rtw tuesday, january 7 th write your own definition for: dominant recessive
TRANSCRIPT
Gregor Mendel
Mid-1800’s he explained how traits are inherited from parents and passed to offspring
Every organism inherits their specific traits (AKA genes) One from Mom and one from Dad
Mendel made this discovery by breeding peas
Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiments
1. Controlled the breeding
2. Used purebred plants
3. Observed “either-or” traits that appeared in only two alternate forms
Why were these factors important for his experiment?
Punnett Squares!
http://www.siskiyous.edu/class/bio1/genetics/monohybrid_v2.html
Mendel’s Conclusions
1.) Traits are inherited as discrete units
2.) Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent
3.) Organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes. Thus the two copies of each gene segregate, or separate, during gamete formation
(#2 & 3 = Law of segregation)
RTW Friday, January 10th
TURN IN YOUR WORKSHEET IF YOU HAVEN’T ALREADY (SPONGEBOB!)
Look around the room at all of our alien babies. Are any of them identical?
How did we get so many variations from alien parents that displayed the same traits?
Vocabulary1. Genetics
2. Gene
3. Allele
4. Law of Segregation
5. Law of Independent Assortment
6. Punnett Square
7. Probability
8. Monohybrid Cross
9. Dihybrid Cross
10. Homozygous
11. Heterozygous
12. Purebred
13. Dominant
14. Recessive
15. Phenotype
16. Genotype
17. Incomplete Dominance
18. Codominance
19. Polygenetic Inheritance
20. Sex-Linked
RTW Thursday, January 9th
If the trait for brown eyes (B) is dominant over blue eyes (b), what would be the probability of a man who’s heterozygous for the trait and a woman who’s homozygous recessive for the trait having a child with blue eyes? Hint: homo=same & hetero= different
RTW Thursday, January 9th
If the trait for brown eyes (B) is dominant over blue eyes (b), what would be the probability of a man who’s heterozygous for the trait and a woman who’s homozygous recessive for the trait having a child with blue eyes? Hint: homo=same & hetero= different
B b
Bb bb
Bb bb
b
b
RTW Monday, January 13th
What does it mean if a trait has incomplete dominance? (Hint: Think about some of the Alien Baby traits)
RTW Monday, January 13th
What does it mean if a trait has incomplete dominance? (Hint: Think about some of the Alien Baby traits)
Incomplete dominance= the blending of traits
Incomplete Dominance
= where heterozygous phenotype is somewhere between two homozygous types. AKA= Blending of traits
Ex: colors of certain flowers where: RR= red Rr= pink
rr=white
Neither allele is completely dominant or recessive!
Codominance
= where both alleles of a gene are expressed completely
Both traits are fully and separately shown
Ex: blood types where a person can have- A, B, AB, or O
Blood Types
We always use the letter “I” AND superscript to show blood genotypes IA and IB are codominant and i is recessive
Blood Types
So what does this mean for blood donations and transfusions?
Antigens are proteins on the blood that prevent transfusions from foreign blood types A= can only get blood from IAIA or ii B= can only get blood from IB IB or ii AB= can donate to IAIA or IB IB or IA IB, but can
only receive from IA IB or ii O= is a universal donor, but can only accept
transfusions from ii
Polygenetics
= traits produced by two or more genes
Ex: human skin color (produces a range or spectrum of colors)
What’s another example?
Epistasis
Epistatic genes= can interfere with the expression of other genes
Mice and other mammals have 5 genes to determine color (making them polygenetic)
The 5th gene can overshadow all other genes Ex: Albinism
Dihybrid crosses
=crosses that look at inheritance of two different traits.
Ex: peas that are yellow/green with smooth/wrinkled skin
Exit Slip
A man with homozygous type A blood and a woman with heterozygous type B blood want to know the probability of having a child with type AB blood.
Draw a Punnett Square and write a percentage.
RTW Tuesday, January 14th
Which of the following genetypes would produce a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1?
A. RRyy &rrYY
B. RrYY & RRYy
C. RrYy & RrYy
D. rryy & rryy
RTW Thursday, January 16th
In fish, the allele B produces gold colored fish. The allele b produces silver colored fish . The B allele is dominant to the b allele. Both parents are heterozygous. What percent of the offspring are expected to be gold?
RTW Friday, January 17th
Skin color is a polygenetic trait in humans. Which of the following best describes how skin color is determined?
A. Skin color is controlled by a single dominant gene
B. Skin color is controlled by more than one gene
C. The gene for skin color is located on the X chromosome
D. The gene for skin color is located on the Y chromosome
Genetics Disorder Brochure Project
Create a tri-fold brochure
Needs to be creative and informative
Research a genetic disorder
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS!!
Include work cited/reference page
List of Genetic Diseases Adrenoleukodytrophy
Albinism, oculocutaneous
Alzheimer Disease, familial type 5
Angleman Syndrome
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Cat Eye Syndrome
Cri-du-chat (Cat’s Cry Syn.)
Cystic Fibrosis
DiGeorge Syndrome
Down’s syndrome
Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)
PKU
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Rentinitis pigmentosa
Rett Syndrome
Sickle Cell Anemia
Smith-Magenis Syndrome
Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Wolf Hirschhorn Syndrome
Duchenne Muscular DystrophyEdwards SyndromeFabry DisaseHemophilia A/BHuntington’s Disease
Jacobson Syndrome
Marfan Syndrome
Monsomy 9p (Alfi’s Syndrome)
Mytonic Dystrophy
Neurofibromatosis
RTW Tuesday, January 21st
The probability that two parents who are heterozygous will have a child with a disorder is 25%. Which of the following best applies to the inheritance pattern for this disorder?
A. Recessive
B. Dominant
C. Polygenetic
D. Sex-linked
Genetic Disorders
The likelihood of inheriting a sex-linked disorder depends both on the sex of the child and which parent carries the disorder-causing allele.
Do you think a boy or girl is more likely to have a sex-linked disorder if the mother is a carrier?
Genetic Disorders in History
Queen Victoria of the British royal family was a carrier for a sex-linked disorder called hemophilia Hemophilia= lacks proteins that allows blood to
clot.
She passed this disease to her son, and he then passed it to his daughter who was a carrier.
Because royal families tend to marry into other royal families, several other countries blood lines now had hemophilia “The Royal Disease”
Pedigrees
Pedigree= chart that can help trace the phenotypes and genotypes in a family
Helps to determine whether people carry recessive alleles
Males= squares
Females= circles
Shaded= affected/ shows the trait
Half-shaded= carrier for the trait
Pedigrees
The disease can be carried on autosomes or sex chromosomes Autosomal= gives males & females 50% chance
of inheritance
RTW Wednesday, January 22nd
Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait caused by a recessive allele carried on the X chromosome (Xc). What are the possible phenotypes for the children of a colorblind father (XcY) and normal vision mother (XCXC)?
RTW Wednesday, January 22nd
Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait caused by a recessive allele carried on the X chromosome (Xc). What are the possible phenotypes for the children of a colorblind father (XcY) and normal vision mother (XCXC)?
All daughters will have normal vision but will be carriers of the allele for
colorblindness; all sons will have normal vision.
Patterns of Inheritance
1. Autosomal Dominant The inheritance of one mutated copy of a gene results in trait / disease. These traits / disorders tend to occur in every generation of an affected family. Examples: Huntington disease, polydactyly
2. Autosomal Recessive The inheritance of two mutated copies of a gene results in disease. An individual that inherits a single copy of the mutated gene is known as
a carrier. Both males and females can be carriers. Examples: cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease
3. Sex-Linked (X-Linked Recessive) The inheritance of a mutated gene on an X chromosome may result in
disease. Only females can be carriers, therefore men are more frequently affected by these types of disease. Examples: colorblindness, hemophilia
Harry is the son of Lily and James Potter. Lily Potter had two parents and a sister without any magical ability (muggles). Assuming magical ability is recessive, what are the genotypes of Harry Potter’s maternal grandparents?
Construct a Punnett square to justify your answer. Describe Harry Potter’s genotype using genetics
vocabulary.
Harry Potter’s maternal grandparents are heterozygous, Mm:
Harry Potter, like his mother Lily, is homozygous recessive for magical ability.
M m
M
m
M MM m
Mm mm
Biotechnology
Hypothesize what it is? Biotechnology= the use and application of living
things and biological processes
What are some examples?
Biotechnology
Hypothesize what it is? Biotechnology= the use and application of living
things and biological processes
What are some examples? Microorganisms used to make bread and cheese Liquid BandAid used to seal wounds and
replicate skin Hybrid fruit trees to create new fruits (Grapple)
Medical Biotechnology
Work in pairs with your shoulder partner (the person next to you)
1 iPad per pair
Job Roles: Reporter- researches information and relays
information to recorder Recorder- writes down information on paper
YOU & YOUR PARTNER WILL TURN IN ONE SHEET OF PAPER WITH ALL THE INFORMATION!
Medical Biotechnology ActivityFor your example, answer the following:
1. What is it?
2. What can it be used for?
3. How is biotechnology used in your example/product?
4. What are the potential impacts to
a) The individual (aka YOU!)
b) Society
c) The environment
5. Record your findings on paper to be turned in
Cite your sources! You need at least two.