RENDERING IS:.. ESSENTIAL! …SUSTAINABLE!

Ross Hamilton, Ph.D.Vice President Government Affairs & Technology

Darling International Inc.

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THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE STATED IN ASSEMBLY BILL NO. 1249*:

“The Legislature hereby finds and declares all of the following:

(a) The rendering industry is a critical health and safety infrastructure for California. Rendering is an effective tool to eliminate many human and animal disease pathogens, protects our groundwater and air resources, and greatly reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to other alternative disposal options.

(b) *California Assembly Bill No. 1249, Chapter 280, Approved by Governor October 11, 2009.

WHAT IS AVAILABLE TO THE RENDERING INDUSTRY TO RECYCLE?

SourceAmount

(million pounds)

On-farm and pre-slaughter 3,702.4

Inedible byproducts removed at slaughter

39,047.6

Downstream

Fat, bone and trim from processing 23,850.7

Expired meat from retail stores 3,960.4

Used cooking (frying) oil 5,629.4

Total 76,190.2

Wastes generated by the meat and food industries in US.

WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?

Kills pathogenic organisms Protects (sustains) the environment Recycles carbon Recycles energy Provides control, verification and

traceability to regulatory agencies and the public that condemned or expired meat products are not re-used as human food.

The industry does all of this within hours of receiving raw materials, rather than taking weeks or months as some popular alternative methods do.

WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?

Kills pathogenic organisms + Pathogens that may threaten human and animal

health thrive on perishable organic materials.

Bacteria Raw tissue

Clostridium perfringens 71.4 %

Listeria species 76.2 %

L. monocytogenes 8.3 %

Campylobacter species 29.8 %

C. jejuni 20.0 %

Salmonella species 84.5 %

Challenge – Pathogens threaten human & animal health

A FPRF, 2001. 17 facilities sampled winter and summer.

Pathogens are common in animal materials A

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Internal Temperature (F)

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Salmonella

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Internal Temperature (F)

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Listeria

Adequate heat kills conventional pathogens

64% of > 1400 human pathogens are zoonotic73% of 177 emerging pathogens originated in animals BSE agent is a potential hazard, but is

addressed through compliance with FDA regulations

TIME AND TEMPERATURE PROFILE

CONTINUOUS COOKER WITH FAT ADDED BACK

212 230 248 26602468

10121416

1613

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3

Minutes Material Exposed to Temperature

Temperature, ˚F

Min

ute

s

Lower critical limit of 255 F.

EU data

Assume lower critical limit of 255˚ F

PREDICTED BACTERIA DEATH RATE

OrganismTime to kill 1 log (90%), seconds

% killed at 255 F for 3 minutes

Log reduction 255 F for 3 min

Clostridium perfringens (spore) 3.2 > 99.9999% 7.8

Salmonella <.001 Essentially all 1,600,000

Listeria monocytogenes <.001 Essentially all 2,400,000

Camplylobacter jejuni <.001 Essentially all 1,425,000,000

E. Coli <.001 Essentially all 569,000,000

Staphylococcus aureus <.001 Essentially all 103,000.000,000

Initial population = 2*106 – Assume material exposed to 255˚ F LCT for 3 minutes

Table supports using Clostridia as indicator, but is based on food industry data and may not apply to rendered products that are high in fat. A threshold log reduction has not been determined for animal feed.

RENDERING USES HACCP PRINCIPLES FOR FEED SAFETY

Raw Material

Sizing

Grinding

Heat Processing(Time x Temperature)

Press

Storage/Load-out Fat clean-up

Protein

UsedCooking

OilDecanting

Certifications

Inspections

Temperature

Temperature

Compliancetesting

Inspections

Labeling

Labeling

Animal Protein Producers Industry – Code of Practice• Based on HACCP-like (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) plan• Follows written procedures and process controls for feed safety• Verified by third party auditors• FDA agrees• Hazard analysis and hazard control are in Food Safety Modernization Act of 2010

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• Protects surface and groundwater from pathogens• Used by federal agencies to eradicate diseases in animals• Some other disposal methods use bacteria to decompose material

Rendering breaks disease cycle

Disease cycle

Pathogen contamination

Raw byproducts

Pathogens multiply

Spread by wind, water, animals

Infect humans & animals

Rendering

Sanitized productsNew uses

Rendering is the “Gate Keeper”

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WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?

Protects (sustains) the environment

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SUSTAINS THE ENVIRONMENT

Obvious ways: Prevents fats and oils from polluting waterways Controls accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil Assures landfill space available for non-recyclables Rendering process removes water to reduce original volume by

60%. Compared to other disposal methods, reduces discharges of

particulates, SO, dioxins and hydrogen sulfide. Proper grease disposal prevents occlusion of sanitary sewer

systems New benefit realized:

Recycling of carbon and nitrogen – the raw materials Darling recycles are rich in these elements. Fats and oils are 76% carbon. Animal proteins contain 22 - 30% carbon and 8 – 14% nitrogen.

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Trap Services

Trap Services

SUSTAINABILITY

Animal Production

Animal Production

Feednutrients

Feednutrients

Feed safetyprograms

Feed safetyprograms

Animal health

Animal health

PlanetPlanetPeoplePeople

RenderingRendering

BiofuelBiofuel

Meat processing

Meat processing

Restaurant ServicesRestaurant Services

Food StoresFood Stores

Meat byproduct

Meat byproduct

RestaurantsRestaurants

Animal Slaughter

Animal Slaughter

The rendering industry has been the gatekeepers of food safety and the environment for decades, offering a sanitary and eco-friendly way to dispose of the massive amount of meat

and food by-products produced every year.

ProfitProfit

WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?

Recycles1 materials/nutrients: Rendering is recycling. It processes used or waste food materials to

make useful products having industrial uses, nutrients for animals and renewable fuels.

Rendering captures carbon and nitrogen to avoid greenhouse gas emissions.

Rendering captures many times more carbon than it emits from its processes.

Rendering recycles phosphorus and other minerals to prevent loading of the soil and waterways.

Rendering is a better example of recycling than recycling of aluminum cans, because rendering has remained economically sustainable for more than a century.

1 Webster defines recycle as: “to treat or process used or waste materials so as to make suitable for reuse.”

OUR GREEN IMPACT

Rendering protects the environment:

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Nutrient PCRA US total

Carbon 560 10,511

Nitrogen 166 1,072

Phosphorus 13 384

Rendering Annually Recycles (million lb) :

US rendering facilities utilize world-class processing equipment, treatment processes and control equipment to minimize the discharge impact on the local environments’ air and water.

WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?

Recycles carbon : Rendering captures many times more carbon than it

emits from its processes. Carbon and nitrogen captured in rendered products

cannot form CO2, methane or nitrous oxide. Thus, rendering is considered to be an effective

Carbon capture and GHG avoidance technology.

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Emissions from

Rendering

Rendering Avoids

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Scope 1

Scope 2

Scope 3

Composting

Millions of Metric Tons CO2 equivalents per year

GHG emissions avoided by rendering

GHG emissions if all material is Composted1

RENDERING IS A NET CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY

GHG Sources

1 Calculated using data from Shanwei et al., 2007 for composting animal remains: 100% of carbon emitted as gases (96% as CO2 and 4% as methane) and 6% of nitrogen emitted as nitrous oxide.

Assumptions: (1) 70.6 billion lb of animal byproducts generated on-farm, at slaughter, from processing and by grocery stores; and (2) 5.6 billion lb of used frying oil generated by the food industry is recycled by the rendering industry.

WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?

Recycles energy: Captures the energy in the raw materials and

packages it into stable products that can be stored, transported and used easily.

All rendered products contain significant amounts of energy.

Fats , greases and oils are nature’s way of concentrating and storing energy,

Whether energy is measured in calories or as BTU, it is still energy.

RENDERING MORE ENERGY THAN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.

Digestion Rendering

5,370 6,675

16,935

Biogas Protein FatAnaerobic Digestion1

Peak biogas production not reached for 10 days

Products are biogas and effluent. Complete digestion not likely:

Ash (15 to 30%) left in effluent 19% of volatile solids left after 28

days Biogas characteristics

76.3% BTU of natural gas 73% methane 27% carbon dioxide

Methane is used to make electricity or in boilers.

CO2 not combusted and is released as greenhouse gas

Effluent dried for land application VFAs may be toxic to plants

1 Data from Zhang et al.2007 Bioresource Tech. 98:929

Energy of rendered and AD products, BTU/lb

Rendering Products recycled same day received Energy in protein meals is used by

animals for growth and production. Energy in fats is used by animals for

growth & milk/egg production, as a fuel source in boilers or as a feedstock for biodiesel /renewable diesel.

RENDERING CAPTURES THE ENERGY CONTAINED IN ANIMAL BYPRODUCTS AND FOOD WASTE INTO STABLE PRODUCTS THAT ARE EASY TO STORE, TRANSPORT AND USE.

Alternative fuel source 364 million MMBTU provided by:

Coal, tons 18.3 million

Electricity, kWh 106.9 billion

Natural gas, cubic feet 355.2 billion

Crude oil, barrels 62.9 million

Gasoline, gallons 2.9 billion

Heating oil, gallons 2.6 billion

The 76.2 billion pounds of animal byproducts and used frying oil generated each year in the US contains more than 364 million MMBTU. The quantities of common sources of energy needed to provide an equivalent number of BTU are listed below.

RENDERING ANIMAL BYPRODUCTS AND FOOD WASTE CAPTURES THE ENERGY INTO STABLE PRODUCTS THAT ARE EASY TO STORE, TRANSPORT AND USE.

The coal needed to generate electricity for 2.3 million households.

The energy from the electricity used by 6.8 million households.

The natural gas used by 4.3 million households for furnaces and to heat water.

The gasoline used to fuel the cars driven by 2.7 million households.

The heating oil used to heat 3.6 million households.

The energy that would be captured by rendering all of the 76.2 billion pounds of animal byproducts and used frying oil generated each year in the US1 would be equivalent to the following sources of energy used by typical US households in a year:

1 More than 364 million MMBTU.

WHAT DOES RENDERING DO?

Provides control, verification and traceability to regulatory agencies and the public that condemned or expired meat products are not re-used as human food.

Raw Material composition

Collection-transportation

Processing

Tallow Protein

Animal Feed

Non-Feed Use

USDA/FSIS

USDA/APHIS State Dept of Agriculture

FDA-CVM

FDA-CFSAN

State Dept of Agriculture

Fatty Acid Splitters

Exports

USDA/APHIS

Meat not for human food

City & State Health Dept

FDA-CVM

US

& S

tate

EPA

, OSH

A, D

OT,

etc

.

How rendering is regulated and control is maintained over raw/finished materials:

KEY FDA REGULATIONS RENDERERS MUST COMPLY WITH

21 CFR §§ 589.2000 & 589.2001 – CMPAF (Feed Rule) Effective October 26, 2010 – the primary rule for compliance

Public Health & Bioterrorism Preparedness Act 21 CFR Parts 1 and 20 – Facility Registration

Each facility (except trap only) is registered - will ask for number

21 CFR §§ 1.276 through 1.285 – Prior Notice Notify FDA when “Food” is to be imported (i.e. Canadian fat & bone)

21 CFR Parts 1 and 11 – Record Keeping Requirement Trace material one-step forward and backward (including transport)

21 CFR Parts 1, 10 and 16 – Administrative Detention Procedures to detain “food” reasonably likely to be unsafe

Food & Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 FD&C Act Section 415 – Reportable Food Registry

Report adulterated food that may cause death/serious illness

Food Safety Modernization Act of 2010 – regulations pending… 24

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Food Drug & Cosmetic Act definition of “Food” Articles of food or drink for man or other animals – including components of

any such articles

FDA considers rendered products safe (CPG 7126.24). This guidance recognizes that rendering:

Has provided more than 100 years of recycling to meat and food industries.

Has supplied nutrients to animals since the 1940’s.

SAFETY OF RENDERED PRODUCTS USED IN FEED REGULATED BY THE U.S FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA)

Processes designed to assure the resulting feed ingredients pose no threat of disease transmission to animals.

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HOW DO ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS STACK UP ?

Because rendering recycles fats and proteins, it avoids the release of significant amounts of greenhouse gases. The alternative disposal options are all net producers of GHG.

Methods that use decomposition to breakdown the material convert all of the carbon to methane and carbon dioxide and some nitrogen to nitrous oxide. Composting – CO2 primarily released with some CH4 & N2O. Landfills – Large amounts of CH4 produced; some CO2 & N2O Burial – Similar to landfills

Even if landfills capture methane, burning it as fuel or as a flame releases CO2.

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RENDERING PREVENTS THE SPREAD OF DISEASE

Bacterial Chemical

Rendering Incineration Landfill Burial

Bacterial hazards: Food pathogens (E.Coli, salmonella, botulism) Disease pathogens (Anthrax, TB, Plague, Tetanus) Drinking water pathogens

Chemical hazards: Methane Carbon dioxide Hydrogen sulfide Other harmful chemicals

The UK concluded that rendering is thepreferred method of disposal

Risk increases with bar height

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Internal Temperature (F)

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Cooking Kills Salmonella

Meat and food byproducts provide an excellent environment for pathogens to grow and multiply.

Temperatures (> 250°F) used during the rendering process are more than adequate to kill conventional disease-causing organisms, such as bacteria and viruses.

In 2001, the Government of the United Kingdom ranked various disposal options according to their risk of exposing the public to hazards.

DigesterCompost

Animal Feed

Rendering

FertilizerBiofuel

Oleo-chemical

CosmeticsTires Paints

Lubricants

Fertilizer

Dryer

Generator

Meat waste

Effluent

Biogas75% Methane

25% CO2

Electricity

Greenhouse Gases

Water

Captured C?

7:1 capture to emit ratio

Pet Food

HOW RENDERING COMPARES TO ALTERNATIVES1

Item Composting Digester Rendering

Controlled consistent process? Little Moderate Full control

Timely processing of raw materials? Weeks/months 10 + days Same day

Take surges/changes in raw materials?

Limits Limits Routine

GHG emitted? Yes Co2 Avoided

Wastewater controlled? Not all Yes Yes

End products regulated? Minimal ???? Yes

Safely handle inedible meats? No No Yes

Process regulated? Little Little Yes

Kills pathogens reliably? Spotty Not all Yes

End products safe for animals Hazard2 NA Yes3

Solids suitable for land application? Fertilizer Toxic to plants?4 Fertilizer

Source of biofuel Uses energy1 Yes Yes

Sustainable For plant materialNot if energy

cheap> 100 years old

1 Compost and digester comparisons from Mata-Alvarez and Llabres, 20002 If meat included in compost, potential violation of 21CFR 589.2000/2001 & Swine Health Protection Act3 Use for animals regulated. Certain products can not be fed to cattle and other ruminants4 Volatile fatty acids present in effluent may be toxic to plants..

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RENDERING IS THE PREFERRED DISPOSAL METHOD

Essential “Gate Keeper” for People & PlanetWithout rendering…. critical issues using other methods of disposal:

• Composting - Volume would fill 10,000 new Dallas Cowboy stadiums per yearComposting mammalian flesh is prohibited in California (14 CCR § 17855.2)

• Landfill – Volume would reduce existing US landfill space by 25% per year and increase GHG emissions

• Incineration – Cost prohibitive and has air quality issues

• Burial – Potential for ground and surface water contamination

• Abandonment –Greatest threat to environment and human/animal health

• Without grease collections –municipal sewers would become occluded and cost $millions to clean

None reach rendering’s level of sustainability.

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SUMMARYRendering provides essential services

to society. Rendering offers a sanitary and eco-friendly

way to dispose of the massive amount of meat and food by-products produced every year.

If not recycled, the large amounts of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus present in these organic materials may contribute to global warming, soil loading and water contamination.

Our facilities utilize world-class processing equipment, treatment processes and control equipment to minimize the discharge impact on the local environments’ air and water.

Rendering is Essential!Rendering is the Solution !!

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Rendering …MISSION CRITICAL,

NECESSARY,

ESSENTIAL AND

SUSTAINABLE