routing protocols in ad-hoc network
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By-Md.AsifSudhir KAtiyar
Tanuj Kumar
Project Guide : -
Mr.Trith Raj
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A routing protocol is a protocol that specifieshow routers communicate with each other.
A router is an electronic device that interceptssignals on a computer network.
A routing protocol uses metrics to determine
which path to utilize to transmit a packet acrossa network.
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Ad hoc is a Latin phrase which means "Forthis.A w ireless ad hoc net w ork is a decentralizedwireless network.The network is ad-hoc because it does notrely on a pre-existing infrastructure, such asrouters in wired networks.
It provide a dedicated link betweek thedevices for short time interval as in mobilenetwork(MANET).
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U nderstand the concept of ad hoc networks.
Select the routing protocol.
Data transmission using Best or shortestpath.
Instant connection is provided.
Data is sent without using wires.
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An ad hoc routing protocol is a convention,or standard, that controls how nodes decidewhich way to route packets between
computing devices in a ad hoc network.They are :-
1. Pro-active (table-driven) routing2. Reactive (on-demand) routing
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Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector ( AODV)Routing is a routing protocol for mobile ad hocnetworks(MANETs) and other wireless ad-hocnetworks.It is a reactive routing protocol, meaning that itestablishes a route to a destination only ondemand.
AODV Protocol Activities :-
Route discovery->U ndertaken whenever a node needs a next hop toforward a packet to a destination
Route maintenance->U sed when link breaks, rendering next hop unusable
Routing (easy!)
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Route Request:Source broadcasts Route Request (RREQ) message forspecified destinationIntermediate node:
Forwards (broadcasts) message toward destinationCreates next-hop entry for reverse path to source, to use whensending reply (assumes bidirectional link)
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Destination unicasts Route Reply (RREP) message tosource
RREP contains sequence number, hop-count field (initialized to0)Will be sent along reverse path hops created by intermediatenodes which forwarded RREQ
Intermediate node:Create next-hop entry for destination as RREP is received,forward along reverse path hopIncrement hop-count field in RREP and forward
Source:If multiple replies, uses one with lowest hop count
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U sed when link breakage occursLink breakage detected by link-layer ACK, passiveACK, AODV Hello messages
Detecting node may attempt local repairSend RREQ for destination from intermediate node
Route Error (RERR) message generatedContains list of unreachable destinations
Sent to precursors: neighbors who recently sentpacket which was forwarded over broken linkPropagated recursively
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ScalabilityNo inherent subnetting provision in routingtables one entry per destination
DirectionalityAssumes there is at least one bidirectional pathbetween any two nodes
MulticastTrue multicast-tree generation and maintenanceDetailed in supplementary (expired) draft
BroadcastSuggested use of IP Ident field for duplicatedetection
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SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Operating System : FEDOR A/ Windo w s
Software used : NETWORK SIMULATOR 2H ARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
1 routing protocolU p to 100 routesMemory: 512 MB Storage :2 GB
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In the future, extensive simulations could becarried out using the link state algorithm, inorder to gain a more in-depth performance
analysis of the ad hoc routing protocols. Othernew protocol performance could be studiedtoo.
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