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ROUND ROBIN TEST ON ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF PORO- AND VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS FOR VIBRO-
ACOUSTIC APPLICATIONS
P. Bonfiglio, F . Pompoli, K. V. Horoshenkov, M.I.B.S.A . Rahim, L. Jaouen, J. Rodenas, F.-X. Bécot, E.
Gourdon, D. Jaeger, V. Kursch, M. Tarello, N. B. Roozen, C. Glorieux, F. Ferrian, P. Leroy, S. Berger, F.
Briatico Vangosa, N. Dauchez, F. Foucart, L. Lei, K. Carillo, F. Sgard, O. Doutres, R. Panneton, K. Verdiere,
C. Bertolini, R. Bär, J.-P. Groby, A. Geslain, N. Poulain, L. Rouleau, A. Guinault, H. Ahmadi, C. Forge
Outline • General motivations and aim of the research • Participants • Tested materials • Measurement methods • Results • Conclusions
• At the present, NO unique standards exist!!!
• Each lab and/or research center is using elastic data in several applications (quality control, numerical simulations, validation of theoretical models)
• Still some open issues (Viscoelasticity, Temperature effect, etc…)
• The aim of the proposed Round Robin Test (RRT) was to investigate the state of the art
about the viscoelastic characterization of poroelastic materials for vibro-acoustic
applications.
• The idea was to test the same materials in different labs. Each participant applied any
arbitrary technique to measure viscoelastic properties (Young’s moduli, shear moduli,
Poisson’s ratio, loss factor, etc…) , in any possible frequency and temperature ranges.
• The main goal was to collect information on the dispersion of the results for a given
material. The additional goal was to involve participants both from academicals
institutions and from companies
General motivations and aim of the research
Several inter-laboratory studies to understand the dispersion in the acoustical (surface impedance, sound absorption coefficient, characteristic impedance and complex wavenumber) and related non-acoustical parameters (airflow resistivity, open porosity, tortuosity and characteristic lengths) of porous media. 1. K.V. Horoshenkov et al. , “Reproducibility experiments on measuring acoustical properties of rigid-frame porous media (round-robin tests)”, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122 (1), (2007).
2. F. Pompoli et al, How reproducible is the acoustical characterization of porous media? J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 141 (2) 945-955, (2017).
3. M. Garai, F. Pompoli, “A European Inter-Laboratory Test of Airflow Resistivity Measurements”, Acustica united with Acta Acustica 89 pp. 471-478 (2003).
The inter-laboratory studies on the viscoelastic properties of porous media are much more scarce L. Jaouen, A. Renault, M. Deverge, Elastic and damping characterizations of acoustical porous materials: Available experimental methods and applications to a melamine foam,
Applied Acoustics 69–12 1129–1140 (2008).
Review of existing methods and application to a melamine foam
General motivations and aim of the research
Participants
Italy UK France
Canada
France
Germany France
France
Belgium Switzerland Italy
Canada
France
Italy
Material A: homogenous, nearly isotropic and relatively low dependency of its viscoelastic properties on temperature and frequency.
Materials B and C: anisotropic structure (due to their oriented fiber structure)
Material D:closed cell foam material with a strong viscoelastic behaviour.
Material E:high density, strong viscoelastic behaviour, and it is not homogenous (due to rubber reconstitution process)
Tested materials
# Material Nominal thickness [mm] Nominal density [kg/m3] Kindly provided by:
A Melamine foam 25 10
B Glass wool 50 80
C Felt 20 40
D K-FLEX ST 25 48
E K-FLEX K-FONIK OPEN CELL 240 25 240
1. Quasi-static longitudinal method
2. Resonant method Transmissibility based method
3. Dynamic mechanical analysis and TTS principle
4. Lamb and Surface wave method
5. Transfer function/ transfer matrix method
Measurement methods
low frequency quasi-static
methods
dynamic methods
1,3
2
1
2
3 4
5 4
Quasi-static longitudinal methods
Measurement methods
Partner 3 Frequency range: 20-45 Hz Size of sample(mm): 22. 5 (R)
S. Sahraoui, E. Mariez, M. Etchessahar, Mechanical testing of polymeric foams at low frequency, Polymer Testing 20 93–96 (2001).
Partners 2,8,9
Frequency range (2-9) 10-60 Hz, (8) 20-40 Hz Size of sample(mm): (2) 20 and 50 (R) (8) 44.4 and 29 (R) (9) 15 and 22.25 (R)
C. Langlois, R. Panneton, and N. Atalla. Polynomial relations for quasi-static mechanical characterization of isotropic poroelastic materials. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 110:3032–3040, (2001)
Partners 6, 10, 12, 13* * TTS principle was applied
Frequency range (6) 20-120 Hz (10) 10-100 Hz (12) 0.1-100 Hz (13) 0.1-10000 Hz Size of sample(mm): (6-10) 22.25 (R) (12) 15 (R) (13) 15 (LS)
S. Sahraoui, E. Mariez, M. Etchessahar, Mechanical testing of polymeric foams at low frequency, Polymer Testing 20 93–96 (2001). C. Langlois, R. Panneton, and N. Atalla. Polynomial relations for quasi-static mechanical characterization of isotropic poroelastic materials. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 110:3032–3040, (2001)
Resonant method/ Transmissibility based method
Measurement methods
Partners 1,4
Frequency range At resonance frequency Size of sample(mm): (1) 50 (LS) (2) 49 (R)
Not declared / internal protocol
Partners 7,11
Frequency range (7) At resonance frequency (11) 40-500 Hz Size of sample(mm): (7) 50-100 (LS) (11) 450 (R) and circular annular
ISO 18437-5 - Mechanical vibration and shock - Characterization of the dynamic mechanical properties of visco-elastic materials - Part 5: Poisson ratio based on comparison between measurements and finite element analysis (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva 2011). C. Langlois, R. Panneton, and N. Atalla. Polynomial relations for quasi-static mechanical characterization of isotropic poroelastic materials. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 110:3032–3040, (2001)
Lamb and Surface wave method
Measurement methods
Partner 5 Frequency range 100-1000 Hz Size of sample(cm): 40 x 100
N.B. Roozen, L. Labelle, Q. Leclère, K. Ege, S. Alvarado, Non-contact experimental assessment of apparent dynamic stiffness of constrained-layer damping sandwich plates in a broad frequency range using a Nd:YAG pump laser and a laser Doppler vibrometer, In Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 395, pp 90-101 (2017).
Partner 10B
Frequency range: 200-4000 Hz Size of sample(cm): 40 x 100
A. Geslain, S. Raetz, M. Hiraiwa, M. Abi Ghanem, S. P. Wallen, A. Khanolkar, N. Boechler, J. Laurent, C. Prada, A. Duclos, P. Leclaire, and J.-P. Groby, Spatial Laplace transform for complex wavenumber recovery and its application to the analysis of attenuation in acoustic systems, Journal of Applied Physics 120, 135107 (2016).
Shear mechanical analysis
Transfer function/ transfer matrix method
Measurement methods
Partner 14 * TTS principle was applied
Frequency range 0.1 – 5e5 Hz Size of sample(mm): 12 (R)
L. Rouleau, J.-F. Deü, A. Legay and F. Le Lay. Application of the Kramers-Kronig relations to time-temperature superposition for viscoelastic materials. Mechanics of Materials, 65:66-75, 2013
Partner 3B
Frequency range 60 – 1000 Hz Size of sample(mm): 22.5 (R)
P. Bonfiglio, F. Pompoli, K.H. Horoshenkov, M. I. B. S. A. Rahim, A simplified transfer matrix approach for the determination of the complex modulus of viscoelastic materials, Polymer Testing 53 180-187(2016).
Measurement methods
Only 7 partners
carried out Poisson’s ratio tests
Different excitation signals, static load/compression rate,
mounting conditions !!!!
Preliminary tests
Results
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
A B C D E
Mea
sure
d de
nsity
[kg/
m^3
]Partner 1
Partner 2
Partner 3
Partner 4
Partner 5*
Partner 6
Partner 7
Partner 8
Partner 9
Partner 10*
Partner 11
Partner 12*
Partner 13
Relative standard deviation of density: • 6-7% for materials A, B
and D • 29 % for material C • 17% for material E
Density
Anisotropy
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
A B C D E
Ex/
Ez
and
Ey/
Ez
[-]
Material
Ex/EzEy/Ez
• A, D and E are close to being isotropic
• significant deviation in the Young’s moduli observed for material B in the direction y and for material C in both in-plane directions.
With respect z direction
Preliminary tests
Results
• strong dependence of the Young’s modulus, Ε, from the static preload for materials B, C and E,
• strong dependence of the Poisson’s ratio, ν, for materials B and C.
• No significant variation as a function of static preload were observed for the loss factor η.
Maximum static preload was applied by Partner 4 (~700 Pa, black vertical line)
Influence of static preload/compression rate
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500E (s
tatic
load
)/E (l
oad=
0) [-
]
Static preload [Pa]
ABCDE
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500ν(s
tatic
load
)/E (l
oad=
0) [-
]
Static preload [Pa]
ABCDE
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500η(s
tatic
load
)/E (l
oad=
0) [-
]
Static preload [Pa]
ABCDE
With respect null load condition
Results of viscoelastic parameters: Material A
Results
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1 10 100 1000 10000
Rea
l Par
t Com
plex
mod
ulus
[Pa]
Frequency [Hz]
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
1 10 100 1000 10000
Pois
son'
s rat
io [-
]
Frequency [Hz]
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
1 10 100 1000 10000
Los
s fac
tor [
-]
Frequency [Hz]
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1 10 100 1000 10000
Rea
l Par
t Com
plex
mod
ulus
[Pa]
Frequency [Hz]
Results of viscoelastic parameters: Material B
Results
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
1 10 100 1000 10000
Pois
son'
s rat
io [-
]
Frequency [Hz]
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
1 10 100 1000 10000
Los
s fac
tor [
-]
Frequency [Hz]
Results of viscoelastic parameters: Material D
Results
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1 10 100 1000 10000
Rea
l Par
t Com
plex
mod
ulus
[Pa]
Frequency [Hz]
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
1 10 100 1000 10000
Pois
son'
s rat
io [-
]
Frequency [Hz]
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
1 10 100 1000 10000
Los
s fac
tor [
-]
Frequency [Hz]
Overall deviations
Two different reasons can affect the overall standard deviation for the storage modulus, (up 2 orders of magnitude)
• frequency range of investigation; in fact materials D and E show a marked viscoelasticity (that is the storage modulus increases with frequency).
• effect of data from Partner 5 who appear to overestimate the storage modulus significantly and particularly for materials B and C.
Considerable dispersion in Poisson’s ratio results (for material B Partner 2 measured 0.4)
Results
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
A B C D E
Rea
l Par
t Com
plex
mod
ulus
[Pa]
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
A B C D E
Pois
son'
s rat
io [-
]0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
A B C D E
Los
s fac
tor [
-]
Statistical analysis: ISO 5725 parts 1 and 2 The standard refers to the same measurement method!
We limited analyses to frequencies around 50 Hz. Moreover we considered only partners which tested 5 samples for each material
Results
2 2 2= +R L rs s s2
2
2
L
r
R
estimate of the between laboratory varianceestimate of the repeatability varianceestimate of the reproducibility var
sss iance
−
Statistical analysis: ISO 5725 parts 1 and 2 In addition we applied Mandel h (between consistency) and k (within consistency) tests - 5% significance level
Results
Real part of complex modulus
the examination of h and k plot can indicate those laboratories which exhibit inconsistent results.
Statistical analysis: ISO 5725-1 and 5725-2 In addition we applied Mandel h (between consistency) and k (within consistency) tests - 5% significance level
Results
Loss factor
the examination of h and k plot can indicate those laboratories which exhibit inconsistent results.
We applied also Cochran test Results are omitted
• The inter-laboratory tests on the mechanical properties of 5 types of porous media suggest a poor reproducibility between the 14 participating laboratory partners
• The results of the error analysis suggest that the maximum relative reproducibility standard deviation in the measurement of the
• Young’s modulus was around 70% (Material A).
• Loss factor was around 60%.
• Significant deviations in Poisson’s ratio measurement
Conclusions
These findings suggest that there is an obvious need for harmonization of the procedures to measure the complex Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of porous media.
This is not an easy task also because
results have to be considered regarding the observed deviation for material production, or from a modeling point of view
Conclusions
- STL of Steel plate (0.7 mm) – Material D– EPDM mass (5 kg/m2 – 2.6 mm)
Lp
LI
Simulations using TMM and results from all laboratories
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1 10 100 1000 10000
Rea
l Par
t Com
plex
mod
ulus
[Pa]
Frequency [Hz]
Submitted Nov 28, 2017
Conclusions
This research is based upon work from COST Action DENORMS CA 15125, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).
THANK YOU !!!