2 Tubular towers.......................................................................................................................................726.5.3 Clearance................................................................................................................................................726.6 Braking systems......................................................................................................................................726.6.1....................................................................................................................................................................726.6.2....................................................................................................................................................................726.6.3....................................................................................................................................................................726.6.4....................................................................................................................................................................726.7 Loading and unloading areas..................................................................................................................726.7.1....................................................................................................................................................................726.7.2....................................................................................................................................................................726.7.3....................................................................................................................................................................736.7.4....................................................................................................................................................................736.8 Loading conveyors..................................................................................................................................736.8.1 Controls..................................................................................................................................................736.8.2 Conveyor belt.........................................................................................................................................746.8.3 Loading gates..........................................................................................................................................746.8.4 Loading zone..........................................................................................................................................746.8.5 Installation..............................................................................................................................................756.9 Bullwheel unloading...............................................................................................................................756.10 Intermediate stations.............................................................................................................................756.10.1..................................................................................................................................................................756.10.2..................................................................................................................................................................766.11 Foot passengers......................................................................................................................................766.12 Enclosed passenger cabins.....................................................................................................................766.12.1..................................................................................................................................................................766.12.2..................................................................................................................................................................766.12.3..................................................................................................................................................................766.12.4..................................................................................................................................................................766.13 Chairs......................................................................................................................................................766.13.1..................................................................................................................................................................766.13.2..................................................................................................................................................................766.13.3..................................................................................................................................................................776.14 Detachable grip ropeways......................................................................................................................776.14.1 Maximum downhill loading speed.....................................................................................................776.14.2 Carriers in the stations.......................................................................................................................776.14.3 Grip and rope position.......................................................................................................................776.14.4 Prevention of collisions......................................................................................................................786.14.5 Speed synchronization.......................................................................................................................786.14.6 Carrier spacing...................................................................................................................................786.14.7 Carrier security...................................................................................................................................786.14.8 Grip force check.................................................................................................................................786.14.9 Grip on splice.....................................................................................................................................786.14.10 Rail switches.......................................................................................................................................786.14.11 Station entrance system.....................................................................................................................796.15 Safety gates............................................................................................................................................796.16 Haul rope retention (bi-cable and tri-cable systems).............................................................................796.17 Towers, track rope saddles, and roller chains........................................................................................796.17.1..................................................................................................................................................................796.17.2..................................................................................................................................................................796.17.3..................................................................................................................................................................796.17.4..................................................................................................................................................................806.17.5..................................................................................................................................................................806.17.6..................................................................................................................................................................806.17.7..................................................................................................................................................................806.17.8..................................................................................................................................................................806.17.9..................................................................................................................................................................80



6.17.10................................................................................................................................................................806.17.11................................................................................................................................................................806.17.12................................................................................................................................................................806.18 Carriage..................................................................................................................................................806.18.1..................................................................................................................................................................806.18.2..................................................................................................................................................................816.18.3..................................................................................................................................................................816.19 Haul rope guides (bi-cable and tri-cable systems)..................................................................................81

7 Surface passenger ropeways........................................................................................................... 817.1 General...................................................................................................................................................817.1.1....................................................................................................................................................................817.1.2....................................................................................................................................................................817.2 Tow path................................................................................................................................................817.2.1....................................................................................................................................................................817.2.2....................................................................................................................................................................817.2.3....................................................................................................................................................................817.2.4....................................................................................................................................................................827.3 Carrier interval.......................................................................................................................................827.3.1....................................................................................................................................................................827.3.2....................................................................................................................................................................827.3.3....................................................................................................................................................................827.4 Location and height of towers................................................................................................................827.4.1....................................................................................................................................................................827.4.2....................................................................................................................................................................827.4.3....................................................................................................................................................................827.5 Tower clearance.....................................................................................................................................827.5.1....................................................................................................................................................................827.5.2....................................................................................................................................................................837.6 Drive and return sheaves........................................................................................................................837.6.1 Floating return sheaves..........................................................................................................................837.6.2 Guides....................................................................................................................................................837.7 Brakes.....................................................................................................................................................837.7.1 Service brake..........................................................................................................................................837.7.2 Emergency brake....................................................................................................................................837.8 Antirollback device.................................................................................................................................837.9 Safety gate..............................................................................................................................................837.10 Loading and unloading areas..................................................................................................................847.10.1..................................................................................................................................................................847.10.2..................................................................................................................................................................847.10.3..................................................................................................................................................................847.10.4..................................................................................................................................................................847.10.5..................................................................................................................................................................84

8 Rope Tows...................................................................................................................................... 848.1 Surface fibre ropeways without intermediate supports.........................................................................848.1.1 Location..................................................................................................................................................848.1.2 Path of rope............................................................................................................................................858.1.3 Terminals................................................................................................................................................858.1.4 Brakes and stops....................................................................................................................................858.1.5 Safety gate..............................................................................................................................................868.1.6 Sheaves..................................................................................................................................................868.1.7 Tensioning device...................................................................................................................................878.1.8 Counterweight........................................................................................................................................878.1.9 Unloading area.......................................................................................................................................888.2 Line structures........................................................................................................................................888.2.1 Intermediate towers...............................................................................................................................88



8.2.2 Guards....................................................................................................................................................888.2.3 Sheaves and mountings..........................................................................................................................888.3 Line equipment......................................................................................................................................888.3.1 Fibre or synthetic hauling ropes.............................................................................................................888.3.2 Wire hauling ropes.................................................................................................................................888.3.3 Rope grips (fixed and detachable)..........................................................................................................888.3.4 Strength of rope grips.............................................................................................................................888.3.5 Towing devices.......................................................................................................................................898.3.6 Wire rope wear......................................................................................................................................898.4 Rope tows...............................................................................................................................................898.4.1 Surface ropeways (fibre rope) with intermediate supports....................................................................898.4.2 Location..................................................................................................................................................898.4.3 Path of the rope.....................................................................................................................................908.4.4 Speed......................................................................................................................................................908.4.5 Acceleration and speed control..............................................................................................................908.4.6 Brakes and stops....................................................................................................................................908.4.7 Support structures..................................................................................................................................928.4.8 Line equipment......................................................................................................................................93

9 Ropeways for secondary carriers....................................................................................................939.1 General...................................................................................................................................................939.1.1....................................................................................................................................................................939.1.2....................................................................................................................................................................939.1.3....................................................................................................................................................................939.2 Tow path................................................................................................................................................949.2.1....................................................................................................................................................................949.2.2....................................................................................................................................................................949.2.3....................................................................................................................................................................949.2.4....................................................................................................................................................................949.2.5....................................................................................................................................................................949.2.6....................................................................................................................................................................949.2.7....................................................................................................................................................................949.2.8....................................................................................................................................................................949.3 Capacity..................................................................................................................................................949.3.1....................................................................................................................................................................949.3.2....................................................................................................................................................................959.4 Rope speed.............................................................................................................................................959.4.1....................................................................................................................................................................959.4.2....................................................................................................................................................................959.5 Vertical clearances.................................................................................................................................959.5.1....................................................................................................................................................................959.5.2....................................................................................................................................................................959.6 Horizontal clearances.............................................................................................................................959.7 Vertical forces.........................................................................................................................................959.8 Towers....................................................................................................................................................969.8.1....................................................................................................................................................................969.8.2....................................................................................................................................................................969.8.3....................................................................................................................................................................969.9 Loading sheaves.....................................................................................................................................969.10 Control of rope rotation.........................................................................................................................969.11 Guides....................................................................................................................................................969.12 Brakes.....................................................................................................................................................969.12.1 Service brake......................................................................................................................................969.12.2 Emergency brake...............................................................................................................................969.12.3 Antirollback device.............................................................................................................................979.13 Safety gate..............................................................................................................................................979.14 Towing attachments...............................................................................................................................97



9.14.1..................................................................................................................................................................979.14.2..................................................................................................................................................................979.14.3..................................................................................................................................................................979.14.4..................................................................................................................................................................979.14.5..................................................................................................................................................................979.15 Motor controls.......................................................................................................................................979.15.1..................................................................................................................................................................979.15.2..................................................................................................................................................................98

10 Conveyors...................................................................................................................................... 9810.1 General...................................................................................................................................................9810.1.1..................................................................................................................................................................9810.1.2..................................................................................................................................................................9810.1.3..................................................................................................................................................................9810.2 Conveyor path........................................................................................................................................9810.2.1..................................................................................................................................................................9810.2.2..................................................................................................................................................................9810.2.3..................................................................................................................................................................9810.2.4..................................................................................................................................................................9910.2.5 Skirting...............................................................................................................................................9910.3 Capacity and speed................................................................................................................................9910.3.1..................................................................................................................................................................9910.3.2..................................................................................................................................................................9910.3.3..................................................................................................................................................................9910.4 Clearances..............................................................................................................................................9910.4.1 Clearing..............................................................................................................................................9910.4.2 Clearance to structures......................................................................................................................9910.5 Line equipment......................................................................................................................................9910.5.1................................................................................................................................................................10010.5.2................................................................................................................................................................10010.5.3................................................................................................................................................................10010.5.4................................................................................................................................................................10010.5.5................................................................................................................................................................10010.6 Brakes, antirollback devices, and automatic stopping devices.............................................................10010.6.1................................................................................................................................................................10010.6.2................................................................................................................................................................10010.6.3 Emergency stop unloading...............................................................................................................10010.7 Motor...................................................................................................................................................10110.7.1 General............................................................................................................................................10110.7.2 Motor controls.................................................................................................................................10110.8 Loading and unloading areas................................................................................................................10110.8.1................................................................................................................................................................10110.8.2................................................................................................................................................................10110.9 Tensioning............................................................................................................................................10210.9.1................................................................................................................................................................10210.9.2................................................................................................................................................................10210.10 Enclosures........................................................................................................................................102

11 Ropes and chains.......................................................................................................................... 10211.1 General.................................................................................................................................................10211.2 Fibre ropes...........................................................................................................................................10211.2.1 Haul ropes of fibre rope tows...........................................................................................................10211.2.2 Factor of safety................................................................................................................................10211.3 Wire ropes............................................................................................................................................10211.3.1 Physical properties...........................................................................................................................10311.3.2 Factors of safety...............................................................................................................................103Table 7 – Minimum factors of safety for ropes..................................................................................................103



11.3.3................................................................................................................................................................10311.3.4................................................................................................................................................................10311.3.5................................................................................................................................................................10311.4 Wire rope construction........................................................................................................................10311.4.1 Haul and counter ropes....................................................................................................................10411.4.2 Track ropes.......................................................................................................................................10411.4.3 Tensioning ropes..............................................................................................................................10411.4.4 Guy ropes.........................................................................................................................................10411.5 Track ropes...........................................................................................................................................10411.5.1................................................................................................................................................................10411.5.2................................................................................................................................................................10411.5.3................................................................................................................................................................10411.6 Guy ropes.............................................................................................................................................10411.7 Testing..................................................................................................................................................10411.7.1................................................................................................................................................................10511.7.2................................................................................................................................................................10511.8 Splices...................................................................................................................................................10511.8.1 Haul ropes........................................................................................................................................10511.8.2 Wire rope tows................................................................................................................................10511.8.3 Tensioning ropes..............................................................................................................................10511.8.4 Conveyor belt splices.......................................................................................................................10511.9 End connections...................................................................................................................................10611.9.1 Haul ropes........................................................................................................................................10611.9.2 Tensioning ropes..............................................................................................................................10611.9.3 Track ropes.......................................................................................................................................10611.9.4 Sockets.............................................................................................................................................10611.9.5 Wire rope clips and thimbles...........................................................................................................10711.10 Non-destructive testing of ropes, sleeves, and sockets....................................................................10811.10.1..............................................................................................................................................................10811.10.2..............................................................................................................................................................10811.10.3..............................................................................................................................................................10811.10.4..............................................................................................................................................................10911.10.5..............................................................................................................................................................10911.10.6..............................................................................................................................................................10911.10.7..............................................................................................................................................................10911.11 Wire rope maintenance...................................................................................................................10911.11.1..............................................................................................................................................................10911.11.2..............................................................................................................................................................10911.11.3..............................................................................................................................................................11011.12 Protruding broken wires..................................................................................................................11011.12.1..............................................................................................................................................................11011.12.2..............................................................................................................................................................11011.13 Replacement or repair of wire rope.................................................................................................11011.13.1 General............................................................................................................................................11011.13.2 Replacement criteria........................................................................................................................11011.13.3 Splices..............................................................................................................................................11011.13.4 Splicing in replacements..................................................................................................................11111.13.5 Damaged wires................................................................................................................................111Table 8 – Loss in metallic area...........................................................................................................................11111.13.6 Repairs to haul rope.........................................................................................................................11211.14 Locked coil track rope broken wires.................................................................................................11211.14.1..............................................................................................................................................................11211.14.2..............................................................................................................................................................11211.14.3..............................................................................................................................................................11311.14.4..............................................................................................................................................................11311.14.5..............................................................................................................................................................11311.15 Wire rope log...................................................................................................................................113



11.16 Splice certificate...............................................................................................................................11311.17 Chains in tensioning systems...........................................................................................................11311.17.1 General............................................................................................................................................11311.17.2 Welded link chains...........................................................................................................................11311.17.3 Roller and leaf chains.......................................................................................................................11411.17.4 Factor of safety................................................................................................................................11411.17.5 Testing..............................................................................................................................................11411.17.6 Identification....................................................................................................................................11411.18 Maintenance....................................................................................................................................11411.18.1..............................................................................................................................................................11411.18.2..............................................................................................................................................................11411.18.3..............................................................................................................................................................11411.18.4..............................................................................................................................................................11511.18.5..............................................................................................................................................................115

12 Inspection, testing, and maintenance............................................................................................11512.1 General.................................................................................................................................................11512.1.1................................................................................................................................................................11512.1.2................................................................................................................................................................11512.2 Personnel training................................................................................................................................11512.2.1................................................................................................................................................................11512.2.2................................................................................................................................................................11512.2.3................................................................................................................................................................11512.2.4................................................................................................................................................................11512.3 Safety procedures during maintenance................................................................................................11612.3.1 Written safety procedures...............................................................................................................11612.3.2 Lockout procedures..........................................................................................................................11612.4 Operational inspection.........................................................................................................................11612.4.1 Daily inspection................................................................................................................................11612.4.2 Deicing.............................................................................................................................................11612.4.3 Internal combustion engines............................................................................................................11712.4.4 Evacuation and auxiliary motors......................................................................................................11712.4.5 Recording of and action on abnormalities.......................................................................................11712.5 Tensioning and carriage systems..........................................................................................................11712.5.1 General............................................................................................................................................11712.5.2 Tensioning system adjustment.........................................................................................................11812.6 Grounding.............................................................................................................................................11812.7 Maintenance procedures.....................................................................................................................11812.8 Replacement components....................................................................................................................11812.8.1................................................................................................................................................................11812.8.2................................................................................................................................................................11912.8.3 Critical component failure................................................................................................................11912.9 General inspection and maintenance...................................................................................................11912.10 Grips and wire rope-towing outfits..................................................................................................12012.10.1..............................................................................................................................................................12012.10.2..............................................................................................................................................................12012.10.3..............................................................................................................................................................12012.10.4..............................................................................................................................................................12012.10.5..............................................................................................................................................................12012.10.6..............................................................................................................................................................12012.10.7..............................................................................................................................................................12012.10.8..............................................................................................................................................................12012.10.9 Rope grips on a reversible ropeway.................................................................................................12112.11 Reversible ropeway carriage service and maintenance...................................................................12112.12 Rope elevation adjustment..............................................................................................................12112.13 Brake testing....................................................................................................................................12112.14 Inspection and maintenance checklist.............................................................................................122



12.14.1..............................................................................................................................................................12212.14.2..............................................................................................................................................................12212.15 As-built survey and ropeline calculation..........................................................................................12212.16 Acceptance tests and inspection......................................................................................................12212.16.1..............................................................................................................................................................12212.16.2..............................................................................................................................................................12212.16.3..............................................................................................................................................................12212.16.4..............................................................................................................................................................12212.16.5..............................................................................................................................................................12312.16.6..............................................................................................................................................................12312.16.7..............................................................................................................................................................12312.16.8..............................................................................................................................................................12312.16.9..............................................................................................................................................................12312.16.10............................................................................................................................................................12312.16.11............................................................................................................................................................12312.17 Periodic load testing.........................................................................................................................12312.18 Non-destructive tests of carriers on above-surface ropeways.........................................................12312.18.1 General............................................................................................................................................12412.18.2 Defects.............................................................................................................................................12412.18.3 Tests and inspections for circulating passenger ropeways...............................................................124

13 Operation of passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors.........................................................12513.1 General.................................................................................................................................................12513.1.1................................................................................................................................................................12513.1.2................................................................................................................................................................12513.2 Personnel training................................................................................................................................12513.2.1................................................................................................................................................................12513.2.2................................................................................................................................................................12513.2.3................................................................................................................................................................12513.2.4................................................................................................................................................................12513.2.5................................................................................................................................................................12513.3 Owner responsibility............................................................................................................................12613.3.1................................................................................................................................................................12613.3.2................................................................................................................................................................12613.3.3................................................................................................................................................................12613.4 Ropeway or conveyor operations manual............................................................................................12613.4.1................................................................................................................................................................12613.4.2................................................................................................................................................................12613.4.3................................................................................................................................................................12613.4.4................................................................................................................................................................12613.4.5................................................................................................................................................................12613.5 Minimum number and location of operating personnel......................................................................12613.5.1................................................................................................................................................................12613.5.2................................................................................................................................................................12713.5.3................................................................................................................................................................12713.5.4................................................................................................................................................................12713.5.5 Cabin attendants — Reversible ropeways........................................................................................12713.6 Operational procedures and rules........................................................................................................12713.6.1................................................................................................................................................................12713.6.2................................................................................................................................................................12713.6.3................................................................................................................................................................12713.6.4................................................................................................................................................................12813.6.5................................................................................................................................................................12813.6.6................................................................................................................................................................12813.6.7................................................................................................................................................................12813.6.8................................................................................................................................................................12813.6.9................................................................................................................................................................128



13.6.10..............................................................................................................................................................12813.6.11..............................................................................................................................................................12813.7 Hazardous conditions...........................................................................................................................12913.7.1 Wind or icing....................................................................................................................................12913.7.2 Electrical storms...............................................................................................................................12913.7.3 Forest/scrub fires and extreme weather events..............................................................................12913.8 Communication....................................................................................................................................12913.9 Stations.................................................................................................................................................12913.9.1................................................................................................................................................................12913.9.2................................................................................................................................................................12913.10 Loading and unloading stations........................................................................................................13013.10.1 Procedures.......................................................................................................................................13013.10.2 Passengers failing to load or unload.................................................................................................13013.10.3 Clearance.........................................................................................................................................13013.10.4 Loading station.................................................................................................................................13013.11 Starting and stopping of ropeways and conveyors...........................................................................13013.11.1..............................................................................................................................................................13013.11.2..............................................................................................................................................................13013.12 Deicing.............................................................................................................................................13113.13 Manual transmissions......................................................................................................................13113.14 Tensioning system............................................................................................................................13113.15 Evacuation with evacuation motor..................................................................................................13113.15.1..............................................................................................................................................................13113.15.2..............................................................................................................................................................13113.16 Manual evacuation...........................................................................................................................13113.16.1 Evacuation plan................................................................................................................................13113.16.2 Personnel and equipment................................................................................................................13213.16.3 Training............................................................................................................................................13313.17 Termination of daily operations.......................................................................................................13313.18 Operational log................................................................................................................................13313.18.1..............................................................................................................................................................13313.18.2..............................................................................................................................................................13313.19 First aid............................................................................................................................................13313.19.1..............................................................................................................................................................13413.19.2..............................................................................................................................................................13413.19.3..............................................................................................................................................................13413.20 Fire protection.................................................................................................................................13413.20.1..............................................................................................................................................................13413.20.2..............................................................................................................................................................13413.20.3..............................................................................................................................................................134

Annex A (informative)............................................................................................................................... 135

Annex B (informative)............................................................................................................................... 137

Annex C (informative)............................................................................................................................... 139

Annex D (informative)............................................................................................................................... 140

Annex E (informative)............................................................................................................................... 142

Annex F (informative)............................................................................................................................... 143

Annex G (informative)............................................................................................................................... 144

Annex H (informative)............................................................................................................................... 145



Annex I (informative)................................................................................................................................ 147

Annex J (informative)................................................................................................................................ 148

Annex K (informative)............................................................................................................................... 150

Index........................................................................................................................................................ 152

Tables1 — Hazard scenarios 72 — Coefficient of friction 173 — Required stopping devices 224 — Pictogram signs 385 — Minimum radius of the track rope saddle 486 — Maximum relative carrier speeds for circulating passenger ropeways using a loading conveyor, m/s 557 — Minimum factors of safety for ropes 778 — Loss in metallic area 83



Passenger Ropeways and Ski Conveyer Guidelines

1 Scope

1.1 GeneralThis Guideline specifies requirements for the design, manufacture, construction, modification, operation, inspection, testing, and maintenance of passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors.

Requirements for abnormal or unusual conditions are not specifically provided for, nor are all details of engineering and construction prescribed. It is intended that all work performed within the scope of this guideline meet or exceed the safety guideline expressed or implied in this guideline.

This Guideline does not purport to address all safety issues associated with passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors. It is the responsibility of the users of this guideline to establish appropriate safety practices and to determine the applicability of any regulatory requirements or limitations.

1.2 Equipment coveredFor this guideline, passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors include:(a) reversible above-surface ropeways with single- or double-track ropes;(b) fixed and detachable grip circulating above-surface monocable, bi-cable, and tri-cable ropeways, including cabin ropeways, chair ropeways, and similar devices;(c) surface ropeways, including T-bar ropeways, J-bar ropeways, platter ropeways, and similar devices;(d) tows, including wire and fibre rope tows;(e) tows for secondary carriers; and(f) devices with a moving flexible element that(i) transport persons uphill for recreational or sport activities; or(ii) are used as loading conveyors.

1.3 FreightFreight may be carried on the equipment covered by this Guideline, provided that allowance has been made in the design and appropriate precautions are taken.

1.4 Existing installationsExisting installations are expected to meet the operation, maintenance, and testing requirements of this edition of this Guideline.Note: It is possible that equipment installed in compliance with previous editions of this Guideline will not comply with new design requirements of this edition of this Guideline. Clauses of this edition of the Guidelines (relating to operation, design, construction) that will not apply to existing installations are noted as ‘Grandfathered’.

1.5 ExceptionsFor novel designs, new configurations that cannot be precisely classified, and cases of reported non-conformance, exceptions from the requirements of this Guideline may be made, provided that equivalent safety is provided.



1.6 Funicular railwaysThis Guideline may be adopted for use with funicular railways and self-powered reversible above-surface ropeways.

1.7 TerminologyIn NZ Guidelines, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the guideline; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the guideline; and “can” is used to express possibility or capability. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

2 Reference publicationsThis Guideline refers to the following publications, and where such reference is made, it shall be to the edition listed below, including all amendments published thereto.

Passenger Ropeways and Passenger Conveyors Z98-07 Code 1998 Edition Code of Practice for Passenger Ropeways in New Zealand ACT, Regulations, Standards, and Codes

3 DefinitionsThe following definitions apply in this Guideline:

Alteration — any change to the original or current design specification of a ropeway or conveyor and its parts.

Antirollback — a device that prevents a hauling rope from moving in the reverse direction.

Attachments — the tethers, grips, hooks, and similar components that connect a secondary carrier to the haul rope.

Attendant — a person who, as all or part of his or her normal duties,(a) operates a ropeway or conveyor; or(b) supervises the loading, passage, or unloading of persons on a ropeway or conveyor.

Carrier — a complete assembly, including grip, hanger, T-bar, chair, and cabin and carriage (where applicable), used for transporting persons or material. The carrier is also referred to as a towing outfit.

Secondary carrier — a carrier on which one or more persons is carried and towed by a ropeway.

Clearance — the clear space allowed for the passing of two objects or parts.Note: Maximum width is to be used unless otherwise specified in this Guideline.

Competent person – A person who has acquired, through a combination of training, qualification and experience, the knowledge and skills enabling that person to perform the task required.

Note: Persons performing NDT may be deemed competent if they hold current certification from a personnel certification body, e.g. CBIP, in the relevant NDT discipline

Controller – A person who is the owner, lessee, sublessee, or bailee of a passenger ropeway.



Critical component — a component or system of components, the failure of which would immediately jeopardize passenger safety.

Design Verification -The establishment by a design verifier, through design control measures that the design complies with relevant specifications and standards in all respects and with particular regard to safety.

Design Verifier –A suitably qualified and experienced person, who is totally independent of the designer and the design team, and who is registered as a design verifier by the Secretary for nominated types and classes of equipment under the PECPR Regulations.

Designer — the person or company who prepares a design.

Motor — the motor or engine used to impart motion to a rope.Auxiliary motor — a subsidiary motor capable of operating a ropeway with all safety features in compliance with this Guideline.Evacuation motor — a motor that is only to be used for a ropeway evacuation.Main motor — the principal motor for operating a ropeway.

Emergency rope — a rope used for the evacuation carrier of a ropeway.

Engineer — a professional engineer as defined by and licensed in accordance with the applicable statute.

Guard — a device that prevents contact with moving and/or hot parts.

Guide — a device that directs a moving object.

Equipment Inspector – A person who is employed or engaged by an Inspection Body, holds relevant CBIP certification and is registered by the Secretary under the PECPR Regulations.

Note: Within the scope of this Code of Practice an equipment inspector means passenger ropeway or ski conveyer inspector, holding current relevant CBIP certification.

Loss in metallic area (LMA) — a reduction in area expressed as a percentage of the nominal metallic cross-sectional area of the rope when new, taking into account the effects of broken wires, corrosion, and wear.

Magnetic rope test (MRT) — a non-destructive test for ferromagnetic wire ropes using electromagnetic or permanent magnetic equipment employing magnetic flux and/or magnetic flux leakage principles and capable of detecting discontinuities and/or changes in metallic cross-sectional area.

Manufacturer — a person or company that manufactures equipment.

Non-combustible material — a material that meets the acceptance criteria of CAN/ULC-S114.

Operator — a ropeway attendant who is at the controls and in charge of a ropeway while it is in operation.

Rope —Counter-rope (in a reversible ropeway) — a rope attached between two carriers passing around the return sheave.Haul rope —(a) a rope that moves carriers and, in the absence of a track rope, also supports carriers; or(b) in a reversible ropeway, a rope attached between two carriers passing around the motor sheave.

Tensioning rope — a rope that attaches a track rope or a tensioning carriage to a tensioning device.



Track rope — a stationary rope that supports moving carriers.

Rope diameter — the nominal diameter of a rope (unless otherwise specified in this Guideline).

Service stop — a stop in which a motor may be involved in braking and the ropeway stops in a controlled manner.

Sheave — a pulley or wheel grooved for a rope and/or grip.

Drive sheave — a large-diameter sheave used to impart movement to a rope.

Floating return sheave — a return sheave and its supporting framework, all of which is suspended by a system of wire ropes.

Guide sheave — a sheave used to prevent misalignment of a haul rope entering and leaving the drive and return sheaves.

Idler sheave — a sheave, other than a drive sheave, that guides and/or carries a hauling rope.

Line sheave — a sheave used to guide and support a haul rope between the drive and return sheaves.

Return sheave — a large-diameter sheave that deflects a rope more than 4.5°.

Sheave diameter — the tread diameter of a sheave.

Slip — any measurable movement.

Station — a location at which loading and/or unloading may take place.

Stopping device — push buttons, switches, and sensors that initiate a stop.

Tethers — the attachments to secondary carriers for pulling such carriers.

Throw over — a situation that occurs when a haul rope, because of the dynamics of the system, is lifted above the path of a track rope and could be entangled with the track rope(s).

Tower — a structure supporting a sheave or series of sheaves that resists the downward (positive) or upward (negative) force of a hauling rope.

Work carrier — a carrier used on a ropeway line for servicing and repairing equipment.



4 General requirements

4.1 ScopeClauses 4.2 to 4.38 cover all classes of passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors.

4.2 Alterations

4.2.1Alterations shall be documented, verified, and certified by the designer. Verification shall be in the form of calculations and testing specified by this Guideline.

4.2.2Only the altered component shall comply with the current guideline requirements. All replacements, except those due to maintenance or repair, should be considered alterations.

4.2.3 Replacement, modification, or repair of critical componentsCritical components that are replaced, modified, or repaired shall comply with Clause 4.6.2.

4.3 Location and alignment

4.3.1 Site selectionWhen selecting the location and alignment of an installation, consideration shall be given to factors that are known to affect the operational requirements of the installation. The following shall also be considered when necessary:(a) electric power lines and their supports;(b) railways;(c) highways;(d) structures;(e) rock and earth slides, erosion, washouts, etc.;(f) snow creep and avalanches;(g) wind;(h) icing;(i) ski slopes and trails;(j) rivers and gullies;(k) buried installations, including pipelines;(l) crossing of or close proximity to other passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors;(m) control of air space below, above, and adjacent to the installation;(n) carrier height above the ground or other surface;(o) ambient temperatures;(p) evacuation; and(q) fire hazards from buildings and vegetation.



4.3.2 Overhead systems

4.3.2.1Ropeways shall not be located in proximity to overhead electric supply and communication utility systems unless the overhead system meets the requirements of CAN/CSA-C22.3 No. 1. (Grant to supply NZ relevant)Note: Proximity as defined in CAN/CSA-C22.3 No. 1 (Neville to supply NZ relevant) means that lines are located so that the failure of a conductor or any part of the overhead system (such as overturning at the ground line) would interfere with the normal use, operation, or maintenance of a ropeway by contact or encroachment on minimum clearance requirements by the conductor or structure.

4.3.2.2Except for ropeways with two track ropes per track, tower spacing shall be such that in the event of a complete haul rope deropement under any conditions of loading and braking (i.e., the rope is not retained), there shall be no contact between any part of the ropeway and any part of the overhead system.There shall be a tower on either side of the crossing to provide support or hold-down force on a haul rope that is sufficient to maintain clearance between the ropeway and the overhead system when either tower is acting alone.Note: Complete deropement means that the rope fails to be retained.

4.3.2.3The minimum vertical clearance between any part of a ropeway and any part of an overhead system shall be not less than(a) 1.5 m for ropeways with two track ropes per track under the most adverse dynamic conditions; and(b) 3 m for all other ropeways under the most adverse static loading conditions.Note: In this Clause, the term “most adverse dynamic conditions” includes adverse loading, temperatures, rope stretch, tolerances, acceleration, and braking and means(a) for track ropes, maximum static sag plus 10%;(b) for haul ropes, maximum static sag plus 20%; and(c) for haul rope throw over, maximum unsupported sag plus 30%.

4.3.3 ClearingPreparation of a ropeway right-of-way shall include the following:(a) interference by vegetation shall be prevented;(b) washouts shall be prevented; and(c) potentially dangerous trees shall be removed.

4.4 General design requirements

4.4.1 Design considerationsThe following standards shall be consulted if relevant: AS/NZS 1170 (series), AS/NZS 1768, and AS/NZS 1891.4

4.4.1.1The design of components for passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors shall normally include, but not be limited to, consideration of the following:



(a) static and dynamic loads;(b) possible impact loads;(c) static properties;(d) fatigue endurance at a number of load cycles appropriate for the component and the installation;(e) resistance to brittle fracture; and(f) protection against corrosion.

4.4.1.2For each item specified in Clause 4.4.1.1, the design shall be based on the most adverse temperature condition appropriate for the installation.

4.4.2 Design loadsFor the purposes of design, a skier or boarder shall be considered to have a mass of 80 kg and a foot passenger shall be considered to have a mass of 75 kg.

4.4.3 DesignerWhere this Guideline requires action by a designer or manufacturer who is no longer in business, that action shall be performed by an engineer.

4.4.4 HazardsWhen selecting the location and alignment of a ropeway, the designer shall consider the applicable hazard scenarios, both in operation and out of operation, specified in Table 1.

Table 1 – Hazard scenarios(See Clause 4.4.4.)

Situation Hazard scenario

Ropeway systems with one track rope per track Haul rope throw over

Reversible passenger ropeways with track rope brakes Haul rope failure

Reversible passenger ropeways with one or two track ropes per track; bi-cable and tri-cable ropeways

Haul rope derailment at tower locations

Overhead cable Failure of an overhead signal, communication, control, or safety circuit cable

Aircraft warning balls Failure of warning ball cable

4.5 Materials, manufacturing, and quality control

4.5.1 GeneralThe selection of materials, the manufacture of components and the quality of materials and components shall conform to the requirements of appropriate New Zealand Standards or national or international equivalents, provided such equivalent standards are in use in their country of origin for the construction of passenger ropeways or conveyors. The quality and testing of materials for use in passenger ropeways and conveyors shall



be in accordance with the appropriate standards. If there are applicable regulations within New Zealand, the regulatory requirements shall apply.

4.5.2 Materials

4.5.2.1The quality and testing of materials for use in passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors shall be in accordance with the applicable CSA Guidelines. Guidelines published by other guidelines development organisations may be used if their requirements meet or exceed those of the applicable CSA Guideline. (Peter to provide)

4.5.2.2If there is no applicable CSA Guideline, an appropriate Guideline published by another organization may be used if it is approved by the engineer. (Peter to provide)

4.5.3 Quality assurance programThe quality and testing of materials, quality of work, and level of inspection of manufactured components shall be appropriate to the level of risk to passenger safety posed by the failure of such components.

4.5.4 Referenced GuidelineThe manufacturer shall state which guidelines have been followed.Note: See Annex A.

4.6 Fatigue design

4.6.1 GeneralComponents that are subjected to repeated loadings shall be verified against the possibility of fatigue failure. Verification shall be in the form of calculations and/or testing as specified by this guideline.

4.6.2 Critical components

4.6.2.1Critical components (as defined by the manufacturer) and their connections shall be designed to resist the effects of fatigue. Design calculations shall be based on generally accepted procedures.

4.6.2.2Critical components and their connections shall be designed, detailed, and fabricated to minimize stress concentrations.



4.6.2.3The minimum number of cycles used for design and/or testing purposes shall be based on a design life expectancy of 30 years, unless otherwise specified in this Guideline. Consideration shall be given to the type of equipment and the conditions under which it is expected to operate.

4.7 Corrosion protection

4.7.1Steelwork shall be designed taking into consideration the effects of corrosion. Corrosion protection shall be provided where necessary.

4.7.2Localized corrosion, which can occur because of entrapped water, excessive condensation, or other factors, shall be minimized by suitable design and detailing. Positive means of drainage shall be provided where necessary.

4.7.3Where enclosed spaces are not permanently sealed, the design of the structure shall facilitate inspection of internal surfaces

4.8 Ropes and chainsRopes and chains used in passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors shall comply with Clause 11.

4.9 Welding

4.9.1Welding shall be performed in accordance with the appropriate Standard for the type of welding, such as AS/NZS 1554 (series), AS 1796, AS 2214 or AS/NZS 2980 or the equivalent international standard.

4.9.2Shop and field welding of critical components shall be performed by qualified welders in accordance with the appropriate Standards for the type of welding, such as AS/NZS 1554 (series), AS 1796, AS 2214 or AS/NZS 2980 or the equivalent international standard.

4.9.3Welding performed in accordance with a Guideline other than NZ 1554 shall be acceptable if(a) the Guideline is suitably referenced in the passenger ropeway code of the country of origin of the

structure or component, and the requirements in the Guideline meet or exceed the requirements of the appropriate Standards for the type of welding, such as AS/NZS 1554 (series), AS 1796, AS 2214 or AS/NZS 2980 or the equivalent international standard. (Peter to supply)

(b) the qualifications of all welders performing the work and the welding procedures are in accordance with the class of welding being performed; and



(c) welds are inspected by a qualified welding inspector and a statement confirming compliance is provided.

4.10 Buildings and structures

4.10.1 GeneralBuildings and structures, including all stations, towers, and attendant huts, shall be designed and constructed in accordance with appropriate New Zealand Standards.

4.10.2 Rigging connectionsPermanent rigging connections shall be provided to facilitate haul rope splicing, tensioning rope adjustment, slipping of track ropes, and handling of equipment and carriers.

4.11 Station enclosures and machine rooms

4.11.1If waste heat is generated in a station enclosure or machine room, ventilation shall be provided.

4.11.2Cabinet-type power units, station enclosures, and machine rooms shall be lockable.

4.11.3Luminaries sufficient to provide not less than 100 lx measured at floor level shall be provided in station enclosures and machine rooms.

4.12 Internal combustion engines

4.12.1 Fuel storage

4.12.1.1Flammable liquids or gases shall be stored and handled in accordance with local fire regulations.

4.12.1.2Stopcocks shall be provided on fuel lines at points where the lines enter the building for underground installation or where the lines leave the tanks for above-ground installations.



4.12.1.3Except for installations covered by Clauses 7 to 9, integrally mounted fuel tanks shall be permitted only on evacuation engines. Note: Grandfathered.

4.12.1.4The fill pipe to tanks shall be capped.

4.12.1.5Fuel tanks shall be of a capacity sufficient to permit uninterrupted operation during the anticipated operating period.

4.12.2 Overspeed controlInternal combustion engines shall be equipped with a governor to prevent engine overspeed.

4.12.3 Exhaust

4.12.3.1Exhausts shall be designed to discharge to the atmosphere so that precipitation shall not enter the exhaust system.

4.12.3.2Exhaust stacks located up to 2 m from floor level shall be equipped with guards or heat shields.

4.12.3.3Exhaust pipes shall not pass within 50 mm of any wooden member or other flammable material.

4.12.4 Engine shutdown

4.12.4.1Where an emergency brake is provided, actuation of the emergency brake shall cause the engine to shut down as quickly as practicable.

4.12.4.2Where a service brake is provided without an emergency brake, actuation of the service brake shall cause the engine to shutdown as quickly as practicable unless the engine power is disconnected by other means of equivalent safety.



4.12.4.3Where no brake is provided, actuation of a service stop shall cause the engine to shut down as quickly as practicable unless the engine power is disconnected by other means of equivalent safety.

4.13 Hydraulic systems

4.13.1Hydraulic components that do not have pressure ratings shall have a factor of safety based on bursting pressure of not less than 4.

4.13.2Overpressure protection shall be provided by pressure-relief valves. The size of the relief valve and bypass, if used, shall be sufficient to pass the maximum rated capacity of the pump without raising the pressure more than 10% above that at which the valve opens. Two or more relief valves may be used to obtain the required capacity.

4.13.3Means shall be provided to bleed the systems.

4.13.4The position of shut-off and directional valves shall be designed to prevent wrong positioning.

4.13.5Weather protection shall be provided so that functioning of hydraulic devices is not impeded.

4.13.6Separate return lines shall be provided for components that are necessary for safety.

4.13.7Pressure-sensing devices used for regulating or measuring shall not be influenced by the velocity of the hydraulic fluid flow.

4.13.8Lines and components of hydraulic systems shall be marked for identification.Note: Grandfathered.

4.13.9Consideration shall be given to possible component failure, component overload, loss of fluid, line breakage, vibration, temperature, moisture, fatigue, security, reliability, overpressure, loss of pressure, or any predictable combination of circumstances that can cause undesirable or unsafe results.



4.13.10Piping shall be supported to eliminate undue stress at joints and fittings, particularly at any section of the line subject to vibration.

4.13.11Cast iron and other non-ductile materials shall not be used for any component subject to pressure.

4.13.12Tanks shall have sufficient capacity to provide a liquid reserve to prevent the entrance of air or other gas into the system.

4.13.13The permissible minimum hydraulic fluid level shall be clearly indicated.

4.14 Foundations

4.14.1 Design criteria

4.14.1.1Foundations shall be designed in accordance with AS/NZS 1170 to carry all of the combinations of dead load, live load, and wind, together with ice, earthquake, impact, and vibration.

4.14.1.2Each foundation shall be designed to resist overturning or sliding with a factor of safety of 2 with respect to the combination of deadload and live load, and 1.5 with respect to these loadings and wind acting simultaneously.

4.14.1.3Foundations located in snow creep and/or avalanche areas shall be designed for such conditions and loads or shall be protected.

4.14.1.4The bottoms of foundations shall be below the normal frost line unless they rest on solid rock.

4.14.1.5The top of concrete shall be not less than 150 mm above finished grade unless instructions for the protection of the structural steel below grade are provided by the designer.



4.14.1.6All parts of anchorage connections below ground shall be protected.

4.14.1.7Structures bolted to foundations shall be secured with double nuts, locknuts, or equivalent means.

4.14.2 Foundation specificationsThe designer shall provide specifications for excavation, backfill, concrete, formwork, reinforcing steel, rock anchors, anchor bolts, grout, and placement tolerances.

4.14.3 Concrete and rock anchor testing

4.14.3.1Concrete test cylinders shall be made, cured, and tested in accordance with NZ 3101

4.14.3.2The ropeway designer shall specify the percentage of rock anchors at each location to be given a pull test and the force to be applied. The test shall be carried out on 10% of rock anchors but at least one rock anchor per location. Test reports from a recognized certification agency shall be provided prior to the acceptance tests.

4.14.4 Glacier foundations

4.14.4.1Where possible, stations shall be located on solid ground.

4.14.4.2Tower bases shall be adjustable when installed on snow or ice.

4.14.4.3A method to verify tower alignment, elevation, and position shall be provided.

4.15 Speed, capacity, and spacing

4.15.1The designer shall specify the maximum carrier and/or rope speed at all locations on the ropeway. This speed shall be established as functional by testing and operational performance (see Clause 12.16).



4.15.2The maximum carrier and/or rope speed shall be such that acceleration and deceleration do not cause excessive carrier swing.

4.15.3The designer shall specify the minimum and maximum spacing between carriers.

4.15.4The designer shall specify the maximum speed, capacity, and loading conditions for the ropeway loaded uphill, loaded downhill, and in the reverse directions, as applicable.

4.16 Crossing ropeways

4.16.1Where ropeways cross one another, the requirements of Clauses 4.16.2 to 4.16.5 shall be met.

4.16.2Except for ropeways with two track ropes per track, tower spacing shall be such that in the event of a complete haul rope deropement or haul rope throw over in which the haul rope fails to be retained, under any conditions of loading and braking, there shall be no contact between the ropes and carriers of the two ropeways. There shall be a tower on either side of the crossing to provide support, or a hold-down force on a haul rope, sufficient to maintain clearance between the ropeways with either tower acting alone.

4.16.3The minimum vertical clearance between any part of the lower ropeway and any part of the upper ropeway shall be(a) not less than 1.5 m for ropeways with two track ropes per track under the most adverse dynamic

conditions; or(b) not less than 3 m for all other ropeways under the most adverse static loading conditions.Note: In this Clause, the term “most adverse dynamic conditions” includes adverse loading, temperatures, rope stretch, tolerances, acceleration, and braking and means(a) for track ropes, maximum static sag plus 10%;(b) for haul ropes, maximum static sag plus 20%; and(c) for haul rope throw over, maximum unsupported sag plus 30%.

4.16.4Any deropement of the upper ropeway at the crossing shall cause both ropeways to stop, except where the upper ropeway has two track ropes per track.

4.16.5A deropement of the lower ropeway that reduces the clearance between the crossing ropeways shall cause both ropeways to stop.



4.17 Wind gaugesGauges shall be provided to monitor wind conditions where necessary.

4.18 Towers and equipment

4.18.1 GaugeIf the gauge of a ropeway is varied at any point along the line, the fleet angle at any one tower shall be provided for in the design.

4.18.2 Access

4.18.2.1Means shall be provided for unobstructed access to all tower heads for maintenance and rescue personnel.

4.18.2.2Towers over 18 m high should have resting platforms. The spacing between resting platforms shall not exceed 12 m.

4.18.3 IdentificationTowers shall be identified with successive numbers that are at least 75 mm high and visible when a viewer is looking up and down the ropeway line.

4.18.4 Rope lifting frames and hold-down anchors

4.18.4.1Permanent lifting frames shall be installed on all towers and stations of above-surface ropeways for removal of the haul rope and sheave assemblies.

4.18.4.2Lifting frames shall have the safe working load posted on each frame.

4.18.4.3Permanent rigging connections shall be provided at all hold-down line sheave assemblies of above-surface ropeways for the removal of the haul rope. Note: Grandfathered.

4.18.4.4The safe working load for the rigging connections shall be posted on towers and stations.Note: Grandfathered.



4.18.5 Work platforms

4.18.5.1Tower work platforms shall be installed on all towers of above-surface ropeways to facilitate access to sheave assemblies. These platforms shall be located parallel to the tower head.Note: Grandfathered.

4.18.5.2The safe working load shall be posted on each platform.

4.18.5.3Each platform shall be equipped with a guard whose top is at least 1070 mm above the platform and which is capable of withstanding the following minimum specified loads:(a) a horizontal concentrated load of 1.0 kN applied inward or outward at any point;(b) a vertical load at the top of 1.5 kN; and(c) if the guard is used as an anchor point, the loads specified in Clause 4.18.5.4.The loads specified in Items (a) to (c) need not be considered to act simultaneously.

4.18.5.4Anchor points shall be provided for attaching a personal safety body harness at each tower head. Each anchor point shall have an ultimate load capacity of at least 22.2 kN in any direction to resist a fall.

4.18.6 Rope height adjustment

4.18.6.1When towers and/or stations are designed to permit variations in rope height, sheave assembly supports shall be guided or attached in a manner that prevents misalignment.

4.18.6.2When the heights of sheaves are to be varied to suit varying profiles, allowance for this shall be made in the design.

4.18.6.3Towers and stations shall be marked to ensure that, when adjusted, the new profile conforms to the design.

4.19 Line sheaves and sheave assemblies



4.19.1 Haul rope deflectionThe deflection of the haul rope shall not exceed 4°30’ on any one sheave, except where the sheave diameter complies with Clause 4.21.2.

4.19.2 Support sheavesFor support sheaves under design loading conditions, excluding dynamic effects, the following minimum loads shall be applied:(a) On above-surface ropeways, except for those using track ropes, the greatest of

(i) 500 N per sheave;(ii) 2 kN per sheave assembly; or(iii) 10 N × the sum of the slope length of adjacent spans, in metres, per sheave assembly.

(b) On surface ropeways, 350 N per sheave or 1.3 kN per assembly, whichever is greater.

4.19.3 Load distributionSheave assemblies shall be designed to provide uniform distribution of load, except where the carrier attachment to the haul rope does not make contact with the sheaves.

4.19.4 Hold-down sheavesFor hold-down line sheaves on above-surface ropeways, the minimum load on any sheave assembly shall be 500 N per sheave plus the weight of a loaded carrier. For surface ropeways, the minimum net sheave load under the most unfavourable design load conditions shall be 350 N per sheave, including the point load of a carrier under the sheave assembly.

4.19.5 Ropeline calculationsRopeline calculations shall include load cases of a 30% increase and a 30% decrease in rope tension at each tower location. If the calculations show that the rope would leave its normal running position, a combination sheave assembly shall be used.

4.19.6 Combination sheave assembliesCombination sheave assemblies that incorporate support and hold-down sheaves shall be designed with the retaining sheaves preloaded in such a manner that the required minimum sheave loadings are maintained.

4.19.7 Retaining sheavesWhere retaining sheaves are used, they shall be located to provide equal load distribution.

4.19.8 BearingsAll sheaves shall be mounted on ball or roller bearings.

4.19.9 AlignmentSheave mounts or mounting frames shall be designed to be laterally and rotationally adjustable.



4.19.10 Haul rope retention

4.19.10.1The requirements of Clauses 4.19.10.2 and 4.19.10.3 shall be met for all ropeways other than reversible or bi-cable and tri-cable ropeways.

4.19.10.2Means shall be provided to restrict the movement of the haul rope to the inside of each sheave and sheave assembly if the rope leaves the groove.

4.19.10.3Means shall be provided to retain the haul rope to the outside of each sheave and sheave assembly if it leaves its normal running position. Such means shall be located not more than one-half of the sheave diameter vertically from the normal position of the rope.

4.19.10.4The design of the sheave assembly and the means provided to comply with Clauses 4.19.10.2 and4.19.10.3 shall allow free passage of the haul rope and carriers while the rope is in or out of the normal position.

4.19.10.5The manufacturer or designer shall test the sheave and sheave assembly to verify its compliance withClauses 4.19.10.2 to 4.19.10.4.

4.20 Tensioning sheavesTensioning rope sheaves and sheaves not specifically covered elsewhere in this Guideline shall have a diameter of not less than 40d, where d is the nominal rope diameter.

4.21 Drive and return sheaves

4.21.1 GeneralWhere sheaves are mounted on vertical shafts, such shafts shall be equipped with bearings that will adequately resist both the horizontal and the vertical thrust.

4.21.2 Diameter

4.21.2.1If no rope grip passes around the motor and return sheaves, the minimum diameter for motor and return sheaves shall be 72 times the diameter of the rope or 800 times the diameter of the outer wires of the rope, whichever is greater.



4.21.2.2If the rope grips travel around the motor and return sheaves, the minimum diameter shall be 80 times the diameter of the rope.

4.21.3 Sheave retentionProvision shall be made in the station design to retain motor and return sheaves in their approximate operating positions in the event of bearing, shaft, or hub failure.

4.21.4 Haul rope retentionThe position of the haul rope shall be controlled to minimize departure from its normal position.

4.21.5 LinersThe design coefficient of friction for a sheave liner used for driving or braking shall not exceed the values specified in Table 2.

Table 2 – Coefficient of friction(See Clause 4.21.5.)

Sheave liner Coefficient of frictionAluminium 0.200Leather 0.150Steel or cast iron grooves 0.070Other (including rubber or neoprene)Above-surface liftsSurface lifts

0.2050.220

4.21.6 Guide sheaves

4.21.6.1Where rope grips travel around drive and return sheaves, haul rope guide sheaves or line sheaves shall be installed close to the drive and return sheaves to prevent misalignment of the rope. Guide sheaves shall not be required on rope tows.

4.21.6.2Shoes or sheaves shall be placed on the opposite side of the rope adjacent to the guide sheaves to prevent deropement in that direction.

4.21.7 Ice scrapersIce scrapers shall be provided for all large-diameter sheaves, e.g., drive and return sheaves.



4.22 Tensioning systems

4.22.1 General

4.22.1.1Counterweights or other suitable devices shall be provided to regulate rope and conveyor belt tension, except where the tension in a rope meets the requirements of this Guideline.

4.22.1.2Provision shall be made for measuring and adjusting the required tension.

4.22.1.3Carriages and tensioning systems shall have sufficient travel to accommodate operational changes.

4.22.1.4Carriage travel shall be limited by mechanical stops.

4.22.2 Counterweight tensioning

4.22.2.1Enclosures shall be provided, where necessary, to prevent snow or ice from accumulating under and around the counterweights and interfering with their free movement. Such enclosures shall be designed to allow inspection of the complete counterweight.

4.22.2.2Tensioning ropes shall have sufficient length to comply with Clause 12.5.1.6.

4.22.2.3Tension in two or more tensioning ropes or chains shall be equalized.

4.22.3 Winches

4.22.3.1Winches and other devices that are used for counterweight system take-up and remain a permanent part of the system shall have a factor of safety of not less than 6 against their ultimate capacity. They shall have a positive lock against release.



4.22.3.2For periods when the winch is not in use, a safety device shall be installed on the tensioning rope ahead of the winch to keep the tensioning system intact in the event of failure or release of the winch.

4.22.3.3Winch drums shall have the minimum diameter required for tensioning sheaves, i.e., not less than 40 d, where d is the nominal diameter of the tensioning rope.

4.22.4 Floating return/tensioning sheaves

4.22.4.1Floating return/tensioning sheave mountings shall be adjustable to ensure that the haul rope remains in the centre of the sheave groove during operation.

4.22.4.2The lateral tilt of the sheave shall not exceed 2° from the horizontal when it is in a stationary position and when the uphill and downhill unloaded carriers are equidistant from the sheave.

4.22.4.3The tensioning or anchor cables shall be connected to at least two points on the mounting frame of the sheave.

4.22.4.4The connections of the tensioning or anchor cables to the sheave frame and the support points of the cables shall be spaced a minimum of 70% of the pitch diameter of the sheave. This spacing shall be increased as necessary to limit the allowable lateral tilt of the sheave to a maximum of 6° from the static position when a carrier with full design load is passing.

4.22.4.5The design shall incorporate provisions for adjustment to control the position of the haul rope entering the sheave.

4.22.5 Hydraulic and pneumatic tensioning systems

4.22.5.1When hydraulic or pneumatic tensioning systems are used, the requirements of Clauses 4.22.5.2 to4.22.5.10 shall apply.

4.22.5.2A manually operated pump shall be provided to maintain the required operating pressure.



4.22.5.3Tensioning cylinders shall be equipped with flow-limiting valves.

4.22.5.4When two cylinders are used, the guide system of the carriage shall be designed for the failure of one cylinder.

4.22.5.5The pressure in the cylinder shall be indicated by a pressure gauge.

4.22.5.6The designer shall specify the design pressure range.

4.22.5.7Pressure-sensing devices shall stop the ropeway if the pressure goes above or below the design pressure range.

4.22.5.8For surface ropeways equipped with only a manually operated pump, a pressure-sensing device to stop the ropeway if the pressure goes above the design pressure range shall not be required.

4.22.5.9Pressure-sensing devices shall be located close to the tensioning cylinder.

4.22.5.10It shall not be possible to isolate the pressure-sensing devices from the tensioning cylinder during operation.

4.23 Motor systems

4.23.1 General

4.23.1.1Each motor system shall be able to start, move, and control the ropeway or conveyor under the design loading conditions.

4.23.1.2Each motor system shall be able to accelerate and decelerate the ropeway or conveyor in a smooth and controlled manner to avoid discomfort to the passengers under all design loading conditions.



4.23.1.3Where an overhauling design load condition exists, each motor system shall be able to maintain the design speed (see Clause 4.15.4). Service and emergency brakes and antirollback devices shall not be used for this purpose.

4.23.1.4Except for ropeways covered by Clauses 8 and 9, one motor system shall be capable of operation at reduced speed for rope inspection and testing purposes.

4.23.1.5When reverse capability is provided on a motor system, provision shall be made to prevent inadvertent shifting into reverse when the ropeway is operating.

4.23.1.6The machinery arrangement shall permit maintenance.

4.23.1.7Interlocks shall be provided to ensure that only one motor system can be connected for operation of the ropeway at any time.

4.23.1.8Simple and quick means for changing between motor systems shall be provided.

4.23.1.9Hour meters shall be provided on all main motor and auxiliary motor units. These meters shall record the actual operating time of the ropeway or conveyor.

4.23.2 Evacuation motor

4.23.2.1Above-surface ropeways shall be equipped with an evacuation motor to unload the ropeway in the event of a failure of the main motor.

4.23.2.2The evacuation motor shall not depend on the mechanical integrity of the main motor.

4.23.2.3The fuel tank or power supply for the evacuation motor shall be dedicated to that motor.



Storage tanks should be limited in size to that actually required and positioned away from ignition sources.Storage should be positioned away from drive equipment such as bullwheels and brakes. Tanks should either be double skin or have bunding with 110% capacity of the tank. Oil motors, pumps, cylinders and the like that have the potential to leak should also have a drip tray. Consideration should also be given for topping up or changing of oils and fuels. Note: Grandfathered.

4.23.2.4The emergency brake, antirollback device, tower switches, and remote stops shall be capable of operation while the evacuation motor is in operation. Note: Grandfathered (If an installation is relocated it must be bought up to existing code).

4.23.2.5The evacuation motor shall be capable of starting and moving a fully loaded line in a forward direction at not less than 0.5 m/s or at an average speed in metres per second equal to 1/3600 the slope length of the ropeway in metres, whichever is greater.

4.23.2.6The evacuation motor shall have a battery for the sole use of the motor.

4.23.3 Motor train componentsMotor train components shall have the capacity for starting a ropeway or conveyor under the most adverse design loading conditions without exceeding their design rating.

4.23.4 Bearings, clutches, couplings, and shafts

4.23.4.1Provision shall be made for adjustment and lubrication of bearings, clutches, and couplings.

4.23.4.2Shafts shall be designed in accordance with accepted guideline practices.

4.23.4.3Shafts using universal joints shall be retained in the event of a universal joint or shaft failure.

4.23.5 Hydraulic motorsHydraulic power for operation of the auxiliary or evacuation motor shall be independent of the main motor.

4.23.6 Auxiliary motorAn auxiliary motor, if provided, shall comply with Clause 4.23.1.



4.24 Brakes and antirollback device

4.24.1 General

4.24.1.1The service brake, emergency brake, and antirollback device shall be three separate systems such that the failure of one will not impair the functioning of the others. An antirollback device shall not be required on a reversible ropeway.

4.24.1.2Weather protection shall be provided(a) so that the functioning of the brakes and antirollback device is not impeded; and(b) with access for inspection and adjustment of the brakes and antirollback device.

4.24.1.3Each brake and antirollback device (when a brake) shall meet the following requirements:(a) it shall be capable of stopping the ropeway or conveyor under all applicable design load conditions;(b) it shall be capable of holding the maximum design load;(c) it shall facilitate periodic testing;(d) the braking force shall be adjustable;(e) application of any brake shall disconnect the driving power;(f) it shall be capable of stopping the ropeway or conveyor if unintended reverse rotation occurs;(g) it shall be capable of decelerating the ropeway or conveyor in a smooth and controlled manner without

any jerk or excessive rope or belt bounce; and(h) it shall be applied by stored energy.

4.24.1.4Brakes, antirollback devices, and retarding devices shall be provided as specified in Table 3.

Table 3 – Required stopping devices(See Clause 4.24.1.4.)

Ropeway category Service brake Emergencybrake

Antirollbackdevice

Retardingdevice

Self-brakingA ropeway that decelerates, stops, and remains stopped within the service brake performance requirements without a braking device

Not required Required Not required Not required

Non-overhaulingA ropeway that will not accelerate in either direction when it is not motor, but is not self-braking

Required Required Not required Not required

Overhauling, reverseA ropeway that will accelerate in the

Required Required Not required Not required



reverse direction when it is not motor

Overhauling, forwardA ropeway that will accelerate in the forward direction when it is not motor

Required Required Not required Required

4.24.1.5Service and emergency brakes shall act on different braking surfaces to prevent failure from potential contamination of one braking surface.

4.24.1.6A ropeway shall be designed so that the installation will decelerate with a 15% brake pad friction loss.

4.24.2 Service brake

4.24.2.1The service brake shall be located at such a point in the motor train that there is no belt, friction clutch, or similar friction-type device between the brake and the motor sheave.

4.24.2.2A convenient means to manually control the brake shall be provided.

4.24.2.3The brake shall be actuated by(a) actuation of service stops;(b) failure of any motor except the evacuation motor; and(c) stopping of the ropeway.

4.24.2.4The brake shall not release until the motor system has developed the ability to prevent reversal or overhauling under the worst design load condition.

4.24.2.5For above-surface ropeways, the brake shall be actuated by a device independent of the emergency brake overspeed device if the line velocity exceeds the design maximum speed by 10%.

4.24.2.6For electric motor operation where an emergency brake is not provided, actuation of the service brake shall cause a full load-rated contactor or circuit breaker to open as quickly as practicable to disconnect the power to the motor.



4.24.2.7For internal combustion auxiliary or main motor operation where an emergency brake is not provided, actuation of the service brake shall cause the engine to shut down as quickly as practicable, unless the engine power is disconnected by other means of equivalent safety.

4.24.3 Emergency brake

4.24.3.1The brake shall act directly on the driving sheave.

4.24.3.2The brake shall be actuated by(a) actuation of emergency stops;(b) unintended reversal of the motor sheave by not more than 200 mm, measured at the circumference;(c) 10% overspeed, as detected from the speed of the motor sheave or haul rope; and(d) failure of a service stop to initiate deceleration.

4.24.3.3For electric motor operation, actuation of the emergency brake shall cause a full-load-rated contactor or circuit breaker to open as quickly as practicable to disconnect the power to the motor.

4.24.3.4For internal combustion auxiliary or main motor operation, actuation of the emergency brake shall cause the engine to shut down as quickly as practicable.

4.24.4 Antirollback device

4.24.4.1Each antirollback device shall be capable of(a) holding the maximum design load; and(b) stopping the ropeway if unintended reverse motion occurs.

4.24.4.2The antirollback device shall act on the drive sheave.

4.24.4.3The antirollback device shall be actuated by unintended reversal of the drive sheave by not more than200 mm, measured at the circumference.



4.25 Protection in stations

4.25.1 Guards

4.25.1.1Protection against moving or hot machine parts shall be provided.

4.25.1.2Where a passageway is provided between machines or between machinery and walls, there shall be a minimum clearance of 450 mm.

4.25.1.3Guards or enclosures shall be provided to prevent unauthorized persons from coming into contact with or passing under counterweights.

4.25.2 Exposed equipmentEquipment exposed to the weather shall be suitable for its intended application.

4.26 Loading and unloading areas

4.26.1 General

4.26.1.1The design of loading and unloading facilities shall take into consideration their use by skiers, boarders, foot passengers, and users with special needs.

4.26.1.2Towers, railings, fences, and other structures shall be designed and constructed to prevent persons or equipment from becoming entangled with such structures.

4.26.1.3Handrails, safety nets, or ramps shall be provided where necessary for the protection of passengers and operating personnel.

4.26.1.4Carriers that pass loading and unloading areas shall not vary in height above the platform surface by more than 100 mm under all conditions of design loads and tensions, including the loading and unloading of passengers.



4.26.1.5Required clearance to snow and obstructions shall be maintained below carriers.

4.26.2 Handling of passengers

4.26.2.1A marshalling area shall be provided to direct passengers to the loading location in an organized manner.

4.26.2.2Where passengers ski or slide to the loading location, the approach shall be inclined slightly downward to permit passengers to slide into position without effort but under control. The approach path shall be such that waiting passengers have a view of the loading area.

4.26.2.3The loading area shall have sufficient level length to permit passengers to load. The sides of the approach to the loading point from the marshalling area shall be clearly and permanently marked to indicate the direction and width. This shall also serve as a guide to establish the elevation of the loading point.

4.26.2.4The loading point shall be clearly marked.

4.26.3 Unloading areas

4.26.3.1The design of the unloading facility, including the length of the level platform at the unloading point (if necessary) and the slope and configuration of the unloading area, shall be commensurate with the(a) operating speed;(b) unloading interval;(c) height of the platform; and(d) type of installation.(e) prevailing wind direction and wind speed

4.26.3.2The point where passengers unload shall be clearly marked.

4.26.3.3The unloading ramp shall be identified by a pronounced break.



4.26.3.4Ramps sloping downward from the unloading point shall be not steeper than 40% (21.8°).

4.26.3.5There shall be unobstructed passage for persons who fail to unload.

4.26.3.6Sufficient area shall be provided beyond the unloading point to accommodate the design capacity of the ropeway to ensure that passengers have sufficient time and room to clear the area.

4.26.4 StationsStations shall be designed to provide attendant surveillance of the loading, unloading, approaches, and departures of passengers.

4.27 Carriers

4.27.1 Static strengthCarriers shall be designed for the following forces:(a) dead weight of all parts, including all accessories;(b) live load;(c) forces acting on rope grip components to develop the necessary resistance to sliding;(d) forces exerted by the evacuation device on the point of suspension (to be not less than 2.5 kN); and(e) centrifugal forces due to travel around the return sheaves.

4.27.2 Factors of safety

4.27.2.1The factor of safety with respect to the yield strength for the forces specified in Items (a) to (c) ofClause 4.27.1, acting together, shall be not less than 3.0.



4.27.2.2The factor of safety with respect to the yield strength for the forces specified in Items (a) to (e) ofClause 4.27.1, acting together (when applicable), shall be not less than 2.0.

4.27.3 Endurance

4.27.3.1Components of carriers for above-surface circulating passenger ropeways shall be designed to withstand an endurance test of 5 × 106 cycles, consistent with dynamic loads applied during operation and with the design gripping force present.The test may be performed on separate component parts or subassemblies. Carriers that are not in permanent use during operation (e.g., maintenance, ambulance, freight) shall be exempt from the test.

4.27.3.2When operating load data is unavailable, the test shall be performed with parameters generating variation of dynamic forces at the grip level not less than twice the weight of a loaded carrier.

4.27.3.3Endurance testing shall be verified and documented.

4.27.3.4Detachable grips for above-surface ropeways shall be tested to establish the fatigue life and wear life of the components.

4.27.3.5Springs of grips for detachable above-surface ropeways shall be tested to 500 000 work cycles (opening and closing). Spring performance curves shall be recorded at the beginning of the test, at 50 000 cycles, at 250 000 cycles, and at the end of the test.

4.27.4 MaterialThe materials used in the manufacture of passenger carriers shall be of suitable quality. The applicable certificates shall be made available.Due attention shall be given to proper selection of material, shape, and surface quality of parts with respect to endurance and resistance to brittle fracture within the range of operating temperatures. In particular, the following properties shall be specified for the material of every component part (whenever applicable):(a) static strength, yield point, and ductility at operating temperatures;(b) condition (heat treatment, etc.);(c) notch toughness and transition temperature;(d) weldability, suitability for drop-forging, etc.;(e) corrosion resistance and resistance to corrosion embrittlement;(f) surface quality and/or treatment;(g) basic fatigue limit (endurance);(h) notch sensitivity; and(i) stability of mechanical properties with time (aluminium alloys).



4.27.5 Manufacturer’s tests

4.27.5.1The haul rope grip, connection, and critical parts of the carrier for above-surface ropeways shall, at the time of manufacture, be non-destructively tested using a method commensurate with the design and materials to ensure that they are free from flaws and cracks. Certificates to this effect specifying the serial numbers of the items tested, the tests carried out, the conclusions of the tests, and the installation on which the components are to be used shall be provided by the manufacturer.

4.27.5.2For above-surface ropeways where the carriers pass around the drive and return sheaves, the designer and/or manufacturer shall provide calculations and/or testing that prove the carriers can pass around the drive and return sheaves without yielding. The calculations and/or testing shall require that the(a) test load be twice the design load;(b) test sheave have the same or a smaller diameter than the design sheave;(c) test rope speed be the maximum design speed or greater;(d) rim of the test sheave have the same design and fabrication as the design sheave; and(e) the test carrier have the same design and fabrication as the design carrier.

4.27.5.3For above-surface ropeways with detachable grips, the manufacturer shall verify by testing that the grip has adequate resistance to being plucked from the rope. The test shall require that the force necessary to pluck or pry the grip from the rope is not less than the maximum design weight of a loaded carrier.The test shall be representative of the subject ropeway, taking into account allowable grip wear and rope tolerances. Certificates to this effect describing the tests carried out and the results of the tests shall be provided by the manufacturer.

4.27.6 Maximum loadThe designer shall specify the maximum load that can be carried on any carrier in the uphill and downhill directions.

4.27.7 IdentificationEach carrier hanger for above-surface ropeways shall be marked permanently with a serial number at the time of manufacture.

4.27.8 Sway dampersWhen used, sway dampers shall operate smoothly and without danger of deropement of the carriage or the haul rope or of prying the rope grip from the haul rope.

4.27.9 Ski racks and other carrying devicesThe ropeway designer or engineer shall accept in writing the use of ski racks and other carrying devices attached to the carrier. Tests shall be conducted prior to operation for the public. Adequate clearances and non-interference with the ropeway system during operation at design limits shall be verified.



4.27.10 Work and freight carriers

4.27.10.1A work carrier shall be provided for ropeway types covered by Clause 6. This carrier shall be separate from those used for transporting passengers. Note: Grandfathered. Notes:(1) A work carrier may also be provided for ropeway types covered by Clause 7.(2) See Annex B for procedures for work carriers.

4.27.10.2The designer shall specify, in kilograms, the(a) maximum allowable combined weight of work carrier or freight carrier; and(b) load that may be suspended at any point on the rope.

4.27.10.3The maximum load in kilograms that may be carried on a work or freight carrier shall be posted on the carrier and at each station. Where the carrier is intended to be used on more than one ropeway, the marking on it shall clearly indicate the maximum load and any other precautions for each ropeway.

4.27.10.4The maximum line speeds for operation with the work and freight carrier shall be specified by the designer. Any other precautions to be taken when using the work and freight carrier shall be specified. The specified maximum speed shall apply to operation on the line and circulation through the stations.

4.27.10.5Freight carriers that are to be used to transport garbage or similar flammable materials when passengers are on the ropeway shall be equipped with automatic fire extinguishing systems.

4.28 Rope grips

4.28.1 General

4.28.1.1Rope grips and line sheaves shall be designed to avoid contact between the rope grip and sheave flanges.

4.28.1.2Fixed rope grips shall be designed to pass smoothly around drive and return sheaves.

4.28.1.3The rope grips shall be designed to pass smoothly over and under line sheaves.



4.28.1.4Articulated rope grip ramps shall be designed to limit the upward deflection of the ramp to a maximum of 5°.

4.28.1.5Rope grip ramps shall be such that leverage will not pry the grip from the rope.

4.28.1.6The rope grip shall be designed to operate in a manner that does not damage the rope.

4.28.1.7The rope grip shall be permanently marked with the rope diameter for which it has been designed.

4.28.1.8For above-surface ropeways, each rope grip shall be permanently marked with a serial number at the time of manufacture. Note: Grandfathered.

4.28.1.9Insert-type rope grips shall comply with the requirements of this Guideline for rope grips, except where otherwise specified in this Guideline.

4.28.1.10Rope grip jaws shall not be loosened from the rope by relieving torsion in the haul rope and shall not cause concentration of torsion in the haul rope.

4.28.1.11Except for insert-type grips and rope grips used with secondary carriers, the jaws of the grips at the time of manufacture shall enclose the rope in such a manner that the distance between the two ends of the jaws does not exceed 0.75 times the rope diameter.

4.28.1.12The working range of the jaws shall extend from +10% to –6% of the nominal rope diameter for above-surface ropeways and +6% to –6% for other ropeways.

4.28.1.13For detachable grips, the gripping force of the jaws shall not decrease by more than 25% when the rope diameter changes between +10% and –6% of the nominal diameter.



4.28.1.14For fixed grips, the gripping force of the jaws shall not decrease by more than 25% when the rope diameter is reduced by 6% of the nominal diameter. This requirement shall be achieved without adjustment.

4.28.1.15When the rope diameter is reduced by 6% of the nominal rope diameter, at least 1 mm of unused travel of the grip jaws shall remain.

4.28.2 Resistance to sliding

4.28.2.1Except for insert-type grips, the minimum resistance to sliding shall be at least three times the maximum slope component of the loaded carrier weight.

4.28.2.2For above-surface ropeways, the resistance to sliding shall originate from a force exerted by springs or torsion bars and exclusively from friction between the jaws and the rope. This requirement shall not apply to insert-type grips.

4.28.2.3Except for insert-type grips, the designer shall specify the minimum force below which the grip should not slip on the rope and a maximum force above which the grip shall slip on the rope.

4.28.3 Springs

4.28.3.1When springs are used, not more than 80% of the travel shall be used. For detachable grips, travel shall include the grip opening and closing operation.

4.28.3.2When helical springs or torsion bars are used, there shall be at least two parallel springs or torsion bars.

4.28.3.3The spring force diagram shall be close to linear in the range of application and independent of environmental factors.

4.28.3.4On a carrier using a single rope grip device, if a spring or torsion bar breaks, the grip force shall not be reduced by more than 50%.



4.28.3.5Springs and operating components shall be protected against corrosion and shall not be affected by the formation of ice.

4.29 Rope tension

4.29.1 Maximum rope tensionThe tension on ropes shall be calculated under the most adverse conditions. Allowance shall be included for the following:(a) counterweight;(b) rope weight;(c) components of the carriers;(d) friction in the tensioning devices;(e) friction in the line sheaves and saddles;(f) friction of carriage wheels on bi-cable and tri-cable systems;(g) ice on haul, counter, and track ropes (this may be considered under reduced carrier loads, at reduced

speed); and(h) temperature.

4.29.2 Minimum rope tensionFor ropeways where the haul rope supports the carrier, the tension in the haul rope shall be not less than 14 times the maximum vertical load on a single grip.

4.30 Controls

4.30.1 General

4.30.1.1 Manual switches

4.30.1.1.1Manually actuated switches that are used to stop a ropeway or conveyor shall be of the manually reset type, shall be positively opened mechanically, and their opening shall not depend on springs.

4.30.1.1.2Manual stop switches shall be installed at the following locations:(a) the operator’s station;(b) loading and unloading platforms; and(c) inside carriers where an attendant is required.

4.30.1.2 Stop circuitsRequired electrical stop circuits shall be energized circuits, so that in the case of circuit interruption, the ropeway or conveyor will stop.



4.30.1.3 Ground faultA ground fault shall cause the ropeway or conveyor to stop.

4.30.1.4 Ground pathNo ground shall be used for a circuit path except to detect ground fault.

4.30.1.5 Resetting of a safety circuitThe resetting of a safety circuit shall not restart the ropeway or conveyor.

4.30.1.6 MarkingsControl switches shall be marked in accordance with Clause 4.33.1.7.

4.30.1.7 Push buttons and pull cordsManual switches that are used to stop ropeway or conveyor operation shall operate when they are pushed (except for pull cords).

4.30.1.8 Safety levelsSafety circuits shall provide safety levels corresponding to the probability and consequences of failure.

4.30.1.9 Safety considerationsConsideration shall be given to component failure, safety function failure, change in power quality, short-circuit, ground fault, open circuit, communication failure, data failure, and any other circumstance that could cause undesirable or unsafe results.

4.30.1.10 Environmental influencesConsideration shall be given to external influences such as environmental conditions or electromagnetic fields.

4.30.1.11 Safety circuitsSafety circuits shall incorporate redundancy and monitoring mechanisms to detect system failure.

4.30.1.12 RedundancyNo failure of a single contactor, relay, or magnetically operated switch shall prevent(a) motor disconnection; and(b) engine shutdown.

4.30.1.13A contactor, relay, or magnetically operated switch specified in Clause 4.30.1.12 shall be considered to comply with Clause 4.30.1.12 if(a) equivalent safety is provided;(b) the device is certified for use in safety-related systems for persons; and



(c) the device is used in accordance with its manufacturer’s instructions.

4.30.1.14 Start interlockNo ropeway or conveyor shall be capable of starting unless the devices specified in Clauses 4.30.1.12 and4.30.1.13 are not in a failed state or position prior to the start.

4.30.2 Location of controls

4.30.2.1Loading and unloading areas shall have ropeway or conveyor stop switches located conveniently in relation to the position where attendants will be working.

4.30.2.2The ropeway or conveyor controls shall be located in a position that will not require the operator or attendant to pass through the path of moving carriers to operate the controls.

4.30.3 Lockouts

4.30.3.1Controls shall be lockable.

4.30.3.2A lockable disconnect shall be provided to render the system inoperable when locked in the OFF position.

4.30.4 Service stopsA manually reset service stopping device shall be located in each station enclosure, machine room, and terminal enclosure, and at all loading and unloading areas. The device shall cause the application of the service brake.

4.30.5 Emergency stops

4.30.5.1A manually reset emergency stopping device shall be located in each station enclosure, terminal enclosure, and machine room, and at all loading and unloading areas. The device shall cause the application of the emergency brake.

4.30.5.2The emergency stop shall take priority over all other control stops or commands.



4.30.5.3Emergency stop switches and push buttons shall comply with AS/NZ3000 and be conspicuously marked “EMERGENCY STOP”.

4.30.5.4In addition to meeting the requirements of Clause 4.30.5.1, detachable grip ropeways shall be provided with manually reset emergency stop red pull cords strung adjacent to each carrier conveyor.

4.30.6 Deropement switches

4.30.6.1Deropement switches shall be provided to stop the ropeway if the haul rope leaves its normal running position in any station.

4.30.6.2Deropement switches shall be provided to stop the ropeway if the haul rope leaves its normal running position on any line sheave assembly.

4.30.6.3The switches shall be the manually reset type and the resetting shall not cause the ropeway to start.

4.30.6.4The switches shall not be required on ropeways covered by Clauses 5, 8, and 9, except where secondary carriers have the T-bar type configuration specified in Clause 7.

4.30.6.5On above-surface monocable ropeways where the carrier speed exceeds 3 m/s, at least one rope position indicator shall be installed on each sheave assembly.

4.30.7 Tensioning system or carriage stopA manually reset device shall stop the ropeway when the tensioning system(a) travels more than 150 mm beyond its normal operating range; and(b) reaches to within 150 mm of the physical limits of its travel.Note: These should be two separate systems.

4.30.8 Safety gate

4.30.8.1Except for ropeways equipped with cabins or when carriers stop in stations for unloading, a safety gate shall be provided to stop the ropeway if a passenger fails to unload at the intended unloading point.



4.30.8.2When a safety gate is provided, it shall meet the following requirements:(a) It shall be as close as practicable to the unloading point.(b) For above-surface ropeways, means shall be provided to unload passengers transported through the

safety gate within a distance of 1.5 times the maximum stopping distance for a stop consistent with the outcome of a gate fault, past the safety gate.

(c) For ropeways not designed to allow a loaded carrier to pass around a bullwheel, the safety gate shall be located at least 1.5 times the maximum stopping distance for a stop consistent with the outcome of a gate fault, from the point of tangency of the bullwheel.

(d) When a current-carrying conductor is used as a safety gate, each end shall be detachable and the return line shall be separate.

(e) It shall be of the manually reset type, or the safety circuit controlled by the device shall require a separate manual reset located in a position that allows attendant surveillance of the area protected by the device.

(f) It shall be conspicuously marked.(g) It shall extend across the ropeway path or tow path.(h) It shall not impede the passenger.(i) When a photoelectric safety switch is used, it shall meet the requirements of Clause 4.30.8.3.

4.30.8.3Photoelectric safety switches shall be(a) approved by their manufacturer for use in safety-related systems for persons; and(b) used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

4.30.9 Bypass circuits

4.30.9.1Bypass circuits may be installed for emergency conditions to unload passengers or as a maintenance function when the line has no passengers.

4.30.9.2Locks shall be provided for controls used to bypass any portion of the operating control circuitry unless the bypass is part of the normal start-up sequence. These locks shall be in addition to those required by Clause 4.30.3.2.

4.30.9.3Operation of the bypass shall require continued physical effort by the operator to maintain the bypass condition.

4.31 Electrical

4.31.1 GeneralThe designer shall provide documentation to support electrical certification in accordance with NZ Electricity Safety Regulation 2010.



4.31.1.1Except for control circuits, all electrical apparatus and wiring shall comply with the AS/NZS 3000.

4.31.1.2Control and safety circuits without any exposed conductors shall not exceed extra low voltage as defined in AS/NZS 3000. If the circuit has exposed conductors, the system shall not exceed 50 V.

4.31.1.3The designer shall specify conductor size, type, and insulation as per AS/NZS 3008.1.1 provides procedures for power cable selection.

4.31.1.4Only signal, communication, control, and safety circuits of extra low voltage as defined in AS/NZS 3000’or less shall be carried between towers that support the ropeway.

4.31.1.5Failure or collapse of a signal, communication, control, or safety circuit cable carried between towers shall cause the ropeway to stop.

4.31.2 Motors

4.31.2.1Electric motors using a polyphase motor shall be provided with a means that will prevent the starting of the motor if(a) the phase rotation is in the wrong direction; or(b) there is a failure in any phase.(c) in addition to the requirement for motors in Clause 4.31.2.1, if variable frequency motors are applied, the

intent of the provisions in Clauses 4.30.1.9 and 4.31.2.2 shall be applied to such motors.

4.31.2.2DC powered electrical motors shall stop in the event of(a) field loss;(b) speed feedback loss;(c) overspeed;(d) over current;(e) SCR (silicon-controlled rectifier) misfiring;(f) regeneration failure;(g) actual/reference speed deviation exceeding 15% (digital motors only); and(h) processor stall (digital motors only) (i.e., computer “watchdog’‘).

4.31.2.3 Motor control



4.31.2.3.1Where an emergency brake is provided, actuation of the emergency brake shall cause a full-load-rated contactor or circuit breaker to open as quickly as practicable to disconnect the power to the motor.

4.31.2.3.2Where a service brake is provided without an emergency brake, actuation of the service brake shall cause a full-load-rated contactor or circuit breaker to open as quickly as practicable to disconnect the power to the motor, unless the motor power is disconnected by other means of equivalent safety.

4.31.2.3.3Where no brake is provided, actuation of a service stop shall cause a full-load-rated contactor or circuit breaker to open as quickly as practicable to disconnect the power to the motor, unless the motor power is disconnected by other means of equivalent safety.

4.31.3 Grounding

4.31.3.1Grounding shall be in accordance with the following:Grounding for lightning protectionAll terminal and tower structures shall be grounded to achieve an earth electrode resistance conforming to the requirements of AS/NZS 1768.Where the required earth electrode resistance locally at any structure cannot be practically achieved, that structure may be bonded to other structures of the same ropeway so that, in combination, the required earth electrode resistance is satisfied under test at any location. A bonding conductor provided for this purpose shall be of no less cross-section, given the material of choice, than that required by AS/NZS 1768.The electrical continuity between all metal parts of terminal, station and line structures shall be assured by mechanical connection, by flexible bonding conductors (braids or cables) or a combination of these. The means of assurance shall be permanently installed between the parts or to a common bonding or down conductor.A means shall be provided to effectively ground any (normally moving) haul rope when the ropeway is out of service. Such a device may be automatically or manually applied. See also Clauses 12.6 and 13.7.2.1.

4.31.3.2Grounding for control system integrityIn accordance with Clause 4.30.1.3, the ropeway control system safety circuits shall be arranged so that a ground fault in any part of such circuits shall cause the ropeway to stop. The electrical path to ground from all non-current-carrying metal parts of structures associated with the support of conductors or components of safety circuits shall have an impedance sufficiently low that an inadvertent grounding anywhere in a safety circuit shall cause that result, i.e. shall trip protection devices or safety relays. Where the control circuit grounding system cannot be effectively isolated from the lightning protection grounding system at any point in the ropeway, the control circuit grounding system shall incorporate appropriate current limiting and surge diverter devices to protect it from damage and to signal the occurrence of any excessive surge.

4.31.3.3Grounding for static chargeWhere static charge can build up between the line and carriers of a ropeway and ground, a means shall be provided to divert discharge and prevent it affecting the health and safety of passengers or the functionality of control and supervisory systems.



Commentary: The grounding (or in Australia, more commonly referred to as earthing) of non-current-carrying (i.e. not parts of functional electric circuits) metallic structures and components of ropeways is required for a number of purposes. Some of these purposes may, in fact, be satisfied by the effective isolation of certain elements, however, in general, this can be a more difficult proposition. Lightning protection systems provide protection to structures and equipment from the effects of lightning strikes discharging currents, of small time persistence, but very high value (minimum usually assumed of 20 kA) between the point of strike and the mass of the earth, i.e. ground. Electrical power systems rely, for the protection of personnel and equipment, on the integrity of equipotential, near equipotential, true earth and combination systems to maintain the non-current (deliberate)-carrying components of electrically powered machines and devices at potentials below those which could result in injury or damage, relative to anything else in the case of an internal fault. The effect of an internal fault is then to cause such a high current, relative to the normal, to flow in the supply circuit as to trip (or blow) a protection device. Electrical control systems are required to behave in a similar manner to powered devices in the case of a fault.

4.31.4 Ungrounded power distribution systemsA ropeway centreline shall not be located within 18 m of an ungrounded system, unless the system is protected by a ground-fault circuit interrupter (RDC RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICE).

4.32 Communications

4.32.1For an above-surface ropeway, two independent, dedicated, audible, two-way communication systems shall be provided between all station enclosures, machine rooms, and terminal enclosures, and all loading and unloading stations. One of these systems shall be for voice communication.

4.32.2For surface ropeways and conveyors, an audible two-way voice communication system shall be provided between all areas equipped with operator controls, except where voice communication between the stations is possible while the ropeway or conveyor is operating.

4.32.3An audible two-way voice communication system shall be provided for machine areas when the ropeway can be operated from those areas.

4.32.4Ropeway and conveyor communications shall be dedicated to ropeway and conveyor operations and shall not be capable of communication to areas not equipped with operator control for each ropeway or conveyor.

4.32.5For above-surface ropeways, the voice communication system shall be functional and audible during a main power failure or control system power failure. A voice system shall not be considered functional without an audible means to signal a call.



4.32.6Ropeway communication systems shall be permanently mounted or installed. This does not preclude the use of communications systems mounted on control pedestals that can be moved to different positions within a control station.

4.32.7Audio signals shall be audible over all ambient noise levels.

4.32.8Visual signals shall be visible in bright sunlight.

4.33 Signs

4.33.1 General

All signs must be compliant with this edition of the Guidelines within 3 years of publication of this Guideline.

4.33.1.1For ski area applications, the signs specified in Table 4 or their equivalents from Table 4A shall be posted where they will be visible to everyone using the ropeway or conveyor, including downhill usage where applicable. Signs presenting similar messages to those described in Table 4A shall be displayed in appropriate locations.For non-ski area applications, signage associated with passenger ropeways shall comply with the intent of the requirements in Clause 4.33. Relevant symbols and wordings from signs in Table 4 orTable 4A may be used in signs designed in accordance with the principles of AS 2342.On tows for secondary carriers, signs shall be duplicated and appropriately located so that they can be read by passengers facing uphill and downhill.

4.33.1.2Signs shall be at least 600 mm high and at least 450 mm wide. When advertising is incorporated, signs shall be at least 700 mm high and at least 500 mm wide. Sign corners shall always be rounded.Note: An advertising sign may be used if it is positioned above the applicable pictogram shown in Table 4. It may extend across the width of the sign and should not be more than 100 mm high.

4.33.1.3Written instructions shall be included on each sign. Lower case letters shall be in proportion to the upper case letters as shown in the applicable pictogram in Table 4. Upper case letters shall have a minimum height of(a) 35 mm for one line;(b) 30 mm for two lines; and(c) 25 mm for three or more lines.



Table 4 – Pictogram signsInstructionsSign Pictogram

All lifts (at loading area)If Unfamiliar With Use Of LiftAsk Attendant For Instructions(Before loading area)

Remove Pole Straps From Wrists(Before loading area)

GH – Just on surface lifts?Secure Loose Items(Before the loading area)

ChairliftsLower Restraining Device(On first or second tower)

Do Not Swing Or Bounce Chairs(On first or second tower)



Keep Tips Up(Ahead of any points where tipscan come into contact with aplatform or snow surface)

Prepare To Unload(Distance to be indicated in metres atbottom of sign and direction left/rightto be indicated by an arrow, beforethe unloading area)

Raise Restraining Device(Before the unloading area)

Unload Here(Direction left/right to be indicatedby an arrow at the unloading area)

Safety Gate Emergency Stopping Device(Where applicable, a red flag shall be attached to the safety gate or cord, at the safety gate area)

Surface liftsStay In Track(Along the track)



Fallen Skier Clear Track Immediately(Direction left/right to be indicated by an arrow, along the track)

Do Not Straddle T-Bar(After the loading area)

Prepare To Unload(Distance to be indicated in metres at bottom of sign and direction left/right to be indicated by an arrow, before the unloading area)

Unload Here (Direction left/right to be indicated by an arrow at the unloading area)

Safety Gate Emergency Stopping Device(Where applicable, a red flag shall be attached to the safety gate or cord, at the safety gate area)

Additional sign for conveyorsRemain Standing At All Times

Lo



wer



Restraining

4.33.1.4All instruction signs shall be white on a blue background, except when a green background pictogram signage program has already been established and is to be consistently continued. Pictograms shall be enclosed in a white circle at least 400 mm in diameter.There will be a three year phase in period for all signs from the time this Guideline is approved.

4.33.1.5Where pictograms indicate a prohibited activity, it shall be indicated by a black symbol on a white background, with a red slash through a red circle at least 400 mm in diameter.Unload

4.33.1.6Priority shall be given to signs required by this Guideline. Other informational signs shall not obscure such signs.

4.33.1.7Start, run, stop, and speed control switches shall be permanently marked with their function.

4.33.1.8Guys and braces shall be marked for visibility.



4.33.1.9Open carriers shall be numbered with figures at least 50 mm high. Carriers shall be installed in numerical order except where they detach in a station.

4.33.2 Additional signs for cabins

4.33.2.1The maximum capacity of each cabin in kilograms and the maximum number of passengers shall be posted on the interior of each cabin and at each loading area.

4.33.2.2Cabins shall be numbered with figures at least 75 mm high at each end of the cabin.

4.33.3 Unauthorized entryEntrances to all machinery, operators’, and attendants’ rooms shall be posted with a sign to exclude the entry of unauthorized persons.

4.33.4 Electrical equipmentAll transformer stations and other high-voltage electrical equipment shall be posted with warning signs.

4.33.5 Downhill capacity

4.33.5.1Ropeways on which downhill traffic is limited or not permitted shall be posted with signs at loading and unloading areas.

4.33.5.2The maximum downhill capacity and speed shall be posted at loading stations.

4.33.6 Advertising signsAdvertising signs inside or outside carriers or on towers shall meet the following requirements:(a) a written statement of acceptance for use shall be provided by the designer or an engineer;(b) signs or fasteners shall not interfere with operation;(c) any increase in wind resistance shall be considered;(d) signs shall not interfere with passenger or attendant vision;(e) signs shall not resemble operational signs or divert attention from operational signs;(f) any sign deemed to contribute to an unsafe condition shall not be installed; and(g) signs shall not be installed on the first three or last three towers.



4.34 Fire protection

4.34.1Station enclosures and machine rooms and areas shall be equipped with the fire extinguishers required and approved as suitable for the occupancy.

4.34.2Operator stations, when enclosed, shall contain an approved fire extinguisher of at least 4.5 kg (10 lb) capacity suitable for the occupancy.

4.34.3Station enclosures and machine rooms and overhead machine areas shall be equipped with smoke detectors that will sound an alarm at the attendant’s station. This system shall also be capable of operation during a power failure.

4.35 Night lighting

4.35.1Lighting shall be provided when ropeways are used during hours of darkness.

4.35.2Lamps shall be of a suitable type rated for the minimum temperatures of the locale.

4.35.3Ropeway towers and stations may be used for supporting lights, subject to the following requirements:(a) written approval of an engineer shall be obtained;(b) service conductors shall be provided with mechanical protection or be placed in rigid conduits;(c) service wiring to towers for lighting shall be buried;(d) a separate enclosed circuit breaker disconnect shall be provided at each tower and station;(e) all metallic raceways on a tower or station shall be grounded;(f) ground fault circuit interrupters (RDC - Residual Current Device) shall be provided; and(g) the lighting installation shall not conflict with the other requirements of this Guideline and shall not

interfere with the operation of the ropeway.(h) Bonding requirements of AS/NZS 3000:2007 A1 apply in addition to AS1768 for lighting protection.

4.36 Emergency lightingNote: Grandfathered.

4.36.1Permanent emergency lighting shall be installed in machine rooms for above-surface ropeways.



4.36.2Emergency lighting shall be provided to permit the following in the event of a power failure:(a) regular unloading of the ropeway; and(b) emergency evacuation of carriers.

4.37 Avalanche controlA snow safety plan shall be provided where ropeways are located in areas with avalanche potential.

4.38 Manuals

4.38.1 LanguageThe language of all manuals, specifications, and technical data shall be English.

4.38.2 Technical informationThe designer, manufacturer, and other appropriate person or organization shall prepare and supply the necessary technical information for each new or modified ropeway before the inspections and tests required by Clause 12 are performed.Note: A typical approval checklist is included as Annex A.

4.38.3 Operations manual

4.38.3.1Before a ropeway or a conveyor is placed in service, an operations manual shall be supplied for use with the installation.

4.38.3.2The operations manual shall include, but not be limited to, the following:(a) main-motor start-up and operating procedures;(b) auxiliary motor start-up and operating procedures;(c) evacuation motor start-up and operating procedures;(d) loading and unloading procedures;(e) emergency procedures for all anticipated situations;(f) evacuation procedures, including those for night operation, if applicable; and(g) downhill loading procedures, where applicable.(h) h) load and unload ramp design guidelines

4.38.4 Maintenance manual

4.38.4.1The designer of a ropeway or conveyor shall provide a maintenance manual for the installation.



4.38.4.2The maintenance manual shall describe the manufacturer’s and designer’s recommended maintenance procedures, including, but not limited to, the following:(a) the types of lubricants required and frequency of application;(b) the definitions and measurements required to determine excessive wear and replacement criteria;(c) the recommended frequency of service to specific components, including relocation of fixed grips and

testing of service and emergency brakes;(d) detailed load test procedures;(e) procedures to test and confirm the motor and control systems and the required testing schedule;(f) a procedure and schedule for the periodic testing of the stopping and holding ability of the service brake,

emergency brake, and antirollback device on the basis of the design load; and(g) instructions for checking the operation of any PLC system.

4.38.4.3The maintenance manual shall cover, but not be limited to, the following:(a) all wire ropes;(b) line sheave assemblies, sheave bearings, and liners;(c) drive and return sheaves, bearings, and liners;(d) counterweight or tensioning systems;(e) chains used in counterweight or tensioning systems;(f) drive system, including bearings and couplings;(g) braking system, including holding torque and test procedures;(h) electrical control systems;(i) communications systems;(j) carriers;(k) proper rigging procedures for splicing ropes;(l) corrosion protection; and(m) control of water condensation and drainage.

4.38.5 Rope lift-off during maintenanceDesigners and/or manufacturers shall provide maintenance manual instructions that address the possibility that the haul rope will lift off the sheave assemblies while the ropeway is being operated without carriers during maintenance.

4.38.6 Rope grips

4.38.6.1Before the ropeway is placed in service, the designer shall supply to the owner, as part of the maintenance manual, instructions and a schedule for inspection, testing, maintenance, and replacement of rope grips.

4.38.6.2The designer’s instructions shall provide details for the initial setting of the grip.

4.38.6.3The designer shall specify a method to ensure that the grip is operating within its design limitations.



4.38.6.4The designer shall specify a procedure and schedule for the periodic testing of clamp-type grips for resistance to sliding.

5 Reversible passenger ropeways

5.1 General

5.1.1Clause 5 covers the class of passenger ropeways in which the cable-supported carriers reciprocate between the stations. The requirements of Clause 5 have been formulated for reversible ropeways in which a haul rope (or ropes) is used to move the carriers along the track rope(s).

5.1.2For reversible passenger ropeways, the requirements of Clause 5 shall apply in addition to those of Clause 4. Where a conflict exists between Clauses 4 and 5, Clause 5 shall take precedence.

5.2 General cabin clearancesThe minimum clearance from the cabin in any direction when the cabin is clear of towers and station shall be 2 m.

5.3 Vertical clearances

5.3.1Where persons are permitted under a ropeway, a minimum clearance of 4 m shall be provided between the underside of a cabin, the haul rope, and the snow profile, ground, or any obstruction.

5.3.2Where persons are not permitted under the ropeway, a minimum clearance of 2.4 m shall be provided between the underside of a cabin, the haul rope, and the snow profile, ground, or any obstruction, except in loading and unloading areas.

5.3.3Where public vehicles are permitted under a ropeway, a minimum clearance of 5.5 m shall be provided between the underside of a cabin, the haul rope, and the road surface, except where means are provided to restrict and control the vehicle height.

5.3.4Clearances shall exist under maximum dynamic conditions whether for carrier or haul rope.



5.4 Horizontal clearances

5.4.1The minimum clearance between two passing carriers, each inclined 12° from vertical toward each other, shall be not less than the greater of(a) 1 m; or(b) 1 + 0.004 (X – 150) m whereX = the chord distance, m, from the point at which the carriers pass to the nearest tower or track-cable supporting structureFor the purposes of these checks, the distance between haul ropes or track ropes shall be considered equal to the gauge of the line.

5.4.2For spans where the carriers do not pass, or for single reversible ropeways, the separation at the middle of the span between the carrier swung 12° inward and any swinging of a sagging rope with which it can come into contact shall be at least 1.8 m for spans up to 300 m in length. For spans greater than 300 m, the separation shall be increased by 0.3 m for each additional 150 m of span.

5.4.3When carriers have no track rope brakes and use deeper grooved carriage wheels, they may operate at higher wind speeds. The minimum clearance between two passing carriers shall be governed byClause 5.4.1, but the carriers shall be inclined toward the tramway centreline by 14° (instead of 12°) at wind speeds up to 20 m/s. If the operating wind speed is higher than 20 m/s, such clearance shall be increased proportionally to the wind load.

5.4.4A carrier shall have an unobstructed longitudinal swing of the greatest of the following:(a) 20°;(b) atan[(3A cos B)/9.81]; or(c) as specified in Clause 5.11.3 whereA = deceleration of the system due to use of the service or emergency brake at the most critical point on the line, m/s2

B = incline of travel direction with respect to horizontal, degreesNote: This formula should take into account a deceleration of three times the statically calculated value resulting from normal braking with the emergency brake.

5.5 Wind force

5.5.1 Wind on cabins and hangersWhen no test results are available for wind loads on the cabin hanger and carriage, the following shape factor, C, shall be used:(a) cabin: 1.0; and(b) hanger and carriage: 1.6.



5.5.2 Wind on ropesOn spans over 400 m, wind forces due to gust speeds shall be considered as acting on a length of rope equal to 240 m plus 40% of the length of the span.

5.5.3 Operations manualThe operations manual shall include a procedure for efficiently pulling out a haul rope throw over.

5.6 Towers, track rope saddles, and roller chains

5.6.1Tower heights and locations shall be arranged in such a manner that the track ropes cannot lift out of their saddles under the most adverse operating conditions, including a 30% increase in track rope tension.

5.6.2The minimum pressure on the track rope saddle shall be at least 1.5 times the pressure required to hold the rope in contact with the saddle when a wind pressure of 0.29 kPa is applied upward on the rope parallel to the reaction on the tower.

5.6.3The track rope shall be free to slide over the saddle or roller chain to balance rope tension.

5.6.4The coefficient of friction of a track rope sliding in a saddle or roller chain shall be taken into account.

5.6.5Provision shall be made for lubrication of the saddles and the roller chains when specified by the manufacturer.

5.6.6The weight of a loaded carrier passing over a tower shall be considered a static load to which 20% shall be added for impact.

5.6.7Torsional displacement of the tower, including the saddle, shall be limited to a value such that deropement shall not occur under the most adverse design conditions.

5.6.8The radius of the track rope saddle or roller chain shall be not less than that specified in Table 5.



Table 5 – Minimum radius of the track rope saddle(See Clauses 5.6.8 and 6.17.8.)

Criteria Minimum radius of saddle*

Track rope moving and carriers passing over saddle 300 × d

Track rope moving and carriers not passing over saddle 250 × d

Track rope not moving and carriers passing over saddle 200 × d

Track rope moving over a sheave or roller chain 150 × d

Track rope not moving and carriers not passing over saddle 40 × d

*d = nominal diameter of the track rope.

5.6.9The radial acceleration of the carrier shall be not more than 2.0 m/s2 when it is travelling over the track rope saddle.

5.6.10A track rope saddle shall be long enough to ensure that the track rope does not make contact with the ends of the saddle.

5.6.11Saddles shall permit free passage of the carriage when the carrier is swinging laterally within design limitations as it approaches and passes the tower.

5.6.12Aircraft warning balls shall be provided as required by Civil Aviation Authority to alert aircraft to high cables.

5.7 Haul rope guidesAll line sheave assemblies shall be provided with guides to ensure the return of the rope to the sheave grooves when there are winds across the line of the rope.

5.8 Cabin guides to limit cabin swing

5.8.1Means shall be provided to monitor wind speed on every wind-exposed tower and terminal.



5.8.2When open windows are used on the tower side, a clearance of at least 450 mm shall be maintained at the window height when the cabin is swung inward the maximum distance permitted by the design.

5.8.3For systems without track rope brakes, the allowable lateral swing of cabins at design wind speed with respect to towers shall be not less than the following:(a) for cabins with no cabin attendants: 14°; and(b) for cabins with cabin attendants: 12°.

5.8.4When cabins operate without cabin attendants, the following restrictions on cabin swing shall apply:(a) from 3 to 6°: a wind warning (visual);(b) from 6 to 8.5°: a wind alarm (audible); and(c) over 8.5°: a service brake stop.

5.8.5For systems with track rope brakes, the allowable lateral swing of cabins with respect to towers shall be at least 6°.

5.8.6Towers shall be equipped with cabin guides that are designed for the installation’s maximum allowable lateral swing for the cabins. No part of a cabin, cabin’s carriage, track rope brake, or suspension system shall make contact with any other part of the tower or tower saddles when passing at the design maximum lateral swing angle for the installation. The designer shall also consider track rope derailment when the rope is running in higher wind pressures.

5.9 Motors

5.9.1 Main motorThe main motor shall provide for the regulation of carrier speed when the cabin enters and leaves stations and, if necessary, when it passes over towers.

5.9.2 Evacuation motorWhen V-belts are used for the evacuation motor, the minimum number of belts shall be four.

5.10 Braking systems

5.10.1 General



5.10.1.1For the purposes of Clause 5.10, the term “braking systems” shall mean any motion-retarding systems or devices, together with their controls, and includes the retarding effects of friction and gravity.

5.10.1.2Each ropeway shall be equipped with three means of braking: an emergency brake, a service brake, and another means of braking, which may be dynamic braking or a third friction brake. A track rope brake shall not be considered one of these brake systems.

5.10.1.3When a mechanical brake system is actuated, the braking system shall decelerate the rope between a minimum of 0.5 m/s2 and a maximum of 2.5 m/s2 for the ropeway’s range of design loads, speeds, and loading directions. This requirement shall not apply to the track rope brake and dynamic braking.

5.10.1.4The emergency brake, acting independently, shall decelerate the rope between a minimum of 0.5 m/s2 and a maximum of 2.5 m/s2 for the ropeway’s range of design loads, speeds, and loading directions.

5.10.1.5The service brake, acting independently, shall decelerate the rope between a minimum of 0.5 m/s2 and a maximum of 1.5 m/s2 for the ropeway’s range of design loads, speeds, and loading directions.

5.10.1.6The service brake and the emergency brake shall act on different braking surfaces to avoid failure due to contamination of one surface.

5.10.2 Service brakeIn addition to meeting the requirements of Clause 4.24.2, the service brake shall operate(a) when a cabin fails to reduce speed at the required rate on approaching and entering stations or, where

necessary, when passing towers;(b) when a cabin reaches the normal stop position;(c) when a remote stop from a cabin is actuated;(d) when any safety device is operated;(e) when an insulated haul or counter rope is electrically grounded;(f) at 10% overspeed, as sensed by a tachometer;(g) in the event of a power failure;(h) when there is a motor field loss;(i) on application of a track rope brake;(j) after the longest braking time of the emergency brake has elapsed (to ensure that two brakes do not apply

at the same time);(k) when there is any failure of or contact with an overhead rope with grounded components (telephone

rope, supervision rope, airplane warning balls carrying rope, or rescue rope);(l) when there is contact between any of the ropes specified in Item (k) or with the haul rope; and(m) when there is a track rope derailment.



5.10.3 Emergency brakeIn addition to meeting the requirements of Clause 4.24.3, the emergency brake shall operate(a) when a cabin overruns a normal stop position; and(b) at 15% overspeed.

5.11 Systems with track rope brakes on twin track ropes per track

5.11.1The carriage shall be equipped with a brake that will grip the track rope. The brake shall be capable of stopping and holding a fully loaded carrier from maximum speed at the point of maximum gradient of the track ropes. The brake shall function in the event of(a) a haul rope, counter rope, or connection failure;(b) a reduction of tension in either the haul rope or the counter rope below a minimum set by the designer;

and(c) application by the cabin attendant.

5.11.2It shall be possible to release the track rope brake from the cabin at any location on the line.

5.11.3The track rope brake shall be designed to stop a carrier under all design conditions while reducing the risk of hazards to passengers and damage to the track rope, carrier, or structures.

5.11.4Application of the track rope brake shall cause the motor to stop.

5.11.5A procedure shall be provided to test the track rope brake and its application in the case of loss of haul rope tension, and its ability to hold the load.

5.11.6Voice communication between cabins and terminals shall be provided.

5.12 Systems with no track rope brakes on twin track ropes per track

5.12.1Track rope brakes may be eliminated if the requirements of Clauses 5.12.2 to 5.12.13 are met.

5.12.2The haul rope shall be a continuous rope of uniform diameter throughout that uses long splices.



5.12.3The haul rope diameter shall be not less than 20 mm.

5.12.4The connection of the carriage with the haul rope shall be not less than two independent rope grips.

5.12.5Carriage rope grips shall have a minimum factor of safety against sliding equal to three times the maximum downward component (static) of the carrier, using the nominal haul rope diameter.

5.12.6Only steel may be used in the manufacture of the rope grips.

5.12.7Any slipping of the rope within the rope grips shall be detectable by simple means, e.g., inspection of the distance between a permanent lasting mark on the rope and the rope grips.

5.12.8The coefficient of friction to be used between a rope grip and haul rope in calculations shall beu (steel) = 0.16. The actual slipping force shall be established by on-site tests.

5.12.9The exit and entry of the haul rope from the rope grip shall be such that any rope bending radius is large enough not to affect the fatigue life of the haul rope.

5.12.10Provision shall be made for safe relocation of the haul rope grips on the haul rope.

5.12.11A 10% change of the haul rope diameter (with respect to the nominal haul rope diameter) shall not affect a change of the clamping force by more than 25%.

5.12.12The clamping force on the haul rope shall be maintained with a 20% reduction of the haul rope diameter and shall be not less than 50% of the required force based on the nominal haul rope diameter. The same requirement shall apply if the haul rope is pulled through the rope grips a distance equal to the maximum tramway stopping distance (taking into account wear on the rope grips). There shall be a safety factor of 2 against pulling a rope length of 1.5 times the maximum stopping distance through the grips, after taking into account grip wear.



5.12.13When the maximum slippage force on the haul rope in the rope grips is applied, the calculated factor of safety of the haul rope shall be not less than 2.5 using a coefficient of friction of 0.16, and not less than 2.0 at the actual pull test.

5.13 Friction of the haul rope on the drive bullwheelThe coefficient of friction of the haul rope on the drive bullwheel shall not exceed 0.22 under dynamic or 0.2 under static (uniform speed) conditions.

5.14 Carriage

5.14.1The weight of the loaded carrier and the haul rope reactions shall be distributed to carriage wheels so that the load on any wheel shall not exceed that recommended for the track rope or the wheel liner material for the wheel diameter selected. The load per wheel shall not exceed 1/80 of the minimum design tension in the track rope when a locked coil rope is used with unlined wheels, or 1/60 with resilient liner material.If rope other than locked coil rope is used as a track rope, the load per wheel shall not exceed 1/40 of the minimum design tension in the track rope.

5.14.2The carriage shall be equipped with a device that will hold it on the track rope if the carriage wheels derail.

5.14.3Where icing conditions exist, the carriage shall be equipped with ice-removal devices that shall not make contact with the track rope.

5.14.4A carriage shall be capable of travel on track ropes without interference if such ropes are deflected by wind to the point of theoretical derailment.

5.14.5The design of the carriage, track rope brake, and hanger shall be such that, in the event of a haul rope failure and application of the track rope brake, the track rope brake cannot be lifted off the track rope.

5.15 Cabin hangerThe cabin hanger shall be equipped with a platform for inspecting the carriage and ropes.

5.16 Cabins



5.16.1Cabin doors shall be equipped with locks. Door interlocks shall prevent the ropeway from starting with open doors.

5.16.2Each cabin shall carry evacuation equipment.

5.16.3Floor space for passengers shall be not less than 0.25 m2 per person for the first 15 passengers, and 0.18 m2 per person thereafter.

5.16.4The windows on the tower side shall be kept closed or screened where the cabins are unattended.

5.16.5Cabin windows shall be made of shatter-resistant material.

5.16.6Materials used in the structural members of cabins shall be non-combustible.


5.17.1 Entrance guidesEntrance guides shall be provided at the entrance to each station to guide a cabin swinging in any combination of 12° longitudinally and 12° laterally into the cabin guide.

5.17.2 Cabin guidesGuides shall be provided within the stations to prevent lateral swing of the cabins during loading or unloading.

5.17.3 Carrier stopsDevices shall be provided to stop the carriers at the correct locations in the stations.

5.17.4 PlatformsPlatforms shall be provided with sufficient space to accommodate passengers waiting to embark and passengers disembarking from the cabins. Provision shall be made for separating embarking and disembarking passengers.



5.18 Controls

5.18.1 GeneralThe following controls and/or devices shall be provided:(a) automatic deceleration to prevent a carrier from entering the stations at speeds exceeding 0.8 m/s.(b) This requirement shall not override the requirements of Item (c);(c) automatic stop of a carrier should it fail to decelerate as required by Item (a);(d) automatic stop of the motor system in the event of loss of the supervisory control system, excessive

torque in the motor system, speed in excess of predetermined safe speeds at the zone checkpoints, or application of any brake;

(e) automatic indexing of the zone programmer that controls acceleration, deceleration, starting, crawling, and stopping at each station;

(f) a minimum of three independent checks of carrier speed that will cause the ropeway to stop if the predetermined speeds are exceeded;

(g) a minimum of two independent checks of overspeed conditions, each of which can initiate stopping of the ropeway; and

(h) an independent system to check the zone speed system to ensure compliance with Items (e) and (f).

5.18.2 Control roomAt a minimum, the following equipment shall be installed in the control room:(a) a carrier speed indicator;(b) a carrier position on the line indicator;(c) a manually operated carrier speed control;(d) a wind speed indicator;(e) an indication of failure of the carrier supervisory control system;(f) a torque overload indicator; and(g) an indication of overspeed in the slow station and tower zones.

5.18.3 Manual stop switches

5.18.3.1 Service brake stopsA manually reset service stopping device shall be located in the following locations:(a) Operator’s station (control room).(b) Loading and unloading platforms.(c) Machine rooms.(d) Inside carriers where an attendant is required.(e) Maintenance platforms in terminals.

5.18.3.2 Emergency brake stopsA manually reset emergency stopping device shall be located in the following locations:(a) Operator’s station (control room).(b) Machine rooms.(c) Inside carriers where an attendant is required

5.19 Communications



5.19.1A dedicated, audible, two-way voice communication system shall be provided between the terminals and the cabins.

5.19.2A dedicated radio system shall be provided between the terminals and the cabins as a backup to the requirements of Clause 5.19.1.

5.19.3For cabins without attendants, the following shall be provided:(a) one-way communication to the cabins;(b) video supervision; and(c) automatic cabin doors and platform gates.

5.20 Evacuation

5.20.1Reversible ropeway installations shall be provided with a means to evacuate passengers from stranded carriers at any point along the line of travel of the carrier.

5.20.2Where the ropeway passes over terrain where access by foot is difficult or where cabin height makes descent by escape rope impractical, an independently driven rescue system shall be installed.

5.20.3Where the ropeway passes over terrain that is easily accessible by foot, evacuation by rope directly from the cabin shall be permitted. The evacuation equipment and method shall be taken into account in the cabin design.

5.20.4Each cabin shall be equipped with a first-aid kit and emergency lighting.

5.20.5 .Provision shall be made to ensure that a cabin without an attendant can be accessed within less than 1 h if it is to be operated in winter and less than 2 h if it is for summer operation only.

6 Circulating passenger ropeways

6.1 General



6.1.1Clause 6 covers the class of passenger ropeways in which fixed or detachable carriers circulate in one direction and are fully suspended.

6.1.2The ropeways covered by Clause 6 may be of the monocable, bi-cable, or tri-cable type.

6.1.3The carriers may be chairs or cabins.

6.1.4The requirements of Clause 6 shall apply in addition to those of Clause 4. Where a conflict exists betweenClauses 4 and 6, Clause 6 shall take precedence.

6.2 Speed

6.2.1 Skiers and boardersThe maximum carrier speed, relative to the surface of loading platforms during skier and boarder loading, shall be not more than the values specified in Table 6.

6.2.2 Foot passengersThe maximum carrier speed relative to the surface of loading and unloading platforms during foot passenger loading and unloading shall be not more than the values specified in Table 6.

Table 6 – Maximum relative carrier speeds for circulating passenger ropeways using a loading conveyor, m/s (See Clauses 6.2 and 6.8.1.2.)

Passenger Single Double Triple Quadruple or more

Skier 3 2.8 2.5 2.3Skier with loading conveyor

3 2.8 2.6 2.6

Foot passenger 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3


6.3.1Where persons are permitted under a ropeway, a minimum clearance of 4 m shall be provided between the underside of a carrier (excluding the footrest) and the snow profile, ground, and any obstruction.



6.3.2Where persons are not permitted under the ropeway, a minimum clearance of 2.4 m shall be provided between the underside of a carrier and the snow profile, ground, and any obstruction, except in loading and unloading areas.

6.3.3Where public vehicles are permitted under the ropeway, a minimum clearance of 5.5 m shall be provided between the underside of a carrier and the road surface, except where means are provided to restrict and control the vehicle height.

6.4 Horizontal clearances

6.4.1When clearances are evaluated, the carrier shall be treated as a rigid unit from the grip to the lowest point of the carrier.

6.4.2With any 15° longitudinal swing, 15° lateral swing, or a combination of the two, no contact shall be permitted between any part of the carrier and any part of the supporting structure, sheave assemblies, or rope. Alternatively, where these clearances are not met, guides shall be provided.

6.4.3Guides shall permit free passage of the carrier.

6.4.4The minimum distance between passing carriers, each swung 10° inward, shall be not less than 1 m at any point on the line.

6.4.5With 115 kg in the most adverse position on the seat, there shall be a minimum of 200 mm clearance from any tower or structure.

6.5 Ski tip deflectors

6.5.1 Lattice towersWith a chair swinging laterally 10° from the vertical position, or to the limit permitted by guides, if any, and when clearance is less than 600 mm from any lattice tower, ski tip deflectors shall be provided on each side of a tower where passengers wearing skis are permitted.



6.5.2 Tubular towersWith a chair swinging laterally 10° from the vertical position, or to the limit permitted by guides, if any, and when clearance is less than 600 mm from any tubular tower, ski tip deflectors shall be provided on the side of the tower where passengers wearing skis are permitted.

6.5.3 ClearanceThe required 600 mm clearance specified in Clause 6.5.2 shall be reduced to 450 mm where it can be demonstrated that ski tips cannot be caught in the ladder.

6.6 Braking systems

6.6.1When a stop function is initiated, its braking system(s) shall decelerate the rope between a minimum of0.45 m/s2 and a maximum of 1.5 m/s2 for the ropeway’s range of design loads, speeds, and loading directions.Note: See Annex J.

6.6.2The emergency brake and the service brake, acting independently, shall decelerate the rope between a minimum of 0.45 m/s2 and a maximum of 1.5 m/s2 for the ropeway’s range of design loads, speeds, and loading directions.

6.6.3The maximum stopping distance shall be not greater than the distance between carriers.

6.6.4Where a loss of power or control malfunction would result in the application of one or more braking systems, the rate of haul rope deceleration shall be not greater than 2.0 m/s2 and the rope bounce shall not be excessive.


6.7.1At chairlift loading and unloading locations where passengers could face hazardous conditions on falling out of the carrier immediately after leaving or approaching the location, a safety net shall be installed at the end of the platform.

6.7.2The leading edges of all platforms shall be fitted with inclined guards to prevent equipment from being caught under the platform.



6.7.3The width of the unloading path and unloading ramp shall be greater than the width of the carrier path.

6.7.4Signage shall be installed to clearly identify the appropriate locations where restraining bars should be lowered and raised. Example signs are provided in Table 4A. Commentary: In response to evidence of confusion in the interpretation of ‘Prepare to unload’ signs, it is recommended that, where this sign is placed, the ‘Keep closed’ sign in Table 4A is also displayed.

6.8 Loading conveyorsNotes:(1) Loading conveyors for fixed grip lifts are used to simplify loading of passengers onto moving carriers by reducing the

differential speed between the passenger and a moving carrier.(2) Loading conveyors for detachable grip lifts are used to simplify loading of passengers by moving passengers to a

permanently marked loading point.

6.8.1 Controls

6.8.1.1The starting and stopping of the loading conveyor shall be synchronized with the haul rope. The speed of the conveyor shall be scaled to the speed of the haul rope and the following requirements shall apply:(a) A conveyor stoppage shall cause the ropeway to stop.(b) A variation of the differential speed between the loading conveyor and the ropeway of more than(c) ± 15% shall cause the ropeway to stop.(d) A ropeway rollback, reversal, or stop shall cause the conveyor to stop.

6.8.1.2When a loading conveyor is not in operation, the controls shall ensure that the ropeway speed shall be not greater than the applicable speed specified in Table 6.

6.8.1.3Belt speed shall be not more than 1.0 m/s.

6.8.1.4Belt acceleration and deceleration shall be smooth over the full range of design loads and operating conditions.

6.8.1.5A manually reset emergency stopping device controlling the conveyor shall be located at the loading area.This device shall cause an emergency stop of the conveyor and the ropeway emergency brake to be applied and need not meet the requirements of Clauses 6.8.1.1 to 6.8.1.4.



6.8.2 Conveyor belt

6.8.2.1 Belt widthThe belt shall be not less than 150 mm wider than the carrier seat on each side.

6.8.2.2 Belt markings

6.8.2.2.1The width of the carrier path shall be clearly and permanently marked on the surface of the loading conveyor.

6.8.2.2.2The surface of the belt shall be made of a material that allows skiers and boarders to easily slide forward or backward.

6.8.2.2.3Where external belt guides are used,(a) guides shall be continuous, with their joints and ends of sections designed, fitted, and secured in a manner that does not create pinching or catching hazards; and(b) the clearance between the top surface of the belt and the underside of an external belt guide shall not exceed 5 mm.

6.8.2.2.4The belt and splices shall be designed for the most adverse loading conditions.

6.8.3 Loading gates

6.8.3.1Loading gates to control passenger access onto the loading conveyor shall be provided.

6.8.3.2Loading gate operation shall be synchronized with the carrier to be loaded.

6.8.3.3There shall be a minimum of 800 mm between the loading gate and the start of the loading conveyor when the gate is in the closed position.

6.8.4 Loading zonePassengers shall load between the following:(a) the tangent point of the bullwheel or chair turnaround path; and



(b) 1 m before the point where the passenger parts from the loading conveyor.

6.8.5 Installation

6.8.5.1The conveyor structure shall be level across, built into, and level with the general deck of the loading terminal.

6.8.5.2An 11.3 kg load, applied on a surface of 25 x 50 mm at any point on the belt, shall not deflect the surface by more than 2.4 mm.

6.9 Bullwheel unloading

When a ropeway and unloading area is designed for passengers to disembark in close proximity to a station drive or return sheave (commonly called “bullwheel unloading”), the entrance to the exit ramp shall be situated in such a manner that the combination of the ramp slope and the distance from the point of tangency of the drive or return sheave to the bottom of the ramp shall be such that the passengers shall be clear of the carrier under all conditions.

Commentary: The combination of break point, ramp slope and ramp end needs to be such that the skier/snowboarder accelerates away from the carrier and remains ahead of the carrier’s outer edge as it travels around the bullwheel under all likely snow conditions. The following figure illustrates the carrier path and the unloading point features:

6.10 Intermediate stations

6.10.1Intermediate unloading and loading stations, when located in tandem to permit simultaneous unloading and loading at an intermediate station, shall be separated by an adequate distance that will permit the exit of the unloading passenger and reloading of the vacated carrier.



6.10.2The distance in metres from the unloading point to the loading point shall be at least eight times the maximum rope speed in metres per second.

6.11 Foot passengersThe following requirements shall apply to the loading and unloading of foot passengers:(a) loading and unloading locations shall be level; and(b) the length of the platform shall be commensurate with the speed of the ropeway and there shall be

sufficient length of platform to allow attendants to stop the ropeway and assist the passengers.

6.12 Enclosed passenger cabins

6.12.1Enclosed passenger cabins shall have the following:(a) ventilation;(b) doors that fill the entire entrance opening;(c) door locks that can be unlocked only by authorized persons or automatic means;(d) a means of unlocking the door during emergency evacuation; and(e) where an automatic locking system is used, a method to check the function of the mechanism after each

loading station.

6.12.2Floor space for passengers shall be not less than 0.25 m2 per person for the first 15 passengers and 0.18 m2 per person thereafter.

6.12.3All cabin windows shall be of shatter-resistant material.

6.12.4Materials used in the structural members of cabins shall be non-combustible.

6.13 Chairs

6.13.1Each chair shall be equipped with a railing at each side to a height of at least 100 mm above the seat and extending a distance of at least 300 mm from the back of the seat.

6.13.2Each chair shall be equipped with a restraining device that will not open under forward pressure.A minimum height sign/indicator (e.g for children unaccompanied by adults) should be displayed at the bottom of the lifts to ensure the restraining device can be brought down in all circumstances.



6.13.3The security of riders shall be subject to a risk assessment and risk controls incorporated in the design accordingly

6.14 Detachable grip ropeways

6.14.1 Maximum downhill loading speedIf the haul rope slopes downward from a detachable station, the designer shall specify the maximum haul rope speed at which detachable carriers with passengers and a following empty carrier may depart from the station. To prevent open grips from sliding down the haul rope, the maximum stopping distance at this maximum loading speed, measured from the last grip check switch, shall not be more than two-thirds the length of horizontal rope at the station exit. The type of stop shall be consistent with the outcome of a grip fault.

6.14.2 Carriers in the stations

6.14.2.1Smooth acceleration and deceleration of the carrier to and from haul rope speed shall be provided.

6.14.2.2Provision shall be made to ensure that the carrier spacing shall never be less than the distance specified in the design.

6.14.2.3The carrier shall be at haul rope speed before attachment.

6.14.2.4The rate of the carrier’s acceleration to and deceleration from the design haul rope speed shall not exceed 2.4 m/s2 under the most adverse braking conditions.

6.14.2.5Guides shall be provided to ensure that the grip shall be held in its proper position during transportation, loading and unloading, acceleration, deceleration, attaching, and detaching.

6.14.3 Grip and rope positionSwitches shall be provided to stop the ropeway under the following conditions:(a) before each coupling when the

(i) grip and jaw are not in the proper position for coupling; and(ii) (ii) haul rope is not in the proper position for coupling;

(b) following each coupling when the(i) haul rope is not in the correct position; and(ii) grip has not closed upon the haul rope in the correct position;

(c) before each uncoupling when the haul rope is not in the correct position; and



(d) following each uncoupling when the(i) grip has not been properly uncoupled from the haul rope and the jaws are not in the correct

position; and(ii) haul rope is not in the correct position.

6.14.4 Prevention of collisionsA system shall be provided to ensure the correct passage and speed of the grip to prevent contact between adjacent enclosed cabins with a speed differential greater than 1.0 m/s or contact between adjacent chairs. A failure of this system shall cause the ropeway to stop. This system shall include, but not be limited to, the following locations:(a) through each coupling and uncoupling area;(b) through each acceleration and deceleration area; and(c) through each turning area.

6.14.5 Speed synchronizationA system shall be provided to ensure that the accelerator and decelerator systems and the carrier transportation system are synchronized with all haul rope speeds. The failure of this system shall cause the ropeway to stop.

6.14.6 Carrier spacingA system shall be provided to ensure that at all haul rope speeds, carriers are properly spaced at least once per trip around the ropeway in accordance with design specifications. A failure of this system shall cause the ropeway to stop.

6.14.7 Carrier securityWhere chairs are equipped with covers such as bubbles, a method shall be provided to ensure that the covers are closed when a chair is leaving a station unoccupied and are open when approaching a loading location. Failure to pass this check shall sound an alarm.

6.14.8 Grip force checkThe ability of each grip to produce the required grip force shall be checked before each coupling. The ropeway shall stop if the grip force drops below a value equivalent to two-thirds of the minimum resistance to sliding.

6.14.9 Grip on spliceProvision shall be made to prevent a grip attaching to the haul rope at the splice unless the grip will function normally. The maximum and minimum permissible rope diameter variations through the splice length, including the point of strand tucks, shall be specified.

6.14.10 Rail switches

6.14.10.1Rail switching devices used to add carriers to or remove carriers from the system shall be designed so that carriers cannot pass through open sections of rail and can move only in the intended path of travel.



6.14.10.2A system shall be provided to prevent operation of the ropeway until the rail-switching devices are properly closed.

6.14.10.3When a remotely controlled automatic rail-switching system is used, it shall be equipped with devices that will prevent a rail switch from changing positions until the carriers are in the proper locations for switching.

6.14.11 Station entrance systemProvision shall be made to guide carriers into the station.

6.15 Safety gatesA safety gate shall be provided to detect a footrest in the down position before it reaches a loading point or obstruction.Note: See Clause 4.30.8 for safety gate requirements.

6.16 Haul rope retention (bi-cable and tri-cable systems)Where the carrier is supported or depressed by tracks or other means, and the haul rope is not in contact with sheaves, the following design requirements shall apply:(a) Under the most adverse loading conditions, the load of the carrier onto the track shall not be less than

the greatest of the following values:(b) 2.5 kN;

(i) the design gross mass of the carrier; or(ii) a value in newtons times ten equal to the sum of the adjacent span lengths expressed in metres of

slope length.(iii) The carriage shall not leave the track if the design haul rope tension is increased by 50% or

decreased by 33%.

6.17 Towers, track rope saddles, and roller chains

6.17.1Tower heights and locations shall be arranged in such a manner that the track ropes cannot lift out of their saddles under the most adverse operating conditions, including a 30% increase in track rope tension.

6.17.2The minimum pressure on the track rope saddle shall be not less than 1.5 times the pressure required to hold the rope in contact with the saddle when a wind pressure of 0.29 kPa is applied upward on the rope parallel to the reaction on the tower.

6.17.3The track rope shall be free to slide over the saddle or roller chain to balance rope tension.



6.17.4The coefficient of friction of a track rope sliding in a saddle or roller chain shall be taken into account.

6.17.5Provision shall be made for lubrication of a saddle and roller chain when specified by the manufacturer.

6.17.6The weight of a loaded carrier passing over a tower shall be considered a static load, to which 20% shall be added for impact.

6.17.7Torsional displacement of the tower, including the saddle, shall be limited to a value such that deropement shall not occur under the most adverse design conditions.

6.17.8The radius of the track rope saddle or roller chain shall be not less than that specified in Table 5.

6.17.9The radial acceleration of the carrier shall be not more than 2.0 m/s 2 when it is travelling over the track rope saddle.

6.17.10A track rope saddle shall be long enough to ensure that the track rope does not make contact with the ends of the saddle.

6.17.11Saddles shall permit free passage of the carriage when the carrier is swinging laterally within design limitations as it approaches and passes the tower.

6.17.12Aircraft warning balls shall be provided as required by Civil Aviation Authority to alert aircraft to high cables.

6.18 Carriage

6.18.1On bi-cable and tri-cable systems, the weight of the loaded carrier and haul rope reaction shall be distributed to carriage wheels so that the load on any wheel shall not exceed that recommended for the track rope or the wheel liner material for the selected wheel diameter. The load per wheel shall not exceed 1/80 of the minimum design tension in the track rope.



6.18.2The carriage shall be equipped with a device that will hold it on the track rope if the carriage wheels derail.

6.18.3Where icing conditions can exist, the carriage shall be equipped with ice-removal devices that shall not contact the track rope.

6.19 Haul rope guides (bi-cable and tri-cable systems)Line sheave assemblies shall be provided with haul rope guides. These guides shall be installed to(a) permit the unobstructed passage of a carrier gripped to the haul rope;(b) return the haul rope to the sheave groove when it has been lifted; and(c) provide rope guidance, as necessary, under sheave assemblies and structures.

7 Surface passenger ropeways

7.1 General

7.1.1Clause 7 covers the class of ropeways in which passengers are transported uphill on the surface by carriers propelled by an overhead rope. These ropeways are normally of the monocable type and the rope is usually supported on intermediate towers on both the uphill and the downhill sides. Either fixed or detachable grips may be used.


7.2 Tow path

7.2.1The tow path shall have a level or upward slope. The maximum slope shall be 60% (31°) for single passengers and 50% (27°) for two passengers.

7.2.2The tow path shall intersect the contour lines at right angles.

7.2.3The minimum tow path width shall be 1.8 m.



7.2.4The tow path shall extend to a point not less than 1.5 times the stopping distance beyond the safety gate, with the passenger supported by the tow path.

7.3 Carrier interval

7.3.1For single-passenger carriers, the carrier interval shall be not less than 4.5 s.

7.3.2For multiple-passenger carriers, the carrier interval shall be not less than 6.0 s.

7.3.3The carrier interval shall be long enough to ensure that all passengers are clear of the loading point before the following carrier arrives at the loading point.

7.4 Location and height of towers

7.4.1Towers shall be located in such a manner that the towing carriers cannot lift any passenger off the tow path. A minimum clearance of 2.5 m shall be provided between the haul rope and the snow surface.

7.4.2The down-coming carriers shall be above the surface and any obstructions.

7.4.3Towers shall be of such a height and located in such a manner that if the uphill haul rope comes off the supporting sheaves of one tower, the towers or stations on either side will support the rope clear of the snow surface by not less than 0.6 m.Note: The snow surface should be the same as the design ski track.

7.5 Tower clearance

7.5.1A minimum distance of 900 mm shall be provided between the base of the tower and the vertical plane of the upward-travelling haul rope.



7.5.2A minimum distance of 600 mm shall be provided between the tower and the nearest point of the carrier in its normal position.

7.6 Drive and return sheaves

7.6.1 Floating return sheavesWhere a floating return sheave is used, provision shall be made to prevent passengers from passing around the sheave.

7.6.2 GuidesGuides shall be installed, if necessary, to lead carriers into, out of, and around the stations.

7.7 Brakes

7.7.1 Service brake

7.7.1.1One or more brakes shall be provided where necessary. Each brake shall be applied when the ropeway is stopped.

7.7.1.2The maximum stopping distance shall not exceed(a) 8 m; or(b) d = 1.2V2 whered = stopping distance, mV = rope speed, m/s

7.7.2 Emergency brakeAn emergency brake shall not be required.

7.8 Antirollback deviceAn antirollback device shall be provided. However, it need not apply directly to the drive sheave or haul rope.

7.9 Safety gateIn addition to meeting the requirements of Clause 4.30.8, the safety gate shall(a) be the current-carrying type; and(b) extend across the tow path so that a carrier failing to retract or a passenger failing to unload shall actuate it.




7.10.1Loading areas shall provide a smooth transition from standing to the carrier pulling the passengers at maximum rope speed.

7.10.2Unloading points shall be a sufficient distance from any safety gate to permit satisfactory unloading. They shall be inclined to assist passengers in moving away from the towing carriers.

7.10.3Except where carriers are designed to unload in the station, the distance between the unloading area and upper station guides shall allow the carriers to fully retract and shall permit oscillation to diminish.

7.10.4Where the ropeway is designed for unloading in the station area, the carrier shall fully retract and stabilize before reaching the first downhill sheave assembly.

7.10.5At intermediate unloading stations, the minimum distance from the unloading point to the next tower shall be 1.5 times the maximum stopping distance.

8 Rope Tows

8.1 Surface fibre ropeways without intermediate supports Part 8.1 covers that class of passenger ropeways, wherein passengers grasp the circulating hauling rope or towing device and are propelled uphill. On such devices the uphill rope spans without intermediate support from the loading to the unloading area. The return downhill rope may have intermediate supports.

8.1.1 Location

8.1.1.1 GeneralThe location shall be selected so that the ski track will always have, or can be made to have, a level or an uphill slope. Reverse slopes should be avoided except for mild inclines at loading or unloading areas

8.1.1.1.1 Gradient of track Selection of the site shall also involve consideration of maximum permissible slope of the ski track. In no case shall the track be steeper than a grade of 22O.

8.1.1.1.2 Surface water Surface water which will make the track icy should be avoided.



8.1.1.1.3 Terrain contour lines The lift should be constructed so that, as far as possible, the lift line intersects the contour lines at right angles. If a cross slope is unavoidable, the lift line must be on the lower part of the cross slope.

8.1.1.2 Width of clearingThe tow path shall be cleared of all obstructions to a skier on both sides of the normal uphill rope path.

8.1.2 Path of rope

8.1.2.1 Downhill rope The tow shall be constructed so that the downhill rope will not come into contact with the passenger.

8.1.2.1.1 Tow path The tow and the tow path shall be designed so that the skier can be transported to the extreme limits of its travel, the skier being in contact with the snow on the tow path at all times. This will include a minimum of twice the distance between the safety gate and the point where the unloaded rope stops after the safety gate has been actuated.

8.1.2.2 Speed

8.1.2.2.1 Normal operating speed shall in no case exceed 4.0 m/s. Note: For beginner tows, the ratio of speed in [m/s] to average tow slope in [%] should not exceed 0.20.

8.1.3 Terminals

8.1.3.1 Acceleration and speed control A satisfactory method of obtaining safe acceleration of the rope shall be provided. If the prime mover is an internal combustion engine, the speed shall be controlled by a governor.

8.1.4 Brakes and stops

8.1.4.1 Brakes Unless the unloaded lift, operating at maximum speed, stops within safe limits as defined in Clause 7.5.4., an automatic brake shall be installed.

8.1.4.1.1 Anti-rollback device In all cases the lift shall have means to prevent more than 1 m of reverse motion of the lift under full load.

8.1.4.2 Stop circuits Loss of power to, or earthing of, any control, or safety circuit shall cause the ropeway to stop. All electrical stop circuits shall be normally energised during operation so that, in case of power failure, the system will stop.



8.1.4.3 Stop switches A stop switch shall be installed at each loading and unloading point. In the case of long installations, or wherever a passenger is out of the line of vision of the operator restarting the lift, additional switches shall be provided which shall include automatic lock-out devices so that the lift cannot be restarted by anyone until the device which stopped the lift has been manually reset; notwithstanding, the resetting shall not restart the lift.

All stop switches shall be clearly identified, and those located at the loading area shall be immediately available to attendants. Emergency stop switches shall be located in conspicuous places where the public can stop the lift in case of an emergency.

8.1.5 Safety gate A safety gate or gates shall be installed beyond each unloading area. The location of the gate shall be on the uphill side of the unloading area. There shall be a safety gate which will stop the tow before the actuating passenger has travelled half the distance to the first obstruction. This stopping distance shall not be exceeded even though the actuating passenger is the sole rider and the tow is under full speed operation. (See Clause 8.1.2.1.1.). The safety gate shall be designed and installed in such a manner that: (a) its dimensions are such that the contacting passenger cannot avoid or pass through it without actuating

the stop circuitry; (b) loss of power to, or earthing of, any control, or safety circuit shall cause the ropeway to stop. All electrical

stop circuits shall be normally energised during operation so that, in case of power failure, the system will stop.

(c) it is of the manually reset type; (d) a maximum of 300 mm of movement of the cross member (measured along the line of the uphill tow

path) breaks the circuit; (e) it will operate when a force not exceeding 40 N is applied on the same horizontal plane as the rope; and (f) The passenger stops at least 2.0 m before the return sheave or any other obstacle.

8.1.6 Sheaves

8.1.6.1 General All sheaves shall be of such a design and so arranged as to minimise the possibility of loss of groove contact, slippage, over stressing, excessive wear, or damage to the hauling rope. Each shall be properly balanced to prevent excessive vibration and properly aligned to avoid inducing rope twist at operating speed. They and their mountings should be adequate to withstand design loadings.

.

8.1.6.1.1 Unloading sheave The unloading sheave, located at the top of the uphill rope, shall be capable of fine alignment adjustment to eliminate residual rope twist in the uphill rope.

8.1.6.1.2 Loading sheaves A grooved sheave or sheaves may be installed so as to hold the uphill rope 0.5 - 1.0 m above the snow at the loading position. Where used, these shall be so arranged as to prevent the rope from being pulled out of the groove by the passengers.

8.1.6.1.3 Intermediate sheaves There shall be no intermediate sheaves on the uphill rope between the loading and unloading areas.



8.1.6.1.4 Terminal sheaves for wire ropes The minimum diameter of the terminal sheaves shall be 72 times the nominal diameter of the hauling rope, provided no gripping device passes around the sheave. Where gripping devices pass around the sheave, the minimum diameter shall be 80 times the nominal hauling rope diameter.

8.1.6.1.5 Intermediate sheaves for wire ropes The diameter of intermediate sheaves, where installed in return downhill line, shall not be less than 10 times the nominal diameter of the hauling rope for unlined sheaves and 8 times the nominal diameter of the hauling rope for lined sheaves.

8.1.6.1.6 Sheaves in tows with towing handles or towing outfits A means shall be provided to guide towing outfits or towing handles into, around, and out of terminal sheaves and to prevent the towing outfits or towing handles from swinging excessively when passing through the sheaves.

8.1.7 Tensioning device The support for a tensioning sheave and its connection to a tensioning device, which could be a counterweight, shall have a minimum factor of safety of 6.0. Arrangements shall be made to support the tensioning sheave and confine its travel in the event of failure of the tensioning device.

8.1.8 Counterweight A counterweight, if used, shall be adequate in weight just to balance the uphill rope tension when this rope is in the ideal position in relation to the slope. Bottom-driven tows or tows which slip under full load shall be provided with a counterweight system or equivalent feature on the uphill rope between the drive sheave and the loading point to maintain slack-side tension.

Notes: (1) “Equivalent” means additional wraps or other means to prevent slippage. (2) On a top-driven tow, a counterweight device is not mandatory since the return rope serves to maintain

slack-side tension.

8.1.8.1 Return sheaves The return sheaves shall be grooved and so arranged as to minimise the possibility of the rope coming off the sheaves. They shall be mounted or installed in a manner to prevent their falling to the ground in case the hauling rope breaks. The area beneath the return sheave shall be suitably fenced or guarded. Their design and installation shall be in accordance with Clause 8.1.6.1. and supporting devices shall have a minimum factor of safety of 6.0.

8.1.8.2 LOADING AREA

The loading area shall be as nearly level as possible. The area shall be free from obstructions and arranged and fenced so as to guide skiers to the loading point.



8.1.9 Unloading area The unloading area shall be arranged to permit the skier to unload from the rope with as little effort as the terrain will permit.

8.1.10 Line structures

8.1.11 Intermediate towers For surface ropeways without intermediate supports, but having installed intermediate towers on their downhill rope path, Clause 8.2.6.1 applies.

8.1.12 Guards All moving parts, except the hauling rope, which might cause injury shall be suitably guarded.

8.1.13 Sheaves and mountings The return rope sheaves shall be mounted high enough on the intermediate towers to hold the rope at least 2.0 m above maximum snow conditions. The sheave mountings shall be sufficiently strong to prevent failure under the maximum design load conditions. If the vertical component of the rope tension is not sufficient to hold the rope in the sheave groove at all times, then an approved device shall be used to prevent the rope from leaving the sheave.

8.1.14 Line equipment

8.1.15 Fibre or synthetic hauling ropes The hauling rope shall be a manila or synthetic fibre rope manufactured for ski tow use with a minimum safety factor of 5.0 based on nominal strength. It shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. In operation, the sheave adjustment specified in Clause 8.1.6.1.1 shall be used to regulate the rotation of the unloaded uphill rope to less than 2 revolutions over the length of the tow.

8.1.16 Wire hauling ropes Only steel wire rope as specified by the tow manufacturer shall be used. It shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. In operation, the sheave adjustment specified in Clause 8.1.6.1.1 shall be used to regulate the rotation of the unloaded uphill rope to less than 2 revolutions over the length of the tow.

8.1.17 Rope grips (fixed and detachable)

8.1.17.1 General The rope grip shall be designed to pass smoothly over and under sheaves which have flanges of adequate depth to discourage the hauling rope from leaving the sheaves. 1.

8.1.18 Strength of rope grips

The strength of the grip shall be based on the following criteria: (a) the material of which the grip is made shall be selected or treated to obtain optimum impact resistance;

and



(b) grips shall be proof-loaded with forces equal to the gripping force and three times the force required to move a skier under the most adverse conditions.

8.1.19 Towing devices Rope grips shall be designed and maintained in use to prevent sliding along the hauling rope when subject to three times the force required to move a passenger along the ski track at the steepest point under the most adverse conditions of carrier loading and with a properly lubricated hauling rope. The device shall be designed, operated and maintained to minimise the possibility of gloves or clothing becoming entangled or fingers being pinched between the device and the hauling rope.

Attaching the device to the hauling rope shall in no way impair the strength of the hauling rope. The device shall be relocated on the hauling rope in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

8.1.20 Wire rope wear No hauling rope shall be permitted to remain in service when ends of broken wires protrude above the surface of the rope.

8.2 Surface ropeways (fibre rope) with intermediate supports Part 8.2 covers that class of passenger ropeways on which passengers are transported uphill by grasping hold of the circulating rope with a rope gripper attached to a tow belt while the passenger remains in contact with the surface. On such tows, the hauling rope is supported by intermediate supports and sheaves, at a height of between a minimum of 0.5 m and a maximum of 1.0 m. The return rope may also have intermediate supports.

8.2.1 Location

8.2.1.1 GeneralThe location shall be selected so that the ski track will always have, or can be made to have, a level or upward slope. Reverse slopes should be avoided except for mild inclines at loading and unloading areas.

8.2.1.2 Gradient of track Selection of the site shall also involve consideration of maximum permissible slope of ski track. In no case shall the ropeway exceed a gradient of 40°.

8.2.1.3 Surface water Surface water which will make the track icy should be avoided.

8.2.1.4 Terrain contour lines The lift shall be located so that, as far as practicable, the lift line intersects the contour lines at right angles. If the cross slope is unavoidable the lift line must be on the lower part of the cross slope.

8.2.1.5 Width of clearing The tow path shall be cleared of all obstructions to a skier on both sides of the normal uphill rope path.



8.2.2 Path of the rope

8.2.2.1 Downhill rope The tow shall be constructed so that the downhill rope will not come into contact with the passenger.

8.2.2.2 Tow pathThe tow and tow path shall be so designed that a skier can be transported to the extreme limits of its travel, the skier being in contact with the snow on the tow path at all times. This will include a minimum of twice the distance between the safety gate and the point where the unloaded tow stops after the safety gate has been actuated.

8.2.2.3 Rope force At no point between the loading and discharge areas shall the rope exert a downward force greater than 160 N or an upward force greater than 140 N when held at a height of 0.6 m above the snow surface by a single passenger. The requirements of Clause 8.2.2.2. shall also apply.

8.2.3 Speed Normal operating rope speed shall not normally exceed 4.0 m/s, unless specially approved.

8.2.4 Acceleration and speed control A satisfactory method of obtaining safe acceleration of the rope shall be provided. If the prime mover is an internal combustion engine, the speed shall be controlled by a governor.

8.2.5 Brakes and stops

8.2.5.1 General Unless a minimally-loaded lift operating at maximum speed will stop within 8.0 m, an automatic brake shall be provided to ensure this stopping distance. The brake shall be applied by springs or weights when any stop switch or safety gate is operated.

8.2.5.1.1 Anti-rollback deviceIn all cases, the lift shall have a means to prevent more than 1 m of its reverse motion under full load.

8.2.5.1.2 Brakes with electric motors

All tows driven by electric motors shall be equipped with automatic brakes.

8.2.5.1.3 Safety circuits and safety systemsAll safety circuits, safety systems, terminals and machinery housings shall be sealed, locked or otherwise secured against unauthorised access or interference with the equipment. Loss of power to, or earthing of, any control, or safety circuit shall cause the ropeway to stop. All electrical stop circuits shall be normally energised during operation so that, in case of power failure, the system will stop.



8.2.5.2 Stop switches A stop switch shall be installed at the bottom station and at each major loading and unloading area. Additional switches may be required for long installations and for installations where the passenger is not continuously in the operator’s line of vision.

All stop switches shall be clearly identified and shall be located in conspicuous positions immediately adjacent to where the public would stop the lift in cases of emergencies.

The stop system shall include automatic lockout devices so that the lift cannot be restarted by anyone until the device which stopped the lift has been manually reset; notwithstanding, the resetting shall not restart the lift.

All stop systems shall be clearly marked with signs stating their method of operation.

8.2.5.3 Safety gate A safety gate shall be installed beyond the final unloading area. The location of the gate shall be on the uphill side of the unloading area. There shall be a safety gate which, when operated, will stop the tow before the passenger has travelled half the distance to the first obstruction. This stopping distance shall not be exceeded even though the actuating passenger is the sole rider and the tow is operating at full speed.

The safety gate shall be designed and installed in such a manner that: (a) its dimensions are such that the contacting passenger cannot avoid or pass through it without actuating

the stop circuitry; (b) Loss of power to, or earthing of, any control, or safety circuit shall cause the ropeway to stop. All electrical

stop circuits shall be normally energised during operation so that, in case of power failure, the system will stop.

(c) it is of the manually reset type; (d) a maximum of 300 mm of movement of the cross member breaks the circuit (measured along the line of

the uphill tow path); (e) it will operate when a force not exceeding 40 N is applied on the same horizontal plane as the rope; (f) the passenger stops at least 2.0 m before the return sheave or any other obstacle.

8.2.5.4 Sheaves

8.2.5.4.1 General All sheaves shall be of such design and so arranged as to minimise the possibility of loss of groove contact, slippage, overstressing, excessive wear, or damage to the hauling rope. Each shall be properly balanced to prevent excessive vibration and properly aligned to avoid inducing rope twist at operating speed. They and their mountings should be adequate to withstand design loadings.

8.2.5.4.2 Intermediate sheaves Intermediate sheaves shall be fully adjustable vertically and shall be adjusted to keep the rope at a convenient level for the passengers at all times.

At all times, the rope at the sheaves shall be between 0.5 m and 1.0 m above the track level.

Where sheaves are used in tandem, and the rope passes over the top of one and under the other, the circumference of one sheave shall not be closer than 200 mm to the circumference of the other, and the loading of the rope on either sheave shall be kept to the minimum.

Where required to prevent the rope becoming hooked behind the sheave, there shall be rope guards at the top and/or bottom of the sheave.



The force between the rope and the sheave when the rope is stationary shall in no case exceed 200 N.

8.2.5.4.3 Tensioning devices The support for a tensioning sheave and its connection to a tensioning device which could be a counterweight, shall have a minimum factor of safety of 6.0.

Arrangements shall be made to support the tensioning sheave and confine its travel in the event of failure of the tensioning device.

8.2.5.5 Counterweight A counterweight, if used, shall be adequate in weight just to balance the uphill rope tension when the rope is in the ideal position in relation to the slope. Bottom-driven tows or tows which slip under full load shall be provided with a counterweight system or equivalent feature on the uphill rope between the drive sheave and the loading point to maintain the slack-side tension. Notes:1. “Equivalent” means additional wraps or other means to prevent slippage. 2. On a top-driven tow, a counterweight device is not mandatory since the return rope serves to maintain

slack-side tension at the drive sheave.

8.2.5.6 Return sheavesThe return sheaves shall be grooved and so arranged as to minimise the possibility of the rope coming off the sheave. They shall be mounted or installed in a manner to prevent their falling to the ground in case the hauling rope breaks. Their design and installation shall be in accordance with Clause 8.2.5.4.1 and the supporting device shall have a minimum factor of safety of 6.0.

8.2.5.7 Loading and unloading areas The loading area shall be level, free of obstructions and fenced in a manner to guide passengers to the loading point and shall extend a minimum of 9.0 m before the first tower with sheaves supporting the uphill rope is reached.

The unloading area shall be either flat or graded down and outward from the line of the uphill track to provide movement away from the towline.

8.2.6 Support structures

8.2.6.1 Intermediate towers The intermediate supports for rope sheaves shall be sufficient size to prevent failure under the most adverse design loading. When guy wires or braces are used, they should be clearly marked and located so as to provide minimum clearance as required in Clause 8.2.2.1. There shall be no spikes, hooks or other projections, other than support for intermediate sheaves, on the hauling rope side or on the downhill side lower than 2.0 m above the surface of the tow path. Where this is not possible, the total length of the tow line shall be fenced to prevent contact by passengers or skiers actively using the slope.

8.2.6.2 Sheaves and mountings The rope sheaves shall be mounted high enough on the intermediate towers to hold the hauling rope between 0.5 m and 1.0 m above the tow surface, and the return rope at least 2.0 m above the tow surface. The sheave



mountings shall be sufficiently strong to prevent failure under maximum design conditions. If the vertical component of the rope tension is not sufficient to hold the return rope in the sheave groove at all times, then hold-down rollers shall be used to prevent the rope from leaving the sheave.

8.2.6.3 Location and clearance 1. All structures, installations and supports shall be located to avoid obstruction to any user, and have a

minimum clearance of 0.5 m from the haul rope. 2. Guy wires and struts supporting any pylons, towers or machinery which are likely to be struck by skiers,

shall be adequately marked and protected. 3. All moving parts, except the hauling rope, which might cause injury shall be suitably guarded.

8.2.7 Line equipment

8.2.7.1 Hauling ropes The hauling rope shall be manila or synthetic fibre rope manufactured for ski tow use, with a minimum factor of safety of 5.0, based on nominal strength. It shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. In operation the sheave adjustment specified in Clause 8.2.5.4. shall be used to minimise the rotation of the uphill rope.

8.2.7.2 Rope grippers These shall be so designed that when the skier’s hold on the gripper is released, the gripper automatically disengages from the rope.

The rope gripper shall be attached to the tow belt from its end point furthest from the gripping end.

9 Ropeways for secondary carriers

9.1 General

9.1.1Clause 9 covers the class of passenger ropeways used to transport passengers on secondary carriers that are(a) connected by an attendant or by self-service hooking equipment to attachments on the circulating wire

haul rope; and(b) detached at a predetermined unloading point.

9.1.2Ropeways designed for use of secondary carriers are not used for transporting skiers or boarders.Conversion of a ropeway from skier/boarder to secondary carrier use or vice-versa shall be deemed an alteration (see Clause 4.2).

9.1.3The requirements of Clause 9 shall apply in addition to those of Clause 4. Where conflict exists betweenClauses 4 and 9, Clause 9 shall take precedence.



9.2 Tow path

9.2.1The tow path shall have an upward slope only, except for the unloading area.

9.2.2The tow path shall be protected to prevent access from adjacent slopes.

9.2.3The tow path shall be designed and maintained to guide secondary carriers so that no part of a secondary carrier is beneath any obstructions under any loading condition unless a minimum vertical clearance of2 m is maintained.

9.2.4The tow path shall have a crossfall and sufficient width to ensure, if a secondary carrier inadvertently detaches, that the detached carrier will slide clear of the uphill path of any following secondary carriers.

9.2.5Containment barriers shall be in place along the crossfall of the tow path to stop and control any detached secondary carrier.

9.2.6The tow path shall extend to a point beyond the safety gate to provide sufficient stopping distance to stop the ropeway with the secondary carrier supported by the tow path.

9.2.7Secondary carriers shall be disengaged from attachments at the designated unloading area.

9.2.8The disengaging location shall be designed and maintained to allow for the release of a secondary carrier from the haul rope by providing a downhill slope along the path of the rope with the passenger still riding on the secondary carrier.

9.3 Capacity

9.3.1The maximum number of passengers to be loaded on a secondary carrier shall not exceed the manufacturer’s design. The capacity shall be posted at the loading area.



9.3.2The loading interval shall be regulated to suit the design limitations of the equipment and the slope gradient, with a minimum loading interval as follows:(a) 5 s for speeds of 1.2 m/s or less; and(b) 6 s for speeds greater than 1.2 m/s.

9.4 Rope speed

9.4.1The maximum rope speed shall not exceed 1.6 m/s.

9.4.2Smooth acceleration and deceleration shall be required over the full range of design loads and operating conditions so that secondary carriers do not become detached or are jerked because of a change in the rate of acceleration or deceleration.


9.5.1A means shall be provided to prevent contact with the downhill rope and any attachments, including, but not limited to, the following:(a) the haul rope and any attachments not less than 2.1 m above the surface of the tow path; or(b) fencing.

9.5.2The designer/manufacturer shall specify the following:(a) the acceptable orientation of attachments while they are being unloaded and loaded from a specific

reference point;(b) for the haul rope and/or attachments, the minimum and maximum clearance measured from the snow

surface;(c) user size; and(d) loading and unloading requirements.

9.6 Horizontal clearancesThe horizontal distance between uphill and downhill ropes shall exceed twice the length of any attachments to the haul rope on the downhill side. This distance shall not be less than 1.0 m for tows up to 100 m in slope length and 1.4 m for tows over 100 m in slope length.

9.7 Vertical forcesSecondary carriers shall remain in contact with the tow path at all times.



9.8 Towers

9.8.1When towers are used, a minimum of 2.5 m shall be provided between the haul rope and the snow surface.

9.8.2The downhill attachments shall be above any obstructions.

9.8.3The towers shall be of such a height and located in such a manner that if the uphill haul rope comes off the supporting sheaves of one tower, the towers or stations on either side will support the rope clear of the snow surface of the tow path by at least 0.6 m.

9.9 Loading sheavesA sheave or sheaves may be installed to hold the uphill rope above the surface at the loading position.Where used, these sheaves shall be arranged in a manner that prevents the rope from being pulled out of line by a loaded secondary carrier.

9.10 Control of rope rotationProvision shall be made to align drive and return sheaves to control rotation of the haul rope.

9.11 GuidesWhen secondary carrier attachments are permanently connected to the haul rope, means shall be provided to guide such devices into, around, and out of drive and return sheaves and to prevent these devices from swinging excessively while passing around these sheaves. In addition, means shall be provided to guide secondary carrier attachments past tower line sheave assemblies.

9.12 Brakes

9.12.1 Service brake

9.12.1.1A brake shall be provided unless an unloaded ropeway operating at maximum speed will stop within 8 m.

9.12.1.2Decelerating the ropeway over the full range shall not cause any secondary carrier to become detached.

9.12.2 Emergency brakeAn emergency brake shall not be required.



9.12.3 Antirollback deviceWhen any combination of uphill loaded secondary carriers can pull a rope backward, an antirollback device shall be provided. The device need not apply directly to the motor sheave or haul rope.

9.13 Safety gateIn addition to meeting the requirements of Clause 4.30.8, the safety gate shall(a) be the current-carrying type; and(b) encircle the uphill rope, or where the type of ropeway used makes this impractical, extend across the tow

path in such a manner that when a secondary carrier fails to be detached from the haul rope the safety gate is actuated.

9.14 Towing attachments

9.14.1Attachments shall be designed to prevent sliding along the haul rope when(a) subjected to twice the pull required to move a loaded secondary carrier along the tow path at the

steepest point: and(b) a secondary carrier is empty.

9.14.2Attachments shall be designed to prevent fingers, gloves, or clothing from being caught between the attachment and the haul rope.

9.14.3Fastening of the attachments to the haul rope shall not impair the strength of the rope.

9.14.4All attachments to the haul rope and components for pulling secondary carriers shall have a factor of safety of not less than 5, based on the ultimate strength of the unit and the maximum force that would be applied when hauling a fully loaded secondary carrier up the steepest point on the tow path.

9.14.5Attachments shall be repositioned in accordance with the designer’s instructions.

9.15 Motor controls

9.15.1Controls for starting, stopping, and accelerating shall be provided. All controls shall be located in such a manner that attendants remain clear of moving equipment.



9.15.2Except for ropeways where the uphill and downhill ropes are not less than 2.1 m above the snow surface, neither the operator nor the controls shall be located between the uphill and downhill ropes.

10 ConveyorsNote: See also Clause 6.8 for requirements on loading conveyors.

10.1 General

10.1.1Clause 10 covers the class of passenger conveyors in which skiers, riders, or foot passengers are transported uphill for recreational purposes while standing on a flexible moving element.

10.1.2Clause 10 does not cover moving platforms used to move skiers into the loading position on circulating passenger ropeways.


10.2 Conveyor path

10.2.1The maximum grade of the conveyor shall be regulated for the intended use. The grade of the belt shall not exceed 40% (21.8°).

10.2.2The maximum cross-slope of the conveyor structure shall not exceed 5% (3°).

10.2.3Where a conveyor is elevated above the surrounding grade, an integral unobstructed walking surface shall be located along at least one side of the belt. The unobstructed surface shall be within 30 mm above or below the surface of the loaded belt and at least 300 mm wide.Where a conveyor is on grade, the adjacent surfaces (both sides) shall be within 30 mm above or below the belt surface and maintained for a minimum width of 300 mm.



10.2.4The surface beyond the walking surface shall have, for a width of at least 1850 mm, a slope of not more than 1:2 away from the conveyor. A fence or other structure may be used in lieu of grading on one or both sides of the walking surface.

10.2.5 SkirtingThe following requirements shall apply:(a) Rigid skirting shall be provided along the full length of all conveyors. (b) Skirting shall be removable for maintenance and inspection.(c) Skirting shall extend from immediately below the level of the walking surface for 1000 mm or to within

150 mm of ground level.Note: The purpose of this Item is to prevent a hazard from developing where snowmelt could create a cavern beneath the surface along the edges of the belt surface or walking surface working and to prevent egress to the working mechanism.

10.3 Capacity and speed

10.3.1The capacity and loading interval shall be specified by the manufacturer to suit the design limitations of the equipment, the slope gradient, and the ability of passengers to load and leave the conveyor.Information on the capacity, loading interval, and design limitations of the equipment shall be provided by the manufacturer.

10.3.2The maximum belt speed shall be 1.2 m/s.

10.3.3Belt acceleration and deceleration shall be smooth over the full range of design loads and operating conditions.

10.4 Clearances

10.4.1 ClearingNo trees or shrubs shall be permitted closer than 2 m horizontally and 3 m vertically from the belt surface.

10.4.2 Clearance to structuresThe minimum vertical clearance from the belt surface shall be 2.1 m.There shall be a minimum horizontal clearance of 300 mm between each exposed edge of the belt and any obstruction for the full length of the belt between the loading and unloading zones.

10.5 Line equipment



10.5.1The belt and splices shall be designed for the most adverse loading conditions.

10.5.2An 11.3 kg load, applied on a flexible surface of 25 × 50 mm at any point on the surface, shall not deflect it by more than 2.4 mm.

10.5.3Permanent or temporary structural supports for conveyor trusses and machinery components shall be provided. They shall be designed to withstand static and dynamic loads imposed under the most adverse design operating conditions without shifting or settling.

10.5.4Where external belt guides are used,(a) they shall be continuous, with their joints and ends of sections designed, fitted, and secured so as not to

create any pinching or catching hazards; and(b) the clearance between the top surface of the belt and the underside of an external belt guide shall not

exceed 5 mm.

10.5.5Conveyors shall be designed and installed to prevent the belt from lifting off its running surface under all load conditions.

10.6 Brakes, antirollback devices, and automatic stopping devices

10.6.1An antirollback device shall not be required on a conveyor that will not run in the down direction by gravity under any load condition when the power supply is interrupted.Note: A service brake is not considered an antirollback device.

10.6.2If an antirollback device is provided, it need not apply directly to the drive drum.

10.6.3 Emergency stop unloading

10.6.3.1The conveyor shall be equipped with an automatic stopping device located at the top end (unloading) of the belt. This device, if triggered, shall initiate an emergency shutdown of the conveyor. It shall be located in one of two locations:(a) (0,8m/sec or 1,2m/sec maximum) downhill from the belt transition area at least the distance required to stop the empty conveyor operating at full speed by triggering this stopping device; or



(b1) (max. speed of 0,8m/sec) at the belt transition, where the device shall open in the order of 60mm. The distance required to stop the empty conveyor operating at full speed shall be lesser than 300mm in order to prevent an object from becoming entangled between the conveyor belt and the automatic stopping device; or

(b2) (max. speed of 1,2m/sec) at the belt transition, where the device shall be capable of moving at least 500mm in order to prevent an object from becoming entangled between the conveyor belt and the automatic stopping device. The maximum allowable stopping distance for a conveyor operated at full speed shall be the half the circumference of the head drum. The design of the device must be in a way that an unintended release of the whole 500mm and therefore a hazardous situation may not appear.

There shall be no obstructions from the belt transition area of the maximum stopping distance initiated by this device, measured along the circumference of the head drum.

Note: The belt transition is where the belt goes around the top head drum to return down the hill.

10.6.3.2 Acceleration, DecelerationThe drive shall allow smooth starting. The acceleration shall not exceed 0,1 m/s².The maximum deceleration shall not exceed 1,8m/s². For high speed conveyors with maximum of 1,2m/sec it is recommended to use different deceleration ramps (e.g. 0,2m/s² for service stops) in order to prevent people from falling.

10.7 Motor

10.7.1 GeneralAn internal combustion engine shall not be used as a directly coupled motor.

10.7.2 Motor controlsStop buttons shall be provided at all attendant and operator stations and at the entrances to electrical control spaces, motor system spaces, tensioning system spaces, and loading and unloading areas.


10.8.1The loading area shall be approximately level and constructed in a manner that guides passengers to a marked loading point.

10.8.2The unload area shall be inclined downward in the direction of travel and outward from the line of the uphill belt path to provide passenger movement away from the belt.

10.9 Tensioning



10.9.1A belt-tensioning system shall be provided to ensure constant specified tension under all anticipated operating temperatures and to allow for belt stretch and shrinkage.

10.9.2The available travel of tensioning drums or rollers shall be adequate to properly tension the belt during normal operations.

10.10 EnclosuresPermanent and temporary enclosures shall not obscure the operator’s and/or the attendants’ view of the conveyor. Permanent and temporary enclosures shall not impede passengers using the conveyor and shall meet the clearance requirements of Clause 10.4.

11 Ropes and chains

11.1 GeneralClause 11 applies to all ropes, cables, and chains used in passenger ropeways, including(a) track ropes for reversibles and bi-cable and tri-cable ropeways;(b) haul ropes for reversibles, bi-cable and tri-cable ropeways, above-surface ropeways, surface ropeways, and wire rope tows;(c) counter-ropes;(d) tensioning ropes;(e) signal cables;(f) guy ropes; and(g) fibre ropes.

11.2 Fibre ropes

11.2.1 Haul ropes of fibre rope towsHaul ropes shall be natural or synthetic fibre ropes having a special lay or braid to minimize twist.

11.2.2 Factor of safetyThe minimum factor of safety shall be 5 based on the breaking strength of the rope specified in the manufacturer’s catalogue divided by the maximum static tension in the haul rope.

11.3 Wire ropes

11.3.1 Physical propertiesWire rope complying with EN 1891 or an equivalent Guideline shall be used in passenger ropeways, with the exception of galvanized signal carrier cables and guy ropes, which shall comply with AS 2841 or the equivalent.



11.3.2 Factors of safety

11.3.2.1The minimum factors of safety shall be based on ultimate strength and maximum static tension and be as specified in Table 7.

Table 7 – Minimum factors of safety for ropes(See Clause 11.3.2.1.)

Rope Ropeway operating

Ropeway not operating

Rescue rope in a closed loop when main ropeway operating 2.75 2.75Rescue rope in a closed loop when rescue rope is being used 3.0 —Winch rescue rope 5.0 —Guy rope 3.5 3.5Haul rope 4.5 3.0Rope used to support floating sheaves 6.0 3.5Telephone and signal cable 3.0 2.0Tensioning rope 6.0 3.5Track rope 3.0 2.0

11.3.2.2For ropeways with track ropes, the factor of safety of a haul rope without splice shall be not greater than 25, based on ultimate strength and maximum static tension. For spliced haul ropes, the factor of safety shall be not greater than 20.

11.3.3The diameter of a rescue rope in a closed loop shall be not less than 15 mm.

11.3.4The diameter of a winch rescue rope shall be not less than 10 mm.

11.3.5With the rescue system not in operation, a telephone, signal, or rescue rope shall not contact a carrier, track rope, or moving rope under normal or adverse wind pressure and ice conditions.

11.4 Wire rope construction

11.4.1 Haul and counter ropesHaul and counter ropes shall be stranded ropes with regular/ordinary or Lang’s lay.

11.4.2 Track ropes



11.4.2.1Single spiral strands shall not be used.

11.4.2.2Other than conductors, optical fibres and the like, track ropes shall be made entirely of steel

11.4.2.3Every track rope shall be made as a single continuous length over the travelled section.

11.4.3 Tensioning ropesOnly flexible 6 x 36 WS, 6 x 41 WS, and 8 x 36 WS regular lay rope shall be used for tensioning ropes.

11.4.4 Guy ropesGuy ropes shall be galvanized or stainless steel.

11.5 Track ropes

11.5.1Single spiral strands shall not be used in track ropes.

11.5.2Track ropes shall be made entirely of steel.

11.5.3Each track rope shall be made as a single continuous length over the travelled section.

11.6 Guy ropesAll guy ropes shall be galvanized or stainless steel.

11.7 Testing

11.7.1The rope manufacturer shall supply a certificate or certificates stating the diameter, rope length, grade of rope, construction, manufactured lay length, wire diameters, metallic cross-sectional area, unit weight, type of core, lubrication, and, in the case of track ropes, haul ropes, counter-ropes and tensioning ropes, the actual breaking strength, as determined by a test to destruction of a length from each rope. The manner and location of break shall be stated on the certificate. Torsion test and break test results shall also be supplied for track, haul, and counter-rope wires.



11.7.2Testing shall be completed in accordance with AS 3569 for ropes and AS 1394 for wires. EN 12385-9 should be consulted for testing of shaped wire rope.

11.8 Splices

11.8.1 Haul ropesNote: This Clause need not apply to fibre ropes.

11.8.1.1Splicing shall be performed by an experienced splicer. The minimum length of the splice shall be 1200 times the nominal rope diameter. The tails, or lengths of the rope strands tucked into the core of the rope on splicing, shall be a minimum of 50 times the nominal rope diameter in length.

11.8.1.2When two or more contiguous long splices occur in a rope, they shall be separated by an undisturbed length of rope that shall be a minimum of 2400 times the nominal rope diameter.

11.8.1.3Only conventional long splices shall be used in haul ropes.

11.8.2 Wire rope towsSleeve-type splices or wedge-splice handles, when used, shall be installed in accordance with the ropeway manufacturer’s instructions and replaced annually.

11.8.3 Tensioning ropesSplices shall not be permitted in tensioning ropes.

11.8.4 Conveyor belt splicesSplices in conveyor belts shall be made in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and use approved belt-lacing material.

11.9 End connections

11.9.1 Haul ropesEnd connections shall be capable of developing the full strength of the rope to which they are attached.



11.9.2 Tensioning ropes

11.9.2.1End connections shall be designed against failure or slippage under a tension equal to 80% of the nominal breaking strength of the rope.

11.9.2.2Torsion of a tensioning rope shall not be transferred to a track rope.

11.9.3 Track ropes

11.9.3.1A lined track rope bollard (anchor) shall have a diameter of not less than 65 times the rope diameter or 600 times the largest diameter or height of the outer wires. For an unlined bollard or wheel, the diameter shall be increased by 25%.

11.9.3.2One end of a track rope shall be anchored by wrapping it around a bollard a minimum of two wraps. The residual tension shall be secured by no fewer than two identical clamps, one carrying the load and another acting as a check against slippage. The number of turns and number of clamps shall be specified by the ropeway manufacturer or designer.

11.9.3.3At the time of installation, the length of the track rope shall allow for slipping a minimum of three times.The allowance for each slip shall be not less than the length of the longest saddle or roller chain, plus 5 m.

11.9.3.4A track rope bollard and stored rope shall be covered for protection from the weather.

11.9.4 Sockets

11.9.4.1A rope socket shall be designed so that it will not be stressed beyond the yield point of the material used when the rope it anchors and connects is under tension equal to its nominal breaking strength.

11.9.4.2The method of socketing shall be one currently in practice or established by tests, and shall develop the nominal breaking strength of the rope. AS 2759 provides current Australian practice for poured sockets.



11.9.4.3Socketing shall be performed by a qualified person.

11.9.4.4A sleeve socket and cone shall be secured against turning.

11.9.4.5A report shall be provided by the person performing the socketing procedure. At a minimum, thefollowing shall be included in the report:(a) chemical analysis of socketing material used;(b) temperatures of pouring material and preheated socket body (zinc sockets);(c) details of cleaning process (resin sockets);(d) type of rope lubricant applied after socketing; and(e) name and signature of person pouring the socket.(f) date of installation.Note: A sample of a cast socket report is included as Annex K.

11.9.4.6 Mechanical socketsA report shall be provided for each mechanical socket containing asa minimum—(a) identification of the socket manufacturer;(b) the initial value for the slippage monitoring dimension;(c) the type of lubrication, if applicable;(d) the name and signature of the person who installed the socket; and(e) the date of installation.NOTE: A sample mechanical socket report form is included in Appendix KA.

11.9.5 Wire rope clips and thimbles

11.9.5.1Use of wire rope clips and thimbles shall be limited to tensioning ropes and guys.

11.9.5.2Wire rope clips shall conform to AS 2076 or equivalent.

11.9.5.3Wire rope clips and thimbles shall be installed in accordance withAS 2076.

11.9.5.4A wire rope clip of the single-saddle type shall be installed with the U-bolt against the “dead end” and the saddle against the “live end”.



11.9.5.5Torque values and retightening procedures shall conform to the instructions of the wire clip manufacturer or AS 2076 in the absence of the manufacturer’s information.

11.9.5.6The clip shall be such that the strength of the rope, when attached, shall be not less than 80% of the nominal breaking strength of the rope.

11.10 Non-destructive testing of ropes, sleeves, and sockets

11.10.1After installation of a new track rope on new or existing ropeways within 12 months of installation , a MRT of the rope shall be performed.After installation of a used track rope on new or existing ropeways a MRT of the rope shall be performed before operation for the public.

11.10.2After installation of a haul rope on new or existing above-surface ropeways within 12 months of installation, a MRT of the rope shall be performed.After installation of a used haul rope on new or existing ropeways a MRT of the rope shall be performed before operation for the public.

11.10.3The requirements for non-destructive testing of ropes shall be as follows:(a) Magnetic rope testing (MRT) conducted to fulfil the requirements of Clause 11.10.3 shall be carried out by

a competent person in accordance with the requirements in AS/NZS 4812 for conducting non-destructive examinations (i.e. the requirements for the examiner, EM instruments, calibration and rope examinations).’ ’

(b) On above-surface ropeways, MRT examinations shall be performed at intervals not exceeding 6000 h of operation, according to an operating hour meter, or 24 months, whichever occurs first. When it is anticipated that the date for the test will occur during an operating period, the test shall be performed before that period.

(c) When the condition of the rope on above-surface ropeways warrants, or if the rope shows signs of neglect, more frequent MRT examinations shall be carried out.

(d) A copy of an interpretive report on the tests specified in Items (b) and (c) shall be kept in a rope log.

This report shall include, but not be limited to, the following:(i) diameter measurements;(ii) broken wire locations;(iii) broken wire locations visually confirmed;(iv) condition of splices and repairs including dimensions over tucks;(v) locations of mechanical damage;(vi) hours of operation since the last inspection;(vii) general rope condition, lubrication, cleanliness, and surface corrosion;(viii)locations requiring special inspection;(ix) estimate of loss of metallic cross-sectional area (LMA);(x) a statement that the rope meets the requirements of this Guideline; and(xi) the signature of the test interpreter and the date.



Note: A sample of a non-destructive rope test report is included as Annex E.

11.10.4The whole length of each rope (including tensioning ropes and guys) and all connections shall be visually examined at established intervals not exceeding one year or 2000 h of operation, whichever comes first, or immediately after any incident that can affect the condition of the rope.

11.10.5A sleeve and socket that is to be used or reused shall be non-destructively tested to establish its usability.This testing shall be documented.

11.10.6The socket replacement interval shall be specified by the manufacturer or a competent person

11.10.7For reversible ropeways with spliced haul ropes, an MRT of the haul rope shall take place at yearly intervals unless experience justifies a different interval. Any such interval change shall be as specified by the manufacturer or designer of the system or by a competent person.

11.11 Wire rope maintenance

11.11.1Maintenance shall include, but not be limited to, the following:(a) The type of lubricant and the frequency of lubrication shall be as recommended by the rope manufacturer

or designer. A rope that has little or no motion, e.g., a tensioning rope or guy rope, shall be given special consideration for protection against corrosion.

(b) Ropes shall be kept clean.(c) Rope connections shall be protected against corrosion.(d) Saddles and roller chains shall be liberally lubricated.

11.11.2During the operating season, recorded monthly visual inspections of all exposed areas shall be performed on the following:(a) areas of multiple broken wires or other external defects on haul ropes, track ropes, and tensioning ropes;(b) track ropes and tensioning ropes where they pass over saddles, roller chains, and counterweight sheaves;

and(c) all rope connections (splices) and end attachments.

11.11.3At regular intervals, not to exceed five years, each tensioning rope (excluding track tensioning ropes) shall be completely detensioned and/or removed so that a visual inspection of its entire length, circumference, and end fixings can be performed.



11.12 Protruding broken wires

11.12.1Broken wires protruding from a rope shall be bent back and forth until they fracture at the surface of the rope.

11.12.2A wire rope tow shall not be operated when the ends of a broken wire protrude above the surface of the rope.

11.13 Replacement or repair of wire rope

11.13.1 GeneralIf a rope is damaged in a manner that makes it unsafe, it shall be repaired or replaced.

11.13.2 Replacement criteriaThe following criteria shall be used in addition to Clause 11.10 to evaluate the necessity for rope replacement:(a) abrasion, scrubbing, or peening causing loss of more than one-third of the original diameter of the outside

wires;(b) evidence of rope deterioration from corrosion, heat, or electrical discharges;(c) kinking, crushing, or other damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure;(d) diameter reduction to below—

(i) 94% of the actual diameter measured after 50 h of operation;(ii) 97% of the nominal diameter if the 50 h diameter is not available; or(iii) for either circumstance, a percentage (but not less than 90%) of nominal diameter specified by both

the lift and rope manufacturer based on their assessment of the rope and the usage.(e) evidence of pitting from corrosion or broken wires in the vicinity of attached fittings;(f) a significant increase in the lay length;(g) a significant change in the rate of rope stretch; and(h) the condition of the main haul rope splices.

11.13.3 SplicesAll tucks of splices shall be marked and a splice shall be repaired or replaced if(a) more than the allowable number of broken wires are found at the tucks;(b) there is any sign of slipping; or(c) significant distortion of the rope at any tuck or splice location has occurred.

11.13.4 Splicing in replacementsIf the haul rope damage is local, a section of rope of the same size and construction may be spliced in.

11.13.5 Damaged wires



11.13.5.1If a reduction in metallic cross-sectional area exceeds the applicable value specified in Table 8 because of broken wires, wear, corrosion, wire slackening, or other damage, the rope shall be replaced or repaired.

Table 8 – Loss in metallic area(See Clauses 11.13.5.1–11.13.5.3 and Table I.1.)

Class of rope Maximum permissible % loss in metallic area

Reference length*

Locked coil rope 10 200 x d8 30 x d

5 6 x d

Stranded rope 25 500 x d10 30 x d

6 6 x d

*d = nominal diameter of the track rope.Note: Table I.1 provides a means for estimating the number of wire breaks on various rope constructions that this Table represents. It should be noted that Annex I is not a mandatory part of this Guideline, and that the actual allowable number of broken wires can differ slightly from those specified in Table I.1. The actual LMA should be determined by a qualified person based on the actual wire sizes.

11.13.5.2For recovery and evacuation ropes, the maximum loss in metallic area shall be 50% of the applicable value specified in Table 8.

11.13.5.3For tension ropes, the maximum loss in metallic area due to visible wire breaks shall be 50% of the applicable value specified in Table 8.

11.13.5.4If there is any doubt about the size of a broken wire indicated by an MRT when loss in metallic area is calculated, it shall be assumed to be a larger cross-section wire in the rope.

11.13.5.5A haul rope shall not remain in service if more than 50% of the outer wires of one strand are broken within one lay length.

11.13.5.6Loose wires and wires repaired by welding, brazing, or gluing shall be regarded as broken wires.

11.13.5.7The same wire broken in several places over the stated reference length shall be regarded as a single broken wire.



11.13.5.8At regular intervals, not to exceed five years, each tensioning rope (excluding track tensioning ropes) shall be detensioned and/or removed so that a visual inspection of its entire circumference and end fixings can be performed.

11.13.6 Repairs to haul ropeIf the haul rope is damaged but the damage is confined to only one or two strands, the damaged strand or strands may be replaced and the rope may continue in service if the following requirements are met:(a) A competent wire rope splicer shall advise in writing before rope operation resumes that a suitable(b) Replacement strand(s) was used and the rope was properly repaired.(c) The minimum length of each new strand shall be at least 360 times the nominal rope diameter between

end tucks. The length of tail tucked into the core at each end shall be at least 50 times the nominal rope diameter.

(d) The repaired area shall be outside of an existing splice and the closest tuck shall be a distance of at least 100 times the nominal rope diameter from the nearest tuck in an existing splice. When the repair involves laying-in two strands, the tuck position for one strand shall be a distance of at least 100 times the nominal rope diameter from the tuck position of the second strand. If the calculated distance from the closest tuck of a laid-in strand or strands is less than 100 times the nominal rope diameter from the closest tuck in an existing splice, the laid-in strand or strands shall be run into the splice. The tuck(s) shall be at the normal point(s) of tuck in the existing splice.

(e) The repaired area shall be inspected on completion of the repair and once a week during six weeks of operation to ensure that there is no interference with the grips and the newly laid-in strand(s) during grip migration. Thereafter, the repair shall be subject to routine wire rope inspection. The wire rope shall be removed from operation immediately if core collapse, pulling, high stranding, or other significant distortions occur.

(f) Splice diagrams and diagrams of laid-in strand(s) shall be prepared for the owner by the splicer. A copy of the document containing the diagrams shall be placed in the wire rope log (see Clause 11.15).

11.14 Locked coil track rope broken wires

11.14.1Where an outer wire in a track rope is broken in the travelled section, an engineer shall be contacted immediately and an opinion obtained on repair or other necessary corrective action.

11.14.2When two adjacent outer wires within one lay length are broken in the travelled section, the ropeway shall be shut down and the rope shall be replaced or repaired to the satisfaction of the manufacturer or a competent person.

11.14.3When more than two broken outer wires occur within one lay length, the ropeway shall be shut down and the track rope shall be repaired or replaced to the satisfaction of the rope manufacturer or a competent person.

11.14.4Track ropes shall be repaired or replaced when there is any indication that an outer wire can come out of lock.



11.14.5All repairs shall be in accordance with explicit instructions from the manufacturer or a competent person.

11.15 Wire rope logA logbook shall be maintained for each ropeway and provide the following information and documentation for each rope:(a) approved specification;(b) copy of documents provided in accordance with Clause 11.7.1(c) date installed;(d) splicing certificate for each splice and details of each repair (see also Clause 11.16 and Item 11.13.6(e));(e) record of lubrication, including type of lubricant and date applied;(f) record of maintenance inspection; (g) report of wire rope inspection;(h) report of accidents or injury to rope; and(i) documentation of end attachment e.g. a certificate as per Appendix K.’

11.16 Splice certificateThe splice certificate shall include, but not be limited to, the following:(a) reason for splice or repair;(b) dimensions of the completed splice;(c) rope diameter measurements at tuck locations;(d) amount of rope removed (if applicable);(e) type of tail wrapping;(f) material used as core;(g) condition of rope in the splice area; and(h) splicer’s signature and date.Note: A sample of a wire rope splice certificate is included as Annex G.

11.17 Chains in tensioning systems

11.17.1 GeneralOnly chains rated for overhead lifting shall be used in tension linkage applications.

11.17.2 Welded link chainsWelded link chains shall comply with the requirements for Grade 80 Alloy Steel Chain specified by theNational Association of Chain Manufacturers’ Welded Steel Chain Specifications.

11.17.3 Roller and leaf chainsRoller and leaf chains, attachments, and sprockets used in tension linkage applications shall be designed, built, and maintained in accordance with ANSI/ASME B29.100. Only chains rated for suspending overhead loads shall be used.



11.17.4 Factor of safetyThe minimum factor of safety for chains shall be not less than 6, based on the actual breaking load and the maximum static tension.

11.17.5 TestingThe chain manufacturer shall supply a certificate stating the specifications, dimensions, strength grade, and nominal breaking strength of the chains supplied. A sample section of chain from the same manufactured lot as that intended for use shall be tested. For testing purposes, a lot shall consist of 300 m or less. The test report shall include, but not be limited to, the following:(a) the dimensions of the chain sample tested;(b) the grade of the chain;(c) the nominal breaking strength;(d) the actual breaking strength; and(e) the actual elongation at fracture.

11.17.6 IdentificationA mark identifying the grade of chain shall be placed along the chain at regular intervals.

11.18 Maintenance

11.18.1Chains shall be kept clean and free from any coating or deposits that could change the dimensions or reduce flexibility. Cleaning shall not damage the chain. Solutions used for cleaning shall be acid free.

11.18.2Chains shall be inspected visually at regular time intervals for wear, distortion, imperfections such as cracks, notches, deformed links, gouges, and weld spatter, and other damage specified by the manufacturer. Chains found to be damaged shall be removed from service.

11.18.3Chains and their end connections shall be checked annually or after 2000 h of operation, whichever comes first, and immediately after any incident that could affect the integrity of the chain. Chains shall be checked for elongation and wear as specified by the manufacturer. Chains shall be checked by comparing the nominal pitch length of unused chain with sections that are in service. If elongation exceeds 1.5%, the chain shall be removed from service.

11.18.4At regular intervals, not to exceed five years, welded link chains shall be detensioned and their wear surfaces inspected. Permission shall not be given to anyone except the chain manufacturer to repair welded link chains by heating or welding.



11.18.5At regular intervals, not to exceed five years, roller and leaf chains shall be detensioned and checked for twist and bow. Sections of chain exhibiting twist of more than 15° in any 1.5 m section or side bow exceeding 60 mm in any 1.5 m section shall be replaced. Repair of roller and leaf chains by welding and heating shall not be permitted.

12 Inspection, testing, and maintenance

12.1 General

12.1.1Clause 12 covers the inspection, testing, and maintenance of all classes of passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors.

12.1.2The requirements of Clause 12 shall apply in addition to those of Clause 4 and other clauses applying to the specific ropeway and conveyor type.

12.2 Personnel training

12.2.1Management personnel and personnel responsible for inspection, testing, and maintenance shall be familiar with the applicable provisions of this guideline.

12.2.2Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors shall be maintained by trained and competent persons.

12.2.3The owner or the owner’s representative shall be responsible for supervising and training maintenance personnel.

12.2.4The training specified in Clause 12.2.3 shall include instructions on the use of the manufacturer’s maintenance manuals, observation of potentially dangerous operational or mechanical developments within view, and the appropriate action to take if a condition develops in which continued normal operation might endanger persons.

12.3 Safety procedures during maintenance



12.3.1 Written safety proceduresManagement shall prepare and place in or at each ropeway and conveyor attendant station written safety procedures to be used during maintenance. These procedures shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, main power lockout, safe rigging, use of work carriers, and public safety.

12.3.2 Lockout procedures

All operational and maintenance staff shall be made aware of the maintenance safety and lockout procedures of each ropeway and conveyor.Each of the maintenance staff shall follow the maintenance safety and lockout procedures which will incorporate signs reading ‘Work in Progress on Ropeway’, or similar wording, and locks when applicable.When working on the motor or engine, the main isolator shall be locked off.When personnel are working on the line, the control panel or main isolator shall be locked out using maintenance staff signs or other lock out systems. Personnel shall have communication while working on the line.

12.4 Operational inspection

12.4.1 Daily inspectionA daily inspection shall be conducted before passengers are transported. At a minimum, the inspection shall consist of the following:(a) a visual inspection of each terminal and station and of the entire length of the ropeway or conveyor;(b) an inspection to check that the tensioning carriage, counterweights, or other tensioning devices are functional and have adequate travel, with clearance at both ends of travel; (c) operation of manual and automatic switches in stations and loading and unloading areas;(d) operation of braking systems (with the exception of track rope brakes, which should be tested at least once a year);(e) operation of communication systems;(f) operation of the ropeway or conveyor, including a visual inspection of all ropes and carriers and of the complete length of the belt;(g) an inspection to check that loading and unloading areas are clear of obstructions and correct clearances are maintained;(h) an inspection to check that required clearance to snow and obstructions exists below carriers;(i) an inspection to check that signs are in place and clearly visible; and(j) an inspection of attachments for secondary carriers.

12.4.2 DeicingCarriers and line equipment shall be cleared of ice and snow before operation, except where other procedures have been established.

12.4.3 Internal combustion engines

12.4.3.1Fuel supplies shall be checked daily to ensure that there is sufficient fuel to operate during the anticipated period without refuelling.



12.4.3.2Power units shall be stopped during refuelling.

12.4.4 Evacuation and auxiliary motorsEvacuation and auxiliary motors shall meet the following requirements:(a) The evacuation motor and any auxiliary motor shall be inspected and operated at least once each week

while disengaged, and at least once each month while engaged.(b) Evacuation and auxiliary motor tests and operation shall be performed with the main power disconnected.

12.4.5 Recording of and action on abnormalitiesAll abnormalities discovered during the daily inspection shall be recorded in the logbook and the appropriate action taken.

12.5 Tensioning and carriage systems

12.5.1 General

12.5.1.1A tensioning and/or carriage system shall be in full operation before a ropeway or conveyor is permitted to operate.

12.5.1.2Counterweights shall be in full suspension at all times during operation.

12.5.1.3Tensioning and carriage systems shall have sufficient travel to allow for operating changes in loading and temperature.

12.5.1.4Sections of tensioning ropes that have been damaged or corroded shall not be used.

12.5.1.5The tensioning system setting or range shall be as designed for the number of carriers or the loading conditions.Note: A change in the number of carriers or the loading conditions can necessitate a change in the tensioning system or range.

12.5.1.6Tensioning ropes shall be adjusted to provide at least 150 mm of remaining carriage travel when the counterweight reaches its



(a) lower limit of travel; and(b) upper limit of travel.

12.5.2 Tensioning system adjustment

12.5.2.1The weight of a counterweight or any other tensioning system shall not be altered without the appropriate design documentation.

12.5.2.2Adjusting devices shall be removed or suitably backed up and secured during operation.

12.5.2.3Counterweights or tensioning devices shall not be repositioned while passengers are on the line.

12.6 GroundingTravelling ropes shall be grounded after daily operations are terminated. This requirement need not apply when travelling ropes are used for communication or control.

12.7 Maintenance proceduresThe manufacturer’s maintenance procedures shall be followed.Where the ropeway or conveyor manufacturer’s specifications, operation manual or maintenance procedures are not available, and cannot be provided by the manufacturer, replacements shall be prepared by a competent person, having due regard to the history of the particular installation and the state of knowledge concerning related and similar installations.

12.8 Replacement components

12.8.1Replacement components that affect safety shall be those specified by the ropeway manufacturer and/or designer.

12.8.2Critical components that are replaced, modified, or repaired shall comply with Clause 4.6.

12.8.3 Critical component failure



12.8.3.1If a critical component is found to have failed, it shall be immediately removed from service, provided that such removal does not create a further hazard.

12.8.3.2If a failed critical component cannot be removed from service, the ropeway or conveyor shall be evacuated and operation shall be discontinued.

12.8.3.3The failure of the component shall be investigated by a qualified person to determine the cause. At a minimum, the investigation should consider(a) design;(b) material;(c) processing and manufacturing;(d) assembly;(e) service conditions;(f) maintenance; and(g) operation.

12.8.3.4If the cause of failure cannot be established as being unique to the individual failed component, all similar components shall be subjected to a non-destructive examination or replaced before operation is resumed.Clause 12.18 shall be applied to the fullest extent possible.

12.8.3.5If the investigation and subsequent inspection reveal that the deficiency is not an isolated incident, the manufacturer shall be notified.

12.9 General inspection and maintenanceFoundations and all structural, mechanical, and electrical components shall be inspected annually and maintained in a state of good repair by the lift owner and audited by an inspector’.A comprehensive preventative maintenance plan shall be established, documented, and regularly reviewed, and shall include the inspection by competent persons on an annual cycle.Inspection shall be directed by the maintenance plan and shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following:(a) Foundations.(b) Anchorage and hold down elements.(c) Line support structures.(d) Terminal structures.(e) Rope support and carrying mechanical elements.(f) Rope motor and braking mechanical equipment.(g) Rope tensioning equipment.(h) Carriers and their rope connection equipment.(i) Electrical wiring, switch and control gear.

Where the required inspections are detailed by this Standard or stipulated by the designer, manufacturer, supplier or the relevant regulatory authority, they shall be carried out strictly according to that detail. Where no such detail is known, the content and detail of annual inspection procedures shall be established by a



competent person and due regard shall be given to the history of the particular installation and the state of knowledge concerning related and similar installations.

12.10 Grips and wire rope-towing outfits

12.10.1The initial installation and each relocation of a clamp-type fixed grip on an above-surface ropeway shall be proof tested using a method established by the manufacturer.

12.10.2Detachable grips shall be bench tested or pull tested using a method specified by the manufacturer before their initial installation, after they are serviced, and before they are put back into operation.

12.10.3Rope grips, wire rope-towing outfits, and attachments for secondary carriers shall be moved in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

12.10.4A fixed grip shall not be installed or allowed to migrate closer than a distance of 20 haul rope diameters to a splice tuck or rope-repair tuck.

12.10.5For fixed-grip installations, grip relocations and the direction of relocation shall be recorded in the maintenance records.

12.10.6As each grip is relocated, the haul rope shall be examined for deterioration at and near the grip location.

12.10.7Each grip location shall be marked by a suitable means to identify the amount of migration.

12.10.8The manufacturer’s information shall be used to identify excessive migration.

12.10.9 Rope grips on a reversible ropeway

12.10.9.1When the rope grips in the terminal are opened for relocation of the grips, reliable safety measures shall be provided to retain the carriers.



12.10.9.2Rope grips on the haul rope shall be relocated at intervals not exceeding three months or 200 h of operation, whichever occurs first. Relocation shall take place in the same direction each time.Note: The experience gained with this type of rope connection on carriers should be reviewed and can be subject to change.

12.10.9.3Rope grips shall be moved a minimum of two rope lay-lengths plus the rope length in contact with rope grips and guides. In addition, the relocation shall provide adequate access for non-destructive testing of the rope section that was exposed to the rope grips and bending.

12.10.9.4An inspection trip shall take place immediately after the rope grips are relocated to ensure that the docking, pulling-in distance, and approach are correct.

12.10.9.5Clamping on a splice shall not be allowed. Rope grips shall be placed at least 1.5 times the tramway stopping distance away from a splice to ensure that the splice cannot be pulled through the rope grip.

12.11 Reversible ropeway carriage service and maintenanceWhen a carriage is attached to the haul rope with rope grips, the carriage shall be overhauled every six years (at a minimum), and at that time the slip force test of the haul rope in the rope grips shall be verified by shop testing. When the carriage is reinstalled in the field after overhauling, the same slip force test of the haul rope shall be repeated on site.

12.12 Rope elevation adjustmentWhen a ropeway design includes provision for adjustment of the elevation of the rope or track supports on towers and/or in stations to meet changes in normal operational requirements, such adjustment shall be made only in accordance with the designer’s or manufacturer’s instructions. The operations manual shall specify the proper procedures and sequences for making adjustments.

12.13 Brake testing

The manufacturer’s test procedure and the holding torque value for brakes shall be posted in the machine room.

12.14 Inspection and maintenance checklist

12.14.1A signed inspection and maintenance checklist in which the actual execution of maintenance work is recorded daily shall be maintained for each ropeway and conveyor by the owner or operator.



12.14.2The inspection and maintenance checklist shall include the date, components serviced, and condition of the components. A record shall be kept of replacement of components in a bound copy book or electronic maintenance tracking system.Note: A sample of an inspection and maintenance checklist is included as Annex D.

12.15 As-built survey and ropeline calculationRope elevations in stations and on towers with chainages shall be documented by an as-built survey. Any variation from the design drawings shall be evaluated by the engineer responsible for the design. The profile and ropeline calculation shall be revised to record the as-built measurements.

12.16 Acceptance tests and inspection

12.16.1Before a new ropeway or conveyor, or one that has undergone an alteration, is placed in operation, it shall be inspected and tested to confirm that it meets the requirements of this guideline and the requirements of the manufacturer’s and designer’s specifications.

12.16.2All test results shall be recorded.

12.16.3The owner shall obtain from the manufacturer or designer a complete schedule and description of all proposed acceptance tests before such tests are performed.

12.16.4It shall be the responsibility of the owner to ensure that the following conditions have been met:(a) installation of towers and terminals in accordance with the plans and specifications;(b) tightness of all structural connections;(c) installation, alignment, and clearances of all components;(d) correct haul rope alignment at entrance to bullwheels and on all towers;(e) correct position and freedom of movement of carriages and counterweights or other tensioning means;(f) lubrication of all moving parts; and(g) proper operation of all electrical components, including circuit protection and grounding.

12.16.5Ropeway inspection shall cover the following in addition to the items specified in Clause 12.16.4:(a) haul rope sags under the most adverse static loadings;(b) alignment of haul rope sheave assemblies;(c) using main and auxiliary power (if any) and evacuation power, operating tests under full load and any partial load that can provide the most adverse operating conditions;(d) loss of control or control malfunction; and(e) evacuation equipment and procedures, including an actual demonstration under the most adverse operating conditions, which shall be conducted using main and auxiliary power (if any) and evacuation power.



12.16.6The test load for each carrier shall be 100% of the design live load.

12.16.7The functioning of all controls, safety circuits, alarms, limit switches, deropement switches, communications, lighting, lockouts, and grounding shall be checked.

12.16.8Motors, brakes, and antirollback devices shall be proved adequate under the most adverse design conditions.

12.16.9The capability of any auxiliary and/or evacuation power unit shall be demonstrated.

12.16.10The tests specified in Clause 12.16 shall be preceded by a sufficient period of operation with empty carriers to determine the proper function of all systems and make any necessary adjustments

12.16.11For above-surface ropeways using detachable grips operating at speeds exceeding 3.0 m/s, a data-acquisition system shall be used to record data and print comparative graphs for each trial. At a minimum, graphs shall be created for rope speed versus time and, for electrical motors, main motor current versus time.

12.17 Periodic load testingAt intervals not exceeding five years, above-surface ropeways shall be load tested in accordance with procedures established by the manufacturer. For above-surface ropeways with detachable grips, load testing shall include the requirements of Clause 12.16.11. These tests are to be carried out by the controller and the manufacturer and audited by an inspector.Note: A sample of a five-year load test report is included as Annex H.

12.18 Non-destructive tests of carriers on above-surface ropeways

12.18.1 General

12.18.1.1Carriers shall be tested and/or inspected in accordance with criteria established by the manufacturer

12.18.1.2The test and/or inspection method shall take the following into account:(a) the type of material;(b) the test location; and



(c) the type of flaw for which the test is being conducted.

12.18.1.3The test and/or inspection shall be carried out by competent persons.

12.18.1.4The test and/or inspection and any subsequent repairs shall be documented and the records shall be kept.

12.18.2 Defects

12.18.2.1As a result of a visual inspection, any suspected defect discovered shall be non-destructively tested as specified in Clause 12.18.

12.18.2.2When a defect or flaw is discovered, the designer or the manufacturer shall(a) provide the details of any modification, repair, or replacement required;(b) determine the frequency, method, and details of any further action required to show that other similar

components are satisfactory for further use; and(c) verify that the repair, modification, or replacement has corrected the problem.

12.18.3 Tests and inspections for circulating passenger ropeways

12.18.3.1The tests and inspections specified in Clause 12.18.3.2 shall be conducted at intervals established by the designer, manufacturer, or engineer based on experience of the performance of the components.

12.18.3.2Tests and inspections shall be conducted as follows:(a) All grips and hanger connections shall be disassembled, cleaned, and visually inspected in accordance with

the manufacturer’s or a competent person’s instructions’.(b) All grips, hangers, and carriers shall be visually inspected at least once every 500 h of operation.(c) At yearly intervals, a minimum of 20%, or a total of ten, whichever is greater, of grips or inserts, hangers,

and critical carrier locations shall be non-destructively tested on a rotational basis, such that none of these components shall be in service for more than five years without being tested.

Note: A sample of a grip carrier non-destructive test report is included as Annex F.

13 Operation of passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors



13.1 General

13.1.1Clause 13 covers the operation of all classes of passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors.

13.1.2The requirements of Clause 13 shall apply in addition to those of Clause 4 and other clauses applying to the specific ropeway and conveyor type.

13.2 Personnel training

13.2.1Management and other personnel responsible for operation shall be familiar with the applicable provisions of this Guideline.

13.2.2Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors shall be operated by trained and competent persons.

13.2.3The owner or the owner’s representative shall be responsible for supervising and training all personnel.

13.2.4The general training of operators and attendants shall include instructions on the observation of potentially dangerous operational or mechanical developments within view and the appropriate action to take in the event that a condition develops in which continued normal operation could endanger persons.

13.2.5Operators and attendants shall be trained in the use of the manufacturer’s operations manual for the installation on which they are to be working.

13.3 Owner responsibility

13.3.1The owner of each ropeway and conveyor (or owner’s representative) shall review the requirements of thisGuideline to ensure that original design and installation conditions have not been altered to violate the requirements of the Guideline.

13.3.2The owner or owner’s representative shall ensure that all required signs are in place.



13.3.3Only persons authorised by the owner or the owner’s representative shall start a ropeway or conveyor.

13.4 Ropeway or conveyor operations manual

13.4.1Each installation shall have its own operations manual.

13.4.2The operations manual shall describe the function and operation of the components and provide instructions on the correct usage of the installation. The manual shall include a chapter on the technical parameters of the system, e.g., environmental conditions (wind, ice, snow, temperature, seismic activity, avalanches, snow creep, etc.), technical limits, and redundancies. The operations manual shall be updated as necessary to reflect modifications and the manufacturer’s recommendations.

13.4.3The evacuation procedure shall be included in the operations manual.

13.4.4The operations manual shall include procedures for transporting hazardous objects and materials.

13.4.5One copy of the operations manual shall be readily available to operating personnel.

13.5 Minimum number and location of operating personnel

13.5.1During carriage of passengers, the following personnel shall be the minimum provided:(a) for each ropeway and conveyor, one operator shall be in charge;(b) for ropeways, one attendant shall be at each loading station;(c) for ropeways using secondary carriers, one attendant shall be at each station;(d) for above-surface ropeways, one attendant shall be at each unloading station;(e) for ropeways equipped with a track rope brake and/or cabin controls, one attendant shall be in each

cabin; and(f) for conveyors, the operator shall be at the unloading station.Notes:(1) An operator may serve concurrently as an attendant at a loading or unloading station that is adjacent to the

operator’s station unless the duties of that position preclude maintaining surveillance.(2) A station used for both loading and unloading may be staffed by a single attendant when both the loading and

unloading can be kept under surveillance and supervision by that attendant.(3) For conveyors and for ropeways using secondary carriers, one attendant may concurrently monitor two unloading

stations if the duties on one ropeway or one conveyor do not preclude maintaining proper surveillance on the second



ropeway or conveyor. The ropeway or conveyor should be shut down if the attendant moves away from the conveyor or ropeway.

(4) For situations where an operator always travels in a cabin as in Clause 13.5.1(e), the operator may serve as the loading and unloading station attendant.

13.5.2Attendants shall be located where they can observe the ropeway and/or conveyor operation.

13.5.3Stopping devices, communication devices, and written operational and safety procedures shall be immediately available to the attendant at each loading and unloading station.

13.5.4When a ropeway or conveyor is being operated for maintenance purposes only, one operator shall be required as well as the maintenance person.

13.5.5 Cabin attendants — Reversible ropewaysAll carriers that use track rope brakes shall have attendants in the cabins when carrying passengers.

13.6 Operational procedures and rules

13.6.1After any stop of a ropeway or conveyor, the operator shall determine the cause of the stop. The operator shall not restart the ropeway or conveyor until the origin of the stop has been located and clearance from each attended station has been obtained.

13.6.2One or more persons familiar with emergency and first aid procedures shall be on site at all times when a ropeway or conveyor is in operation.

13.6.3All personnel shall practise good housekeeping.

13.6.4Personnel shall comply with the operational rules and safety requirements of the specific ropeway or conveyor.

13.6.5Bypass circuit controls provided for emergency conditions shall be locked when not in use.



13.6.6When a bypass circuit is used for emergency conditions, the following requirements shall be met:(a) The person(s) responsible for ordering the bypass shall first determine whether the indicated physical

fault condition exists.(b) The bypass shall be ordered only by the person(s) authorized to order a bypass.(c) When a bypass is in operation, the physical fault condition bypassed shall be under constant and close

visual observation.

13.6.7An above-surface ropeway shall be operated only when two motors are operable, except when passengers are being evacuated from the line or for maintenance purposes.

13.6.8When a grip force check indicates a value below the minimum required, no passengers shall be transported on the carrier until verification that the grip is producing the minimum required force is obtained.

13.6.9The ropeway shall not be used to transport(a) objects or materials that violate capacity limits or design clearances; or(b) hazardous materials, except those listed and handled in accordance with procedures specified in the

operations manual.

13.6.10The following materials shall not be transported when passengers are on the ropeway:(a) garbage or similar combustible materials, except in carriers that meet the requirements of(b) Clause 4.27.10.5; and(c) explosives.

13.6.11Where the haul rope slopes downward and away from a detachable station, no persons shall be loaded at a haul rope speed that exceeds the maximum specified in Clause 6.14.1. This maximum speed shall be posted on the control panel.

13.7 Hazardous conditions

13.7.1 Wind or icing

13.7.1.1The operator shall be kept advised of adverse changes in weather conditions.



13.7.1.2When wind or icing conditions are such that continued operation could become hazardous to passengers or equipment, the ropeway shall be unloaded and operation discontinued.

13.7.2 Electrical storms

13.7.2.1No ropeways shall operate when there is an electrical storm in the immediate vicinity.

13.7.2.2If electrical storm conditions develop while the ropeway is in operation, loading of passengers shall be terminated. Operation shall be continued only as long as necessary to unload all passengers.

13.7.3 Forest/scrub fires and extreme weather eventsProcedures shall be developed and implemented to detect the approach of bushfires and extreme weather conditions in sufficient time to implement measures required to maintain the safety of passengers and equipment.

13.8 CommunicationNo ropeway or conveyor shall be operated without a functioning dedicated communication system.

13.9 Stations

13.9.1Station enclosures and machine rooms shall be locked to prevent unauthorized entry when not in use.

13.9.2Cabinet-type power units and controls shall be suitably locked when not in use.

13.10 Loading and unloading stations

13.10.1 ProceduresManagement shall provide and maintain, at the attendant stations of each ropeway and conveyor, written instructions and procedures to be used in case of unusual occurrences, including but not limited to the following:(a) rollback;(b) overspeed;(c) tensioning limits reached;(d) tower deropement switch tripped;(e) stopping device actuated inside a cabin;



(f) communication system failure;(g) downhill transportation; and(h) operating on bypass.

13.10.2 Passengers failing to load or unloadAt loading and unloading stations, provision shall be made to readily load or unload or assist passengers who have failed to load or unload. The applicable manoeuvres shall be demonstrated and practised to ensure that all ropeway personnel are familiar with and proficient in such manoeuvres.

13.10.3 ClearanceThe required clearance to snow and obstructions shall be maintained below carriers.

13.10.4 Loading station

13.10.4.1When loading is not permitted, loading stations shall be closed and so marked.

13.10.4.2For surface ropeways with detachable grips, no passenger shall be loaded until the passengers ahead have travelled the minimum required distance from the loading point.

13.11 Starting and stopping of ropeways and conveyors

13.11.1No ropeway or conveyor shall be started except at the direction of the designated operator.

13.11.2While operating for the public, ropeways and conveyors shall be started only at the operator’s station.However, starting from other stations for maintenance or emergency operations shall be permitted.

13.12 DeicingCarriers and line equipment shall be cleared of ice and snow before operation, except when other procedures have been established.

13.13 Manual transmissionsWhere a manual multi-speed transmission is used, gears shall not be shifted when a ropeway is moving.

13.14 Tensioning systemThe following checks shall be performed:



(a) that the tensioning system is in full operation before a ropeway or conveyor operates;(b) that the counterweight is in full suspension at all times during operation;(c) that the tensioning system has sufficient travel to allow for operating changes in loading and temperature;

and(d) that the tensioning system setting or range is as specified by the manufacturer for the number of carriers

or loading conditions.Note: A change in the number of carriers or the loading conditions can necessitate a change in the tension system or range.

13.15 Evacuation with evacuation motor

13.15.1Tower switches and remote stops shall be operable while operating with the evacuation motor.

13.15.2If tower switches and remote stops are not operational due to a malfunction, the ropeway may be evacuated with the evacuation motor if the(a) full length of the ropeway is kept under surveillance; and(b) observers are in communication with the operator throughout the evacuation.

13.16 Manual evacuation

13.16.1 Evacuation planFor above-surface ropeways, a written plan for evacuating passengers in a reasonable length of time shall be provided (see Clause 13.4.3). The plan shall include(a) the definition of the line of authority in the event of an evacuation, including the

(i) person(s) responsible for ordering an evacuation;(ii) person(s) responsible for performing the evacuation, first aid, and ground care of evacuated

passengers; and(iii) minimum number of trained personnel required during operating hours for each task related to the

evacuation procedure identified in the evacuation plan;(b) a description of the equipment necessary for evacuation and where it is stored;(c) an estimate of the time necessary for complete evacuation of the ropeway;(d) a description of unusual terrain conditions and how each condition shall be dealt with during an

evacuation;(e) an estimate of when an evacuation should begin in the event that the ropeway becomes inoperable;(f) provision for communication with passengers of an inoperable ropeway, including

(i) when communication shall start; and(ii) how often subsequent communication shall be repeated;

(g) the method of evacuation to be used for a typical passenger and the method to be used for an incapacitated passenger;

(h) provision for communication with the evacuation teams;(i) provision for control and assistance of evacuated persons until released;(j) provision for suspending the evacuation if the ropeway is made operable during the evacuation; and(k) provision for a post-evacuation report.(l) when the evacuation plan involves use of emergency services, they should be involved in the preparation

of the plan and should be accorded every opportunity to undertake training or drills at least once per year for continuously operating installations and prior to each opening for seasonal operations.



13.16.2 Personnel and equipment

13.16.2.1During all operations, the equipment and trained personnel required by Clause 13.16.1 shall be available.

13.16.2.2Devices shall be capable of lowering passengers to the ground or rescuing passengers from the locations at which the devices are to be used.

13.16.2.3The following shall be taken into account to determine the equipment required:(a) probable operating and evacuation conditions;(b) storage locations;(c) number of ropeways at a specific location; and(d) periods of operation that can influence evacuation (day, night, or dusk).

13.16.2.4The following shall apply to the equipment that is provided and maintained for emergency evacuations using non-metallic rope:(a) When not in use, the equipment shall be carefully stored where it is readily available for use on a specific

ropeway or ropeways.(b) Before each season’s operation and after each completed ropeway evacuation or training session, each

device and all ropes and attachments shall be thoroughly inspected, and any worn or damaged components shall be replaced or repaired in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

(c) A logbook shall be maintained for all evacuation ropes and equipment. It shall contain details of all component specifications, the manufacturer’s catalogue breaking strength, date of manufacture, service life, and replacement (and/or retirement) criteria. All periodic inspections shall be recorded.

(d) Evacuation seats shall have an ultimate strength of not less than 3.8 kN per person.(e) All non-metallic rope used for manual evacuation shall be made of synthetic polyester fibre, nylon, or

both, with a minimum diameter of 11 mm and a minimum breaking strength, when new, of 22.2 kN for a single-person rope or 45 kN for a two-person rope when tested in accordance with EN 1891’. In addition,(i) static rope shall have not more than 3% elongation at 30% of the breaking strength;(ii) only double-braided or kernmantle-type rope shall be used (natural fibre, polypropylene, or twisted

rope shall not be used as non-metallic evacuation rope); and(iii) all end connections shall be formed or constructed in a manner that does not decrease the safety

factor of an evacuation rope.(f) All carabineers shall be of steel construction and of the locking type, rated at not less than 22.2 kN for a

single-person rope or 45 kN for a two-person rope.(g) The equipment shall be designated for evacuation use only.(h) Evacuation rope shall be suitably protected against abrasion, sharp edges, and other destructive

conditions.(i) Fibre rope and evacuation system components shall be clearly identified for inspection with permanent

markings.(j) Evacuation equipment dedicated to specific locations along the ropeway shall be so marked and

referenced in the evacuation plan.(k) Pre-engineered or specialized evacuation systems using rope diameters less than 11 mm shall be

acceptable as long as strength greater than or equal to the applicable strength specified in Items (d), (e), and (f) can be demonstrated.



13.16.3 TrainingEvacuation drills shall be conducted at established intervals not exceeding 12 months, at the start of each new season, and with new staff. Drills shall be recorded in the operational log (see Clause 13.18).When the evacuation plan involves use of emergency services, they should be involved in the preparation of the plan and should be accorded every opportunity to undertake training or drills at least once per year for continuously operating installations and prior to each opening for seasonal operations.

13.17 Termination of daily operationsProcedures shall be established for terminating daily operations to ensure that no passenger is left on a ropeway after it has been shut down.

13.18 Operational log

13.18.1A daily operational log shall be maintained for each ropeway and conveyor.Note: A sample of a daily ropeway log is included as Annex C.

13.18.2The daily operational log shall include at least the following:(a) date;(b) names and duty stations of operating personnel;(c) operating hours and purpose of operations;(d) temperature, wind, and weather conditions and changes, with times of changes noted;(e) record of compliance with daily operational inspection;(f) position and condition of the tensioning carriage and of the counterweight or other tensioning devices;(g) accidents, malfunctions, or abnormal occurrences during operation; and(h) signature of the operator.

13.19 First aid

13.19.1One or more persons trained to administer first aid shall be available at all times when a ropeway or conveyor is operating and transporting passengers.

13.19.2There shall be ready access to first aid equipment and supplies.

13.19.3Provision for transporting an injured person to an enclosed and, if necessary, heated shelter shall be provided.

13.20 Fire protection



13.20.1Approved fire extinguishers suitable for the occupancy shall be installed and maintained in all operator stations, attendant buildings, station enclosures, and machine rooms.

13.20.2Approved fire extinguishers suitable for the occupancy shall have a capacity of at least 4.5 kg (10 lb).

13.20.3Approved fire extinguishers suitable for the occupancy shall be inspected at least annually.



Note: All annexes need to be paginated as required

Annex A (informative)Approval checklistNote: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Guideline.

A.1 GeneralThe following is a typical approval checklist:Plan and profile

Preliminary rope line calculation

Referenced guidelines

As-built profile

As-built rope line calculation

Factors of safety of(a) ropes;(b) rope grips and sockets;(c) hangers;(d) foundations;(e) tensioning;(f) telephone and signal cables;(g) brakes;(h) cabins;(i) towing members; and(j) chains.

Destructive test results of(a) haul rope;(b) track rope; and(c) tensioning rope.

Drawings of(a) towers;(b) upper and lower stations;(c) sheaves and sheave assemblies;(d) tensioning sheaves;(e) deropement equipment and switches;(f) main motor;(g) rope grips;(h) hangers and spring boxes;(i) hangers and chairs, cars, or cabins;(j) brakes and backstops;(k) tensioning system and details;(l) foundations of all structures;(m) electric power and lightning protection;(n) electric controls;(o) communication schematics;(p) hydraulic schematics;(q) haul and tensioning rope details;



(r) structures or buildings;(s) safety circuit;(t) evacuation equipment (seats, ropes);(u) service and inspection platform; and(v) ramps.

Haul rope splice certificate

List of new and used parts

Operations manual

Maintenance manual

Non-destructive test of haul rope

Non-destructive test of track rope

Acceptance test procedure by the lift manufacturer

As-built foundation drawings

Bearing strengths of soil (assumed or tested) by chartered professional engineer

Concrete tests by chartered professional engineer

Statement for foundation construction

Rock anchor pull test

Calculations for snow creep (if applicable)

Welding certificates

Non-destructive test of rope grips and numbering

Non-destructive test of hangers

Fatigue or strength test data(a) rope grip;(b) chair; and(c) cabin hanger.

Names of component manufacturers

Electrical installation certificate required

New Zealand equivalent of materials

Evacuation plan

Avalanche control plan



Annex B (informative)Procedures for work carriersNote: This informative (non-mandatory) Annex has been written in normative (mandatory) language to facilitate adoption where users of the Guideline or regulatory authorities wish to adopt it formally as additional requirements to this Guideline.

B.1 Radio communicationCommunication between maintenance personnel on the work carrier and maintenance personnel at the ropeway operating station is important. The following requirements shall apply:(a) Radio communication other than that required between the work carrier and operating station shall cease when the work carrier is being moved.(b) Persons at the operating station shall, at all times, be able to hear their radios. Operating station personnel shall check the audibility of their radios before moving the work carrier.(c) Personnel at operating stations shall stay at their designated positions at all times during work carrier operation. If for any reason the operator needs to leave, a full lockout ropeway procedure shall be actuated. The operator shall also inform work carrier personnel that he or she is leaving the operating position.(d) When there are any suspected or actual disruptions of normal radio communications, the ropeway shall be stopped immediately and remain stopped until fully confirmed communication with the work carrier has been restored. Disruptions shall be deemed to include interference with transmissions, static, and inaudible or unclear communications.Note: Operating station refers to the controls.

B.2 Request for movementBefore any movement of the ropeway occurs while a work carrier is being installed on the haul cable, a request for movement shall first come from the work carrier personnel. The approximate distance of movement shall be communicated to operating station personnel, e.g., “move to next tower approximately eight carrier spaces”. When communicating, persons shall identify themselves and their location.

B.3 Moving the ropeway

B.3.1Personnel at the operating station shall check with personnel on the work carrier that all workers and equipment are clear of the path of moving machinery before the ropeway is moved. An “all clear” response shall be obtained from the work carrier before moving the ropeway. If there are two or more passengers in the work carrier, the “all clear” response shall not be given until each passenger has checked the others for clear passage.

B.3.2After the requirements specified in Clause B.3.1 have been satisfied, the ropeway may be moved by personnel at the operating station, who shall listen at all times to the radio. The operator shall be prepared to stop the ropeway immediately if an abnormality occurs.

B.4 Speed of travelThe speed of travel for the work carrier shall be established by those riding the carrier and shall be based on the designer’s instructions.Work carrier personnel shall keep the operator informed regarding the work carrier’s position relative to the position at which it is to be stopped. The operator shall slow the ropeway to a creep speed well in advance of the intended stop location.When the work carrier is within 3.0 m of the stopping position, personnel at the operating station shall be informed.



The last warning before stopping the ropeway shall be transmitted to the operating station 1.5 m before the stop.

B.5 Ropeway stop and shutdown

B.5.1The ropeway shall be stopped immediately upon issuance of the “stop” command. Work carrier personnel shall inform operating personnel that the ropeway is to be shut down and is not to be started up again until a request from the work carrier personnel. Work carrier personnel shall remain clear of all equipment until the operating personnel have confirmed that the ropeway is shut down.

B.5.2The following shall be performed before the ropeway is considered shut down:(a) for a ropeway powered by electric motor units:(i) the main fuse disconnect panel shall be shut off and locked off; and(ii) the service brake shall be applied and remain applied for the duration of the shutdown period; and(b) for a ropeway powered by engines:(i) the power transmission from the engine to the ropeway drive bullwheel shall be disconnected;(ii) the service brake shall be applied and remain applied for the duration of the shutdown period; and(iii) where the motor power cannot be disconnected, the engine shall be shut down.A sign reading “People Working on Ropeway” shall be posted at the point of the power disconnection.

B.5.3Having shut down the ropeway, the operating station personnel shall inform the work carrier personnel that the ropeway is now shut down and will not move again until movement is requested by the work carrier personnel.

B.5.4Operating station personnel shall be ready at all times to respond to work carrier personnel during the shutdown period. Operating personnel shall be responsible for preventing ropeway start-up by anyone during the shutdown period.



Annex C (informative)Daily ropeway logFigure C.1Daily ropeway logY M D Company name Ropeway name Reg. #Type of ropeway:Pre-operation daily check to signify safe operating conditionS. BrakeOverspeedGrip movementManual switchesLightingLift line inspectionE. brakeHaul rope & spliceCommunicationsMotor back stopTensioning systemSafety gateAuto switchesAux. motor & fuelMid. stationE. brake rollbackMain motor fuelFire suppression equip.Rope twist (R. tow)Loading areaPassenger marshallingFirst aidSeat height loadingUnloading areaSignsProcedures postedSeat high loadingFencesEvac. equip.Attendant in charge Mid station attendantVisibility Wind speed Wind direction Top temp. Bottom temp.Motor hours start Motor hours finish Total motor hoursPrecipitationOperational checksStart time Finish timeMotor shutdowns (exceeding 5 minutes)From To DescribeReturn station attendantNote: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Guideline.Mechanical checksName Signature PositionRopeway maintenance required



Annex D (informative)Inspection and maintenance checklistFigure D.1Inspection and maintenance checklistNote: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Guideline.Reg. #Inspection type:Design speed:Actual speed:Hours — last inspectionBrakes — serviceAll reports submitted?Number of carriers:Number of carriers:Present:Emergency:YesSpacing:Spacing:Operating:Both:NoGeneral:Certificate postedEvacuation equipmentFirst aidLightingLog booksAttendants’ examsMotor equipment:Prime mover & related equipmentAuxiliary motor & related equipmentService brakeEmergency brakeRollbackOverspeedControlsGuardsGroundsInstrumentsFuelGrips & carriers:Date last grip N.D.T.Date last carrier N.D.T.Condition of gripCondition of carrierSpacingGeneral maintenanceNote any slip testsTowers & line:NumbersGroundsFootings & anchorsSwitchesAlignmentSheaves & linersConnectionsBearings & shaftsClearancesSignsPathDate: Y M D Inspector’s name:(Continued)



Figure D.1 (Concluded)BullwheelAlignmentConnectionsBearings/shaftsStopsBuildings/structuresGroundsFootings/anchorsProceduresHousekeepingSafety gateFencesLoad/unloadSignsClearancesMarsh areaCommunicationsFire protectionStations:Date last N.D.T.SpliceConnectionsGroundLengthLubricationTwistRopes/chains:Tensioning system:NotesAlignmentConnectionsBearings & shaftsSheaves/sprocketsWheelsBuildings/structuresSwitchesGroundsFootings & anchorsClearancesFencingHaul Counterweight GuyBottom Intermediate Top



Annex E (informative)Non-destructive rope test reportFigure E.1Non-destructive rope test reportNote: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Guideline.Ropeway reg. # Ropeway name:(Splice, lower end, socket, etc.)Describe location test startedLocation of broken wires visually confirmedLocations for attention (distance from start location). Describe:Rope #Rope condition:Signature of tester: NZ Guidelines met: Yes NoLocation of nicks & abrasions, etc.Broken wire locations (distance from start location)Condition of splicesNumber of splicesActual dia.Core condition (locations inspected):in mm Strength reduction %TailRope type (Check one)Brake CounterweightHaulTailTrackAnchorCounterTest date: Y M D Testing company:Signature of interpreter:Rope cleanliness:Date:Next test date:1. 2. 3. 4.Date:



Annex F (informative)Grip carrier non-destructive test reportFigure F.1Grip carrier non-destructive test reportNote: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Guideline.Company reg. #Ropeway reg. #Ropeway manufacturer:Date grip installed Y M DGrip test dateTest method gripNumber of grips testedNumber of carriers on lineNumber of grips rejectedNumber of grips repairedNumber of grips replacedNext test date gripsTester’s nameDate carrier installed Y M DCarrier test dateTest method carrierNumber of carriers testedNumber of carriers designedNumber of carriers rejectedNumber of carriers repairedNumber of carriers replacedNext test date carriersTester’s signatureCompany name:Ropeway name:Report date: Y M DY M D Y M DDetails of tests (refer to attached sketches for flaw locations)Identify sketch number and flaw area sectionGrip # Description Carrier #Flawlocation DescriptionFlawlocation



Annex G (informative)Wire rope splice certificateFigure G.1Wire rope splice certificateNote: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Guideline.Splicer’s name:Splice inspected by:Inspector’s signature:Signature:Date:T1 T4Tail length:T3YDia. carriage:YType of tail wrapping:Size & type of plug material:Length required:Length required:M DT5Lubricant:Rope construction:Rope condition:Lay & direction:No. of splices:Y M D Splicer’s name:Ropeway type: Reg. #Date: Y M DDate: M DInspector’s comments:Splice length:T2Crossover measurements (number in direction of ropeway rotation)Dia. rope:Splicer’s comments:Dia. finished tail:Type of tucks:Actual length of tails:Actual length of splice:Amount of rope removed if shortening:Reason for splice:Length of undisturbed rope to nearest splice:Core type:Dia. rope:Splicing company name:Date of splice:Ropeway name:Ropeway company:THIS SPLICE WAS CONSTRUCTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH NZ Guidelines.Note to splicer: All crossover points & tail end locations are to be clearly marked for inspection purposes.T6Date: Y M D



Annex H (informative)Five-year load test reportFigure H.1Five-year load test reportNote: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Guideline.Company reporting:Auxiliary motor: service brake stopping distance (metres)Auxiliary motor: service brake stopping timeType of load used: BagsAuxiliary motor: both brakes stopping distance (metres)Required load on ropeway (N):Number of carriers loaded:Water containers Other?Actual load on ropeway (N):Load on each carrier (N):Evacuation motor: haul rope speed in metres per secondAuxiliary motor: both brakes stopping timeAuxiliary motor: emergency brake only — stopping timeAuxiliary motor: emergency brake only — stopping distance (metres)Auxiliary motor: haul rope speed in metres per secondEMPTY TEST RESULTSMain motor: electrical deceleration to stop timeMain motor: electrical deceleration to stop distance (metres)Main motor: both brakes stopping timeMain motor: both brakes stopping distance (metres)Main motor: emergency brake only — stopping timeMain motor: emergency brake only — stopping distance (metres)Main motor: service brake stopping timeMain motor: service brake stopping distance (metres)Main motor: haul rope speed in metres per secondCarrier capacity:Ropeway hours:Type of motor:DoubleElectricalCompany reporting: Ropeway name:Triple QuadOther?Ropeway reg. #:Other?M DNumber of carriers:DieselYTest date: Y M DUPHILL LOAD TEST RESULTS(Continued)

Figure H.1 (Continued)Main motor: both brakes stopping distance (metres)Main motor: both brakes stopping timeMain motor: electrical deceleration to stop distance (metres)Main motor: emergency brake only — stopping timeMain motor: emergency brake only — stopping distance (metres)Main motor: service brake stopping timeMain motor: service brake stopping distance (metres)Main motor: haul rope speed in metres per secondNumber of carriers empty:Number of carriers loaded:DOWNHILL LOAD TEST RESULTSLift all brakes and roll back to stop in 200 mm



Lift all brakes and hold load on antirollback deviceTotal load on ropeway (N):NoNoLoad on each carrier (N):YesYesEvacuation motor: haul rope speed in metres per secondAuxiliary motor: both brakes stopping timeAuxiliary motor: both brakes stopping distance (metres)Main motor: emergency brake only — stopping timeMain motor: haul rope speed in metres per secondMain motor: service brake stopping distance (metres)Main motor: service brake stopping timeMain motor: emergency brake only — stopping distance (metres)Main motor: both brakes stopping distance (metres)Main motor: both brakes stopping timeMain motor: electrical deceleration to stop distance (metres)Main motor: electrical deceleration to stop timeAuxiliary motor: haul rope speed in metres per secondAuxiliary motor: service brake stopping distance (metres)Auxiliary motor: service brake stopping timeAuxiliary motor: emergency brake only — stopping distance (metres)Auxiliary motor: emergency brake only — stopping timeUPHILL LOAD TEST RESULTS (CONTINUED)(Continued)

Figure H.1 (Concluded)DOWNHILL LOAD TEST RESULTS (CONTINUED)Main motor: electrical deceleration to stop timeComments:Other tests — describe:Service brake only:Motor sheave overspeed mechanism tripped at 110%?:Emergency brake only:YesBRAKE TORQUE TESTS (EMPTY ROPEWAY) Amps BarNoEvacuation motor: haul rope speed in metres per secondAuxiliary motor: both brakes stopping timeAuxiliary motor: both brakes stopping distance (metres)Auxiliary motor: emergency brake only — stopping timeAuxiliary motor: emergency brake only — stopping distance (metres)Auxiliary motor: service brake stopping timeAuxiliary motor: service brake stopping distance (metres)



Annex I (informative)Wire rope damageNote: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Guideline.

I.1 GeneralThe allowable number of broken wires may differ slightly from the applicable number specified inTable I.1. The actual LMA should be determined by a qualified person based on actual wire sizes.Table I.1Wire rope damage — Reduction in metallic area in relation to number of wire breaks(See Clause I.1 and Table 8.)Stranded rope constructionStranding formulaNumber of outer wires% reduction of metallic area with n outer wire breaksMaximum allowable visible wire breaks in accordance with Table 8 (within reference length)*1 2 3 46% in6 × d10% in30 × d25% in500 × d6 × 7 (1 + 6) 6 2.34 4.68 7.02 9.36 2 4 106 × 17 seale (1 + 8 + 8) 8 1.53 3.06 4.59 6.12 3 6 166 × 19 seale (1 + 9 + 9) 9 1.27 2.54 3.81 5.08 4 7 196 × 25 filler (1 + 6 + 6F + 12) 12 0.80 1.60 2.40 3.20 7 12 316 × 31 warr.-seale (1 + 6 + 6/6 + 12) 12 0.80 1.60 2.40 3.20 7 12 316 × 36 warr.-seale (1 + 7 + 7/7 + 14) 14 0.61 1.22 1.83 2.44 9 16 406 × 41 warr.-seale (1 + 8 + 8/8 + 16) 16 0.49 0.97 1.46 1.94 12 20 51*d = nominal diameter of the track rope.Note: The values in this Table apply to both conventional and compacted wire rope. The actual metallic area of the rope can be determined by consulting the rope test certificate.



Annex J (informative)Stopping times and distances for circulating passenger ropewaysNotes:(1) This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Guideline.(2) See Clause 6.6.

J.1 GeneralThe following formulas apply:(a) t = v/a wheret = stopping time, sv = velocity, m/sa = rate of deceleration, m/s2

(b) s = v2/2a wheres = stopping distance, mv = velocity, m/sa = rate of deceleration, m/s2

Table J.1 specifies allowable stopping times and distances for the maximum allowable rate of deceleration of 1.5 m/s2 and the minimum rate of 0.45 m/s2. Clause 6.6.3 specifies that the braking distance shall not be greater than the distance between carriers.Table J.1Minimum and maximum stopping times and distances (See Clause J.1.)Speed, m/sTime, s Distance, mSpeed, m/sTime, s Distance, mMax. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.5.5 12.22 3.67 33.61 10.08 4.5 10.0 3 22.5 6.755.4 12 3.6 32.4 9.72 4.4 9.78 2.93 21.51 6.455.3 11.78 3.53 31.21 9.36 4.3 9.56 2.87 20.54 6.165.2 11.56 3.47 30.04 9.01 4.2 9.33 2.8 19.6 5.885.1 11.33 3.4 28.9 8.67 4.1 9.11 2.73 18.68 5.65.0 11.11 3.33 27.78 8.33 4.0 8.89 2.67 17.78 5.334.9 10.89 3.27 26.68 8 3.9 8.67 2.6 16.9 5.074.8 10.67 3.2 25.6 7.68 3.8 8.44 2.53 16.04 4.814.7 10.44 3.13 24.54 7.36 3.7 8.22 2.47 15.21 4.564.6 10.22 3.07 23.51 7.05 3.6 8 2.4 14.4 4.32(Continued)Table J.1 (Concluded)Speed, m/sTime, s Distance, mSpeed,m/sTime, s Distance, mMax. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.3.5 7.78 2.33 13.61 4.08 2.3 5.11 1.53 5.88 1.763.4 7.56 2.27 12.84 3.85 2.2 4.89 1.47 5.38 1.613.3 7.33 2.2 12.1 3.63 2.1 4.67 1.4 4.9 1.473.2 7.11 2.13 11.38 3.41 2.0 4.44 1.3 4.4 1.333.1 6.89 2.07 10.68 3.2 1.9 4.22 1.27 4.01 1.23.0 6.67 2 10.0 3 1.8 4 1.2 3.6 1.082.9 6.44 1.93 9.34 2.8 1.7 3.78 1.13 3.21 0.962.8 6.22 1.87 8.71 2.61 1.6 3.56 1.07 2.84 0.852.7 6 1.8 8.1 2.43 1.5 3.33 1 2.5 0.752.6 5.78 1.73 7.51 2.25 1.4 3.11 0.93 2.18 0.652.5 5.56 1.67 6.94 2.08 1.3 2.89 0.87 1.88 0.582.4 5.33 1.6 6.4 1.92 1.2 2.67 0.8 1.6 0.48



Annex K (informative)Cast socket reportNote: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Guideline.Figure K.1Cast socket reportCAST SOCKET REPORTTrack ropeCounterweight tag lineRigging rope locationCounterweight rope locationTail/counter ropeHaul ropeA BOtherA BUpperUpperC DCounterweightLowerLowerRopeway:Company: Name of installer:Installer logo used:Remarks:Measured temperatures: ambientDate:Location: socket metal (zinc)Information regarding procedures used:Type of rope lubrication applied after socketing:Type of material used in socket:Owner:Type:Name: ropeway reg. no.Manufacturer:Signature of installerSOCKET INSTALLER/FABRICATORROPE TYPE/SOCKET LOCATION°C °C °CINSTALLATION DATA



Index – this is not accurate nor complete and needs to be updated when before the final Guideline is published

AAcceleration area 6.14.4 belt 6.8.1.4, 10.3.3 of carriers 4.15.2, 5.18.1, 6.14.2.1, 6.14.2.4, 9.4.2 radial 5.6.9, 6.17.9Aircraft warning 5.6.12Alterations 4.2Anchors 4.14.3, 4.18.4, 4.18.5.4Anticollision 6.14.4Antirollback 4.24.4, 4.23.2.4, 4.38.4.2, 7.8, 8.13, 9.12.3, 10.6, 12.16.8Auxiliary motors 4.23.1.9, 4.23.5, 4.23.6, 4.24.2.7, 4.24.3.4, 12.4.4Avalanche control 4.14.1.3, 4.37

BBearings 4.19.8, 4.23.4Belt guides: see GuidesBi-cable 6.1.2, 6.16, 6.19Brakes 4.24, 5.10, 6.6, 7.7, 8.12, 9.12, 10.6 see also Emergency brake, Service brake, Track ropes, brakes for maximum stopping distance 6.6.3 requirement for 4.24.1.4, 4.24.2.2, 5.11.1, 6.6, 8.12, 9.12 testing of 4.38.4.2, 12.13Bubbles for carrier security 6.14.7Buildings 4.10Bullwheel 4.21.3, 5.13, 6.9Bypass circuits 4.30.9, 13.6.5, 13.6.6Bypass locks 4.30.9.2, 13.6.5

CCabin attendants 4.33.3, 13.5.5Cabins 4.33.2, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17 clearances from 5.2 to 5.4 guides for 5.8, 5.17.2 hangers in 5.15 numbers on 4.33.2.2 for passengers 6.12 signs on 4.33.2, 4.33.6Cabin swing 4.15.2, 5.8, 5.17.1, 5.17.2Capacity/speed/spacing: see Speed/capacity/spacingCarriage load distribution 5.14, 6.18 mechanical stops 4.22.1.4, 4.30.7 movement 4.22.1.3, 12.5.1.3 service/maintenance 12.5, 12.11 system 12.5Carrier interval 7.3Carriers 4.27 attachment of 8.15.2.3 clearances 4.26.1.5, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.3, 6.4.5, 7.5 endurance testing of 4.4.1.1, 4.27.3, 4.27.4 evacuation from 5.20 and haul ropes 8.15.2 height of 4.26.1.4 material in 4.27.4 numbers on 4.33.1.9 security of 6.14.7 serial numbers on 4.27.5.1 spacing 6.14.6 speed of 4.15, 5.4.3, 5.9.1, 6.2.2, 6.8.1.2 in stations 6.14.2, 6.14.11, 7.6.2 testing 4.27.3, 4.27.5, 12.18 work and freight 4.27.10Carrier stops 5.17.3Carrier swing 5.4.4Chains 4.8, 11.17 maintenance/inspection of 11.18 marking on 11.17.6 testing of 11.17.5Chairs 6.13Clearance from snow/hazards 4.3.3, 4.26.1.5, 9.8.1, 13.10.3Clearances for circulating passenger ropeways 5.2 to 5.4 for conveyors 10.4 for reversible passenger ropeways 6.3, 6.4 for rope tows 8.4 to 8.6 for secondary carriers 9.5, 9.6, 9.8 for surface passenger ropeways 7.5 from towers 6.4.5, 7.5, 7.10.5, 9.8Collision prevention 6.14.4Communications 4.32, 5.19, 12.16.7, 13.8Component failure 4.30.1.9, 12.8.3See also Critical componentsConcrete testing 4.14.3Control room 5.18.2



Controls 4.30, 5.18 motor control 4.31.2.3, 9.15, 10.7.2 location of controls 4.30.2 locks for 4.30.3, 4.30.9.2 marking of 4.30.1.6 safety considerations 4.30.1.9Conveyor belt 6.8.2Conveyors 1.2, 10 loading 6.8 operations manual for 13.4 path of 10.2Corrosion protection 4.7Counterweight fence 4.22.2.1, 4.25.1.3 tensioning 4.22.2Couplings 4.38.4.3, 6.14.3, 6.14.4, 6.14.8Critical components 4.2.3, 4.6.2, 12.8.3Crossing ropeways 4.16

DDaily inspections: see InspectionsDeceleration rates 6.6.4, 6.14.2.4See also AccelerationDeicing 4.3.4, 12.4.2, 13.12See also SnowDeropement switches 4.30.6Design 4.4, 4.6, 4.14.1Detachable grip ropeways 6.14Doors 6.12.1Double nut footing bolts 4.14.1.7Downhill ropes 8.6Drive bullwheel 5.13Motor controls 9.15, 10.7.2Drive/return sheaves 4.21, 7.6Motors 4.31.2, 5.9See also Auxiliary motors, Electrical motors, Evacuation motors, and Hydraulic motorsMotor systems 4.23 reduced speed motor required 4.23.1.4

EElectrical motors 4.31.2Electrical equipment 4.31.1 signs on 4.33.4Electrical storms 13.7.2Emergency brake 4.12.2, 4.24.1.5, 4.24.3, 4.30.5.1, 4.31.2.3, 5.10.3, 7.7.2, 8.12.2, 9.12.2Emergency lighting 4.36Emergency stop 4.30.5Emergency stop unloading 10.6.3Enclosures 4.22.2.1, 4.25.1.3, 10.10End connections 11.9Engine shutdown 4.12.4Engines: see Internal combustion enginesEntrances 4.33.3, 5.17.1, 6.9, 6.14.11, 10.7.2Evacuation 4.36.2, 5.20 with evacuation motors 13.15 manual 13.16 training for 13.16.3Evacuation motors 4.23.2, 4.23.5, 4.24.2.3, 5.9.2, 12.4.4, 13.15Evacuation equipment 5.16.2, 13.16.2.4Exhaust 4.12.3Exposed machinery 4.25.2

FFactors of safety 11.3.2.1, 11.17.4Fatigue design 4.6Fencing, counterweight 4.22.2.1, 4.26.1.3Fibre ropes 11.2Fire protection 4.34, 13.20 for freight carriers 4.27.10.5First aid 5.20.4, 13.6.2, 13.16.1, 13.19Floating return/tensioning sheaves 4.22.4, 7.6.1Foot passengers: see Passengers



Foundations 4.14Freight 1.3Freight carriers 4.27.10Friction 4.21.5, 4.29.1, 5.13Fuel storage 4.12.1 adequate supply required 12.4.3.1 refuelling 12.4.3.2 separate supply required 4.23.2.3Funicular railways 1.6

GGlacier foundations 4.14.4Grip force check 6.14.8, 13.6.8Grip ramps — maximum upward deflection 4.28.1.4Grips: see Rope gripsGrips on splice 6.14.9Grounding 4.30.1.3, 4.30.1.4, 4.31.3, 4.31.4, 4.35.3, 12.6Guards 4.25.1Guides belt guides 6.8.2.2.3, 10.5.4 cabin 5.8, 5.17.2 for circulating passenger ropeways 6.4.2, 6.4.3, 6.14.2.5 entrance 5.17.1 haul rope 5.7, 6.19 for reversible passenger ropeways 12.10.9.3 for rope tows 8.11 for secondary carriers 9.11 for surface passenger ropeways 7.6.2, 7.10.3for towers 6.5Guide sheaves 4.21.6Guy ropes 11.4.4, 11.6

HHangers 5.15 serial numbers of 4.27.7Haul rope: see also Wire ropesHaul rope deflection 4.19.1Haul rope guides 5.7, 6.19Haul rope repairs 11.13.6Haul rope retention 4.19.10, 4.21.4, 6.16Hazards 4.3.3, 4.4.4, 4.38.5, 13.7Height adjustment 4.18.6Hydraulic motors 4.23.5Hydraulic systems 4.13Hydraulic tensioning 4.22.5

IIce scrapers 4.21.7Icing conditions 4.3.1, 4.3.4, 4.14.1.1, 13.4.2, 13.7.1See also DeicingInclined guards on stations 6.7.2Inspections acceptance 12.16 annual 11.18.3, 12.9, 13.20.3 checklist for 12.14 for circulating passenger ropeways 12.18.3 daily 12.4.1, 12.18.2.1, 12.18.3.2 general 12.1, 12.9 grips/carriage 12.10.9, 12.11 personnel training for 12.2 records of 12.4.5, 12.16.2ropeway 12.16.1, 12.16.4, 12.16.5 schedule for rope grips 4.38.6.1 visual, of chain 11.18.2 visual, of rope 11.11.2, 11.11.3, 11.13.5.8 of wire rope 11.13.6Interlock of motors 4.23.1.7Internal combustion engines 4.12, 10.7.1, 12.4.3

LLadders 4.18.2, 6.5.3Lifting frames 4.18.4Lighting emergency 4.36 for evacuation 5.20.4 night 4.35Line equipment 10.5Line protection 4.3.4Line sheaves/assemblies 4.19Load distribution 4.19.3Load point marking 4.26.2.3



Load station closure 13.10.4.1Load test required 12.17Loading conveyors 6.8Loading gates 6.8.3Loading impact 4.26.1.4Loading sheaves 8.9, 9.9Loading speed, maximum downhill 6.14.1Loading/unloading areas 4.26, 5.17, 6.7, 7.10Loading/unloading stations 13.10Loading zone 6.8.4Loads, design 4.4.2Location/alignment 4.3Lockout procedures 12.3.2Lockouts 4.30.3Locks 4.30.9.2, 5.16.1, 6.12.1, 13.6.5Logs: see also Records of evacuation drills 13.16.3 of evacuation equipment 13.16.2.4 operational 13.18 rope 11.10.3 wire rope 11.13.6, 11.15

MMachine rooms 4.11Maintenance 12.3, 12.9 checklist 12.14 manuals 4.38.4, 12.2.4 procedures 12.7 records 12.14.2, 12.16.2 of reversible ropeway carriage 12.11 rope lift-off during 4.38.5 safety during 12.3Manual evacuation: see EvacuationManuals 4.38, 5.5.3, 12.12, 13.4, 13.6.9 manufacturer’s 12.2.4, 13.2.5Manual switches 4.30.1.1, 5.18.3Manual transmissions 13.13Materials manufacturing 4.5Maximum rope speed 4.15, 8.3.2.2, 9.4.1, 13.6.11 with work/freight carriers 4.27.10.4Misload: see Passengers failing to load/unloadModifications 4.2Monocable 6.1.2

NNight lighting 4.35Non-destructive testing 4.27.5.1 of carriers 12.18 of ropes/sockets/sleeves 11.10Numbers: see also Serial numbers on cabins 4.33.2.2 on carriers 4.33.1.9 on towers 4.18.3

OOperational inspections 12.4Operational log 13.16.3, 13.18Operational procedures 13.6Operations manuals 4.38.3, 5.5.3, 12.12, 13.4, 13.6.9 manufacturer’s 13.2.5Operators required 13.5Overhead system 4.3.2Overspeed control 4.12.2, 4.24.3.2Owner responsibility 12.16.4, 13.3

PPassengers 4.26, 6.8.4 failing to load/unload 13.10.2 foot passengers 4.4.2, 6.2.2, 6.11 platforms for 5.17.4Personnel for evacuation plan 13.16.2 minimum number of 13.5 training of 12.2, 13.2, 13.16.3Pictograms 4.33.1.1 to 4.33.1.5Platforms 4.18.5, 5.17.4Pneumatic tensioning 4.22.5Procedures: see also Manuals for design calculations 4.6.2.1 for grips 4.38.6 in loading/unloading stations 13.10 lockout 12.3.2 maintenance 4.38.4.2, 12.3 operational 13.6 for terminating daily operations 13.17 safety 12.3 welding 4.9.3 written 4.38, 12.3.1, 12.12, 13.4.4, 13.5.3



QQuality assurance program 4.5.3Quality control 4.5

RRacks 4.27.9Rail switches 6.14.10Records: see also Logs of abnormalities 12.4.5 comparative graphs 12.16.11 inspection/maintenance 12.14.2, 12.16.2Referencing guideline 4.5.4Replacement components 12.8Rigging connections 4.10.2Rock anchor testing 4.14.3Rollback, ropeway 6.8.1.1Roller chains 5.6, 6.17, 11.17.3Rope clearances: see ClearancesRope elevation 12.12, 12.15Rope gripper 8.15.1Rope grips 4.28, 4.38.6, 12.10 detachable grip on splice 6.14.9 endurance testing of 4.27.3.4 fixed grip near splice tuck 12.10.4 manufacturer’s testing of 4.27.5.1 marking of grip locations 12.10.7 minimum/maximum slip 4.28.2.3 pull testing/relocation of 12.10.2 resistance to sliding 4.28.2 on reversible passenger ropeway 12.10.9 serial numbers on 4.28.1.8Rope lifting frames 4.18.4Rope lift-off hazard 4.38.5Rope rotation 8.10, 9.10Rope speed: see Maximum rope speed, Speed/capacity/spacing, Speed synchronizationRope tension 4.29Ropeline calculation 12.15Rules: see Operational procedures

S Safety circuits 4.4.4, 4.30.1, 4.30.8.2, 4.31.1, 12.16.7Safety during maintenance 12.3Safety gates 4.30.8, 6.15, 7.9, 8.14, 9.13Safety nets 4.26.1.3, 6.7.1Serial numbers 4.27.5.1, 4.27.7, 4.28.1.8Service brake 4.31.2.3, 4.24.1.5, 4.24.2, 4.31.2.3, 5.10.2, 7.7.1, 8.12.1, 9.12.1Service stops 4.30.4Shafts 4.21.1, 4.21.3, 4.23.4Sheave loading 4.19Sheave retention 4.21.3Signals 4.32.7, 4.32.8, 5.8.5Signs 4.33, 12.3.2, 12.4.1, 13.3.2Site selection 4.3.1Ski racks 4.27.9Ski tip deflectors 6.5Skiers and boarders 4.4.2, 4.26.1.1, 4.26.2.2, 6.2.1, 9.1.2, 10.1Skirting 10.2.5Smoke detectors 4.34.3Snow: see also Deicing avalanche control 4.37 clearances to 4.26.1.5 removal of 13.10.3 technical data on 13.4.2Sockets 11.9.4 non-destructive testing of 11.10 report on 11.9.4.5Spacing of carriers 6.14.6Speed/capacity/spacing 4.15, 6.2, 6.14.6, 8.3, 9.3, 9.4, 10.3Speed synchronization 6.14.5Splice handles 11.8.2



Splices certificate 11.16 construction of 11.8 in conveyor belts 11.8.4 marking of splice tucks 11.13.3 repair/replacement of 11.13.3 in tensioning ropes 11.8.3Starting/stopping of ropeways and conveyors 13.11Stations 4.25, 4.26.4, 13.9 enclosures/machine rooms in 4.11 entrance system for 6.14.11 intermediate 6.10 loading/unloading stations 13.10Stopping devices 4.24.1.4, 10.6 see also Brakes, SwitchesStructures 4.10Support sheaves 4.19.2Sway dampers 4.27.8Switches deropement 4.30.6 mfor detachable grip ropeways 6.14.3 emergency stop 4.30.5 manual 4.30.1.1, 5.18.3 rail 6.14.10 service stop 4.30.4 stop button 10.7.2 tension system 4.30.7 tower 13.15.1, 13.15.2

T Technical information 4.38.2, 13.4.2Tensioning ropes 11.4.3, 11.8.3Tensioning sheaves 4.20, 4.22.4Tensioning systems 4.22, 10.9, 12.5 adjustments 12.5.2 chains in 11.17 checks 13.14 controls 4.30.7Termination of daily operations 13.17Testing: see also entries for specific types of equipment acceptance 12.16 for circulating passenger ropeways 12.18.3 endurance 4.27.3 of grips/rope towing outfits 12.10 load 12.17 manufacturer’s 4.27.5, 11.7 non-destructive 4.27.5.1, 11.10, 12.18 rock anchor 4.14.3Tow paths 7.2Towers access to 4.18.2 cabin guides for 5.8.6 clearances from 6.4.5, 7.5, 7.10.5, 9.8 construction of 4.10.1 equipment for 4.18 identification of 4.18.3 inspection/testing of 12.16.4 lattice 6.5.1 location and height of 5.6, 6.17, 7.4, 9.8 numbers on 4.18.3 platforms on 4.18.5 projections on 8.8 spacing of 4.3.2.2, 4.16.2 testing of 12.16.4 tubular 6.5.2 wiring for 4.35.3Towing attachments 9.14Towing outfits 8.15Tows, wire rope 11.8.2Track ropes 11.4.2, 11.5, 11.9.3 brakes for 5.11, 5.12Track rope saddles 5.6, 6.17Training 12.2, 13.2 for evacuation drills 13.16.3Transmissions, manual 13.13Tri-cable 6.1.2, 6.16, 6.19

UUnauthorized entry 4.33.3Unloading areas 4.26.3, 5.17, 6.7, 7.10Unloading stations 13.10Uphill ropes 8.6

VVertical forces 8.7

W Welded link chains 11.17.2Welding 4.9Winches 4.22.3, 11.3.2.1, 11.3.4Wind on cabins/hangers 5.5.1 as design factor 4.14.1 force 5.5 pressure 5.6.2, 5.8.6, 6.17.2, 11.3.5 on ropes 5.5.2, 5.7, 5.14.4, 13.7.1 on signs 4.33.6 and site selection 4.3.1, 4.14.1.1 speed 5.4.3, 5.8.1, 5.8.3, 5.18.2 technical data on 13.4.2, 13.18.2 warnings 5.8.4Wind gauges 4.17Windows, cabin 5.8.2, 5.16.4, 5.16.5, 6.12.3Wire ropes 4.8, 8.10.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.11 clips/thimbles 11.9.5 damaged 11.13.5 inspection/testing of 11.13.6 log for 11.13.6, 11.15 maintenance of 11.11 replacement/repair of 11.13Wire rope tows 11.8.2Wires, broken 11.12, 11.14



Work carriers 4.27.10Work platforms 4.18.5


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