rti: response to intervention an evidence-based practice
TRANSCRIPT
RTI: Response to Intervention
An Evidence-Based Practice
Current prevalence data show that more than 1/3 of nation’s 4th graders do not exhibit basic reading proficiency
Striking disproportionate representation of African Amercian (60% below basic),
Hispanic (56% below basic), and low-income students (55% below basic)
RTI is an evidence-based initiative that seeks to redefine how reading disabilities are identified and addressed within the public school system.
RTI is a prevention model that features multiple tiers of reading interventions that are layered on pupils based on their individual needs.
3-tiered approach of RTI First tier: general classroom instruction
All children receive scientifically-based reading instruction from preschool forward
Second tier: supplemental interventions Additional support in developing critical early reading
skills provided to at-risk students whose growth trajectory lags during preK, K, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grade
Third tier: special education placement Children who fail to achieve criterion levels of reading
performance by 3rd grade (or beyond) receive in-depth assessment to identify whether RD is present. If RD is indicated, the child receives special education services.
Three Principles of Practice: Roles and Tools of SLP Principle 1: Adequacy of Children’s Primary Reading
Instruction Environments
Principle 2: Children’s literacy achievements in the first-tier instructional environment should be monitored carefully to identify when and If additional tiers of support are needed
Principle 3: Additional ties of support should duplicate and extend the instruction of the first-tier environment and children’s performance in these tiers should be monitored carefully
Principle 1: Adequacy of Children’s Primary Reading Instruction Environments
Variability in the quality of first-tier reading instruction relates to the structurestructure and processprocess of reading instruction Structural variables include presence of a classroom library,
print on the walls, use of a core curriculum (targets and types of activities for reading development), and daily schedule (time allotted for large-group, small-group, and one-on-one instruction)
Process variables include how instruction occurs, such as teachers’ responsiveness to individual children’s needs, teachers’ delivery of high-quality feedback during instruction, and teachers’ use of a variety of learning formats
Tools for an Audit of Adequacy of First Tier Instruction
Instrument Grade Levels Focus
Classroom Literacy Environmental Profile
Preschool and early elementary grades
Quantity and use of literacy tools, organization of classroom for literacy instruction, quality of literacy instruction, student engagement in literacy activities
Early Childhood Environmental Rating Scale
Preschool Overall classroom organization, including global assessment of children’s language-reasoning experiences
Early Literacy and Language Classroom Observation (ELLCO)
Preschool Overall classroom organization, literacy environment checklist, teacher interview
Principle 1
Improving the quality of first-tier instruction, to include both structural and process variables, can mitigate early delays in reading development
SLPs who are concerned with making the largest difference in the reading potential of their students should focus their attention on ensuring the quality of the first-tier learning environment in which their students are learning to read.
Results from ELLCO (Justice, 2006)
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orallanguage
facilitation
approachesto bookreading
curriculumintegration
Principle 2: Monitoring First-Tier Instructional Environment
Two primary types of assessment in RTI
Benchmark measures
Progress Monitoring measures
Benchmark Measures
Benchmark measures used to evaluate classroom performance in reading as a whole, to set instructional goals for entire class, and to organize students into small flexible groups for differentiated instruction PALS (Phonological Awareness and Literacy
Screening) Typically administered in the fall and spring of the
academic year
Progress Monitoring Also called curriculum-based measures, typically supplement the
use of benchmark measures Used to formally evaluate individual children’s performance on
specific indicators of progress within the classroom curriculum Differ from benchmark measures in that they are given relatively
frequently, possibly as often as every 2-3 weeks Used to track children’s performance within the curriculum and to
identify those children who lag in literacy growth (specific, narrow measures) DIBELS (Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills) K-6th
grade Get It, Got It, Go! (downward extension of DIBELS) PreK
Principle 3: Supplemental Support in Second Tier
Second Tier designed to provide an extra dose of emergent or early reading instruction to struggling learners
Generally consists of small group sessions (30 min 2-3x/wk for preschool and kindergarten; 30-45 min 2-3x/wk for first and second graders)
Often replicate the learning goals and materials of first tier environment, but provided with greater intensity, in smaller, more homogenous groups of students
Second Tier Targets: Emergent Literacy
Alphabet knowledge Upper and lower case letters Identification (recognition) and naming
Print knowledge Knowledge and function of print conventions
Phonological awareness Rhyme, sound awareness/identification, blending,
segmentation Vocabulary
Facilitates reading comprehension, whereas other aspects of emergent literacy are directly linked to decoding
Second Tier Targets: Early Reading Phonemic awareness
Sensitivity to the sound structure of language at a subsyllabic level of the phoneme (blending, segmentation, and manipulation)
Phonics Phoneme-grapheme correspondence
Fluency Ability to read text automatically, efficiently, and without error
Vocabulary Reading vocabulary (mapping written words to oral vocabulary)
Reading comprehension Understanding what is read Intentional, problem-solving, and thinking processes involved
when interacting with text
Tier II Interventions
Early reading interventions: START-In