rudolph leonard tafel emanuel swedenborg as a philosopher and man of science chicago 1867

8/3/2019 Rudolph Leonard Tafel EMANUEL SWEDENBORG as a PHILOSOPHER and MAN of SCIENCE Chicago 1867

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f`fnfdyx$ Sbqì.soif ex ox ygf jvxy lenf bl ned ioxyod.

cvoxgfi hgfnohe` {go`bxb{gfqx oy ox e dbd.fdyoy hbn{eqfi soyg

ygey sgohg eseoyx ygf |fdfqea`f Xsfif$ Ex fy db nbdv.

nfdye` odxhqo{yobd gex affd qeoxfi yb neqm ygf x{by sgfqf gox

abdfx eqf èoi : afyyfq oy ox ygey ed f|fqèxyodc nfnbqoe` xgbvì

af iff{` odxhqoafi bd ygf gfeqyx edi nfnbq bl nfd$! Oi$

{$ 8;5$

'56/



5C xsfifdabqc#x cqfeydfxx$

X{femodc bl Xsfifdabqc#x hbdyqoavyobdx yb exyqbdbnohe`

xhofdhf gf xex :’

v Aflbqf Xsfifdabqc#x yonf hqfeyobd sex hbdxoifqfi e

c`bavèq vdo|fqxf abvdifi a ygf |oxoa`f gfe|fdx$ AfjTbdi

ygox ygfqf sex db hqfeyobd avy ygf x{oqoyve` gfe|fdx’ ygf

ygfb`bcohe` vdo|fqxf$ Soygod ygox ygf neyfqoe` vdo|fqxf sex

odh`bxfi od ygf hfdyqf bl sgohg bvq xbèq xxyfn sex {èhfi

sgo`xy oyx odyfqobq xvqlehf sex bvq |oxoa`f gfe|fd b|fq sgbxf

fygfqfe` |ev`y sfqf xyqfsfi od vddvnafqfi nqoeix ygf còn.

nfqodc òcgyx bl bygfq sbqìx$

! Xsfifdabqc sex ygf loqxy odyf``fhyve`` yb aqfem ygqbvcg

ygf odh`bxvqf bl ygf gfe|fdx edi soyg {bsfqlv` eqn yb avqxy

exvdifq oyx hbdlodfx yb iqes exoif ygf ieqm hvqyeod bl ecfx

yb b|fqygqbs ygf aeqqofqx qeoxfi a edhofdy {qfjviohfx edi ei.

|edhf yb xbnf ioxyedhf ygbvcg soyg hevyobvx xyf{x b|fq ygf

vdhfqyeod cqbvdi afbdi$ Soyg vdsfeqofi èabq gf gei

fxxefi f|fq {qbaea`f {eyg edi ge|odc lbvdi ygf qocgy bdf

{qbhffifi e`bdc yb ygf |fq ceyf bl yqvyg$ Sbdifqlv` odiffi

sfqf ygf qfxv`yx$ Ey bdhf a e xodc`f fllbqy bl gox cfdovx

sbqìx oddvnfqea`f od hbdcqfceyfi x{gfqfx sfqf afgfì od

geqnbdobvx b{fqeyobd soygbvy fdi bq ònoy’ ygf abvdieqofx

bl ygf vdo|fqxf xb yb x{fem afhenf yb ned ey bdhf o`ònoy.

ea`f = edi ygf xheyyfqodc cbbidfxx bl ygf Io|odf Gedi xyqfsodc

nfqhofx edi a`fxxodcx enbdcxy vddvnafqfi sbqìx goygfqyb

vdxffd vdmdbsd edi vdhbdjfhyvqfi sex e xhfdf sbqyg bl

ygf E`nocgy’ e {qbx{fhyo|f odyb e lofì xb fdyoqf` dfs edi

vd{qfhfifdyfi ygey einoqodc no`òbdx eqf xyqvhm soyg esf ey

ygf Nocgy [bsfq edi Odlodoyf @b|f edi Soxibn bl ygey

Afodc sgb nb|fx {qb|oifx lbq edi xv{{bqyx ygf sgb`f$ Oy sex

e Qf|fèyobd bl ygf eyyqoavyfx bl gox Afodc edi ygf Qfxbvqhfx

bl gox [bsfq odlodoyf` afbdi edygodc sgohg ygf soìfxy on.

ecodeyobd bl ygf Eygfoxy hbvì f|fq ge|f hbdhfo|fi od ifnedi

lbq f|oifdhf bl gox fwoxyfdhf$ @oyfqe`` ygf gfe|fdx sfqf

b{fdfi’ ygey nbxy c`bqobvx edi necdolohfdy qfcobd od ygf

neyfqoe` vdo|fqxf ygf Gfe|fd bl Gfe|fdx lbqnfi ex Xsfifd.

abqc fw{qfxxfx oy bl oddvnfqea`f gfe|fdx od hbdcqfceyfi

x{gfqfx afbdi bq bvyxoif bvq bsd’ sex iox{èfi loqxy yb

ygf odyf``fhyve` edi xvaxfuvfdy` yb ygf bhvèq |oxobd sgfd

bdf vdo|fqxe` aèzf bl c`bq avqxy lbqyg bd ygf exybdoxgfi



xsf{fdabqc#x cqfeydfxx$ 53

sbqì$ * Afgbì %# xex Xsfifdabqc bd iqesodc exoif ygf

ieqm hvqyeod bl ecfx sgohg gei odyfqhf{yfi hqfeyobd lqbn ygf

|ofs bl nbqye`x # afgbì ygfxf dfs se`mx bl ygf E`nocgy

@oly v{ bvq gfeix bd gocg edi afgbì Gon yqe|fqxodc ogf

oddvnfqea`f x{gfqfx E|oyg ygf xenf l`bsodc qohgdfxx afevy

edi heqf ex ox xb hbdx{ohvbvx bd ygox eybn bl e sbqì bd sgohg

sf isf``$#

@oxyfd yb Xsfifdabqc# x bsd sbqix :* !Ol e`` ygf x{gfqfx

ol e`` ygf gfe|fd` gbxyx eqf dby f|fd e {body od qfx{fhy yb ygf

odlodoyf = ol ygf sgb`f |oxoa`f xoifqfe` fw{edxf sgohg yb bvq

ff e{{feqx xb onnfdxf af bd` ex e {body od qfèyobd yb ygf

lodoyf vdo|fqxf = ol bvq xbèq xxyfn lbqn bd` e {eqy bl ygf

xoifqfe` fw{edxf edi bvq bsd sbqì bd` e {eqy bl ygf xbèq

xxyfn = yqv` sf exm Sgey ox ned 2 Hed gf af xvhg e bdf

ex gf lfocvx gonxf`l yb af 2 \eodc`bqobvx nbqye` sg xb od.

lèyfi soyg xf`l.on{bqyedhf 2 Sg iffn e`` ygf qfxy bl hqfe.

yobd afdfeyg ygff 2 Ionodvyo|f sbqn % Sgey nemfx ygff xb

aoc xb {vllfi bvy soyg {qoif sgfd ygbv afgbìfxy e hqfeyobd

xb nv`yoyviodbvx’ xb xyv{fdibvx eqbvdi ygff 2 @bbm ibsd

seqi v{bd ygxf`l ygbv {vd nedomod % afgbì edi xff gbs

xne`` e x{fhm ygbv eqy od ygf xxyfn bl gfe|fd edi feqyg = edi

od yg hbdyfn{èyobdx qfnfnafq ygox ygey ol ygbv sbvìfxy af

cqfey yg cqfeydfxx nvxy hbdxoxy od ygox’ od `feqdodc yb eibqf

Gon sgb ox Gonxf`l ygf Cqfeyfxy edi ygf Odlodoyf$!’ [qodho.

{oe [eqy ooo$ hge{$ o$ d$ 55$

Nq$ Afxsohm hbdyodvfx: ! Ygox gvna`f edi if|bvy {go`bxb.

{gfq sex ygf loqxy ge{{ nbqye` bd sgbn ygf gocg ivy if.

|b`|fi bl if|f`b{odc ygfxf nocgy yqvygx lbq ygf afdfloy bl

nedmodi$ Gf sex e xvoyea`f odxyqvnfdy lbq xb c`bqobvx e

Qf|fèyobd$ Sgfd ygf onnfdxoy bl Cbi#x sbqm afbdi bq

bvyxoif ygf |oxoa`f xyeqq gfe|fdx gei ygvx affd b{fdfi yb

gon edi lbq ygf loqxy yonf od gvned goxybq gf gei cezfi

nfdye`` bd ygf {fhvòeq nfhgedoxn bl bvq bsd onnfioeyf

vdo|fqxf= gei seyhgfi edi nfexvqfi ygf {è bl oyx nocgy

lbqhfx = gei {qbhèonfi elyfq cfbnfyqohe` nfexvqfnfdy ygf

{qfhoxf xxyfn bq h`vxyfq bl xyeqx yb sgohg bvq xvd#x xxyfn

af`bdcx=fe gei {èhfi gox lodcfq bd ygf |fq x{by od ygey

* Odxfqyfi a ygf Fioybq$

1*



57 xsfifdabqc#x cqfeydfxx$

h`vxyfq lo|f feqx aflbqf Gfqxhgf` sex abqd= e`` bl sgohg sf

ge|f {qb|fi od bvq eqyoh`fx dby yb af uvfxyobdfi$ 'Xff Hge{$\$

bl bvq Xfhbdi [eqy$/ Sgfd ygf gei affd ehhbn{òxgfidbygodc nbqf ex yb vdo|fqxe` {qodho{`fx edi vdo|fqxe` nfhged.

oxn hbvì af qf|fe`fi yb bq neif mdbsd a gon yb af vxflv`

yb nedmodi dbs$ Yb {qbcqfxx lvqygfq ygf b{fdodc bl ygf od.

dfq vdo|fqxf yb nfdye` |oxobd nvxy dffix lb``bs$ Lbq ex yb

vdo|fqxe` {qodho{`fx edi nfhgedoxn gf gei xffd e`` ygey ned

hbvì dbs xff sgfqf ned ibyg isf``$ Gf xybbi afysowy ygf

ieqmdfxx bl ygf {exy edi ygf òcgy bl ygf {qfxfdy e gvna`fodxyqvnfdy gbìodc od gox gedix ygf cfqnx bl. ygbxf fwyqebq.

iodeq ioxhb|fqofx edi qf|fèyobdx sgohg f|fd dbs exybdoxg ygf

sbqì

! Bdf ygodc ox h`feq yb e`` sgb ne ge|f heqflv`` xyviofi

gox |b`vnodbvx sqoyodcx’ ex e hgoì sqoyodc ibsd gox

ygbvcgyx edi fw{fqofdhf xb gex gf affd soyg qfceqi yb gox

b{odobdx edi ioxhb|fqofx edi gox e`nbxy vdo|fqxe` fw{fqofdhf$

Avy oy ox fuve`` h`feq #ygf sbqì mdbsx gon dby$#!’ Odyf`.

`fhyve` Qf{bxoybq 576; {{$ ?;.?5$

Od edbygfq {èhf sgfqf gf x{femx bl Xsfifdabqc#x ioxhb|.

fq bl ygf ! Yqedxèybq Nbyobd bl ygf Xyeqx od ygf No`m

Se! edi bd hbn{eqoxbd {qb|fx gox ygfbq yb af oifdyohe`

soyg ygey dbs gfì a nbifqd exyqbdbn Nq$ Afxsohm fw.

hèonx:

! Ygox hbdyqexy {qfxfdyx ygf ysb fwyqfnoyofx bl edecf$ Ey oyx hbnnfdhfnfdy e`` ox dfceyobd$ Oy fwgoaoyx ygf

Xsfioxg {go`bxb{gfq od abì edi xyqomodc qfòfl$ Afgbì gon%

gf xyedix e`bdf od ed ecf bl ieqmdfxx$ Od ygf aehm.cqbvdi

ygf {exy ox aèhm ex docgy$ Oy aqodcx gon bvy òmf ygf xviifd

e{{eqoyobd bl e dfs xyeq avqxyodc soyg c`bq edi aqo`òedh

bvyxgodfx ygf sgb`f gfe|fdx ex ol od ei|edhf ygfqfbl$ Oy fd.

ea`fx vx yb {fqhfo|f ygey ygf cfdovx bl Xsfifdabqc gei yqe|.

fqxfi ed vdmdbsd {eyg edi fw{`bqfi ed vdmdbsd qfcobd

gei seyhgfi odyf``fhyve`` ygf xyeqx od ygfoq necdfyoh hbvqxfx

edi lb``bsfi ygfn od ygfoq qf|b`vyobdx edi gei cqex{fi soyg

e`nbxy xv{fqgvned odyf`òcfdhf ygf sgb`f xvn bl ygox |exy

xyeqq vdo|fqxf yb nemf oy xvaxfq|ofdy yb gox ygbvcgyx `bdc

aflbqf bygfq nfd f|fd xvx{fhyfi ygf fwoxyfdhf bl xvhg yqedxè.

ybq {gfdbnfde$ Soyg ygf xyqomodc ygfbqfyohe` ioxhb|fqofx

{qfxfdy aflbqf ygf nodi sgb hed ibvay ygf yqedxhfdifdh bl



xsfifdabqc#x cqfeydfxx$ 5?

gox cfdovx bq bajfhy yb gox hèonx lbq ygf gocgfxy bqifq bl ed.

yoho{eyo|f bqocodeòy2!’ Oi$ {{$ 9<.3$

1;$ !Afcoddodc ey ygf xne``fxy lehyx’ ygf gvna`fxy e{.

{feqedhfx bl deyvqf’gf sbqmfi gox se v{ yb ygf hqbsd edi

hb{odc xybdf edi absfi soyg eibqeyobd od ygf bvyfq hbvqyx bl

fyfqdoy$ Gf xsf{y ygf hoqh`f bl ygf xhofdhfx soyg e {eyofdy

vdlèccodc fdfqc Od gox bsd ie gf sex ygf `feifq

bl gox ecf’ ygf he{yeod bl ygf lqff èdhfx sgb lbvcgy ygfoq

se odyb ygf hoyeif` bl yqvyg$ Gf ox ygf qf{qfxfdyeyo|f ned

bl ygey hfdyvq’ ygf xgely ygey sex xgby ygf leqygfxy lqbn ygf

abs : gf sex ygf hv`nodeyobd bl e`` {exy yqvyg = edi od gon

sfqf xgeibsfi lbqyg ygf lèxgodc c`bqofx bl ygf lvyvqf$ Gf ox

ygf mfxybdf bl ygf eqhg ygey hbddfhyx ygf hbnodc soyg ygf

cbdf : edi f|fq ei|edhf od eqy f|fq ioxhb|fq od xhofdhf

f|fq dfs {gexf bl yqvyg f|fq eiioyobde` if|f`b{nfdy bl

deyvqf ex oy qoxfx od bqafi afevy yb lo`` oyx {èhf od Cbi#x

cqfey {èd edi vdo|fqxf afeqx xo`fdy soydfxx yb ygf yqvyg edi

{bsfq bl gon sgb ox bdf bl feqyg#x nexyfq.x{oqoyx’ eiix bdf

bygfq xybdf yb ygf eqhg bl c`bq sgohg ygf ecfx eqf qfeqodc

qbvdi ygf nfnbq bl Fnedvf` Xsfifdabqc$!’ J$ S$

L`fyhgfq od gox @fhyvqf bd ! Xsfifdabqc! {$ ? 576?$

15$ ! Od sgey se eqf sf yb qfceqi ygox sbdifqlv` ned2

@bbm ey gon `bdc’ `bbm ey gon nbxy hevyobvx` nbxy xvx{o.

hobvx` = yq gon a ed xyedieqi edi xyo`` gf qfneodx’ygf

Sbdifqlv`$ Db ned sgbxf denf aobcqe{g gex yqfexvqfi

ifnedix e nbqf heqflv` xyvi yged gf$ Lbq ib avy hbdxoifq

gon : gox @feqdodc sex abvdi`fxx = od Xhofdhf gox mdbs`ficf

sex on{fqoe` bd e`nbxy f|fq xvajfhy = od Neygfneyohx gf sex

ea`f yb yemf ygf gocgfxy {bxy abyg od ygf {qehyohe` edi ygfbqfyo.

he` sbqìx= od @edcvecfx gf sex fqvioyf$ Sgb hed ifd

gon e qfehg edi xyqfyhg bl ygbvcgy he{ea`f bl nfexvqodc e``

xvajfhyx edi en{òlodc edi o``vxyqeyodc e``$ Ox dby gox Ledh

enezodc od oyx {è 2 Gox {bfnx’ lbq a ygox yoy`f bv nvxy

xy`f gox Nfnbqea`f Qfèyobdx ol bv heddby he`` ygfn \oxobdx

’ ib ygf dby modi`f soyg ygf yqvf òcgy bl cfdovx edi lèxg

soyg onecf edi ifxhqo{yobd 2 Ygox ox e Hh`b{efioh ned gox

xgbvìfqx eqf Eyèdyfed$ Ibfx gf dby f|fd iseql coedyx a

gox xoif 2



1;xsfifdabfc#x cqfeydfxx$

‡ R YTdoyoh $$$$ Sgey ygfd ox e

« Edi |fy bv xe gf ox e ledeyoh$ $$$ #

Y $oX Bdf bl ygf {qblbvdifxy Neygfneyohoedx bl gox ecf

Ledeyoh o vdh od q`bnboed* e |eqobvx edi

e iff{ edi ehvyf *.mfq= e x*Vf ybTede

T

|fqxeyo`f xhgb`eq: eab|f e`` !*½¨ ½ J vf|fq xffd yb

edi {fdned nTlT`Z`JT |v`ceq f|fq ygf

H»Vqy

y bl

<

ygf»sH edS lfs sbqix vdyo` hbn{f``fi yb

qfxbqy bl ygfyedevh$$

yfn{fqenfdy= df|fq

ye`m bq ye`modc lbq e {vq{bxf hbb $

qbhmfi g {exxobd bq en{v` f $e`se T

hed gf od

*lc¨¨*T"TJT$e ned

goe.gfxy edi soifxy donex ;5 vvo

Mode.x ‡

‡ q 5S ‡ gf af`bdcfi yb ygf sbdifqlv` qehf bl Xfe.Modcx

nyf``fhy gfJT Uio lydi sf mdbs ygey qehf.

ygf Xhediode|oed nodi$ asfh`fdbbq

cqff odgfqoyfi ygfn e``$

nodi’ bl oyx eslv`

lloovix$ Sf xyedi n esf bl $g. »℡TJ qfe`nx yfqf

q GYeo`Y|T Sfy WTdyfqfxyfi od ygf go

ygbxf gf ieo` 27`yfi

= bhhv{|od! ed vdyqbiifd yfqqoybq



xsfifdabqc#x cqfeydfxx$ 15

fyqeyfi’ e èdi {qbyfhyfi a oyx xb`fnd xo`fdhfx lqbn sodc

bq xeo` bq qbei$ @bdf bì ned % db solf db hgoì db qfè.

yo|f = db lqofdi ibfx gf e{{feq yb ge|f gei = gf xybbi xbòyeq

od nodi edi od òlf$ Ibfx aobcqe{g qfhbqi edbygfq odxyedhf

bl xb `bdf` e ned xb xfh`vifi lqbn ygf sbqì xb soygiqesd

lqbn xbhofy 2 _fy df|fq xvqf` ioi sf mdbs bdf sgbxf

lehf od xbòyvif xb qf{f`x bvq {oy sgbxf `bdfòdfxx ox xb

xehqfi$ Ygox edhgbqoyf sfdy v{ odyb ygf gocg Goneèex bl

ygf xbv`$ Gf ò|fi yb {fd edi vyyfq ygf ybdfx gfeqi enbdc

ygbxf If`fhyea`f Nbvdyeodx$

! Oy nvxy f|fq af e nxyfq gbs xb hbdxyedy` ex gf sex

yqe|f`òdc gf {fqlbqnfi xb nvhg sbqm = gox sbqmx sbvì

xybhm e òaqeq edi mff{ lbq xbnf feqx e nbxy {fqxf|fqodc

edi nfceygfqoed xyvifdy ey sbqm$ Avy gf sex f|fq nb|odc

lqbn {èhf yb {èhf = ioxho{òdf edi bqifq nvxy ge|f hgeqeh.

yfqozfi gon od ygf gocgfxy ifhqff$ Gf yqe|f``fi edi gf ba.

xfq|fi hbdxyedy` avy e`` ygf sgo`f sf lff` ygey gf gei db

{eqy soyg ned$ Gf mdfs sgey bygfqx lf`y avy gox lffòdcx gf

f|fq hbdhfe`x lqbn vx’ qeygfq xge`` sf xe gf ibfx dby lff`

edi gex db lffòdcx yb qfhbqi = gfdhf od dbdf bl gox sqoyodcx

ge|f sf ed {eygbx$ Gf yqedx{bqyx gonxf`l lqbn {èhf yb

{èhf bd feqyg lqbn xyeyf yb xyeyf od nodi lqbn x{ehf yb x{ehf

od ygbvcgyx edi ygodcx= ibhyqodfx ibcnex edi lehyx còif af.

lbqf vx od gox {ecfx hbì edi h`feq ex ygf locvqfx xsff{odc

ehqbxx ygf noqqbq$! Xshifdabqc e aobcqe{g edi ed fw{bxo.

yobd a Fisod [ewybd Gbbi evygbq bl ! Ygf Ecf edi oyx

Eqhgoyfhyx=! !Ediqfs Neq|f``=! ! Jbgd No`ybd =! !@oyfqe.

yvqf bl @eabq! fyh$ {{$ 563 5<?.531$

11$ Ygbqoì e hf`faqeyfi Xsfioxg {bfy edi nfye{gxohoed

òaqeqoed edi {qblfxxbq bl ygf Xsfioxg èdcvecf edi òyfqeyvqf

od ygf Vdo|fqxoy bl Cqfolxseìf xex od ygf xfhbdi {eqy bl

gox sbqmx {vaòxgfi od Xsfifd vdifq ygf gfei ! Xsfifd.

abqc! ygf lb``bsodc :

!Sgey eqf sf yb ygodm bl ygox yqv` fwyqebqiodeq ned 2

Ygey gf sex e lbb` xe ygbxf òyy`f nfd sgbxf cbbi b{odobd

df|fq ioi cbbi yb ed bdf$ Ygey gf sex ed Eqhg.gfqfyoh

aes`x Bqygbibw soyg `bvi edi lfqbhobvx |bohf$ Sgey ygf

{go`bxb{gfq xffx od gon ox e ned bl |exy edi hbdxvnneyf



11 xsfifdabqc#x CQFEYDFX#j$

`feqdodc ed gbdbq edi c`bq yb gox deyobd sgb {qfxfq|fi ygf

|fdfqeyobd lbq gox cfdovx a ygf yqv` e{bxybòhe` xon{òhoy edi

{vqoy bl gox nbqe`x$!

18$ ! Ygfqf ox dby od goxybq ygfqf ox dby od ed hfdyvq e

nbqf qfneqmea`f ned yged Xsfifdabqc vdifq ygf ex{fhy bl

ygf if|f`b{nfdy bl hfqyeod lehv`yofx bl ygf xbv` = edi od x{oyf

bl e`` ygey gf gex sqoyyfd bq ygey gex affd sqoyyfd eabvy gon

ygfqf ox db ned ygey xyo`` bllfqx yb hqoyohoxn e nbqf sbqygxyvi$ Ehhbqiodc yb ygey modi bl goxybq sgohg ygf cqfey

jvicf bl ygf èxy hfdyvq he``fi ygf # hbnnbd` qfhfo|fi lea`f#

Xsfifdabqc ox e iqfenfq e |oxobdeq e yvfeJh bq xohm` nodi

ygf noxyemfd iv{f bl gox bsd o``vxobdx$ Xvhg ox ygf vdo|fqxe``

hoqhvèyodc {ohyvqf edi jvicnfdy hbdhfqdodc Xsfifdabqc$

Dbs ygf # hbnnbd` qfhfo|fi lea`f # gex db ibvay xbnf

qfexbdx lbq oyx fwoxyfdhf avy oy ox dby goxybq$

! Od ygf sgb`f bl ygf èxy hfdyvq sgohg {qbivhfi xb ned

fnodfdy nfd ygfqf ox dby bdf ygey sex nbqf |ocbqbvx` hbd.

xyoyvyfi ex yb abi edi nodi yged Xsfifdabqc = edi ygfqf ox

dby bdf sgb sex e nbqf odivxyqobvx nbqf gbdfxy nbqf

`feqdfi nbqf odcfdobvx edi nbqf lfqyo`f sqoyfq edi e nbqf

`vhoi yfehgfq$ Dby bdf od ygf sgb`f bl ygey hfdyvq sgfqf

Qbvxxfev {qbhèonfi gonxf`l yb af ex |oqyvbvx ex ed bygfq

ned sex afyyfq yged Xsfifdabqc dbq nbqf af`b|fi edi

ge{{ofq$ $

! O sex cbodc yb xe ygfqf sfqf lfs qohgfq od gbdbqx

nbdf edi oifex$ Avy ygox sbvì dby af e xbvqhf bl nfqoy

bd` e ge{{ hbdioyobd$ Od bqifq yb hbd|odhf bvqxf`l ygey

xvhg sex ygf hbdioyobd bl Xsfifdabqc bv dffi avy qfei gox

sqoyodcx edi xyvi gox òlf sgohg nedolfxy yb ygf sgb`f sbqìgox |oqyvfx edi xhofdyoloh yqfexvqfx$!’N$ Neyyfq Gbdbqeq

Hbvdxf``bq bl ygf Vdo|fqxoy lbqnfq` Odx{fhybq.Cfdfqe` bl ygf

[vaòh @oaqeqofx ,h od gox sbqm ! Fnnedvf` e`f Xsfifdabqc

xe \of xfx Fhqoyx fy xe Ibhyqodf$ [eqox : Ioiofq , Hf

$ @oaqeoqf

Eheifnouvf$ 57<8$ {qfl$ {{$ |o$ |oo$!

Od edbygfq {èhf gf xex ! Xsfifdabqc nocgy ge|f af.

hbnf e nfnafq bl e`` ygf eheifnofx bl Fvqb{f ol gf geixbvcgy lbq ygfxf gbdbqx = avy gf odlbqnx vx gonxf`l ygey gf




df|fq ybbm ed xyf{x od bqifq yb af`bdc yb ed `feqdfi abi$

Fxxfdyoe`` odif{fdifdy a lbqyvdf edi hgeqehyfq `b|odc sbqm

lbqoyx odyqodxoh eyyqehyobdx edi dby e{{qfhoeyodc ioxyodhyobdx

sgohg fdhqbehg gbsf|fq òyy`f v{bd bvq òafqyofx Xsfifdabqc

fw{`bqfi sbqmfi edi {vaòxgfi a gonxf`l òmf ed fdyoqf

eheifn edi gf exxocdfi yb gonxf`l xhofdyoloh noxxobdx ex

{qodhfx eqf sbdy yb ib avy gf ioi dby hqe|f ygf ioxyodhyobdx

sgohg gf ygbvcgy sbvì deyvqe`` lb``bs ex ygfoq hbdxf.

uvfdhfx$! i$ 81$

19$ Lqbn ygf ! Nfiohe` Hqoyoh edi [xhgb`bcohe` Jbvqde`!

lbq Bhybafq 57<5 Eqy$ \O$

#

! Od ygf sgb`f qevcf bl nbifqd aobcqe{g ygfqf ox db òlf

bl cqfeyfq odyfqfxy yb ygf nfiohb.{xhgb`bcoxy yged ygey bl

Fnedvf` Xsfifdabqc$ Gox sqoyodcx hbdxyoyvyf e x{`fdioi

nbdvnfdybl ygf fwyqebqiodeq odyf``fhyve` {bsfqx ygf vd.

yoqodc exxoivoy edi ygf `bly qfòcobvx lfq|bq bl ygf ned$ Ex

e {go`bxb{gfq gf so`` e`sex bhhv{ e hbdx{ohvbvx edi gbdbq.

ea`f {bxoyobd od ygf goxybq bl nbifqd {go`bxb{g edi ex e

ygfb`bcoed gf ce|f aoqyg yb bdf bl ygf nbxy qfneqmea`f

if|f`b{nfdyx bl Hgqoxyoedoy od nbifqd yonfx$!

16$ ! Ygfqf ox bdf cfdovx sgb gex ibdf nvhg lbq ygox

{go`bxb{g bl òlf 'o$ f$ fw{`bqodc ygf dfeq ygf `bs ygf

hbnnbd/ sgbxf òyfqeq |e`vf gex df|fq affd qocgy` fxyo.

neyfi =’O nfed Fnedvf` Xsfifdabqc$ Ygf nbxy onecode.

yo|f bl nfd fy sqoyodc soyg ygf {qfhoxobd bl e neygfneyohoed

gf fdife|bqfi yb odcqely e {vqf` {go`bxb{gohe` fygohx bd ygf

{b{vèq Hgqoxyoedoy bl gox yonf$ Xvhg ed eyyfn{y bl hbvqxfnvxy ge|f iollohv`y sgohg db cfdovx hbvì xvqnbvdy$ Avy òf

xes edi xgbsfi ygf hbddfhyobd afysffd deyvqf edi ygf ellfh.

yobdx bl ygf xbv`$ Gf {ofqhfi ygf fna`fneyoh bq x{oqoyve`

hgeqehyfq bl ygf |oxoa`f evioa`f yedcoa`f sbqì$ Fx{fhoe``

ioi gox xgeif.`b|odc nvxf gb|fq b|fq edi odyfq{qfy ygf `bsfq

{eqyx bl deyvqf = gf xgbsfi ygf nxyfqobvx abdi ygey e`òfx

nbqe` f|o` yb ygf lbv` neyfqoe` lbqnx edi gex co|fd od f{ohe`{eqea`fx e ygfbq bl odxedoy bl afexyx bl vdh`fed edi lfeqlv`




ygodcx$! * Qe`{g Seìb Fnfqxbd od ed Bqeyobd ifò|fqfi

aflbqf ygf [go Afye Me{{e Xbhofy ey Henaqoicf Evcvxy 85

5783$Od edbygfq {èhf gf xex ! Gox 'Xsfifdabqc#x/ sqoyodcx

sbvì af e xvllohofdy òaqeq yb e `bdf` edi eyg`fyoh xyvifdy$

Dby f|fq ned hed qfei ygfn avy ygf so`` qfseqi gon sgb

hed$ Ygf cqedifvq bl ygf yb{ohx nemfx ygf cqedifvq bl ygf

xy`f$ Bdf bl ygf noxxbvqoedx edi nexybibdx bl òyfqeyvqf gf

ox dby yb af nfexvqfi a sgb`f hb``fcfx bl bqiodeq xhgbèqx$

Db bdf ned ox {fqge{x ea`f yb jvicf bl ygf nfqoyx bl gox

sbqmx bd xb ned xvajfhyx$ Oy xffnx ygey gf edyoho{eyfi

nvhg xhofdhf bl ygf dodfyffdyg hfdyvq edyoho{eyfi od ex.

yqbdbn ygf ioxhb|fq bl ygf xf|fdyg {èdfy = edyoho{eyfi ygf

|ofsx bl nbifqd exyqbdbn od qfceqi yb ygf cfdfqeyobd bl

feqygx a ygf xvd= od necdfyoxn xbnf on{bqyedy fw{fqonfdyx

edi hbdh`vxobdx bl èyfq xyvifdyx = od hgfnoxyq ygf eybnoh

ygfbq od edeybn ygf ioxhb|fqofx bl Xhgòhgyodc Nbdqb ediSo`xbd = edi loqxy ifnbdxyqeyfi ygf bllohf bl ygf `vdcx$!

Eceod gf xex ! Xsfifdabqc ox e qohg ioxhb|fqfq edi bl

ygodcx sgohg nbxy on{bqy vx yb mdbs$ Gox ygbvcgy isf``x od

fxxfdyoe` qfxfnaèdhfx òmf ygf qfxfnaèdhfx bl e gbvxf yb ygf

ned sgb avo`y oy$ Gf xes ygodcx od ygfoq ès od òmfdfxx bl

lvdhyobd dby bl xyqvhyvqf$ Ygfqf ox ed od|eqoea`f nfygbi edi

bqifq od gox ifò|fq bl gox yqvyg ygf geaoyve` {qbhffiodc blygf nodi lqbn odnbxy yb bvynbxy$ Sgey feqdfxydfxx edi

sfocgyodfxx’gox ff df|fq qb|odc soygbvy bdf xsf`` bl

|edoy bq bdf `bbm yb xf`l od ed hbnnbd lbqn bl# òyfqeq

* Oy ioi dby xyqomf vx od bvq fwyfdxo|f xyviofx bl ygf sbqmx bl

Xsfifdabqc ygey gox ! xgeif.`b|odc nvxf ! od xgbsodc ygf hbddfhyobd

afysffd x{oqoyve` edi deyvqe` lbqnx isf``fi a {qflfqfdhf bd ygf

!lbv` neyfqoe` lbqnx! sgohg eqf !e`òfi yb nbqe` f|o`!= bd ygf

hbdyqeq oy xffnfi yb vx ygey gox nvxf fx{fhoe`` ifòcgyfi od ygf

ifxhqo{yobd bl hf`fxyoe` lbqnx = soydfxx ygf sgb`f bl gox sbdifqlv` f{oh

! Ygf Sbqxgo{ edi @b|f bl Cbi$! Ygf qfexbd sg od gox o``vxyqeyobdx

xgbsodc ygf hbddfhyobd afysffd x{oqoyve` edi deyvqe` lbqnx gf sex

lqfuvfdy` hbn{f``fi yb iqes v{bd !lbv` neyfqoe` lbqnx! ox afhevxf

ygf hf`fxyoe` lbqnx sgohg eqf e`òfi yb nbqe` cbbi ge|f afhbnf xb

lfeqlv`` lfs od bvq ifcfdfqeyf iex sgfd ygf |fq lehf bl deyvqf

afeqx soydfxx bl bvq xvdmfd gvned deyvqf$




&

{qoif % E ygfbqfyoh bq x{fhvèyo|f ned avy sgbn db {qehyo.

he` ned od ygf vdo|fqxf hbvì ellbqi yb xhbqd$ [èyb ox e

cbsdxned: gox ceqnfdy ygbvcg bl {vq{`f edi e`nbxy xm.

sb|fd ox ed eheifnoh qbaf edi godifqx ehyobd soyg oyx

|b`vnodbvx lbìx$ Avy ygox nxyoh ox eslv` yb Hefxeq$

@hvqcvx gonxf`l sbvì abs$!

Edi eceod ! Xsfifdabqc#x # Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone`

Modcibn# ox bdf bl ygbxf abbmx sgohg a ygf iocdoy bl

ygodmodc eqf ed gbdbq yb ygf gvned qehf$ $ $ $ Gf ox

xxyfneyoh ediqfx{fhyo|f bl ygf sbqì od f|fq xfdyfdhf : e``

ygf nfedx eqf bqifq` co|fd = gox lehv`yofx sbqm soyg exyqb.

dbnohe` {vdhyveòy edi gox einoqea`f sqoyodc ox {vqf lqbn e``

{fqydfxx bq fcbyoxn$ $ $ $ Gox |eqofi edi xbòi mdbs`ficf

nemfx gox xy`f `vxyqbvx soyg {bodyx edi xgbbyodc x{ohvè bl

ygbvcgy = qfxfnaòdc bdf bl ygbxf sodyfq nbqdodcx sgfd ygf

eoq x{eqm`fx soyg hqxye`x$! Qf{qfxfdyeyo|f Nfd$

1<$ ! Xsfifdabqc a gfqfioyeq iox{bxoyobd a feq`

yqeododc edi geaoy sex xyviobvx edi èabqobvx od ed fnodfdy

ifcqff$ Gox nodi sex odyfdxf` ehyo|f od ygf ehuvoxoyobd bl

mdbs`ficf bd e`` xvajfhyx = db aqedhg bl xhofdhf bq mdbs`ficf

fxhe{fi gox eyyfdyobd bq xvq{exxfi gox {bsfqx bl od|fxyoceyobd$

Colyfi soyg ed eqifdy `b|f bl `feqdodc heqflv`` odxyqvhyfi

edi yqeodfi od ygf afxy bl xhgbb`x edi soxf` fdhbvqecfi ediioqfhyfi od ygf {vqxvoy bl mdbs`ficf gox vdifqxyediodc sex

cqeive`` if|f`b{fi edi fw{edifi od ioqfhyobdx sgohg eqf avy

xfìbn lbvdi od hbnaodeyobd od ygf xenf nodi$ $ $ $ Sflodi od gon e uveòy bl ede`xox xb xfeqhgodc edi ioxhqon.

odeyo|f ex yb af e`ybcfygfq nohqbxhb{oh od oyx hgeqehyfq edi

e{{òheyobd vdoyfi yb e nbxy sbdifqlv` {bsfq bl cfdfqeòze.

yobd$ A ygfxf lehv`yofx bl gox nodi gf sex fdea`fi yb bqifqedi eqqedcf e`` ygf {eqyohvèqx bl xhofdyoloh ioxhb|fq edi

qeyobde` ifivhyobd odyb ygf geqnbdobvx lbqnx bl cfdfqe`

xxyfnx = edi a e h`feq ede`yoh edi xdygfyoh hbn{eqoxbd

bl f|fq sgb`f soyg oyx {eqyx edi bl ygf {eqyx soyg ygf sgb`f

ex sf`` ex bl ygf ede`bcofx fwoxyodc afysffd ygf |eqobvx

xxyfnx edi ygfoq hbn{bdfdy nfnafqx yb ifivhf ygf èsx

bl bqifq cb|fqdodc fehg edi xb yb hbnnvdoheyf e qeyobdeòife bl ygfoq xf|fqe` vxfx edi bl ygfoq qfèyobd yb ygf vdo.

8



1< xsfifdabqc#x cqfeydfxx$

|fqxe` vxf bl hqfeyobd$ A ygfxf nfedx gf ehhbn{òxgfi

sgey sex df|fq ibdf aflbqf edi sgey gex df|fq affd ibdf

fuve`` sf`` ol ey e`` xodhf gox ie=

gf aqbvcgy ygfxfdxve`

xhofdyoloh {qodho{`f odyb geqnbd soyg ygf qeyobde` edi ygvx

b{fdfi xhofdhf yb ygf òcgy bl qfexbd bq f`f|eyfi oy odyb oyx

yqvf {bxoyobd ex ygf xfq|edy bl e qeyobde` {go`bxb{g$!

Qf|$ S$ G$ Afdeif Qf{bqy bd ygf Deyvqf bl Xsfifdgbqc#*x

O``vnodeyobd$

13$ Lqbn ygf Hbqxeoq 578? Dfs _bqm$

! Fnedvf` Xsfifdabqc sex edi ygf qfeifq bvcgy yb mdbs

oy bdf bl ygf cqfeyfxy edi nbxy qfx{fhyea`f bl nfd$ Gf sex

e`xb nbqf yged ygox$ Gf sex iff{` |fqxfi od f|fq xhofdhf

’e loqxy.qeyf nfhgedohoed edi neygfneyohoed’bdf bl ygf

{qblbvdifxy bl {gxob`bcoxyx’e cqfey noòyeq fdcodffq $ $ $

’e cqfey exyqbdbnfq’ygf ea`fxy nfye``vqcoxy bl gox yonf edi

ygf sqoyfq bl |exy sbqmx sgohg f|fdey ygox ie eqf bl xyfqòdc

evygbqoy bd nododc edi nfye`x$ Ygfd gf sex e {bfy edi e

nexyfq bl edhofdy edi nbifqd èdcvecfx edi e nfye{gxohoed

sgb gei cbdf ygqbvcg e`` ygf nezfx bl qfl`fhyo|f {go`bxb{g

edi ibdf afxoifx sgey nfye{gxohoedx xfìbn ib lbq gf gei

lbvdi gox se bvy bl ygf nezfx edi cby aehm yb qfeòy eceod$

Od xgbqy ex leq ex deyvqe` xhofdhfx cb 'edi sf odh`vif enbdc

ygfn ygf #xhofdhf blygf

nodi#/oy ox

nvhgnbqf iollohv`y yb

xe sgey gf sex dby yged sgey gf o|ex$

! Gf sex loly.lo|f feqx od afodc edi ibodc ygf ygodcx sf

ge|f jvxy qfhbqifi$ Ge|odc ygvx èoi ed onnfdxf aexox lbq

gox nodi od deyvqf edi e mdbs`ficf bl ygf ehyve` edi fy

bd` e aexox gf dbs òmf e xyeyf` {qenoi qbxf odyb ygf oife`$

Gf {ofqhfi ygqbvcg ygf h`bvi hvqyeodx bl X{ehf edi Yonf$

$Deyvqf afhenf yb gon avy ygf nedy`fbl ò|odc xbv`x co|odc

lowfi onecfx yb ygf Qfexbd edi ioxyodhydfxx bl bajfhy yb ygf

So``$ Ygf sgb`f bl gox ygfb`bcohe` sbqmx sgohg ge|f hbd.

xocdfi gon lbq ygf {qfxfdy yb e dfc`fhy gf edyoho{eyfi edi

gei db heqf lbq sfqf dbs {qbivhfi$ Ygf x{oqoyve` sbqì

sex ygf bajfhy ex sf`` ex ygf xvajfhy bl gox ygbvcgy edi ygox

{qbivhfi sgey ne af he``fi ygf Qfeòxn bl gox [xhgb`bc$

Od gox nodi Onecodeyobd ediXfdyonfdy {qb{fq` xb.he``fi

gei db {èhf avy odxyfei bl Onecodeyobd ygfqf sex Qfexbd




{qbivhodc oyxf`l od onecfx = odxyfei bl Xfdyonfdy ellfhyobdx

lbqnodc ygfnxf`|fx odyb Qfexbdx$ Gfdhf ygfqf ox ey bdhf

ygf cqfeyfxy abìdfxx edi ygf cqfeyfxy nfygbi od gox ygbvcgyx’bdf xyeqyòdc {qb{bxoyobd if|f`b{odc oyxf`l elyfq edbygfq edi

fehg hbnodc lbqyg a ygf nbxy lowfi qv`fx bl cfdfxox’e xv{fq.

lohoe` lbqneòy ed odyfqde` lqffibn$!

Ygox eqyoh`f sex qf{qodyfi lqbn ygf #‡##@bdibd Yqvf Xvd$!

17$ !Bl Xsfifdabqc gonxf`l ygfqf xgbvì af avy bdf

b{odobd$ Gf sex e ned bl {qbiocobvx cfdovx$ $ $ $

Ex e{go`bxb{gfq gf sex ioxyodcvoxgfi lbq {fqhfo|odc oifdyoy bq

xenfdfxx od ygodcx’lbq gox odxocgy odyb ygf # lodf xfhqfyx ygey

òyy`f fw{èodx èqcf edi èqcf òyy`f =# gox ibhyqodf bl xhe`f bq

ifcqffx = gox afòfl od ygf xnabòhe` nfedodc bl ygf vdo|fqxf=

edi ygey e iqfei dfhfxxeq dboxf`fxx nbqeòy {fq|eifx oy e``

lqbn ygf nodvyfxy yb ygf èqcfxy bajfhyx$ Gf sex od e hfqyeod

xfdxf e xffq avy bl ygbxf aqbei {qodho{`fx sgohg hbdxyoyvyf ygf

yqvdm edi aqedhgfx bl ygf yqff bl ygf sbqì$! Cfbqcf

Co`lo`èd Hgqoxyoedoy edi bvq Fqe : E Abbg lbq ygf Yonfx

Fiodavqcg 5763$

1?$ Lqbn ygf Deyobde` Uveqyfq` Qf|ofs lbq Neqhg 57<6$

! Oy ox sf`` mdbsd ygey ygf feqòfq {fqobi bl Xsfifdabqc#x

òlf sgfd nfd eqf nbxy òea`f yb af `fi exyqe a ygfoq

onecodeyobdx sex if|byfi yb hgfnohe` neygfneyohe` edi

{go`bxb{gohe` qfxfeqhgfx sgohg nvxy ge|f fllfhyve`` {qf.

h`vifi e`` |eceqofx = dbq ioi gox o``vnodeyobd hbnnfdhf vdyo`

gf gei fxyeaòxgfi e òyfqeq qf{vyeyobd xb oqqf{qbehgea`f ygey

gox exxfqyobdx sfqf ehhf{yfi ex yqvyg$ Ol sf qfceqi gon ex

ed on{bxybq gox sgb`f òlf ox e ò|odc qflvyeyobd bl ygf ehhvxe.

yobd$ Ygey e ned xb vdbayqvxo|f xb qfceqi`fxx bl gbdbq edisfe`yg xgbvì ge|f on{bxfi v{bd ygf hqfivòy bl lqofdixgo{

le`xfgbbix sgohg hbvì od db se xvaxfq|f gox odyfqfxy sbvì

af e {gfdbnfdbd soygbvy {eqe``f` od ygf goxybq bl ygf sbqì$

Ol sf uvfxyobd gox xedoy sf eqf nfy a ygf exxvqedhf ygey od

e`` hexfx ygf odxedf eqf lbvdi odhe{ea`f bl {qb`bdcfi hbd.

dfhyfi nfdye` fllbqy xb ygey ygf abbmx Xsfifdabqc sqbyf ygf

èdcvecfx gf `feqdfi ygf hbqqfx{bdifdhf gf gex `fly e`` afeqhbdh`vxo|f f|oifdhf ygey gox nfdye` {bsfqx sfqf vdon{eoqfi$




Od sgeyf|fq ex{fhy sf qfceqi ygox ned gf ox xyo`` e

nxyfq$!

Elyfq co|odc ed ehhbvdy bl Xsfifdabqc edi gox nodbq

{go`bxb{gohe` sbqmx ygf sqoyfq {qbhffix :

! E`` ygfxf yfxyonbdoe`x bl Xsfifdabqc#x nfdye` sfe`yg

xffn yb ge|f iqb{{fi lqbn gox b|fqavqifdfi {fd qeygfq ex

e qfòfl yb gox bsd odyf``fhyve` {`fygbqe yged lqbn ygbxf

enaoyobvx ex{oqeyobdx ygey eqf xv{{bxfi yb odx{oqf nbxy evygbqx$

Gf ox e soxf ned sgb hed qfdifq gonxf`l dfhfxxeq yb gox

xv{fqobqx a afodc vxflv` yb gox fuve`x$ Xsfifdabqc xfìbn

ol f|fq xbòhoyfi {eyqbdecf dbq ibfx gf e{{feq yb ge|f co|fd

nvhg ygbvcgy yb gox òyfqeq {qbivhyobdx elyfq ge|odc {qf{eqfi

ygfn yb ygf afxy bl gox eaoòy lbq ygf afdfloy bl gox lf``bs.nfd$

Lbqyvdeyf` ygf lf`` ey ygf lffy bl ed e{{qfhoeyodc {vaòh

hqfeyodc lbq gon ed fhèy ifx{oyf gox nbifxy nemodc gon

dba`f eceodxy gox ifnbhqeyoh so``$ \eqobvx edi aqo`òedy ex

ygfxf èabqx gei affd ygf sfqf avy ygf `fxxfq {qbyfhgdohx

soyg sgohg gf eyyqehyfi ygf eyyfdyobd dby bd` bl Xsfifd avy

bl e`` Fvqb{f$!

X{femodc bl gox ! B{fqe [go`bxb{gohe fy Nodfqe`bcohe! gf

xex :

! Od ygox sbqm x{eqmòdc ygqbvcgbvy soyg nfdye` aqo`òedyx

Xsfifdabqc gex |odioheyfi gox hèon yb ed odyf``fhyve` {ffq.

ecf edi ox xv{{bxfi yb ge|f bqocodeyfi ned ioxhb|fqofx od

{go`bxb{g sgohg bsodc yb gox sbqmx afodc ey bdf {fqobi

nvhg dfc`fhyfi ge|f dby affd eyyqoavyfi yb gon$ Od oy gf

fdife|bqx yb vd`bhm ygf nxyfqofx bl ygf hevxfx edi bqocod bl

ygf {gfdbnfde bl ygf vdo|fqxf exxfqyodc ygey od e`` gfq b{fqe.

yobdx deyvqf ox cb|fqdfi a bdf cfdfqe` ès edi ox e`sex

xf`l.hbdxoxyfdy = sgo`f fw{fqofdhf ygf {bsfq bl eqqedcfnfdy

edi ygf eaoòy yb qfexbd eqf xvllohofdy yb fdea`f vx yb xb`|f

gfq nbxy odyqoheyf {qba`fnx$!

Bl ygf ! Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone` Modcibn! gf xex :

! Sgfygfq bq dby sf fdibqxf ygf hbdh`vxobdx sgohg gox

xvay`f qfexbdodcx `fi gon yb fnaqehf sf heddby avy einoqf

ygf vdlòdhgodc yfnfqoy bl nodi edi {vq{bxf soyg sgohg gf

{`vdcfx odyb ygf èaqodyg bl xnab`x edi fdife|bqx yb sqfxy

lqbn gfe|fd ygf xfhqfyx bl ygf xbv`$!




8;$ Lqbn ygf Leno` Gfqeì @bdibd

! Sf heddby qflvxf yb ehmdbs`ficf ygf onnfexvqea`f ye`fdy

sgohg gf 'Xsfifdabqc/ gex iox{èfi od gox nbxy |b`vnodbvx

SYoyodjqx sgohg lbqn e òyy`f sbqì bl ygfnxf`|fx xvllohofdy yb

bhhv{ ygf sgb`f òlf bl ed bqiodeq ned nfqf` yb ioxhb|fq

ygfoq hbdyfdyx edi ede`zf ygfoq ibhyqodfx$

! Gox sbqmx xffn yb af abqodc ygfoq se f|fd odyb Heygbòh

hbvdyqofx$ Od e òyy`f sbqm he``fi @f @o|qf ifx @eqnfx bq

Ygf Abbm bl Yfeqx èyf` {vaòxgfi a ygf Eaaf Hbdxyedy ifAedhbvq sf lodi ygf lb``bsodc xfdyfdhf :

# Sf ne |fdyvqf

yb xe ygey ygf {qba`fn ox e`qfei xb`|fi edi ygey ygf sgb`f

yqvyg ox lbvdi od ygf sqoyodcx bl ygf einoqea`f Xsfifd.

abqc$#!

85$ Lqbn ygf Xbvygfqd Uveqyfq` Qf|ofs Bhybafq 579<$

! Yonf ox afcoddodc yb {exx e jvxy jvicnfdy bd ygf hgeqehyfqbl ygey fwyqebqiodeq ned Fnedvf` Xsfifdabqc’hfqyeod`

bdf bl ygf nbxy colyfi cfdovxfx ygey f|fq e{{feqfi bd ygf lehf bl

ygf feqyg$ Xf|fdy.lbvq feqx ge|f fè{xfi xodhf gox ifeyg$

Ygox {fqobi gex hbdxyoyvyfi ygf nfqf xvdqoxf bl gox lenf’ygf

iesd bl e nfqoioed x{`fdibq ygey ox fy yb a`fxx ygf deyobdx$

A gox leq.xffodc hbdyfn{bqeqofx gf sex hbdxoifqfi edi sex

{qbdbvdhfi edi jvxy` ybb ygf cqfeyfxy ned bl gox hbvdyqedi ecf sgfygfq qfceqi sfqf gei yb ygf gfqhv`fed {bsfqx bl

nodi soyg sgohg [qb|oifdhf gei fdibsfi gon gox èabqobvx

qfxfeqhgfx odyb ygf nxyfqofx bl ygf vdo|fqxf gox {qblbvdi

mdbs`ficf bl gvned deyvqf ehuvoqfi od yqe|f`x ex fwyfdxo|f

ex ygbxf bl ygf edhofdy {go`bxb{gfqx ygf òcgy sgohg òf xgfi

b|fq f|fq mdbsd if{eqynfdy bl xhofdhf a gox lfeq`fxx od|fx.

yoceyobdx edi sbdifqlv` ioxhb|fqofx bq lode`` ygf fwhffiodcafevy bl e òlf xedhyolofi a ygf xodhfqfxy {ofy edi c`bsodc

soyg ygf hgeqnx bl ygf nbxy fdèqcfi edi lexhodeyodc {goèd.

ygqb{$ Db evygbq xodhf ygf ioxhb|fq bl ygf eqy bl {qodyodc

’de dbdf xodhf ygf od|fdyobd bl `fyyfqx gex f|fq sqoyyfd xb

ned abbmx’bq xb ned cbbi bdfx’abbmx ygey so`` xvq|o|f

ygf sqfhm bl ed f{gfnfqe` òyfqeyvqf edi e yqedxofdy ygfb`bc

edi so`` fwfqhoxf e afdocd edi fddbaòdc= odl`vfdhf bd ygf

xvhhfxxo|f cfdfqeyobdx bl nfd sgeyf|fq èdcvecf ygf ne8*



8; xsfifdabqc#x cqfeydfxx$

x{fem edi sgfqf|fq edi sgfdf|fq ygf ne e{{feq yb yemf

ygfoq {èhf edi ehy ygfoq {eqy bd ygf cqfey ygfeyqf bl òlf$

! Sgb f|fq ygbvcgy xb {qblbvdi` bd cqfey edi dba`f

ygfnfx ex Xsfifdabqc2 Sgey {eyqoby sex f|fq nbqf jvxy

cfdfqbvx hbdxoifqeyf edi ehyo|f 2 Sgey nfqf` lodoyf gvned

afodc sex f|fq xb gocg` le|bqfi a ygf E`nocgy 2 O``vxyqo.

bvx xecf % E yqvf xeody % ol ygfqf f|fq sex e xeody edi fy

bdf sgb df|fq ifxoqfi yb af hedbdozfi$ Ed e{bxy`f bl yqvyg

avy bdf sgbxf nfxxecf vdloy lbq ygf neqmfy.{èhf sex df|fq

gfeqi od `bvifq ybdfx yged od ygbxf bl e iff{ edi xb`fnd

hbd|ohyobd’e hb.sbqmfq ybcfygfq soyg ygf Hqfeybq od ygf

ehgof|fnfdy bl ygf cqedifxy ifxocdx bl [qb|oifdhf avy sgb

qfceqifi ygf yoy`f bl Gox xfq|edy ol jvxy` ehuvoqfi ygf gocgfxy

c`bq yb sgohg ned hed ex{oqf$ Ygf lenf bl Aehbd edi

Dfsybd edi @bhmf’bl No`ybd edi Xgemfx{feqf edi Xhbyy

{e`fx edi cqbsx ion aflbqf ygf aqocgyfq c`bq ygey h`vxyfqx

eqbvdi ygf denf edi ehyx bl ygox qfdbsdfi odio|oive` % Ygf

ehuvoqfi ioxyodhyobd lbq ygf x{`fdibq bl ygfoq xvhhfxx od

{eqyohvèq if{eqynfdyx bl oduvoq edi od hfqyeod x{gfqfx bl

odyf``fhyve` èabq avy oy sex qfxfq|fi lbq ygf nbqf lbqyvdeyf

edi hf`faqeyfi Xsfif yb nexyfq dby bdf xhofdhf avy ygf

sgb`f hoqh`f bl ygf eqyx edi xhofdhfx edi yb vdifqxyedi edi

qf|fe` ygf cqfey hbddfhyodc òdmx ygey xvaxoxy afysffd nodi

edi neyyfq yonf edi fyfqdoy ned edi gox Nemfq od e leq

h`feqfq neddfq yged ed bl ygf nbxy colyfi edi odx{oqfi bl gox

{qfifhfxxbqx$

! Ygf sbqì ne af hge``fdcfi od |eod yb {qbivhf od ygf

goxybq bl ed xodc`f odio|oive` xvhg e hbnaodeyobd bl cocedyoh

edi sf``.aeèdhfi {bsfqx bl nodi soyg xvhg |exy edi nec.

dolohfdy eyyeodnfdyx bl e`` xbqyx$ Ol Yv`` sex ygbvcgy yb

ge|f afxybsfi gocg edi onnbqye` {qeoxf bd ygf cqfey [èyb

lbq xeodc ygey gf aqbvcgy ibsd {go`bxb{g lqbn ygf xmofx yb

isf`` enbdc nfd enoi hbb` edi xgei qfyqfeyx sgfqf od

lehy oy gex affd xv`òfi edi {qbledfi a gvned {exxobdx gbs

nvhg gocgfq edi gbs nvhg nbqf onnbqye` {qeoxf af`bdcx yb

Xsfifdabqc sgb soyg ygf x{oqoy bl ed edcf` gex heqqofi

{go`bxb{g v{ yb ygf xmofx ygf aoqyg.{èhf edi gbnf bl ygf

jvxy sgfqf oy còyyfqx e`` b|fq soyg ygf afevyolv` edi aqo`òedy

qex ygey fnedeyf lqbn ygf Xvd bl Qocgyfbvxdfxx % [qbhffiodc




lqbn ygf bvyfq edi feqyg` gf gex {fdfyqeyfi yb ygf oddfq edi

gfe|fd` sbqìx {qb{fq yb ned gex qf|fe`fi ygfoq nxyfqofx

edi {qbnv`ceyfi ygf èsx bl ygf cqfey @fcoxèybq sgohg

cb|fqd ygfn$ Ygf sgb`f vdo|fqxf od oyx cfdfqe` ex{fhyx ox

ygf bajfhy bl gox nfioyeyobdx edi xyvi edi dby bnoyyodc

{eqyohvèqx gf lodix ex {qblbvdi edi afevyolv` xocdolohedhf

edi xffx ex x{femodc e nedolfxyeyobd bl ygf {bsfq edi `b|f

bl ygf cqfey Hqfeybq od ygf {faa`f bd ygf xfe.xgbqf bq ygf `fel

ygey se|fx od ygf aqffzf ex od e xyeq bl ygf loqxy necdoyvif

ygey ifhmx ygf loqnenfdy$ Gf ioi dby `bbm v{bd ygf sbqì

eqbvdi gon soyg ygf ffx edi lffòdcx bl bqiodeq nfd$ Soyg

qfòcobvx |fdfqeyobd edi od ygf x{oqoy bl e yqvf {go`bxb{g gf

ey e`` yonfx hbddfhyfi ygf lodoyf soyg ygf odlodoyf edi xes od

f|fqygodc ygey fwoxyx od ygf edone` ygf |fcfyea`f edi ygf

nodfqe` modcibnx bl deyvqf ex sf`` ex od ygey modcibn sgohg

ox eab|f deyvqf’ygf x{oqoyve`’xbnf onecf bq xgeibs bl e

cqfey edi Io|odf [qb|oifdhf$!

81$ ! Xsfifdabqc ex sf xge`` {qfxfdy` xgbs nemfx cqfey

ifnedix bd bvq leoyg avy dbdf bd bvq hgeqoy$ Od ygf cqfey

edi c`bqobvx qb`` bl sbqygofx sgb ge|f fddba`fi gvnedoy

ygfqf ox db bdf ygey qfhvqx yb bvq nfnbq jvxy dbs sgb hed

xyedi e hqoyohoxn soyg `fxx lfeq bl ygf bqife` yged gf hed$

Dfsybd ox e coedy od xhofdhf avy ed bì sbned od ygfb`bc

edi ol qf{bqy x{femx yqv` dby lqff lqbn e nbqe` sfemdfxx

edi yonoioy$ Aehbd ygf {qodhf bl {go`bxb{gfqx gex gox

lodcfqx yeodyfi soyg hbqqv{yobd sgohg e`sex nemfx vx xei

sgfd sf ygodm bl oy$ Edi sgey xge`` sf xe bl bygfqx’bl

ygf lofqhf èdcvecf bl No`ybd edi @vygfq bq ygf ieqm edi

iendodc iffi bl He`|od yb xe dbygodc bl ygf leoòdcx bl

Aqbd Hb`fqoicf Iqifd bq Hqednfq$ Sf fwhvxf ygfxf

nfd bd ehhbvdy bl ygf ecf od sgohg ygf ò|fi ygf hoqhvn.

xyedhfx a sgohg ygf sfqf xvqqbvdifi ygf lbqhf bl gvned

{exxobd edi ygf sfemdfxx bl bvq hbnnbd gvnedoy$ F|fd

{qb{gfyx edi e{bxy`fx nemf ygfxf e{{fe`x yb bvq xfdxf bl

jvxyohf bq bvq lffòdc bl hbn{exxobd$ Avy bv ne è e``

ygox exoif sgfd bv hbnf yb Xsfifdabqc$ Nfexvqf gon ex e

ned bl xhofdhf soyg Dfsybd edi bv so`` lodi gon gox fuve`

od {body bl odyf``fhyve` cqfeydfxx$ Soyg Aehbd edi [èyb gf




ox cqfey enbdcxy ygf cqfeyfxy bl ygf {go`bxb{gfqx$ Soyg

Abfqgee|f edi Ge``fq gf ox od ygf loqxy qedm bl ygf {gxob`b.

coxyx$ Soyg ygf ygfb`bcohe` sqoyfqx edi Aoa`f hbnnfdyeybqx

lqbn Bqocfd yb Eien Hèqmf edi sgb gex fuve``fi gon 2

E`` ygox ox fexo` hbdhfo|fi edi xeoi avy sgb xge`` {ohyvqf ygf

oddbhfdhf edi {vqoy bl gox òlf ygf xvaònoy bl gox nbqe`

deyvqf ygf xon{òhoy bl xbv` sgohg sgo`xy afòf|odc gonxf`l

yb af ygf hgbxfd nfxxfdcfq bl Gfe|fd edi ygf hbn{edobd

bl edcf`x `fly ygf hbn{ed bl ygf cqfey edi `feqdfi xey uvofy`

yb ygodm edi sqoyf od gox xyvi bq se`mfi odyb Hbì Aeyg

Xuveqf yb hgey soyg ygf hgoìqfd$ Ygf qfxocdodc bl bdf.ge`l

bl gox {fdxobd edi qfyoqodc lqbn ygf aqo`òedy edi lexhodeyodc

xbhofy bl Hbvqy ox bdf bl ygf lodfxy odxyedhfx bl hbdyfdyfi

cqfeydfxx ygey ygf sbqì gex f|fq xffd edi hed bd` af

{eqe``f`fi od Xgemfx{feqf#x cbodc gbnf yb Xyqeylbqi.v{bd.E|bd

soyg gox sf``.feqdfi nbifxy hbn{fyfdhf$! Jbgd No`` N$I$

od e `fhyvqf !Bd ygf Hèonx bl Xsfifdabqc! ifò|fqfi od

@bdibd 5763$

88$ Lqbn ygf !Oi`fq! lbq Jvdf 576< : @bdibd$

! Sgeyf|fq ne af bvq b{odobd bl gox ibhyqodfx E|f heddby

e|boi qf|fqodc ol dby `b|odc ygf ned : xb xon{`f fy soxf = xb

gvna`f fy colyfi = xb odyfdxf` if|byfi yb ygf xfq|ohf bl Cbi

edi xb xodhfqf` edwobvx yb eoi od ygf xe`|eyobd bl nfd$ Ygf

qfneqmea`f odivxyq bl gox òlf ygf sbdifqlv` |eqofy bl gox

mdbs`ficf ygf ehvyfdfxx bl gox odyf``fhy ygf cqedifvq bl gox

onecodeyobd edi ygf xyqedcf {exxecf bl gox xbv` ygqbvcg xb

ned |eqodc nbbix bl ygbvcgy nemf gon yqv` e sbdifq

enbdc nfd$ Gbs soif ygf xsff{ bl gox nodi gbs {bsfq.

lv` gox cqex{ b|fq xhofdyoloh ygbvcgy gbs aqo`òedy gox

x{fhvèyobdx od ygbxf ygfb`bcoh ibneodx sgohg gf gex qfdifqfi

xb {fhvòeq` gox bsd %

!

89$ Lqbn Lqexfq#x Necezodf Lfaqveq 5763$

! Gfe|fd bq ey `fexy ex nvhg ex bvq gfeqyx hed hbdyeod bl

oy ox qf|fe`fi yb vx od ygf |oxobdx bl hgoìgbbi edi bl feq`

`b|f$ $ $ $ Nfd bl cfdovx xffn yb af ygbxf sgb ge|f affd

ge{{ fdbvcg yb qfyeod nbqf yged bygfqx ge|f qfyeodfi bl ygox

#bqocode`# |oqyvf edi odyvoyobd edi sgb ge|f {qfxfq|fi od




ygfoq `bsfxy faax bl x{oqoyve` òlf edi od ygfoq gocgfxy hqoxfx

bl neyfqoe` fdjbnfdy edi ehyo|oy ed od|obèyfi leoyg od ygey

gfe|fd sgohg # òfx eabvy vx od bvq odledh# edi bl sgohg ygf

hbnnbd` |fq leody qfhb``fhyobd hbdxyoyvyfx e hgofl nfed

sgfqfa sf eqf fdea`fi yb e{{qfgfdi edi qeoxf yb ygf lbqhf

bl e nbyo|f ed oife bl ygf gfe|fd afbdi ygf cqe|f$

Xsfifdabqc leq afbdi e`` nbifqd nfd xffnx yb vx yb ge|f

{qfxfq|fi oe gox gfeqy edi x{oqoy ygf soxibn bl hgoìgbbi = ygf

soxibn sgohg f|fd ygbxf sgb ge|f ifdofi edi ifx{oxfi oy od

ygfnxf`|fx ifòcgy yb qfhbcdozf edi yb qf.e{{qb{qoeyf ex leq

ex {bxxoa`f sgfd ygf gfeq oy abì` x{bmfd a ygf ned bl

cfdovx$!

86$ ! Xsfifdabqc sex dby xb nvhg e xhofdyoloh ned ex e

ned ygbqbvcg` nexyfq bl ygf xhofdhfx$ Od Edeybn edi

[gxob`bc gf ifxfq|fx ygf e{{f`èyobd bl e Qe{gef` bq e

Xybiieqy$ F|fqygodc gf mdfs nodoxyfqfi yb gox xvaònf

Eqy$ Oy nocgy af xeoi bl gon ygey gf gei affd heqqofi bvy

òmf Fzfmof` od ygf x{oqoy bl ygf @bqi edi xfy ibsd od ygf

noixy bl ygf |e``f bl iq abdfx edi ygey gf gei affd hbn.

nedifi yb {qb{gfx edi xe vdyb ygfn’ # Afgbì O so``

hevxf aqfeyg yb fdyfq odyb bv edi f xge`` ò|f %# Gf xffnx

yb ge|f odxyodhyo|f` lf`y sgey e Lqfdhg evygbq qfneqmx

ygey ygf Hgvqhg sgohg ey loqxy hbdyeodfi e`` ygf f`fnfdyx bl

xbhoe` òlf gei cqeive`` afhbnf vd{fb{`fi’ ygey f|fq

hfdyvq gei xffd e nv`yoyvif `fe|f ygf xedhyveq vdifq xbnf

{eqyohvèq ayyddfq = edi ygey f|fq xhgoxn sex xvnnfi v{ od

ygey cqfeyfxy edi goygfqyb nbxy oqqfhbdhoèa`f bl e``’ygf

xhgoxn edi iflfhyobd bl xhofdhf$ Lbq gf dbs afxjed yb

baxfq|f ygey ygbxf sgb df|fq ehhf{yfi edygodc avy sgey ygf

hbvì qfe`` vdifqxyedi sfqf e`` cbdf exyqe edi sfqf gbvq`

xodmodc iff{fq od ygf yfqqoa`f dfceyobd bl x{oqoyve` ygodcx$!

F$ Qohg e Xmfyhg bl Xsfifdabqc edi gox Sqoyodcx$ Enfqoh$

fioy$ {$ 9?$

8<$ Lqbn ygf \fyfqodeq Qfhbqi E{qo` 5796$

! Oy ne af baxfq|fi ygey Xsfifdabqc#x # Edone` Modcibn#

e`ygbvcg iollfqodo2 ybyb hhf`b lqbn ygf #AqoiTfseyfq Yqfeyoxfx#

ox ed fdife|bq yb xgbs # ygf [bsfq Soxibn edi Cbbidfxx




bl Cbi# ex iox{èfi od ygf bqcedoh hqfeyobd$ Yb sbqm bvy

ygox fdi Xsfifdabqc gex od|fxyoceyfi bd fdyoqf` dfs {qodho.

{`fx ygf lbqneyobd lvdhyobdx edi vxfx bl ygf |eqobvx {eqyx bl

ygf gvned abi = iffnodc ygey ol ygf bqifq bl e`` ygfxf hbvì af

qocgy` xffd ygf nodi sbvì af ea`f yb cb afbdi ygey hbn.

nbd ifivhyobd sgohg ifhèqfx Cbi yb fwoxy edi yb af cbbi

soxf edi {bsfqlv` od ygf xenf xfdxf od sgohg ygfxf eyyqoavyfx

eqf eyyqoavyea`f yb ned =edi yb ge|f iollfqfdy edi gocgfq

|ofsx bl cbbidfxx soxibn edi {bsfq ygfnxf`|fx$ Od lodf

gox sbqm ox dby ed eyyfn{y yb `fei nfd bvy bl eygfoxn avy yb

òly ygfn eab|f ygfoxn odyb qf|fe`fi qfòcobd$ Odygox oy iollfqx

fxxfdyoe`` lqbn f|fq bygfq yqfeyoxf bl e{{eqfdy` xonoèq

{qfyfdxobdx$!

Bd ygf xenf xvajfhy xex ygf fioybq bl ygf Nbdyg`

Necezodf ’|½ Qf|fèyobd edi {go`bxb{g ehhbqiodc yb Xsfifdabqc

hbvì df|fq af hbdyqeqobvx$ Ned ox he{ea`f bl {fqhfo|odc

sgey ygodcx eqf qf|fe`fi edi sgey eqf hqfeyfi’ygf qeyobde`

ox ey bdf soyg ygf io|odf$ Odiffi ygf fdi sg qfexbd ox

co|fd yb ned ox# ygey gf ne {fqhfo|f ygey Cbi ox edi mdbs

ygey gf bvcgy yb af sbqxgo{{fi$#!

83$ ! Oy ox lvyo`f yb exxfqy ygey {go`bxb{g ox dby hbddfhyfi

soyg ygfb`bc = xodhf ygf hbdyqeq ox ifnbdxyqeyfi a Xsfifd.

abqc ex leoq` ex ed ès bl neyyfq ox ifnbdxyqeyfia

Dfsybd$ Lbq Xsfifdabqc ybbm lehyx qf{qfxfdyodc odyfcqe`

deyvqf edi od|fxyoceyfi ygfn edi ygf bqifq edi nfhgedoxn

bl xyqvhyvqf edi ygf {fq|eiodc vxf bq lvdhyobd sex lbvdi yb

af xvhg ex od f|fq hexf yb lvqdoxg yqvygx qfèyodc yb ygf nbqe`

bq xbhoe` fwoxyfdhf bl ned$ Ygox sex ygf oxxvf bl e xhofdyoloh

{qbhfxx lqbn sgohg onecodeyobd sex qocbqbvx` fwh`vifi$

Sgey odlfqfdhf ox {bxxoa`f avy ygey ygf oddfq {eqyxbl deyvqf

qf{qfxfdy gvnedoy =xvhg qf{qfxfdyeyobd afodc ygf hbdxyoyvyo|f

ès bl ygodcx2#

Oy sex dby Xsfifdabqc ygey neif ygf

edxsfqea`fdf»xx od ygf ysb hb.bqiodeyfx = gf nfqf` ioxhb|fqfi

sgey fwoxyfi e`qfei$* Aehbd#x g{bygfxox ygey lode` hevxfx

Xsfifdabqc e{{feqx yb ge|f affd gonxf`l exybdoxgfi ey ygox

$ Od yqfeyodc bl ygf moidfx '0 Edone` Modcibn#[eqy O$ d$

qfxv`y




ge|f db {èhf od ygf ibhyqodf bl deyvqf sex b|fqygqbsd a

ygox qfxv`y=lbq ygf nfhgedoxn bl ygbxf hevxfx sex fw{èodfi

edi ygf hbddfhyobd afysffd x{oqoy edi deyvqf xybbi odyvoyo|f`

ifnbdxyqeyfi ygfqfod$ Dfoygfq ioi ygf ibhyqodf bl lode`

hevxfx yvqd bvy yb af aeqqfd ex Aehbd onecodfi= lbq ygf fdi

bl hqfeyobd afodc db `bdcfq e abio`fxx locnfdy avy hbdxoxyodc

bl ygf dba`fxy bqcedoh hqfeyvqfx oy lvqdoxgfi ygf nbxy {bsfq.

lv` bl ede`yoh bqcedx lbq eqnodc ygf nfdye` xocgy edi

1?8/ gf gex ygf lb``bsodc sgohg fwgoaoyx xbnfsgey bl ygf deo|fyf bl

bdf sgb òex hbnf v{bd e yqvyg vdfw{fhyfi` :

# 1?8$ Ex ygf a`bbi ox hbdyodve`` nemodc oyx hoqh`f bl òlf ygey ox

yb xe od e hbdxyedy qf|b`vyobd bl aoqyg edi ifeyg = ex oy iofx od bì

ecf edi ox qfcfdfqeyfi bq abqd edfs = edi ex ygf |fodx xbòhoybvx`

ceygfq ybcfygfq ygf sgb`f bl oyx hbq{bqfe` {eqy edi ygf `n{geyohx

bl oyx x{oqoyvbvx {eqy= edi xvhhfxxo|f` aqodc oy aehm qfl`fhy oy soyg

dfs hg`f edi qfxybqf oy yb ygf {vqf edi bvyglv` a`bbi = edi ex ygf

moidfxhbdxyedy` {vqcf oy bl on{vqoyofx edi qfxybqf oyx {vqf {eqyx

yb ygf a`bbi=’xb òmfsoxf Ned sgb ò|fx ey bdhf od abi edi x{oqoy

sgo`f gf ò|fx od ygf a`bbi nvxy vdifqcb ygf xenf lbqyvdfx cfdfqe``

edi od ygf {qbcqfxx bl gox qfcfdfqeyobd nvxy ieo` ib ygf òmf$ Xvhge {fq{fyve` xnabòhe` qf{qfxfdyeyobd ox ygfqf bl x{oqoyve` òlf od hbq.

{bqfe` òlf=ex òmfsoxf e {fq{fyve` y{ohe` qf{qfxfdyeyobd bl ygf xbv`

od ygf abi 'v/$ Od ygox hbdxoxyx ygf xfeqhgodc bl ygf gfeqy edi qfodx

sgohg ox e ygodc {vqf` Io|odf$

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xoifqfi xf{eqeyf` lqbn ygf bygfq e{{feqx yb ge|f eaxb`vyf` dbqfèyobd yb oy O odyfdi gfqfelyfq yb hbnnvdoheyf e dvnafq bl xvhg

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af xvaxyoyvyfi$ Ygox xnabòxn {fq|eifx ygf ò|odc abi = edi O ge|f

hgbxfd xon{` yb odioheyf oy gfqf lbq ygf {vq{bxf bl {bodyodc bvy ygfx{oqoyve` nfedodc bl xfeqhgodc ygf qfodx:

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|ohfcfqfdy bl Cbi od ygf xhofdyoloh x{gfqf$ Ygbxf sgb gei e

qv`f bl on{bxxoaoòy sfqf eceod xgbsd yb af ey lev`y gfqf ex

odiffi ygf ge|f affd lqbn ygf afcoddodc$ Ygf xeoi ygey

xhofdhf sex {exxobd`fxx edi odl`fwoa`f = ygey oy gei dbygodc yb

ib soyg {go`bxb{g bq ygfb`bc = ygey oy baxfq|fi xfuvfdhfx

edi neif edxsfqea`f lbqnvèx bq gei e nfygbi avy dby e

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* !1<;$ Od ygf edone` modcibn ygf xfqofx hgeod {qbcqfxxobd edi

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ey ygf xenf yonf qfx{fhyodc od oy ygf {qoneq vxf$ Ygox ox sgey sf

nfed a ygf hoqh`f bl vxf$! '!Edone` Modcibn! \b`$ O$ {{$ 833 837$/




yfxy bl ygfoq hbqqfhydfxx edi vdo|fqxe` on{bqy$ E`` ygox sf

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ox oyxf`l e xhofdyoloh lehy!’J$ J$ Ceqyg So`modxbd Nfnafq

bl ygf Qbe` Hb``fcf bl Xvqcfbdx bl @bdibd od gox !Odyqbivh.

yobd ! yb Xsfifdabqc#x ! Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone` Modcibn!

579<$ {{$ `ww|o$.`ww|ooo$

87$ ‡! Xsfifdabqc eqbxf ey e yonf sgfd xbnf nedolfxyeyobd

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nbxy necdolohfdy xhgbèq bl gox ecf gf sex ey ygf xenf yonf

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dba`fx edi xyeyfxnfd edi ygf `feqdfi bl f|fq èdi gf sex

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fwe`yfi eab|f nfexvqf xb gf sex df|fq hqvxgfi a ygf yfqqbqxedi ygf c`bqofx’ieqm |oxobdx xvhg ex Iedyf df|fq iqfenfi

9




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onnbqye` No`ybd$

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co|fd vx eceod ygf Sbqi bl Cbi$ Xsf{y a gox lodcfqx ygf

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od l`beyodc dbyfx edi iodc le``x e`bdc ygf go``x bl yonf$ Gf

gex ybvhgfi soyg gox necohoed#x sedi ygf ieqm seyfqx bl

ifeyg edi ygf x{eqm`f soyg ygf xhodyo`èyobdx bl onnbqyeòy$

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neqqoecf qfòy gfe|fd#x loqf v{bd oyx xehqfi xgqodf edi qbvdi

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! Soifq yged Sfx`f iff{fq yged Sgoylofì yqvfq yged

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bl Gbxyx =’enbdc ygf lbqfnbxy soyg {fehf soygod gox ff

edi bd gox aqbs ygf nbqdodc.xyeq xge`` xyedi ygf he`n ygf

h`bvi`fxx ygf vdhbduvfqea`f x{oqoy bl Fnedvf` Xsfifd.

abqc$!’J$ S$ L`fyhgfq od gox @fhyvqf bd ! Xsfifd%/bqc!

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hgvqhg ofìodc iq heyfhgoxnx gf`fy od deyvqf eceod edi

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ox xvq{qoxfi yb lodi gonxf`l e {eqy yb ygf sgb`f bl Odx qfòcobd$

Gox qfòcobd ygodmx lbq gon edi ox bl vdo|fqxe` e{{òheyobd$

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abqd sgfd gf neqqofi sgfd gflf`y xohm edi sgfd gf iofi

edi lbq ygf qfxy df|fq odyfqlfqfi soyg gon.gfqf sex e yfehg.

od* sgohg ehhbn{edofi gon e`` ie ehhbn{edofi gon f|fd

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xbhofy edi xgbsfi a sgey ellodoyofx gf sex coqy yb gox

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Ygfqf ox

db xvhg {qba`fn lbq hqoyohoxn ex gox ygfb`bcohe` sqoyodcx ygfoq

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sgb xvhhffix od fdibsodc x{oqoyve` lehyx soyg lqfxg odyfqfxy

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edi leoyg od ygf gfeqy bl ygf yqvf afòf|fq ox isf v{bd edi

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9; xsfifdabqc#x cqfeydfxx$

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nbqf fllfhyve`` on{qfxxfi v{bd gox qfeifqx ygf jvxyf noòfv

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xhofdhf e`nbxy sbqxf yged db hbdxhofdhf ey e`` sgohg ellòhyx

oyx {bxxfxxbq soyg oddvnfqea`f {edcx sgo`f oyx {qbyfxy ox

xo`fdy bq sfem sgfqf oy bvcgy yb af hènbqbvx edi oqqfxox.

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edi lqbn ygf {bsfq bl Xeyed vdyb Cbi$ Sfqf ed edcf` lqbn

gfe|fd yb hbnf edi isf`` odheqdeyf enbdcxyvx ne sf dby

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sbvì od ned ygodcx af xb hbdyqeq yb ygf fqqbqx edi {qfjv.

iohfx ygf sex edi lexgobdx bl ygox sbqì ygey ned sbvì

xe soyg bdf hbdxfdy ygey gf ox afxoif gonxf`l= edi sgfqf

ed bdf bl bvq aqfygqfd ygqbvcg ygf Io|odf le|bq eyyeodx yb

ed gocg ifcqff bl edcfòhe` o``vnodeyobd edi hbnnvnhevbdx

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lbqcfy ygf denf bl

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Go{{bhqeyfx yb hbnf edi hvqf gon bl gox neidfxx= yb sgohg

nfxxecf ygey cqfey {gxohoed qfyvqdfi ygox edxsfq: ygey oy

sex dby ygf {go`bxb{gfq avy ygf Eygfdoedx ygey sfqf nei$ .

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o* '95/



91 xsfifdabqc#x hgeqehyfq$

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ioxhb|fqfi e iflohofdh bl odyf`òcfdhf edi e hbdlvxobd bl oifex

Xsfifdabqc gex iox{èfi ed exybdoxgodc exxfnaècf bl

mdbs`ficf = sgohg gf gex eqqedcfi ehhbqiodc yb gox xxyfn

od xvhg bqifq ygey ygf f`fnfdyx ygfnxf`|fx sboii ge|f xyqo|fd

od |eod yb yvqd gon bvy bl gox hbvqxf$ Ol gox ifxoqf bl mdbs`.

ficf sfdy ybb leq oy ey `fexy f|odhfx od gon ed eqifdy ifxoqf

yb bayeod odlbqneyobd gonxf`l edi yb hbd|f oy yb bygfqx : lbq

bv df|fq lodi od gon ed neqm bl {qoif bq hbdhfoy bl qexg.

dfxx bq bl odyfdyobd yb ifhfo|f$ Ol df|fqygf`fxx gf ox dby yb

af dvnafqfi enbdc ygf ibhybqx bl ygf hgvqhg gf ey `fexy

gbìx ed gbdbqea`f qedm enbdc xvaònf nbqeòxyx edi

ifxfq|fx yb af odxyedhfi ex e {eyyfqd bl |oqyvf edi bl qfx{fhy

lbq gox Hqfeybq$

! Gf sex ygf xodhfqf lqofdi bl nedmodi = edi od gox fwenod.

eyobd bl ygf hgeqehyfq bl bygfqx gf sex {eqyohvèq` ifxoqbvx

yb ioxhb|fq od ygfn ygox |oqyvf sgohg gf qfceqifi ex ed

odle`òa`f {qbbl bl ygf {qfxfdhf bl ned nbqf$ Gf sex

hgffqlv` edi ecqffea`f od xbhofy$ A se bl qfèweyobd lqbn

gox on{bqyedy èabqx gf xbvcgy edi lqfuvfdyfi ygf hbn{ed

bl {fqxbdx bl odlbqneyobd a sgbn gf sex e`sex sf``

qfhfo|fi$ Gf mdfs gbs yb hgfhm b{{bqyvdf` edi soyg cqfey

eiiqfxx ygey x{fhofx bl soy sgohg sbvì odiv`cf oyxf`l ey ygf

fw{fdxf bl xfqobvx ygodcx$ Ex e {vaòh lvdhyobdeq gf sex

v{qocgy edi jvxy : sgo`f gf ioxhgeqcfi gox ivyofx soyg cqfey

fwehydfxx gf dfc`fhyfi dbygodc avy gox bsd ei|edhfnfdy$

Ge|odc affd he``fi soygbvy xbòhoyeyobd bd gox {eqy yb e iox.

yodcvoxgfi {bxy gf df|fq xbvcgy ed lvqygfq {qbnbyobd$

Sgfd gox {qo|eyf bhhv{eyobdx afced yb fdhqbehg v{bd ygf

yonf qfuvoqfi lbq ygf lvdhyobdx bl gox bllohf gf qfxocdfi oy edi

qfneodfi hbdyfdy soyg ygf yoy`f sgohg gf gei abqdf sgo`f

fwfqhoxodc oy lbq bdf.edi.ygoqy feqx$

! Gf sex e sbqyg nfnafq bl ygox Qbe` Eheifn =edi

ygbvcg aflbqf gox einoxxobd odyb oy gf gei affd fdcecfi soyg

xvajfhyx iollfqfdy lqbn ygbxf sgohg oy hv`yo|eyfx gf sex

vdso`òdc yb af ed vdvxflv` exxbhoeyf$ Gf fdqohgfi bvq



xsfifdabqc#x hgeqehyfq$ 98

Nfnboqx soyg ed eqyoh`f bd Odèoi Sbqm od Neqa`f lbq Yea`fx

edi lbq bygfq Bqdenfdyx$

! Ex e nfnafq bl ygf Fuvfxyqoed Bqifq bl ygf

Gbvxf blDba`fx gf ybbm gox xfey od xf|fqe` bl ygf Iofyx bl ygf Qfe`n

=

od sgohg gox hbdivhy sex xvhg ex yb xfhvqf gon abyg lqbn ygf

qf{qbehgfx bl gox bsd hbdxhofdhf edi lqbn ygbxf bl bygfqx$

Gf ò|fi vdifq ygf qfocdx bl ned bl bvq xb|fqfocdx edi

fdjbfi ygf {eqyohvèq le|bq edi modidfxx bl ygfn e`` = ed

ei|edyecf sgohg |oqyvf edi xhofdhf so`` f|fq fdjb vdifq ed

fdòcgyfdfi cb|fqdnfdy$

! Xsfifdabqc 'edi ygox O nfdyobd soygbvy nemodc e nfqoy

bl oy/ sex df|fq neqqofi$ Ygox sex dby gbsf|fq bsodc yb

ed odiollfqfdhf ybseqix ygf xfw : lbq gf fxyffnfi ygf hbn.

{ed bl e lodf edi odyf`òcfdy sbned ex bdf bl ygf nbxy

ecqffea`f bl {`fexvqfx = avy gox {qblbvdi xyviofx qfdifqfi

fw{fiofdy lbq gon ygf uvofy bl e xodc`f òlf$ Oy ne af yqv`

xeoi ygey gf sex xbòyeq avy df|fq xei$

! Gf e`sex fdjbfi nbxy fwhf``fdy gfe`yg ge|odc xheqhf`

f|fq fw{fqofdhfi ygf xòcgyfxy odiox{bxoyobd$* Hbdyfdy soygod

gonxf`l edi soyg gox xoyveyobd gox òlf sex od e`` qfx{fhyx

bdf bl ygf ge{{ofxy ygey f|fq lf`` yb ygf `by bl ned yo`` ygf

|fq nbnfdy bl oyx h`bxf$ Ivqodc gox èxy qfxoifdhf od @bd.

ibd bd ygf 19yg bl Ifhfnafq èxy feq gf gei ed eyyehm bl

e{b{`fw = edi deyvqf ifnediodc gfq qocgyxgf iofi bd ygf

1?yg bl Neqhg od ygf {qfxfdy feq ]5331^ od ygf focgy.lolyg

feq bl gox ecf = xeyoxlofi soyg gox xbjbvqd bd feqyg edi

ifòcgyfi soyg ygf {qbx{fhy bl gox gfe|fd` nfyenbq{gbxox$

! Ne ygox Fbe` Eheifn qfyeod ex `bdc e cqfey dvnafq

bl xvhg ioxyodcvoxgfi edi vxflv` nfnafqx %

!

98$ Ygf lb``bsodc yfxyonbdqfx{fhyodc Xsfifdabqc ox lqbn

Hbvdy E$ J$ |bd Gb{mfd$ Ygox dba`fned sex bdf bl ygf

‡=‡ v Gbs odhbdxoxyfdy ox ygox soyg ygf xybq sgohg gex affd od|fdyfi

edi {qb{eceyfi od ygox hbvdyq ygey gf sex bdhf eyyehmfi soyg e nbxy

|ob`fdy lf|fq eyyfdifi soyg ifòqovn lqbn ygf fllfhyx bl sgohg òf

df|fq qfhb|fqfi % Od Xsfifd sgfqf gox {fqxbde` goxybq nvxy ge|f

affd afxy mdbsd dbygodc oy xffnx bl ygf modi sex f|fq gfeqi bl$!

Fioybqx bl !Ibhvnfdyx hbdhfqdodc F$ Xsfifdabqc$! Dfs _bqm$5793$



99 xsfifdfbqc#x hgeqehyfq$

odxyoyvybqx bl ygf Xsfioxg Qbe` Eheifn bl Xhofdhfx sgohg

afodc e ned bl fnodfdy `feqdodc gf xfq|fi lbq e hbdxoifqea`f

{fqobi od ygf he{ehoy bl Xfhqfyeq$ Gf elyfqseqix sex lbq

ned feqx [qonf Nodoxyfq bl ygf modcibn= sgohg xyeyobd

od eiioyobd yb gox {bxy ex bdf bl ygf xowyffd Xfdeybqx soyg

sgbn {qobq yb ygf qf|b`vyobd od 5331 ygf qbe` {bsfq od lehy

sex |fxyfi ygf Modc afodc nfqf` ygf {qfxoifdy bl ygey abi

neif gon ygf xfhbdi {fqxbd od ygf modcibn$ Gf xex :

! O ge|f dby bd` mdbsd gon ]Xsfifdabqc^ ygfxf ysb.edi.

lbqy feqx avy e`xb xbnf yonf xodhf ieo` lqfuvfdyfi gox

hbn{ed$ E ned sgb òmf nf gex ò|fi `bdc od ygf sbqì

edi f|fd od ed fwyfdxo|f heqffq bl òlf nvxy ge|f gei dvnfq.

bvx b{{bqyvdoyofx bl mdbsodc nfd ex yb ygfoq |oqyvfx bq |ohfx

ygfoq sfemdfxx bq xyqfdcyg = edi od hbdxfuvfdhf ygfqfbl O ib

dby qfhb``fhy yb ge|f mdbsd ed ned bl nbqf vdolbqn`

|oqyvbvx hgeqehyfq yged Xsfifdabqc = e`sex hbdyfdyfi df|fq

lqfylv` bq nbqbxf e`ygbvcg ygqbvcgbvy gox òlf gox xbv` sex

bhhv{ofi soyg xvaònf ygbvcgyx edi x{fhvèyobdx$ Gf sex e

yqvf {go`bxb{gfq edi ò|fi òmf bdf = gf èabqfi ioòcfdy`

edi ò|fi lqvce`` soygbvy xbqioidfxx = gf yqe|f``fi hbdyodve``

edi gox yqe|f`x hbxy gon db nbqf yged ol gf gei ò|fi ey gbnf$

Gf sex colyfi soyg e nbxy ge{{ cfdovx edi e loydfxx lbq

f|fq xhofdhf sgohg neif gon xgodf od e`` ygbxf sgohg gf

fnaqehfi$ Gf sex soygbvy hbdyqeiohyobd ygf nbxy `feqdfi

ned od n hbvdyq = od gox bvyg gf sex e cqfey {bfy$ O ge|f

od n {bxxfxxobd xbnf qfndedyx bl gox @eyod {bfyq sgohg

B|oi sbvì dby ge|f affd exgenfi yb bsd$ Gox @eyod od gox

noii`f ecf sex od ed fex f`fcedy edi bqdenfdye` xy`f= od

gox èyyfq feqx oy sex fuve`` h`feq avy `fxx f`fcedy elyfq gf

gei yvqdfi gox ygbvcgyx yb x{oqoyve` xvajfhyx$ Gf sex sf``

ehuveodyfi soyg ygf Gfaqfs edi Cqffm = ed ea`f edi {qb.

lbvdi neygfneyohoed = e ge{{ nfhgedohoed bl sgohg gf ce|f

{qbbl od Dbqse sgfqf a ed fex edi xon{`f nfygbi gf

yqedx{bqyfi ygf èqcfxy ce``fx b|fq ygf gocg nbvdyeodx edi

qbhmx yb e cv`l sgfqf ygf Iedoxg l`ffy sex xyeyobdfi$ Gf

sex òmfsoxf e deyvqe` {go`bxb{gfq fy bd ygf Heqyfxoed

{qodho{`fx$ Gf ifyfxyfi nfye{gxohx ex lbvdifi bd le`èhobvx

oifex afhevxf ygf yqedxhfdi bvq x{gfqf a nfedx bl sgohg

ygfb`bc gex affd iqesd lqbn oyx xon{òhoy edi afhbnf




eqyolohoe` edi hbqqv{yfi$ Gf sex {fqlfhy` hbd|fqxedy soyg

nodfqe`bc ge|odc lbq e `bdc yonf affd Exxfxxbq od gf

Nodfqe` Hb``fcf bd sgohg xhofdhf gf e`xb {vaòxgfi e |e`vea`f

edi hèxxohe` sbqm abyg ex yb ygfbq edi {qehyohf {qodyfi ey

@fo{zoh od 5389 : ol gf gei qfneodfi od gox bllohf gox nfqoyx

edi ye`fdyx sbvì ge|f fdyoy`fi gon yb ygf gocgfxy iocdoy

avy gf {qflfqqfi fexf bl nodi edi xbvcgy ge{{odfxx od xyvi

Od Gb`èdi gf afced yb e{{` gonxf`l yb edeybn od sgohg

gf neif xodcvèq ioxhb|fqofx sgohg eqf {qfxfq|fi xbnfsgfqf

od ygf Ehye @oyfqeqoe$ O onecodf ygox xhofdhf edi gox nfio.

yeyobdx bd ygf fllfhyx bl ygf xbv` v{bd bvq hvqobvx` hbd.

xyqvhyfi abi ioi a ifcqffx `fei gon lqbn ygf neyfqoe` yb

ygf x{oqoyve`$ Gf {bxxfxxfi e xbvdi jvicnfdy v{bd e``

bhhexobdx = gf xes f|fqygodc h`feq` edi fw{qfxxfi gonxf`l

sf`` bd f|fq xvajfhy$ Ygf nbxy xbòi nfnbqoe`x edi ygf

afxy {fddfi ey ygf Iofy bl 53<5 bd neyyfqx bl lodedhf sfqf

{qfxfdyfi a gon$ Od bdf bl ygfxf gf qflvyfi e èqcf sbqm od

uveqyb bd ygf xenf xvajfhy uvbyfi e`` ygf hbqqfx{bdiodc

{exxecfx bl oy edi e`` ygox od `fxx yged bdf xgffy!

@fyyfq yb Cfdfqe` Yvwfd$

99 Heq` Qbaxgen Ioqfhybq bl ygf Aedm bl Xsfifd edi

ygf hbdloifdyoe` lqofdi bl Xsfifdabqc gex sqoyyfd e |fq

odyfqfxyodc nfnboq bl gox òlf sgohg gex affd yqedxèyfi odyb

Fdcòxg lqbn ygf Xsfioxg edi lqbn sgohg sf nemf ygf

lb``bsodc fwyqehy :

!Ex Xsfifdabqc od gox bvyg gei db ygbvcgy by ygf

fn{`bnfdy bl gox hbnodc òlf oy ne af fexo` afòf|fi ygey

gf sex dby bd` e `feqdfi ned edi e cfdy`fned elyfq ygf

neddfq bl ygf yonfx avy e ned xb ioxyodcvoxgfi lbq soxibn

ex yb af hf`faqeyfi ygqbvcgbvy Fvqb{f edi e`xb {bxxfxxfi bl e

{qb{qofy bl neddfqx ygey qfdifqfi gon f|fqsgfqf ed

gbdbqfi edi ehhf{yea`f hbn{edobd$ Ygvx gf hbdyodvfi yb

bì e.f xfqfdf hgffqlv` edi ecqffea`f soyg e hbvdyfdedhf

e`sex o``vnodeyfi a ygf òcgy bl gox vdhbnnbd cfdovx$

Gbs gf sex `bbmfi v{bd od lbqfocd èdix O ib dby mdbs=T

avy

od Xybhmgb`n f|fd ygbxf sgb hbvì dby qfei Odx sqoyodcx

sfqf e`sex {`fexfi yb nffy gonT

od hbn{ed edi {eoi

qfx{fhylv` eyyfdyobd yb sgeyf|fq gf xeoi$



9C xe|fifdabmc#x hgeqehyfq$

Ygbxf sgb eqf he{ea`f bl vdifqxyediodc ygf sqoyodc blXsfifdabqc jvicf bl gox hgeqehyfq od ed fdyoqf` iollfqfdyneddfq lqbn ygbxf sgb heddby

= edi oy ox qfneqmea`f ygey lfsf|fq qfei gox sbqmx

soygbvy afhbnodc hbd|odhfi bl ygfoqyqvygx e`ygbvcg ned lqbn lfeq bl ygf Jfsx bq {fqge{x lbqxbnf nbqf gbdbqea`f qfexbdx sfqf vdso`òdc b{fd` yb e``bsygfoq afòfl$

! Ned {fqxbdx ge|f sbdifqfi ygey gf df|fq sex od sedybl nbdf lbq gox lqfuvfdy jbvqdfx edi bygfq fw{fdxfx

= avysgfd oy ox hbdxoifqfi ygey gf ò|fi |fq nbifqeyf` bd goxjbvqdfx edi ygey gox abbmx

bd {go`bxb{g edi nodfqe`bc exsf`` ex gox ygfb`bcohe` sqoyodcx df|fq qfneodfi `bdc b»d ygfabbmxf``fq#x gedix avy e`sex nfy e qfei xe`f edi»ygey gfodgfqoyfi lqbn gox leygfq Aoxgb{ Xsfifdabqc e hbdxoifqea`fxvn oy so`` af fexo` vdifqxybbi gbs gf sex ea`f yb ehhbn.{òxg e`` gox ifxocdx$!

Od edbygfq {èhf gf xex’! Oy ox od ygf sqoyodcx bl ygfxyviobvx edi hbdyfn{èyo|f

ygey sf nvxy qfei ygfoq ò|fx edi`feqd sgey ygf sfqf=edi ol sf `bbm ey Xsfifdabqc od# ygox

|ofs sf eqf exybdoxgfi ey ygf cqfeydfxx bl gox èabqx ygffwyfdy bl gox mdbs`ficf ygf {vqoy edi hbdxoxyfdh bl goxibhyqodfx ygf bqifq edi {fqx{ohvoy bl gox ioxhvxxobdx e``sgohg afx{fem e nodi |exy` eab|f ygf hbnnbd xbqy odifleyo.cea`f od oyx fwfqyobdx {qblbvdi od oyx qfxfeqhgfx o``vnodeyfiedi h`feq od oyx {fqhf{yobdx

{obvx xbafq edi xbòi od oyx{qodho{`fx$##

96$ Qf|$ Eq|oi Lfqfòvx ygf Xsfioxg h`fqcned sgb|oxoyfi Xsfifdabqc aflbqf gox ifeyg edi {fqlbqnfi ygflvdfqe` xfq|ohf ey gox odyfqnfdy od ygf Xsfioxg Hgvqhg od@bdibd od Neqhg 5331 xex hbdhfqdodc gon:

T

! Ned ne xv{{bxf ygeyExxfxxbq Xsfifdabqc sex e |fq

xodcvèq edi fhhfdyqoh {fqxbd= ygox sex a db nfedx ygf hexf$

Bd ygf hbdyqeq gf sex |fq ecqffea`f edi hbn{èoxedy od

hbn{ed=gf fdyfqfi odyb hbd|fqxeyobd bd f|fq xvajfhy edi

ehhbnbieyfi gonxf`l yb ygf oifex bl ygf hbn{ed = edi gfdf|fq x{bmf bd gox bsd sqoyodcx edi ibhyqodfx avy sgfd gfsex exmfi xbnf uvfxyobdx hbdhfqdodc ygfn sgfd gf e`sexx{bmf ex lqff` ex gf gei sqoyyfd$

Ol gbsf|fq gf baxfq|fi




ygey ed {fqxbd ifxoqfi yb exm on{fqyodfdy uvfxyobdx bq yb

qoiohv`f gon gf onnfioeyf` ce|f xvhg ed edxsfq ygey ygf

on{fqyodfdy uvfxyobdfq nvxy af xo`fdy soygbvy afhbnodc ed

ygf soxfq$! @fyyfq yb [qbl$ Yqeyceqi od Cqfolxseìf$

9<$ Qf|$ D$ Hb`òd Qfhybq bl ygf Xo|fioxg Hgvqhg od

[goèif`{goe sgb sex {fqxbde`` ehuveodyfi soyg Xsfifdabqc

{vaòxgfi od ygf [goèif`{goe Cezfyyf bl Evcvxy 6yg 7yg edi

5;yg ev ehhbvdy bl gox o``vxyqobvx hbvdyqned = lqbn ygox sf

fwyqehy ygf lb``bsodc :

! Od ygf feq 53<6 O sfdy yb qfxoif ey Xybhmgb`n edi hbd.

yodvfi {eqy` od ygey hoy edi {eqy` od oyx |ohodoy lbq dfeq`

ygqff feqx$ Ivqodc ygey yonf Xsfifdabqc sex e cqfey

bajfhy bl {vaòh eyyfdyobd od ygox nfyqb{bòx edi gox fwyqe.

bqiodeq hgeqehyfq sex e lqfuvfdy yb{oh bl ioxhvxxobd$ Gf

qfxoifi ey gox gbvxf od ygf xbvygfqd xvavqax sgohg sex od e

{`fexedy xoyveyobd dfey edi hbd|fdofdy soyg e x{ehobvx ceqifd

edi bygfq e{{fdiecfx$ Ygfqf gf qfhfo|fi hbn{ed$ Dbyxfìbn gf e`xb e{{feqfi od {vaòh edi nowfi od {qo|eyf

xbhofyofx= ygfqflbqf xvllohofdy b{{bqyvdoyofx sfqf co|fd yb nemf

baxfq|eyobd bd gon$ O hb``fhyfi nvhg odlbqneyobd lqbn

xf|fqe` qfx{fhyea`f {fqxbdx sgb gei hbd|fqxfi soyg gon=

sgohg sex ygf nbqf fex ex O ò|fi ygf sgb`f yonf ex {qo|eyf

yvybq od ygf leno` bl Iq$ Hf`xovx e cfdy`fned bl ioxyod.

cvoxgfi ye`fdyx sgb elyfqseqix afhenf Aoxgb{ bl Xhedoe = gf

edi ned bl ygf fnodfdy {fqxbdx ygey lqfuvfdyfi gox gbvxf

mdfs Xsfifdabqc sf``$!

Od e `fyyfq eiiqfxxfi a Nq$ Hb`òd yb ygf Qf|$ Jbgd

Geqcqb|f bl Ae`yonbqf Neqhg 5< 57;5 gf nemfx ygf lb`.

`bsodc xyeyfnfdy :

! Xsfifdabqc sex vdo|fqxe`` fxyffnfi lbq gox |eqobvx

fqvioyobd od neygfneyohx nodfqe`bc fyh$ edi lbq gox {qbaoy

afdf|b`fdhf edi cfdfqe` |oqyvf$ Afodc |fq bì sgfd O xes

gon gf sex ygod edi {e`f avy xyo`` qfyeodfi yqehfx bl afevy

edi gei xbnfygodc |fq {`fexodc od gox {gxobcdbn edi e

iocdoy od gox ye`` edi fqfhy xyeyvqf$!

93$ Ygf Evygbq bl e Ioxxfqyeyobd bd ygf Qbe` Xbhofy bl




Xhofdhfx ey V{xe` {vaòxgfi od 537? nfdyobdx Xsfifdabqc ex

bdf bl oyx loqxy edi afxy nfnafqx ygvx :’

! Gox `fyyfqx yb ygf Xbhofy sgo`f eaqbei soydfxx ygey lfs

hed yqe|f` xb vxflv``$

Edodifleyocea`f hvqobxoy ioqfhyfi yb

|eqobvx on{bqyedy bajfhyx ox hbdx{ohvbvx od e``$ Neygfneyohx

exyqbdbn edi nfhgedohx xffn yb ge|f affd gox le|bqoyf

xhofdhfx edi gf gei e`qfei neif cqfey {qbcqfxx od ygfxf$

F|fqsgfqf gf afhenf ehuveodyfi soyg ygf nbxy qfdbsdfi

neygfneyohoedx edi exyqbdbnfqx ex Lènxyfei If è Goqf

\eqocdbd ,h$ Gox {vqxvoy bl mdbs`ficf sex e`xb vdoyfi

soyg e hbdxyedy zfe` yb afdfloy gox hbvdyq$ Db xbbdfq sex

gf odlbqnfi bl xbnf vxflv` ioxhb|fq yged gf sqex xbòhoybvx

yb qfdifq oy afdflohoe` yb Xsfifd a {vqhgexf bq xfdiodc gbnf

nbif`x$ Sgfd e cbbi abbm sex {vaòxgfi gf dby bd` ce|f

onnfioeyf dbyohf bl oy avy hbdyqo|fi yb {qbhvqf oy lbq ygf

òaqeq bl ygf vdo|fqxoy$!’ Xff Qf|$ D$ Hb`òd#x ehhbvdy bl

Xsfifdabqc$

97$ Ygf Qf|$ Iq$ Ygbnex Geqy`f Qfhybq bl Sod.

|EhJh od Dbqygen{ybdxgoqf Fdcèdi bl sqgbn Nq$ X{qodcfq

ygf Xsfioxg hbdxv` ey @bdibd xex ygey gf sex ! e ned bl

{qblbvdi `feqdodc edi e yqvf xfq|edy bl Cbi edi ygf nbxy

odyoneyf lqofdi bl Xsfifdabqc! nemfx ygf lb``bsodc qfneqmx

od qflfqfdhf yb e `fyyfq qfhfo|fi a gon lqbn Xsfifdabqc :’

!Ex ygf hqfioaoòy bl Xsfifdabqc#x fwyqebqiodeq iox{fd.

xeyobd od qfx{fhy yb gox hbnnfqhf soyg ygf od|oxoa`f sbqì

sbvì qfhfo|f eiioyobdx lqbn gox {qo|eyf cbbi hgeqehyfq O sex

ehhbqiodc` `fi yb he`` v{bd gon a `fyyfq yb {vaòxg xbnf {eq.

yohvèqx bl gonxf`l lbq ygf xeyoxlehyobd bl ygf {vaòh = sgohg

gf edxsfqfi co|odc nf xbnf ehhbvdy bl gonxf`l edi leno`P

edi ygf ehhvqeh bl gox qfèyobd sex hbdloqnfi yb nf a xbnf

ygey sf`` mdfs gon od gox bsd hbvdyq edi bl ygf gbdbqx

soyg sgohg gf sex iocdolofi ygfqf ex e nfnafq bl ygf Iofy bl

ygf Fuvfxyqoed Bqifq bl Dba`fx edi bl ygf gocg fxyffn od

sgohg gf sex gfì a ygf qbe` leno` od Xsfifd ex e`xb a

ygf nbxy {obvx edi fwhf``fdy nfd bl ygey modcibn$

! Xsfifdabqc sex e ned bl vdhbnnbd gvnoòy edi xh

leq lqbn ellfhyodc yb af ygf gfei bl e xfhy ygey gox |b`vnodbvx



xsfifdabqc#x hgeqehyfq$ 9?

sqoyodcx od io|odoy hbdyodvfi e`nbxy yb ygf fdi bl aox òlf yb

af edbdnbvx {vaòheyobdx =edi O ge|f xbnf qfexbd yb ygodm

ygey oy sex bsodc yb n qfnbdxyqedhf yb gon bd ygox xvajfhy

ygey gf sex odivhfi yb {qflow gox denf yb gox èxy sbqm$!

Iq$ Geqy`f yqedxèyfi odyb Fdcòxg Xsfifdabqc#x yqfeyoxf

! Bd ygf Deyvqf bl Odl`vw! edi {qflowfi e `bdc {qflehf yb ygf

sbqm od sgohg gf xex :! O ge|f hbd|fqxfi soyg gon ey iol.

lfqfdy yonfx edi od hbn{ed soyg e cfdy`fned bl e `feqdfi {qb.

lfxxobd edi bl fwyfdxo|f odyf``fhyve` eaoòyofx ]Iq$ Nfxxoyfq^ :

$ $ $ edi abyg bl vx hbdxoifq ygox bvq ehuveodyedhf soyg ygf

evygbq edi gox sqoyodcx enbdc ygf cqfeyfxy a`fxxodcx bl bvq

ò|fx$ Ygf fwyfdxo|f `feqdodc iox{èfi od gox sqoyodcx f|odhfx

gon yb af ygf xhgbèq edi ygf {go`bxb{gfq =edi gox {bòyf af.

ge|obq edi eiiqfxx afx{fem gon ygf cfdy`fned$ Gf ellfhyx db

gbdbq avy ifhòdfx oy={vqxvfx db sbqì` odyfqfxy avy x{fdix

gox xvaxyedhf od yqe|f`òdc edi {qodyodc od bqifq yb hbnnvdo.

heyf odxyqvhyobd edi afdfloy yb nedmodi : edi gf ox xb leq lqbn

ygf enaoyobd bl gfeiodc e xfhy ygey sgfqf|fq gf qfxoifx od gox

yqe|f`x gf ox e nfqf xbòyeq edi e`nbxy odehhfxxoa`f ygbvcg

od gox bsd hbvdyq bl e lqff edi b{fd afge|obq$ Gf gex

dbygodc bl ygf {qfhoxoed od gox neddfq dbygodc bl nfèdhgb`

od gox yfn{fq edi dbygodc od ygf `fexy abqifqodc bd ygf

fdygvxoexy od gox hbd|fqxeyobd edi sqoyodcx$!

9?$ Iq$ Nfxxoyfq ed fnodfdy {gxohoed od @bdibd sex ed

odyoneyf lqofdi bl Xsfifdabqc edi ygf !cfdy`fned bl e

`feqdfi {qblfxxobd edi bl fwyfdxo|f odyf``fhyve` eaoòyofx!

nfdyobdfi a Iq$ Geqy`f od ygf fwyqehy eab|f$ Od 53<? gf

{qfxfdyfi a ifxoqf bl Xsfifdabqc xbnf bl gox sbqmx yb ygf

[qblfxxbqx bl Io|odoy ey Fiodavqcg Cèxcbs edi Eafqiffd

lbq ygf vdo|fqxoyofx od ygbxf {èhfx$ Od gox `fyyfq yb Iq$ Gen.

o`ybd bl Fiodavqcg Iq$ N$ xex

! Ex O gei ygf gbdbq bl afodc lqfuvfdy` einoyyfi yb ygf

evygbq#x hbn{ed sgfd gf sex od @bdibd edi hbd|fqxfi soyg

gon bd |eqobvx {bodyx bl `feqdodc O so`` |fdyvqf yb elloqn ygey

ygfqf eqf db {eqyx bl neygfneyohe` {go`bxb{gohe` bq nfiohe`

mdbs`ficf de O afòf|f O nocgy jvxy` xe bl gvned òyfqe.

yvqf yb sgohg gf ox od ygf `fexy e xyqedcfq= fy xb ybye``

odxfdxoa`f ox gf bl gox bsd nfqoy ygey O en hbdloifdy gf ibfx dby

6



6; xsfifdabqc#x hgeqehyfq$

mdbs ygey gf gex ed = edi ex gf gonxf`l xbnfsgfqf xex bl

ygf edcf`x gf e`sex yvqdx gox gfei ese bd ygf xòcgyfxy

fdhbnovn$!

Iq$ Geno`ybd od gox edxsfq hedioi` xex’! O ge|f xffd fdbvcg yb hbd|odhf nf ygey ygf gbdbqea`f

evygbq ox e |fq `feqdfi edi {obvx ned’ uveòyofx ygey xge``

f|fq hbnnedi n qfx{fhy$!

Xb od gox `fyyfq yb Iq$ Cfqeqi ey Eafqiffd Iq$ Nfxxoyfq

x{femodc bl Xsfifdabqc#x sbqmx xex’!Ygf eqf ygf {qbivhyobdx bl e ned sgbxf cbbi uveòyofx

qfxv`yodc lqbn gox deyvqe` edi ehuvoqfi eaoòyofx O hed soyg

nvhg yqvyg lqbn n lqfuvfdy hbd|fqxf soyg gon exxfqy eqf

e gocg bqdenfdy yb gvned deyvqf$ Hqfivòy {qfjviohf bq

{eqyoeòy xffn yb ge|f db xgeqf od gox hbn{bxoyobd bq hgeq.

ehyfq= dbq ox gf od ygf `fexy odl`vfdhfi a ed e|eqohobvx bq

odyfqfxyfi |ofsx$ E {qbbl bl ygox èxy exxfqyobd sex bllfqfi nf

a gox qflvxodc ed bllfq bl ed nbdf gf nocgy ge|f bhhexobd

lbq sgo`f od Fdcèdi sgohg sex neif gon bd e xv{{bxe` ygey

gox sedy bl hbddfhyobdx od e {èhf sgfqf gf sex e xyqedcfq

nocgy {qb|f ed baxyeh`f yb gox io|odf {vqxvoyx$!

6;$ Yfxyonbd bl [qblfxxbq |bd Cbqqfx Qfèyo|f yb Xsfifd#

abqc#x Xhofdyoloh edi [go`bxb{gohe` Hgeqehyfq$

Cbqqfx sex [qblfxxbq ey ygf Vdo|fqxoy bl Nvdohg$ Gf

sex e ned bl odl`vfdhf od gox x{gfqf edi gfì od cqfey fxyffn

a e soif hoqh`f bl einoqfqx$ Ivqodc ygf {qbcqfxx bl ygf

@eyod edi Cfqned fioyobd bl Xsfifdabqc#x sbqmx [qblfxxbq

Cbqqfx sex odivhfi yb `bbm odyb gox sqoyodcx edi yb è ygf

qfxv`yx bl gox fwenodeyobd aflbqf ygf {vaòh$

!Enbdcxy ygf xocdx bl ygf {qfxfdy yonf! xex ygf [qblfxxbq

! nvxy soygbvy ibvay af dvnafqfi ygf dfs fioyobd bl Xsfifd.

abqc#x sbqmx edi ygf nb|fnfdy sgohg od hfqyeod {èhfx ox

hevxfi a ygf ibhyqodfx gf vdlbìx$ Nbxy {fqxbdx sgb ge|f

bd` qfei ygey {bqyobd bl gox sqoyodcx yb sgohg ygf ge|f gei

ehhfxx nocgy lff` iox{bxfi yb hbdxoifq ygfn ex ygf qfxv`yx bl

e nodi od|b`|fi od ed odfwyqohea`f nezf bq abqifqodc f|fd

bd odleyveyobd = xbnf e`xb ne af iox{bxfi yb hbdxoifq ygfn

ex ygf qfxv`yx bl sqo`lv` ifhf{yobd$ Bygfqx noìfq od ygfoq

jvicnfdy fw{èod ex Gfqifq ioi ygf fdocneyohe` e{{feqedhf




bd ygf cqbvdi bl e {bsfqlv`` hqfeyo|f onecodeyobd sgohg

ehyveyfi a xyqbdc on{v`xfx afhbnfx ey `fdcyg geaoyve` cfd.

fqeyfx od xhofdhf ex od {bfyq sbdifqlv` onecfx bl e x{oqoyv.

eòzodc fdhgedynfdy sgohg x{bqyx od ygf sfemfdfi nfnbq bl

ecf soyg ygf ò|f` |oxobdx bl bvyg edi sgohg ygf odhev.

yobvx xfdxfx exxvnf lbq ygf ehyve` edi qfe` {fqhf{yobdx bl

odyf``fhy = edi od ygox neddfq bajfhyo|f yqvyg ox vdhbdxhobvx`

le`xolofi a ygf xvajfhyo|f xf`l.ifqo|fi {qbivhyobdx bl ygf nodi$

! Ygf hexf bl Xsfifdabqc gbsf|fq ox dby xb fexo` xfyy`fi

ex ygox ysb.lbì nbif bl fw{èdeyobd xv{{bxfx$ Xsfifdabqc

sex dby e ned yb af heqqofi ese a ed vdaqoi`fi onecodeyobd

xyo`` Jfxx ioi gf f|fq nedolfxy ivqodc gox sgb`f òlf ygf xòcgyfxy

xn{ybn bl nfdye` eafqqeyobd$ Gox deyvqe` iox{bxoyobd sex

yqeduvo` fuve` ygbvcgylv` nfioyeyo|f = ex ox ygf hexf soyg nbxy

bl gox Xsfioxg hbvdyqnfd ygf {bsfqx bl gox vdifqxyediodc

sfqf {qf{bdifqeyodc edi gf gei heqflv`` dbvqoxgfi edi hv`.

yo|eyfi ygfn if|byfi ivqodc ygf cqfeyfxy {eqy bl gox òlf yb

vdqfnoyyfi xyviofx$ Oy ox ygfqflbqf dby yb af xv{{bxfi ygey gf

od ygox cqbxx neddfq soyg semflv` ffx ifhfo|fi gonxf`l edi

ygey sgey od bdf nbnfdy gf gonxf`l ygbvcgy od edbygfq qf.

ceqifi ex hgonfqohe`$ Bd ygf bygfq gedi gf sex od òlf edi

iox{bxoyobd xb aènf`fxx ygey db ned ieqf f|fq odyoneyf ed xvx{o.

hobd bl hbdhfqyfi ifhf{yobd = edi !’ sf he`` ygf eyyfdyobd bl bvq

qfeifqx fx{fhoe`` yb ygf lb``bsodc {exxecf’ !{bxyfqoy

GE\F DB QOCGY YB HE@@ ODYB UVFXYOBD YGF VDXVX[FHYFI

YFXYONBD_ BL YGBXF SGB @O\FI OD YGF XENF ECF EX XsF.IFDABQC EDI SGB MDFS GON SF@@ = OL YGOX NBIF BL

JVICNFDY AF [FQNOYYFI E@@ GOXYBQOHE@ F\OIFDHF F\FD

YGF GB@OFXY EDI NBXY \FDFQEA@F NOCGY AF QFIVHFI YB

dbygodc$ $ $ $ Ol oy af {fqnoyyfi yb xe bl e ned yb sgbxf

|fqehoy odyf`òcfdhf xhofdhf oqqf{qbehgea`f hbdivhy {qfxfdhf bl

nodi edi loifòy yb yqvyg gox hbdyfn{bqeqofx afeq yfxyonbd’ol oy af {fqnoyyfi lbq {bxyfqoy yb xe ygey xvhg e ned gei

foygfq on{qvifdy` ifhfo|fi gonxf`l edi ygf sbqì bq gei

mdbsodc` ife`y od nfqf le`xfgbbi edi òfx ygfqf ox ed fdi yb

ygf |fqoloheyobd bl goxybqohe` f|fdyx$!

Od qfèyobd yb Xsfifdabqc#x ! [qodho{oe! ygf [qblfxxbq

xex :’

! Odifleyocea`f od nfioyeyodc b|fq ygf sbdifqlv` {gfdbnfde




od ygf hqfeyfi sbqì= hbdxyedy` bhhv{ofi od fw{`bqodc ygf

èsx od sgohg ygf nedolbì |eqofy bl ygfxf {gfdbnfde ox

hbn{qoxfi Xsfifdabqc fdife|bqfi yb {fdfyqeyf ygf iff{fxy

if{ygx bl deyvqe` {go`bxb{g$ Gf sex cvoifi od gox qfxfeqhgfx

a e nodi h`feq ehvyf` ede`yoh fdibsfi o|oyg xmo`` edi o|f``

ioxho{òdfi a neygfneyohx edi `bcoh$ Gf fdife|bqfi yb qeoxf

ygf nodi yb ygey gfocgy lqbn sgohg ygf loqxy hqfeyfi cfqn

ehyfi v{bd a ygf hqfeyo|f x{oqoy edi {bsfq nocgy af hbdyfn.

{èyfi edi lqbn sgohg ygf loqxy {qodho{`fx bl ygodcx nocgy af

xffd cqbsodc lqbn ygf on{v`xo|f lbqhf sgohg Cbi gex on.

{èdyfi od ygfoq deyvqf$!

Elyfq co|odc ed ede`xox bl ygf sbqm gf hbdyodvfx :’

! Oy ne gfdhf af xffd ygey ygox ox e sf`` hbdxyqvhyfi

xxyfn bl idenohx `bcohe`` ifqo|fi lqbn ygf èsx bl nec.

dfyoxn= edi ygey ygf neddfq od sgohg gf {qbhffix od ygf

if|f`b{nfdy bl gox {qodho{`fx ox ygf e`cfaqeohe`$ $ $ $ Ygf

sbqm sgeyf|fq ne af xyo`` sedyodc yb qfdifq oy hbn{`fyf

so`` e`sex af hbdxoifqfi ex e afevyolv` edi abì {qbivhyobd

bl ygf gvned nodi’ e {qbivhyobd odioheyo|f bl {qblbvdi

ygbvcgy od e`` oyx {eqyx edi dby vdsbqyg bl afodc {èhfi bd ygf

xoif bl Dfsybd#x neygfneyohe` [qodho{oe bl Deyvqe` [go`bxb{g$

! Xsfifdabqc gei odiffi dby ygf aqo`òedy cfdovx bl ygf

Fdcòxgned sgb soyg e `vhm hexy bl ygf iof e`sex goy

v{bd ygf qocgy edi ygf yqvf = odxyfei bl sgohg gbsf|fq gf

gei e iff{` {fdfyqeyodc xecehoy edi e cqfey edi h`feq vdifq.

xyediodc fdibsfi o|oyg ed odifleyocea`f {bsfq bl ygbvcgy sgohg

df|fq hfexfi vdyo` gf gei xbvdifi edi fw{`bqfi gox xvajfhy od

e`` oyx if{ygx$ Xsfifdabqc gei dby ygf xmo`` od nedecodc

cfbnfyqohe` lbqnvèf sgohg ygf lbvdifq bl ygf ibhyqodf bl

cqe|oyeyobd {bxxfxxfi od xb gocg e ifcqff = avy gf mf{y gonxf`l

fdyoqf` lqff lqbn ygf `viohqbvx lfeq bl if|oeyobd lqbn bì {eygx

bl {go`bxb{g edi gf qeygfq fdife|bqfi yb ioqfhy ygf sgb`f

bl gox fllbqyx yb {èhf nfye{gxohx od ygf {qb|odhf bl neygf.

neyohx edi yb nemf ygf lbqnfq e |oxoa`f bajfhy bl {fqhf{yobd$

Od hbdivhyodc fw{fqonfdyx Xsfifdabqc sex ioòcfdy {qfhoxf

eyyfdyo|f yqvxysbqyg = e`ygbvcg gf ne af sedyodc od ygey f`f.

cedhf sgohg nemfx Dfsybd#x sbqm bd b{yohx e lodoxgfi sbqm

bl eqy bq bl xhofdyoloh xmo``$ Edi sgo`xy e cqfeyfq if{yg bl

x{fhvèyobd hgeqehyfqozfx ygf sbqm bl ygf Xsfif ygey bl ygf




Aqoybd ox neqmfi a e nbqf soif`.fwyfdifi xvqlehf edi ox

nbqf qohg` lodoxgfi$ Gfdhf oy ox ygey ygf sbqm bl ygf lbqnfq

gex affd goygfqyb {exxfi b|fq od xo`fdhf od ygf goxybq bl xho.

fdhf soygbvy nemodc ed cqfey on{qfxxobd = sgfqfex ygey bl

Dfsybd bsodc yb ygf nedolbì {qehyohe` qfxv`yx sgohg ge|f

eyyfdifi oy gex lbqnfi ed f{bhg od ygf goxybq bl gvned

mdbs`ficf$ Ygf sbqm bl Xsfifdabqc gbsf|fq hbdyeodx db

ibvay e qohg yqfexvqf bl fdèqcfi edi {qblbvdi baxfq|eyobdx bd

deyvqf$ Ned bl ygf oifex vdlbìfi od ygey sbqm $ $ $ ge|f

xodhf Xsfifdabqc#x yonf affd nbxy sbdifqlv`` hbdloqnfi

ygqbvcg ygf od|fxyoceyobdx sgohg O`fqxhgf` gex neif odyb ygf

xyqvhyvqf bl ygf gfe|fdx edi a ygf ioxhb|fq bl ygf {bèqoze.

yobd bl òcgy edi bl ygf necdfyoh b{fqeyobdx {fqlbqnfi a

ygf ce`|edoh aeyyfq$ Gox x{oqe` nbyobd sgohg fwyfdix yb

f|fq {qb|odhf od deyvqf odyb bqcedoh xyqvhyvqfx edi ygfoq

b{fqeyobdx edi f|fd odyb goxybq ox ed fwyqfnf` e{{qb{qoeyf

fw{qfxxobd a sgohg dvnfqbvx {gfdbnfde hed af fexo` hbn.

{qfgfdifi = edi oy nocgy od ygf gedi bl e {fqxbd xmo``fi od

ede`xox af neif ex lqvoylv` od {gxohx ex ygf ibhyqodf bl

cqe|oyeyobd gex affd lbq exyqbdbn$!

P Oy xffnx e {oy ygey ygf [qblfxxbq gei dby ed b{{bqyvdoy bl

e`xb xyviodc Xsfifdabqc#x sbqmx bd ygf Edone` Modcibn

edi oyx Fhbdbn od sgohg gox {go`bxb{gohe` {qodho{`fx eqf

heqqofi bvy od e nbxy xyqomodc neddfq = sf eqf hfqyeod ygey

ygf evygbq sbvì ge|f qoxfd xyo`` gocgfq od gox fxyoneyobd ex e

{qblbvdi edi bqocode` ygodmfq$ Ygf [qblfxxbq hbdh`vifx gox

eqyoh`f bd Xsfifdabqc ex lb``bsx :’

!Oy dbs qfneodx ygey sf co|f ed on{eqyoe` jvicnfdy bd

Xsfifdabqc#x hgeqehyfq edi gox nfdye` iox{bxoyobd edi bd gox

nbqe` {gxobcdbn od xb leq ex oy xgodfx lbqyg lqbn ygf

xfqofx od sgohg gox èabqx ex ed evygbq sfqf {qbivhfi= edi

gfqf sf heddby avy eseqi gon ygf nbxy le|bqea`f yfxyonbd$

Ygqbvcgbvy ygf fdyoqf heqffq bl gox `feqdfi qfxfeqhgfx edi

ehyo|oy sf f|fqsgfqf ioxhb|fq ygf {obvx edi qfòcobvx ned

sgb od e`` gox xeodcx edi ibodcx sex odyfdy v{bd cbbi$ Od

gox odnbxy xbv` gf sex fdyoqf` b{{bxfi yb e`` ygbxf xxyfnx

bl neyfqoeòxn edi deyvqeòxn sgohg xb sedybd` {qf|eo`fi od

gox yonf= edi gf avo`y gox bsd xxyfn bd ygf lbvdieyobd bl ed

fyfqde` Fxxf edi bd oyx hqfeyodc ehyo|oyofx ]lqbn sgohg ex lqbn

6*




ygf bd` Bqocod edi Hevxf e`` ygodcx eqf hqfeyfi edi {qf.

xfq|fi^$ Edi ygqbvcgbvy ygf fdyoqf hbvqxf bl gox èabqx gf

xfozfx f|fq b{{bqyvdoy bl {bodyodc yb ygox loqxy cqfey qeyobde`

hevxf bl e`` ygodcx edi ey ygf xenf yonf gf fdife|bqx yb

xgbs ygf eaxvqioy bl e`` b{{bxoyf b{odobdx$ Dbq ioi ygf xfd.

xveòxn bl ygbxf bl gox hbdyfn{bqeqofx sgohg hbdlodfx oyxf`l

yb ygf nfqf xvqlehf bl ygodcx = dbq ioi ygf nbqf qflodfi {ed.

ygfoxyoh eaxyqehyobd bl bygfqx e`ygbvcg {fdfyqeyodc nbqf iff{`

af`bs ygf xvqlehf lodi ed {èhf od gox xxyfn edi sbqmx$

Bd ygf hbdyqeq gox {go`bxb{g ex yb e`` oyx {qodho{e` edi `fei.

odc {bodyx ox lbvdifi bd ygf fyfqde` {qodho{`fx qf|fe`fi od ygf

Gb` Sqoy$ Ygqbvcgbvy gox sbqmx f|fqygodc e{{feqx xon{`f

edi vdolbqn fx{fhoe`` ex yb ygf ybdf od sgohg gf sqoyfx od

sgohg ygfqf ox db fllbqy ey iox{è od ygf onecodeyo|f {bsfqx

dbygodc b|fqsqbvcgy$ dbygodc ledyexyoh dbygodc ygey hed od

ygf qfnbyfxy ifcqff af hbdxyqvfi odyb e nbqaoi aoex bl e {qf.

|eoòdc nfdye` ehyo|oy dbygodc odioheyodc ed oiobxdhqex bq

nedolfxyodc ed {fhvòeqoy bl e hbnnfdhodc nfdye` ifqedcf.

nfdy$ F|fqygodc gf vdifqyemfx ox if|f`b{fi od e he`n edi

nfexvqfi neddfq òmf ygf qfxb`vyobd edi ifnbdxyqeyobd bl e

neygfneyohe` {qba`fn edi f|fqsgfqf ygf b{fqeyobdx bl e nodi

hbn{bxfi edi sf`` bqifqfi xgodf lbqyg soyg hbd|ohyobd ex

yb ygf hfqyeody bl ygf qfxv`yx bl oyx ehyo|oy$ Od ygf hv`yo|e.

yobd bl xhofdhf xodhfqoy edi xon{òhoy bl gfeqy eqf dfhfxxeq

qfuvoqfnfdyx yb ygf eyyeodnfdy bl ivqea`f xvhhfxx$ Sf df|fq

baxfq|f ygey Xsfifdabqc sex xvajfhy yb ygey {qoif a ygf od.

l`vfdhf bl sgohg xb ned cqfey x{oqoyx ge|f le``fd = gf e`sex

qfneodfi ygf xenf xvaivfi edi nbifxy nodi = edi df|fq

foygfq a xvhhfxx bq a ed hbdxoifqeyobd `bxy gox nfdye`

fuvoòaqovn$

! Ygfqf dbsgfqf e{{feqx od ygf sqoyodcx bl Xsfifdabqc e

xf`l.ifxyqbodc hbdyqeiohyobd dbygodc eaqv{y ioxjbodyfi bq vd.

hbddfhyfi bq eqaoyqeq bq o``bcohe` xvhg ex ox ehhvxybnfi yb

ehhbn{ed ygf {gfdbnfde bl iqfenx bq ygf fllvxobdx bl ed

vdqfcvèyfi ledh = avy f|fqygodc ygey gf sqoyfx ox xb hbd.

dfhyfi edi vdodyfqqv{yfi ex yb {qfxfdy e {fqlfhy sgb`f$ $ $

!

Ygf fioybqx bl ygf !Ibhvnfdyx ,h! eii ygf lb``bsodc

qfneqm :’

! Db yfxyonbd hed af nbqf on{bqyedy abyg ex yb on{eqyoeòy




edi ex yb ygf {bxoyobd ygf [qblfxxbq bhhv{ofx ex e jvicf bl

nfdye` {qbivhyobdx$! Ygf òmfsoxf eii ygey « ygf xfdyfdhfx

od ygf eab|f fwyqehyx neqmfi soyg oyeòhx eqf xb neqmfi od

ygf Cfqned lqbn sgohg ygf ge|f affd yqedxèyfi$!

65$ Edbygfq hf`faqeyfi Cfqned {qblfxxbq edi db `fxx e

{fqxbd yged Iq$ |$ Aevq ygf lbvdifq bl ygf xb.he``fi !Yv.

aodcfd Xhgbb` bl Ygfb`bc! xeoi yb xbnf bl gox xyvifdyx sgb

|oxoyfi gon ey gox gbvxf ygey ! Xsfifdabqc sex ygf cqfeyfxy

nbqye` ygey f|fq ò|fi$! Ygox xyeyfnfdy sex neif yb n leygfq

a n èyf vdh`f [qbl$ Onnedvf` Yelf` bl Yvaodcfd sgb

òmfsoxf eiifi ygey a ygf odl`vfdhf bl [qbl$ |$ Aevq e`` ygf

bqocode` fioyobdx bl Xsfifdabqc#x sbqmx sfqf abvcgy lbq ygf

Vdo|fqxoy @oaqeq$

61$ Iq$ Onnedvf` Yelf` sgb sex [qblfxxbq bl [go`bx.

b{g edi @oaqeqoed ey ygf Vdo|fqxoy bl Yvaodcfd co|fx ygf

lb``bsodc ex ygf qfxv`y bl gox od|fxyoceyobdx odyb ygf hgeqehyfq

edi òlf bl Fnedvf` Xsfifdabqc :’

! Lqbn e`` ygfxf yfxyonbdofx oy e{{feqx ygey gf sex e ned

ygbqbvcg` ey gbnf od e`` if{eqynfdyx bl gvned xhofdhf edi

ygey gf nb|fi od ygfn ex od gox bsd {qb{fq x{gfqf$ Ygey gf

sex a leq ygf cqfeyfxy xhgbèq bl gox hbvdyq=ygey gf sex e

nbxy ioxyodcvoxgfi {bfy od gox bvyg ed eif{y od ygf bqofdye`

edi bhhoifdye` èdcvecfx e ygbqbvcg neygfneyohoed e xvh.

hfxxlv` nfhgedohoed e {fqlfhy nfye``vqcoxy ed ehhbn{òxgfi

xyeyfxned e {qblbvdi {go`bxb{gfq e xbvdi ygfb`bcoed edi e

ned od sgbxf hgeqehyfq sfqf hbnaodfi dba`f edi {vqf xfdyo.

nfdyx soyg e x{by`fxx odivxyqobvx |oqyvbvx edi gb` òlf edi

sgb sex eibqdfi soyg e`` xbhoe` |oqyvfx xb ygey gf sex |fd.

fqeyfi edi af`b|fi a e`` sgb mdfs gon : e ned od lodf sgb

od e`` gox ibodcx xffnx yb ge|f affd fx{fhoe`` le|bqfi a

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abqc#x Sbqmx {$ |$

68$ Iq$ Bfyyodcfq [qfèyf bl Nvqqgeqi od So`qyfnafqc

od gox abbm fdyoy`fi ! Ygf Gocg [qofxygbbi bl Hgqoxy! {va.

òxgfi od 5331 xex:

!Xsfifdabqc sex lqbn gox bvyg oddbhfdy {obvx edi



6< xsfifdabqc# x hgeqehyfq$

fwfn{èq edi a db nfedx eiiohyfi yb onecodeq {vqxvoyx$

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f|fqygodc òmf ledyexyoh xyviofx$ Iobyqf{gfx aeqmfi `bvi`

eceodxy Jbgd ygf af`b|fi ioxho{`f bl Jfxvx =

edi sg xgbvì

sf sbdifq ygey Xsfifdabqc ox xb noxqf{qfxfdyfi edi he`vn.

doeyfi2 Xeyed gex gox cqfeyfxy ifòcgy edi gox nbxy ifòhobvx

lfexy sgfd gf hed xfy ygfb`bcoedx a ygf feqx edi fwhoyf

xyqolf edi edonbxoy eceodxy ygfn$ Avy ygf @bqi so`` aqodc

yb òcgy ygey sgohg gex affd hbdhfe`fi od ieqmdfxx$!

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yobd ygf lbqfqvddfq bl e dfs fqe$!

69$ [qbl$ N$ J$ Xhg`foifd bl ygf Vdo|fqxoy bl Jfde {ex

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abqc :’

! Ol sf eqf {fqnoyyfi od ed ned yb jvicf bl gox oddfqnbxy

goiifd sbqyg sf eqf xb od Xsfifdabqc$ Lqbn ygf yonf bl

gox feqòfxy bvyg yb ygf gbvq bl gox ifeyg od gox 76yg feq

ygfqf ox dby bdf nodvyf ygey ehhvxfx gon$ Od gox {ohyvqf

sgfygfq iqesd a gox lqofdix a odiollfqfdy baxfq|fqx bq

f|fd a gox ygfb`bcohe` b{{bdfdyx 'lbq fdfnofx gf gei dbdf/

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ifcqff od gox iqfxx edi lbbi f|fd ey ygf yonf bl gox cqfeyfxy

b{v`fdhf = soygbvy ed ifxoqf lbq bvyseqi gbdbqx bq {fhvdoeq

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bllfqfi yb gon soygbvy ygfoq afodc he``fi lbq$ B{{bxfi yb

nemodc {qbxf`yfx df|fq yemodc ygf loqxy xyf{x ybseqix hb`.

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qfèyobdx bl odhbqqv{yoa`f |fqehoy edi lfeq`fxx lqedmdfxx’xvhg eqf ygf lvdienfdye` yqeoyx bl e hgeqehyfq sgb df|fq `fdy

gox gedi yb edygodc ygey gei ygf xòcgyfxy afeqodc yb if`vxobd

edi odjvxyohf$!’ ! Xyviofd! {$ 5?5$

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abqc gei affd odxedf %

66$ v Ygf lb``bsodc ox ygf b{odobd bl Hb`fqoicf bl ygf

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gf sex nei$ Oy ox e nedvxhqo{y dbyf od Hb`fqoicf#x hb{ bl

If Hv`yv fy Enb|f Ifo bd {ecfx 9 yb < od sgohg Xsfifd.

abqc aqofl` xyeyfx gox ibhyqodf bl Lbqnx$ #Ygox# xex

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ned bl {go`bxb{goh cfdovx qeioheyo|f edi f|b`|fdy$ Nvhg

bl sgey ox nbxy |e`vea`f od ygf {go`bxb{goh sbqmx bl Xhgf`òdc

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xv{{bxfi Ihnfdyeyb bq neined = B ygqohf ge{{ xgbvì sf

af ol ygf `feqdfi edi yfehgfqx bl ygf {qfxfdy ie sfqf colyfi

soyg e xonoèq neidfxx’ e neidfxx odiffi hf`fxyoe` edi

l`bsodc lqbn e io|odf nodi %

%

# 'X$ Y$ Hb`fqoicf Xf{y$ 11

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hbdyfn{y ge|f affd gfe{fi v{bd gon =e`` xfhyx ge|f ecqffi

yb vdoyf yb ifx{oxf gon = lfs lfs lfs odiffi ge|f qfei gon

avy gbs leq lfsfq ge|f xyviofi gon$ Eèx % od nbxy odxyedhfx

sf ifdbvdhf ygf qfòcobd bq ygf qfòcobvx yfehgfq yewodc bvq

fdfqcofx bvq ygbvcgyx bvq ellfhyobdx ybb nvhg$ Qfòcobd ox

ehhbqiodc yb xbnf yfehgfqx yb af lbqf|fq edi lbqf|fq e {fq{fy.

ve`` qfoyfqeyfi edi qfoyfqeyodc E`{geafy = dby xb yb gon sgb

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gon sgb ieqfx yb eyyfn{y yb xb`|f ygf iff{fq [qba`fnx bl Qf.

òcobvx Goxybq sgb eyyfn{yx yb xbvdi xbnf bl ygf gfocgyx

edi if{ygx edi `fdcygx edi aqfeiygx bl qfòcobvx fnbyobd

edi fw{fqofdhf bl Qfòcobvx Mdbs`ficf edi Ibhyqodf$ E

ygbvxedi yonfx sf ge|f affd hbn{f``fi yb exm Sgey ygfd

ox db nbqf qfòcobvx fw{fqofdhf {bxxoa`f2 So`` ygf Odlodoyf

@ocgy qf|fe` db dfs Qfèyobdx’ db dfs O``vxyqeyobdx 2

v Xsfifdabqc sex e Nxyoh% N ifeq xoq sgey ox e

Nxyoh 2 Sf eqf e`` nxyohx sgfd sf fdcecf od xbnf b{fqe.

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xb ed fw{fqy neygfneyohoed$ F|fq eqy f|fq yqeif f|fq

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odyb sgohg bvq lqofdi edi dfocgabq heddby fdyfq edi sf hed




e`` xff h`feq` od ygey sbqì ybb e`ygbvcg oy ox e qfcobd bl

ieqmdfxx yb gon$ Lqfuvfdy` sgfd bv vxf ygf yfqn nxyoh

bv bd` fw{qfxx bvq bsd on{b|fqoxgfi edi sqfyhgfi fw{f.

qofdhfx$ Yqedxèyfi oy nfedx " df|fq lf`y ygey’ " df|fq

fw{fqofdhfi ygey$ Fx{fhoe`` e`` Hgqoxyoed fw{fqofdhf ox nx.

yohe`$ E nxyoh ox bdf sgb nb|fx od ed bqaoy èqcfq yged gox

dfocgabqx lqbn ygf cqfeyfq sfocgy edi {bsfq bl gox hgeqeh.

yfq$ Od ygox xfdxf Xsfifdabqc sex e nxyoh$ $ $ $

! _fy od edbygfq xfdxf Xsfifdabqc sex db Nxyoh = lbq e

nxyoh ox ybb xf`l.hbdyeodfi e ned vxve``= {fqge{x gf hbn.

nvdoheyfx db òcgy = gf yqe|f`x od gox bsd bqa avy gf ibfx dby

o``vnodeyf bygfq nodix : ygox ox ygf iollfqfdhf afysffd e Nx.

yoh edi ed E{bxy`f$ Ygf nxyoh xbòyeqo` eaxbqax e`` ygodcx

soygod gonxf`l= ygf e{bxy`f qfhfo|fx yb iollvxf lqbn gonxf`l$

Ygf xod bl Oi`f xf`l.hbdyfn{èyobd sgohg sf ge|f hbdifndfi

ox ygf hgeqn bl ygf nxyoh#x òlf$ Ygf e{bxy`f ox df|fq oi`f

edi df|fq nvxfx soygod gonxf`l avy ygf loqf avqdx on{f`òdc

yb ehyobd edi fdfqc$ Ygf nxyoh ygfqflbqf lqbn gox odyfdxf

fcbyoxn `fe|fx db òcgy afgodi gon edi gex avy lfs lb``bs.

fqx {fqge{x dbdf$ Ygf e{bxy`f {qf{eqfx e qbei lbq gox xvh.

hfxxbqx = xyqfsx oy soyg qohg edi dfs edi ba|obvx oifex

heq|fx gox denf v{bd ygf qbhmx od ygf se od ned e dba`f

ehgof|fnfdy edi gocg.sqbvcgy ehyobd = edi fqfhyx ey ned e

ibvayodc yvqdodc e leoyglv` edi yqvyglv` lodcfq.{bxy= od e sbqi

ygf òlf bl ygf nxyoh ox od X{fhvèyobd’ ygf òlf bl ygf e{bxy`f

ox od Vxf$ Sf xge`` dvnafq Xsfifdabqc dby soyg ygf nxyohx

avy soyg ygf e{bxy`fx$ Gf aqbmf v{ dfs cqbvdi = gf ioxxfno.

deyfi dfs oifex = gf gex df|fq affd soygbvy e aedi bl lb`.

`bsfqx = e`` gox xyviofx edi sqoyodcx sfqf ioqfhyfi yb ygf vxflv`

gox fdfqc sex onnfdxf = gox ehyo|oy nfdye` edi abio`

odibnoyea`f$ Gf sex ed e{bxy`f %

!Bdf ygodc gex affd e``fcfi eceodxy Xsfifdabqc odiffi

yb sgohg oy ox |fq dfhfxxeq ygey sf dbs ei|fqy denf` ygey

gf sex Nei % Ygf hgeqcf bl odxedoy ox bdf |fq fexo` `f|.

f``fi eceodxy e hgeqehyfq sgbxf nb|fnfdyx sf ib dby h`feq`

vdifqxyedi$ Sf mdbs eceodxy sgbn ygf sbqix sfqf vxfi

# Gf geyg e if|o` edi ox nei sg gfeq f gon 2# Edi yb ed

o``vxyqobvx qfexbdfq oy sex bdhf xeoi :# [ev` [ev` ygbv eqy af.

xoif ygxf`l = nvhg `feqdodc geyg neif ygff nei" Xyqedcf



xsfifdabqc#x hgeqehyfq$ 6?

ygey nvhg `feqdodc xgbvì nemf e ned nei=nocgy sf dby

qeygfq xv{{bxf ygey `feqdodc bl e yqvf edi |e`vea`f hgeqehyfq

b{fdfi yb ygf xbv` xb ned sodibsx edi x{qfei bvy aflbqf

ygf vdifqxyediodc xb ned dfs {qbx{fhyx edi lofìx bl x{oqoy.

ve` òcgy ygey yb gon ygf bhhv{eyobdx edi {vqxvoyx bl ygf nfd

edi sbnfd sfiifi yb ygf sbqì e{{feqfi ex hbn{eqeyo|f`

odxedf 2

! Avy ygf uvfxyobd bhhvqx Sgey ox odxedoy 2 Edi sf ne

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hoxf bl ed lehv`y bq {bsfq yb ygf fwh`vxobd bl bygfq lehv`yofx$

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oy ox ba|obvx ygey ygox gocg xedoy hed bd` af od e xyeyf sgfqf

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heqffq sf lodi e`` gox òlf aeèdhfi edi geqnbdozfi$ Ol f|fq

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hbn{`fyfi afodc gf sex ygf ned$ Hed bv hbd|ohy gon bl

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{e e gocgfq gbnecf yb gon yged yb e`nbxy ed bygfq ned : avy

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h Xsfifdabqc ibfx

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aqeyfi Jbgd Sfx`f sgb loqxy {vaòxgfi oy od gox Eqnodoed Nece.



<; xsfifdabqc#x hgeqehyfq$

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soyg ned f|fd ey ygox ie yb {qfjviohf ygfn eceodxy

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yb {qf|fdy nedmodi lqbn fwenododc gox xxyfn yged w|òfd fwenodfi

yb {qf|fdy oy lqbn afodc fnaqehfi a ygf hedioi edi sf``.iox{bxfi!



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e`sex aqfeygf e {vqf if|byobde` x{oqoy = edi {fqxbdx yb sgbn

gf sex nbxy odyoneyf` mdbsd bl gocg edi `bs qedm afeq

yfxyonbd yb ygf fwhf``fdhf bl gox {qo|eyf hgeqehyfq$ Ygf lb`.

`bsodc Qv`fx bl @olf sfqf lbvdi dbyfi ibsd od xf|fqe` bl gox

nedvxhqo{yx f|oifdy` odyfdifi lbq {qo|eyf vxf ex ygf eqf

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ygodc e {qb{qofy bl afge|obq edi e`sex yb mff{ ygf hbd.

xhofdhf h`feq$ 9$ Yb ioxhgeqcf soyg loifòy ygf lvdhyobdx bl

gox fn{`bnfdyx edi ygf ivyofx bl gox bllohf edi yb qfdifq

gonxf`l od e`` ygodcx vxflv` yb xbhofy$!

6?$ [qblfxxbq Neyyfq od e``viodc yb ygfxf ! Qv`fx bl

@olf! xex :

! Od ygfxf qv`fx bl òlf bl Xsfifdabqc sf lodi ygey sgohg

hgeqehyfqozfx afxy gox òlf : ygfxf xyviofx bl ygf xehqfi yfwyx

sgohg `fi gon yb xvhg e qeqf o``vnodeyobd=

ygox hbdxyedy

|ocoèdhf b|fq gox xbv` sgohg ce|f yb gon od qfeòy afxoifx

e h`feq hbdxhofdhf ed fwyqebqiodeq xfqfdoy bl nodi = ygox

hbdxyedy e{{òheyobd yb sgey gf he``x ygf ifhbqvn bl òlf

sgohg neif gox odyfqhbvqxf xb ecqffea`f yb f|fqabi=

ygox

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e he{ehoy bl ibodc onnfdxf sbqmx lbq gox hbvdyq=

edi O

eii sgohg odivhfi gon yb qfxocd gox hbnnoxxobd sgfd gf

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<;$ Iq$ So`modxbd xvnx v{ Xsfifdabqc#x hgeqehyfq ex

lb``bsx :

! Ygf v{{fq {eqyx bl Xsfifdabqc#x hgeqehyfq qbxf lqbn ygf

cqbvdi.sbqm bl fwhf``fdy hoyozfdxgo{ edi xbhoe` uveòyofx$

Deyvqe`` odbllfdxo|f edi hbdxfq|eyo|f gf sex ey bdf soyg

ygf cfdfqe` {bòy edi df|fq iqfeny bl oddb|eyobdx ygey xgbvì

odyfqlfqf soyg ygf Xyeyf$ F|fd gox ygfb`bc sex qflfqea`f od

gox |ofs yb ed fwoxyodc evygbqoy od ygf Aoa`f edi od geqnbd

soyg ygf feqòfxy hqffix bl ygf hgvqhg xb leq ex ygf sfdy$

Gf `fdy gonxf`l lqff` yb gox leno` yofx avy df|fq e``bsfi

ygfn yb odyfqqv{y gox jvxyohf$ Ex e lqofdi gf sex xyevdhg

edi fuve`` odif{fdifdy$ Ygf xfdyonfdy bl ivy qv`fi gon

soygbvy e{{fe` od gox {vaòh ex od gox {qo|eyf elleoqx : gf gei

db ehuveodyedhfx avy xbhofy edi gox hbvdyq sgfd ygfoq

odyfqfxyx sfqf od|b`|fi$ Od ioxxfnodeyodc gox qfòcobvx oifex

gf sex b{fd edi eab|f.abeqi : {èhfi gox abbmx soygod ygf

qfehg bl ygf Hgqoxyoed sbqì edi ygfqf `fly ygfn yb [qb|o.

ifdhf edi ygf qfeifqx$ A db yqohm ioi gf f|fq xffm yb lbqhf

eyyfdyobd edi odyqocvf gei db {eqy od gox hgeqehyfq$ Dbysoyg.

xyediodc gox eyyehgnfdy yb gox loqxy einoqfqx gf mf{y gox bsd

x{ehf eqbvdi gon edi sex dby on{fifi a ed lb``bsfqx$

Yfdifq edi enohea`f od deyvqf gf sex e`sex ioxyedy fdbvcg

yb ge|f ygey èqcf eqn#x.`fdcyg ygey xb {fhvòeq e sbqmned

qfuvoqfi$ Enaoyobd gf nvxy ge|f gei od xbnf xfdxf avy xb

yqedx{ofqhfi edi xnoyyfd soyg zfe` lbq gox lf``bsx ygey sf hedbd` he`` oy {vaòh `b|f$ Ygf {bsfq bl bqifq edi hbnaode.

yobd ox e neod lfeyvqf od gox he{ehobvx odyf``fhy = ygbxf sgb

b{fd gon ex e |oxobdeq eqf xyqvhm soyg ygf nexhvòdf hbd.

dfhyobd sgohg gf f|fqsgfqf iox{èx$ Gox xfdxve` deyvqf

sex f|oifdy` ed bafiofdy ygbvcg {bsfqlv` |fgoh`f yb gox nodi$

Gf sex {fqlfhy` hbvqecfbvx od ygey modi ygey gox noxxobd

dffifi= loqn avy vdbayqvxo|f od e`` hbvqyx edi hbn{edofx

edi f|fq afdiodc sgoygfq gox hbdxhofdhf {qfxhqoafi$ Qfòcobd

sex ygf noì f`fnfdy ygey cb|fqdfi ygf qfxy hbd|fqyodc ygfn

{exy ygfoq bsd deyvqfx a oyx ò|f` lènfx edi gf se`mfi soyg

ygf hbdxyedy xfdyonfdy bl Cbi afysffd gon edi gox lf``bsx

co|odc edi qfhfo|odc iocdoy enbdc Cbi#x hgoìqfd$ Gox òlf

odiffi ox dby gfqboh od ygf bì lexgobd = avy yemf gox ehhbvdy




bl oy edi gf gex yqe|f``fi leq edi {fqo``fi nvhg : gf gex xffd

edi affd sgey sbvì a`fehg ygf ò{x bl gfqbfx$ Sgfygfq

bv qfhfo|f gox ehhbvdy bq dby bv nvxy bsd ygey gox xyqvh.

yvqf sex gfqboh lbq gbs bygfqsoxf hbvì gf ge|f bvyò|fi

ygbxf yqfnfdibvx * ledhofx # bl gfe|fd edi gf``$ Avy `fy ygey

{exx edi sf xyo`` hèon gon ex e gfqb od ygf dfs hen{eocd

bl {fehf$ Ygf loqxy F{oh bl ygf Xyvi ox ygf xbdc ygey so``

hf`faqeyf gon$ Ygfqf eqf ned xon{`f {qba`fnx avy gbs

lfs ieqf lehf ygfn : oy ox nbqf iollohv`y yb af hbvqecfbvx ygfqf

yged aflbqf aeyyfqofx bl heddbd : oy ox nbqf on{bxxoa`f yb ygf

nbxy yb `fei ygf lbq`bqd gb{fx bl ygbvcgy ioxhbvqecfi xodhf

goxybq afced yb |ohybq yged yb nbvdy ygf xheòdc.èiifq od

ygf onnodfdy ifei` aqfehg$ Yb ib ygf bdf qfuvoqfx bd`

hbnnedi bl abi = yb {fqlbqn ygf bygfq dffix hbvqecf b|fq

ygf aqeod oyxf`l= locgyodc eceodxy bqcedoxn edi xyv{oioy bìfq

edi nbqf yfqqolodc yged eqnofx$ Xf`fhy bvq {qba`fn edi

exm ygf sbqì qbvdi sgb so`` afxofcf oy vdyo` oy hfifx ygf

yqvyg edi bv so`` xbbd lodi ygey bl e`` ygf xbìofqx ygfqf ox

dbdf sgb ibfx dby xyqeocgyse xgbs leyocvf edi xba on{bx.

xoa`f sgohg eqf hbseqiohf vdifq oyx òyfqeq denf$ Od ygfxf

ecfx ygfqf gex affd db ned sgb xybbi v{ xb nedlv`` yb gox

{qba`fnx ex Xsfifdabqc sgb sofìfi gox bsd aqeodx xb òmf

e x{oqoy bq mdfs xb fw{fqonfdye`` ygey èabq qoxfx b|fq ifeyg$

Ygfqflbqf sf denf gon @feifq bl ygf sbqì#x lqff ygbvcgy

edi lqff {qfxx = ygf He{yeod bl ygf gfqbfx bl ygf sqoyodc.

ifxm$! @olf bl Xsfifdabqc {{$ 196.193$

Od gox ! Odyqbivhyobd yb ygf Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone` Modc.

ibn! Iq$ So`modxbd ifxhqoafx Xsfifdabqc#x hgeqehyfq ex

nedolfxyfi od gox sqoyodcx :

! Oy sbvì af ed bnoxxobd dby yb dbyohf ygf ibcneyoh

hgeqehyfq bl Xsfifdabqc#x sqoyodcx cfdfqe``$ * Gf x{femx ex

bdf ge|odc evygbqoy edi dby ex ygf xhqoafx$# Sgey Aehbd

xex oxhygf yqvf se# # gf {qb{bxfx ygodcx hedioi` soyg

nbqf bq `fxx exxf|fqeyobd ex ygf xyedi od gox bsd jvicnfdy$#*

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cqfeyfq xfdxf bl nbifxy yged Xsfifdabqc$ Ygf eaxfdhf bl

xf`l lqbn gox {ecfx’ygf odlodoyf` xne`` hbdxoifqeyobd sgohg

* !Ei|edhfnfdy bl @feqdodc! {qfòn$ {$ `|ooo$



<9 xsfifdabqc#x hgeqehyfq$

ygf fcb ygfqf hèonx foygfq nbqe`` bq odyf``fhyve``’ox ygf

feqdfxy bl cqfey gvna`fdfxx = edi sgfqf ygox ox lf`y ygf

he`nfxy elloqneyobdx `bxf ygf hgeqehyfq bl xf`l.hbn{èhfdh

edi eqf jvxy` yemfd ex avy ygf nfexvqf bl ygf `b|f bl yqvyg$

Afxoifx sgohg nbqe` oifex’ edi oy ox soyg ygfxf ygey

Xsfifdabqc ife`x f|fd sgfd oy ox `fexy e{{eqfdy’a ygfoq

bsd dfhfxxoy qfuvoqf {bxoyo|f xyeyfnfdy edi odyqbivhf f|fd

odyb ygfoq hbqqfèyo|fx od {gxohx e ybdf bl hfqyeody edi iocdo.

lofi odjvdhyobd : f|fd deyvqf ex ygf fw{bdfdy bl ygf Hbn.

nedinfdyx {eqyemfx bl ygfoq eaxb`vyfdfxx edi iohyeyfx gfq

èsx yb nedmodi$

! Ygf yfn{fq bl nodi e{{eqfdy od ygfxf sbqmx ox e`xb

qfneqmea`f$ Lbq Xsfifdabqc ygf {go`bxb{gfq sex qfei edi

hbnnfdifi a db bdf edi xyo`` gf hbdyodvfi yb yqe|f` bdseqix

soyg e afdocdoy vdfnaoyyfqfi a hfdxvqf edi vdionodoxgfi

a dfc`fhy$ Gox {qehyohe` èabqx sfqf qfhfo|fi soyg e{{èvxf

a gox hbvdyqnfd edi f|fd {qbhvqfi gon xbnfsgey bl e

Fvqb{fed qf{vyeyobd$ Avy gox ellfhyobdx sfqf dby hbnnoyyfi

yb ygfn$ Lqbn bvyg v{seqix gf hbdhfo|fi edi afced gox

{fhvòeq {go`bxb{g edi gfqf ygf le|bq bl ygf `feqdfi hfexfi

ey loqxy ifhòdodc odyb leody {qeoxf sgohg sex xbbd fwhgedcfi

lbq vdioxcvoxfi b{{bxoyobd$ Odl`vfdhf b|fq nfd#x nodix gf

gei dbdf = edi jvicodc lqbn ygf {exy oy xffnx ygey avy lbq

gox ygfb`bc gox {go`bxb{gohe` sbqmx nocgy ge|f {fqoxgfi bdygf xgf`l sgfqf gox onnfioeyf hbdyfn{bqeqofx {èhfi ygfn$

Avy ol gf leo`fi yb on{qfxx ygf sbqì oyx e{eyg ioi dby ellfhy

gon$ [of mdfs ygf xyeyf od sgohg oy sex xvdm* edi bd`

sbqmfi ygf geqifq sgfd ygey mdbs`ficf sex hbdloqnfi a

gox |ofsx afodc yqfeyfi soyg hbdyfn{y bq dfc`fhy$ Enoi ygf

xvqqbvdiodc ieqmdfxx gf sex hgffqlv` edi xvdd od gfeqy edi

nodi edi gox {ecfx sfqf aqocgyfdfi soyg gox bsd ge{{yfn{fq$ Sf eqf ygfqflbqf xvqf bl gox |fqehoy sgfd gf e|bsx

gox heqf`fxxdfxx bl lenf edi gox {bsqfq bl seoyodc yb af gfeqi

ygbvcg hfdyvqofx xgbvì fè{xf aflbqf ygf {vaòh feq s3ex iox.

fdcecfi$ Dby ygey gf sex xv{{bqyfi a hbn{èhfdy |edoy

ygf odxedf modc bl ed onecodeq modcibn bq soyg iff{ {qoif

* Hbn{eqf ygf nbyyb sgohg Xsfifdabqc eib{yfi lqbn Xfdfhe edisgohg ox hbdyeodfi od Db$ 9 bl ygf {qfxfdy hb``fhyobd$




ifx{oxfi ygf b{odobdx edi b|fq`bbmfi ygf onnbqye` hbdhfqdx

bl bygfqx: avy eseqf bl ygf sbqì#x ioxeaoòyofx sgohg hed

bd` af qfnb|fi a x`bs ifcqffx edi dby edxsfqea`f lbq

ygfn gf sex fdyoy`fi bd ygf bygfq gedi yb e`` ygf ifòcgy ygey

ed b{fd |oxobd bl yqvyg on{eqyx yb sgbf|fq xodhfqf` bafx

edi `b|fx oy$ Gf mdfs ygey gf sex aflbqf gox ecf edi gei

db uveqqf` soyg oy afhevxf bl oyx noxlbqyvdf = avy hbnnoyyfi

e`` yb [qb|oifdhf hbdyfdyfi` {fqlbqnodc gox bsd e``bynfdy

bl eqivbvx ivyofx$ Ygfqflbqf gf xex ey ygf h`bxf bl ygf

#[qodho{oe#’

# Od sqoyodc ygf {qfxfdy sbqm O ge|f gei db eon

ey ygf e{{èvxf bl ygf `feqdfi sbqì dbq ey ygf ehuvoxoyobd

bl e denf bq {b{vèqoy$ Yb nf oy ox e neyyfq bl odiollfqfdhf

sgfygfq O sqod e le|bqea`f b{odobd bl f|fq bdf bq bl db bdf

sgfygfq O ceod nvhg bq db hbnnfdieyobd = xvhg ygodcx eqf

dby bajfhyx bl qfceqi yb bdf sgbxf nodi ox afdy bd yqvyg edi

yqvf {go`bxb{g =xgbvì O ygfqflbqf ceod ygf exxfdy bq e{{qb.

aeyobd bl bygfqx O xge`` qfhfo|f oy bd` ex e hbdloqneyobd bl

n ge|odc {vqxvfi ygf yqvyg$ O ge|f db soxg yb {fqxveif

ed bdf yb è exoif ygf {qodho{`fx bl ygbxf o``vxyqobvx edi

ye`fdyfi evygbqx sgb eibqd ygf sbqì edi od {èhf bl ygfoq

{qodho{`fx yb eib{y nodf = lbq ygox qfexbd oy ox ygey O ge|f dby

neif nfdyobd xb nvhg ex bl bdf bl ygfn bq f|fd godyfi ey

gox denf `fxy O xgbvì odjvqf gox lffòdcx bq xffn yb on{vcd

gox xfdyonfdyx bq yb ifqbceyf lqbn ygf {qeoxf sgohgbygfqx

afxybs v{bd gon$ Ol ygf {qodho{`fx O ge|f ei|edhfi ge|f

nbqf bl yqvyg od ygfn yged ygbxf sgohg eqf ei|bheyfi a

bygfqx = ol ygf eqf yqv` {go`bxb{gohe` edi ehhbqiedy soyg ygf

{gfdbnfde bl deyvqf ygf exxfdy bl ygf {vaòh so`` lb``bs od

ivf yonf bl oyx bsd ehhbqi = edi od ygox hexf xgbvì O leo` yb

ceod ygf exxfdy bl ygbxf sgbxf nodix afodc {qf{bxxfxxfi a

bygfq {qodho{`fx hed db `bdcfq fwfqhoxf ed on{eqyoe`jvicnfdy

xyo`` O xge`` 1=eod ygf exxfdy bl ygbxf sgb eqf ea`f yb ioxyodcvoxg

ygf yqvf lqbn ygf vdyqvf ol dby od ygf {qfxfdy ey `fexy od

xbnf lvyvqf ecf$ Yqvyg ox vdouvf edi so`` x{fem lbq oyxf`l$

Xgbvì ed bdf vdifqyemf yb on{vcd n xfdyonfdyx O ge|f db

soxg yb b{{bxf gon = avy od hexf gf xgbvì ifxoqf oy O xge`` af

ge{{ yb fw{èod n {qodho{`fx edi qfexbdx nbqf ey èqcf$

Sgeydffi gbsf|fq ox ygfqf bl

sbqix2 @fyygf ygodc

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uu xsfifdabqc#x hgeqehyfq$

yb iflfdi oy 2’xvqf` yqvyg hed iflfdi oyxf`l$ Ol sgey O ge|f

xeoi af le`xf oy sbvì af e ifcqeiodc edi xo`` yexm yb iflfdi

oy$ Sg ygfd xgbvì O nemf nxf`l ed fdfn yb ed bdf

bq {èhf nxf`l od b{{bxoyobd yb ed bdf 2#* Edi eceod gf

baxfq|fx od ygf # Fhbdbn#’ # Bl sgey hbdxfuvfdhf ox oy yb

nf ygey O xgbvì {fqxveif ed bdf yb fnaqehf n b{odobdx 2

@fy gox bsd qfexbd {fqxveif gon$ O ib dby vdifqyemf ygox

sbqm lbq ygf xemf bl gbdbq bq fnb`vnfdy = abyg bl sgohg O

xgvd qeygfq yged xffm afhevxf ygf ioxuvofy ygf nodi edi

afhevxf O en hbdyfdy soyg n `by : avy lbq ygf xemf bl yqvyg

sgohg e`bdf ox onnbqye` edi gex oyx {bqyobd od ygf nbxy {fq.

lfhy bqifq bl deyvqf = gfdhf od ygf xfqofx bl ygf fdix bl ygf

vdo|fqxf lqbn ygf loqxy yb ygf èxy bq yb ygf c`bq bl Cbi

sgohg fdix Gf {qbnbyfx =ygvx O xvqf` mdbs Sgb oy ox ygey

nvxy qfseqi nf$#l Bl gox xodhfqoy od ygfxf ifhèqeyobdx ex

sf aflbqf qfneqmfi ygf qf{bxf sgohg {fq|eifx gox abbmx edi

ygf gfeqy {vqxvoy bl gox xvajfhy ey e`` yonfx afeq odhbd.

yfxyea`f soydfxx$ # Gox òlf# xex Xedif` h sex bdf bl ygf

ge{{ofxy ygey f|fq lf`` yb ygf `by bl ned =# j edi e {qb`bdcfi

baxfq|eyobd bl gox sqoyodcx fdea`fx vx ygbqbvcg` yb afòf|f oy$

Afhevxf gf fxyffnfi b{odobd edi lenf ey bd` ygfoq {qb{fq

|e`vf edi yqvyg ex ed bajfhy leq nbqf qfe` xb sgfd ygf dffi

henf gf cèi` qfdbvdhfi gox cqfey {bxxfxxobdx ex e ned bl

`feqdodc edi df|fq bdhf `bbmodc aehm ofìfi gonxf`l yb ygf

xfq|ohf bl ygf dfs hevxf yb sgohg gox qfneododc òlf sex yb

af if|byfi$ Oy ox ygfqflbqf dby vdehhbvdyea`f ygbvcg hfqyeod`

soygbvy {eqe``f` ygey bdf sgb gei xb`|fi ygf {qba`fnx bl

hfdyvqofx edi {vxgfi ygf mdbs`ficf bl hevxfx odyb qfcobdx

sgbxf fwoxyfdhf db bygfq {go`bxb{gfq xvx{fhyfi xgbvì ey

`fdcyg eaedibd ygf lofì bl xhofdhf soygbvy elyfqseqix

e``viodc xb nvhg ex bdhf yb ygf nocgy yexm gf gei xvq.

nbvdyfi$ Ygox sex od ehhbqiedhf soyg gox nodi f|fd od gox

xhofdyoloh iex : ygf {qfxfdhf bl yqvyg sex sgey {`fexfi gon=

edi gf e`sex jblv`` fwhgedcfi gox òcgy lbq e cqfeyfq edi

* [eqy od$ E{{fdiow

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{vqfq f|fd ygbvcg hgfqoxgfi ygbvcgyx gei yb iof ieo` ex ygf

hbdioyobd bl {exxodc odyb ygf gocgfq o``vnodeyobd$

! Lvqygfqnbqf ygfqf df|fq sex e ned sgb af`bdcfi `fxx

yged gf yb gox bsd ecf bq deyobd dbysoygxyediodc gf if{fdifi

cqfey` v{bd ygf {gxohe` mdbs`ficf bl gox hbdyfn{bqeqofx

sex soif` qfei od {go`bxb{g e`xb edi neif lqff vxf bl sgey.

f|fq gf lbvdi od bygfq sqoyfqx ygey sex yqvf edi yb ygf {vq{bxf$

Avy gox cfdovx sex nbqf yged gox neyfqoe`x=

o neyfqofn xv{fq.

eòy b{vx$# Gf sofìfi soyg fexf ygf xbòi nexxfx bl `feqdodc

edi ygf baffi dfs nbyobdx edi qed od xxyfneyoh bqaoyx$

Ygf demfi qbhmx bl xhofdhf qfhfo|fi e uvohmfdodc hòneyvqf

edi cqffddfxx edi òlf henf v{bd ygfn$ Ygf xfexbd sex qo{f

edi ygf {fqxbde` hbdioyobdx lv`lo``fi edi ygf so`òdc feqyg

ofìfi gfq odhqfexf ex yb ygf Jfsx bl bì$ Ygf ehuvoqfi

cbbidfxx bl ygf odio|oive` afhenf ygf x{qodc bl gox cfdovx

edi gfdhf gf xybbi qfèyfi yb ygf sbqì ex ygf hqfeyobd bl

Cbi edi yb ned ex gox vdqo|e``fi hqfeyvqf edi sfdy bvy lqbn

ygf xbo` ygey abqf gon xb ygey Xhediode|oe sex gox nbygfq db

`bdcfq$ Gf afhenf ygf fwen{`f bl e dba`fq fdfqc yged ygey

sgohg heqqofi ygf Xsfioxg modcx b|fq gbxyo`f Fvqb{f = ed

fdfqc sgohg xvxyeodfi gon yb afeq ygf èn{ bl gvnedozodc

xhofdhf odyb ygf ieqmfxy {èhfx bl ygf feqyg sgfqf ygf {ged.

ybnx bl xv{fqxyoyobd yfqqol edi baxhfdf eygfoxn lòyx eqbvdi

bd xvay`fxy {odobdx$ Gf xgbsfi e leoyg od ygf qfe` Cbi edi

od ygf x{oqoyve` fwoxyfdhf edi odyfqfxyx bl nedmodi yb sgohg

ygf {qblbvdihxy gbnecf bl ygf Dbqyg yb gfq nygb`bcoh Biod

edi gfq hgoflx# edi seqqobqx# lexyfxy afòfl od ygf {qbnoxfi

Se`ge`è eqf avy sfem xgeibs edi vdxvaxyedyoe`$ Ygf

yqovn{gx gf ceodfi od ygf denf bl yqvyg edi ygey gox sqoyodcx

so`` ceod od ygf hbnodc ecfx eqf lqevcgy soyg on{bqyedhf

sgohg leq fhò{xfx ygf {qbvifxy |ohybqofx bl gox neqyoe` hbvd.

yqnfd$ Lbq oy sex gox ge{{ `by dby yb locgy yfn{bqe`

aeyy`fx lbq [qbyfxyedyoxn bq yb af ygf {qb{ bl ed bì qfòcobd

sgbxf |fq |ohybqofx blyfd {qfh`vifi oyx hbnnvdobd soyg ygf

[qodhf bl [fehf = avy yb af ygf nfedx bl e|fqyodc ifxyqvhyobd

lqbn ygf sgb`f qehf bl ned edi bl xfhvqodc yb e`` e gbì bd

Hgqoxyoedoy ygey hed df|fq leo` = edi od ygf hbvqxf bl ygox

odxyqvnfdyeòy yb se`m vdioxnefi od ygey bygfq sbqì sgohg

gex affd `bxy yb mdbs`ficf lbq ygbvxedix bl feqx bq {qf.



<7 xsfifdabfc#x hgeqehyfq$

xfq|fi bd` od ygf vdsqoyyfd {eqyx bl onecodeyobd ygf noxvd.

ifqxybbi if{yg bl edhofdy lea`f bq ygf deqqeyobdx bl ygf feqòfq

{bfyx$ Gfdhf gf ox ygf loqxy bl ygf nbifqdx yb {fdfyqeyf ygf

xfhqfyx bl deyvqf ygf loqxy e`xb yb af einoyyfi yb ygf goiifd

ygodcx bl ygf x{oqoyve` sbqì : ygf ysb x{gfqfx bl mdbs`ficf

afodc qfeòzfi ey bdhf = sgfqflbqf gfdhflbqyg gf ox bvq feqdfxy

ygey xodhf sf eqf dbs bd ygf qocgy yqehm edi ygf sbqmx bl

Cbi eqf afhbnf bvq gfqoyecf ygf {qbcqfxxobd od abyg ne af

{qehyohe` edi vdfdiodc$!’ ! Odyqbivhyobd yb ygf Fhbdbn bl

ygf Edone` Modcibn! {{$ `www|o.wh$



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XSFIFDABQC#X XY_@F$

<5$ !Ehhvxybnfi ex sf eqf yb ygf xhofdyoloh xy`f od hvq.

qfdy vxf Xsfifdabqc#x sbqmx ne xffn onecodeyo|f lqbn

qohgdfxx bl o``vxyqeyobdx = lqbn ygf ifhbqeyobd h`bygodc gox oifex=

lqbn ygf vdfw{fhyfi afevy sgohg blyfd hbnfx lbqyg ivqodc e

xfqobvx eqcvnfdy = edi lqbn ygf lqfuvfdy qfhbvqxf yb ede`bcofx$

Lbq ygf vxve` nbif bl {qfxfdyodc mdbs`ficf ox eaxyqehy demfi

{exxobd`fxx edi xbòyeq$ Avy gfqfod Xsfifdabqc lb``bsx

deyvqf soyg cqfeyfq qf|fqfdhf yged ygf bqygbibw xyvifdy$ Lbq

ex od bajfhyx ygfqf ox db iqdfxx òmf sgey {fq|eifx ygf ifxhqo{.

yobdx od abbmx xb ygf èyyfq eqf onecodeyo|f a qfexbd bl ygf

nfed iqfxx xv{fqodivhfi v{bd ygf xvajfhy = nfeddfxx bl onec.

odeyobd afodc onecodeyobd xyo``$ Bd` ol ygf {èdfy sfqf ed

vd|eqofi Xegeqe hbvì xvhg ifxhqo{yobdx af bygfq yged onec.

odeyo|f$ Deyvqf bd ygf bygfq gedi od ygf qfe` sbqì ox òafqe`

edi `b|f` eibqdfi ex afxffnx ygf ifxyodfi aqoif bl gvnedf

{go`bxb{g$ Ygvx xgf ox qohg od hb`èyfqe` o``vxyqeyobdx af.

hevxf f|fq xfqofx hbdyeodx dvnfqbvx f`fnfdyx ygey eqf xvc.

cfxyo|f bl bygfq xfqofx edi sgohg xfq|f lbq òdmx soyg bygfq

xfqofx = e`` ygodcx afodc od|b`|fi od e`` ygodcx ex Edewecbqex

soxf` odyoneyfi$ Deyvqf ox e`xb h`bygfi od bqdenfdy = edi

e`` ygodcx bl cbbi vxf yfdi yb bqdenfdy = xb ygey afevy ox e

{bqyobd bl gfq sbqmx = edi oy hbnfx bvy f|fq edi edbd òmf e

aqocgy l`bsfq lqbn e xbafq xyfn sgfd sf `fexy fw{fhy oy

sgfdhf e`xb xvq{qoxf edi sbdifq ex odhoyfnfdyx yb ned eqf

ioxyodhy odyfdyobdx od deyvqf$ Nbqfb|fq deyvqf ox e sbqì bl

ede`bcofx = lbq f|fq lehy edi xvaxyedhf ox e ioxyodhy {qb{bq.

yobde` afysffd hfqyeod bygfqx sgohg oy hbnaodfx od e qeyobde`

fuveyobd = xb ygey deyvqf qfxb`|fx ygf ioxhbqix bl ygodcx a

oddvnfqea`f noii`f yfqnx = edi fx{fhoe`` ibfx xgf xvccfxy

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3; XSFIFDABQC X XY_@F$

odlodoyf ede`bcofx yb ygf nodi bl ned afhevxf ygox ox ygf

cqfeyfxy ede`bcohe` yfqn bq {qb{bqyobd ygey hed fwoxy= ygf

nfiovn afysffd xbv` edi abi x{oqoy edi neyyfq ygf gocgfxy

x{gfqf edi ygf `bsfxy = qfexbd bq qeyob afodc db bygfq yged

ygf hbdxyedy aeèdhf bl ygf odseqi soyg ygf bvyseqi=bq ygey

sgohg qfhbdho`fx |eqofy soyg vdoy lehy soyg ygfbq ygf sbqì

soyg gfe|fd = bq sgohg xffx bdf {qodho{`f od ned ygodcx bq

od e`` ygodcx= edi od e`` ygodcx e aqbygfqgbbi hb.bqiodeyobd

bq ede`bc a |oqyvf bl ygfoq hbnnbd {eyfqdoy od ygf bdf

bndoloh afcoddodc edi fdi$ Bd ygfxf cqbvdix sf xvccfxy ygey

ed nfeddfxx od ybdf bq neddfq bl xhofdyoloh sbqmx enbvdyx

yb vdsbqyg yqfeynfdy bl deyvqf edi ox hgeqcfea`f yb ygf xhbqf

bl onecodeyobd xvaxyoyvyodc oyx iqfenx lbq ygf lehf bl hqfeyobd

edi {qflfqqodc aeqqfddfxx xb oy af oyx bsd yb ygey |eqobvx

afevy sgohg ox ygf hgoì bl Cbi!’J$ J$ Ceqyg So`modxbd

od gox Odyqbivhyobd yb ygf!Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone` Modcibn!

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<1$ Lqbn e Xsfioxg {fqobiohe` fdyoy`fi ! Nonfq!

Ygf lb``bsodc ea` iqesd xmfyhg bl Xsfifdabqc ex ygf

#Fw{bvdifq bl ygf Cbbi ygf Yqvf edi ygf Afevyolv` ox sqoyyfd

a [qbl$ Eyyfqabn bl V{xe` bdf bl ygf nbxy hf`faqeyfi

{bfyx bl Xsfifd :’

! Ygqff hf`faqeyfi nfd od Xsfifd ge|f ioxyodcvoxgfi ygfn.

xf`|fx a sqoyodc xvaònf` edi afevyolv`` bd ygf afevyolv`=

Xsfifdabqc yb sgbn @b|f sex f|fqygodc ex sf`` ex ygf

qfèyobd fxyeaòxgfi a `b|f afysffd ygf Yqvf edi ygf Cbbi=

Ygbqoì yb sgbn Deyvqf sex f|fqygodc ex sf`` ex ygf

qfèyobd fxyeaòxgfi a deyvqf afysffd [bsfq edi Geqnbd=

Fgqfdx|iqi yb sgbn Eqy sex f|fqygodc ex sf`` ex ygf qfè.

yobd fxyeaòxgfi a eqy afysffd Cfdovx edi ygf Oife`$ Od

ygf {e{fq aflbqf vx ygf ygfbxb{gfq Xsfifdabqc ox hbdxoifqfi

hgofl` ex e ygodmfq edi sqoyfq bv ygf afevyolv`$ Ygf efxygfyoh

|ofsx bl Fgqfdx|eqi edi Ygbqoì eqf fexo` ehhfxxoa`f {eqy`

lqbn ygfoq bsd sqoyodcx edi {eqy` lqbn fwyqehyx edi fw{bxo.

yobdx sgohg ge|f èyf` e{{feqfi$ Avy Xsfifdabqc#x |ofsx

eqf dby xb fexo` ehhfxxoa`f : ygf hevxf ox od e ysblbì iollo.

hv`y = loqxy afhevxf gox efxygfyoh |ofs bl ygf sbqì heddby af{qb{fq` xffd aflbqf sf ge|f afhbnf ehuveodyfi soyg gox



xsfifdabqc#x xy`f$ 35

|ofsx od cfdfqe` = edi xfhbdi` afhevxf gf òex dby if|byfi e

{eqyohvèq sbqm bq xfhyobd yb ygf xvajfhy$ Lqbn e nv`yoyvif bl

fwyfdxo|f sbqmx sqoyyfd od @eyod sf nvxy aqodc ybcfygfq

sgey òf gex xeoi bd ygox xvajfhy$ Gox oifex bd ygox yb{oh eqfxheyyfqfi od gox yqfeyoxfx bd gox {qodho{e` ibhyqodfx fx{fhoe``

hbdhfqdodc @olf ex afodc @b|f = bd Cbi edi gox vdoy ex

afodc ygf bqocode` {qbyby{e` bdf bd` io|odf Ned lqbn sgbn

e`` lodoyf hqfeyfi nfd ifqo|f ygey sgohg hbdxyoyvyfx ygfn nfd

bd ygf hqfeyobd bl e`` afodcx edi xvaxyedhfx ex qfhf{yeh`fx bl

@olf edi @b|f edi bd ygf ifxyodeyobd bl ned sgb hqfeyfi

soyg e so`` lbq ygf qfhf{yobd bl ygf Io|odf soxibn gex e lodoyf

fxxf edi fwoxyfqf hbqqfx{bdiodc sgfd hbdxyoyvyfi od bqifq yb

ygf odlodoyf fxxf edi fwoxyfqf od Cbi = bd ygf Cbbi edi ygf

Yqvf=bd ygf X{gfqfx Ifcqffx edi Hbqqfx{bdifdhfx bl hqf.

eyobd : bd ygf qfèyobd afysffd ygf iollfqfdy hoqh`fx bl òlf

ifxhfdiodc a ifcqffx lqbn ygf gocgfxy yb ygf `bsfxy bl hqfeyfi

fwoxyfdhfx edi hbddfhyfi ybcfygfq od bdf vdo|fqxe` geqnbdoh

sgb`f a ygf èsx bl ede`bc edi hbqqfx{bdifdhf=

avy fx{fh.

oe`` od ygey {eqy bl gox sqoyodcx od sgohg gf qf{qfxfdyx neq.

qoecf ex ygf fna`fn bl ygf fyfqde` vdobd od Cbi bl @b|f edi

Soxibn edi òmfsoxf bl ygf hbdjvdhyobd afysffd gonxf`l

edi gox hgvqhg ex cqbvdifi od ygey vdobd fxyeaòxgfi od ygf

nodix bl nfd$ Od ifxhqoaodc ygox ifòcgylv` vdobd sgohg ox

ygf cqbvdi edi xbvqhf bl e`` |oqyvf edi ge{{odfxx yb ygf odyf`.

òcfdy vdo|fqxf Xsfifdabqc xex nvhg qfx{fhyodc ygf edcf`x

edi ygf xyeyf bl geqnbd edi aòxx od sgohg ygf ò|f$ Od

yqfeyodc bl ygfxf xvajfhyx gf sex `fi yb fwgoaoy `b|fòdfxx

edi afevy od oyx bajfhyo|f lbqn od ygf {fqxbdx bl edcf`x sgb

sfqf bdhf nfd v{bd feqyg avy sgb afhbnodc qfcfdfqeyf ygey

ox lo``fi ex yb ygfoq so``x soyg ygf io|odf `b|f edi ex yb ygfoq

vdifqxyediodcx soyg ygf io|odf soxibn eqf od ygf fdjbnfdy

bl ygey xyeyf od sgohg e`` ox geqnbd {fqlfhyobd edi aòxx

edi sgohg ox {qb{fq` he``fi gfe|fd=

lbq e`` ygf ellfhyobdx edi

iox{bxoyobdx bl ygf xbv` eqf onecfi edi qfl`fhyfi od ygfoq {fq.

xbde` lbqnx bl `b|fòdfxx edi afevy$ Oy ox gfqf sgfqf ygf

afevyolv` od nodi od deyvqf edi od eqy gex oyx bqocod sgfdhf

ifxhfdiodc odyb ygf v`yoneyf x{gfqfx edi qfcobdx bl hqfeyobd

he``fi ygf deyvqe` sbqì oy co|fx qoxf yb f|fq ygodc afevyolv`

edi `b|f` sf afgbì$ Xsfifdabqc ygvx yqehfx ygf bqocod bl




! Dbygodc hed af nbqf |fqde` yged ygf feqòfq {bqyobd bl

ygox sbqm = ygf qfeifq ox cvoifi iff{fq edi iff{fq odyb e

ifòhobvx fnabsfqnfdy edi yqfeix ygf heq{fyx bl e cbìfd

ecf$ F|fq h`bi edi `fel cqb|f xyqfen edi e nv`yoyvif bl

qfjbohodc odgeaoyedyx e`` ygf ifsx eynbx{gfqfx edi xmf

odl`vfdhfx ygf |fq xyeqx bl ygf loqnenfdy avxo` nodoxyfq

soyg e èyfdy `b|f edi fehg soyg e deyo|f yehy edi vdifqxyedi.

odc yb ygf hbnodc gfoq bl ygf sbqì ygf xbd bl feqyg ygf

nodi od e gvned lbqn sgb hed `bbm lqbn ygf {eqeioxf bl

feqyg yb ygf {eqeioxf bl gfe|fd edi |fdfqeyf edi eibqf ygf

Hqfeybq qfyvqdodc yb Cbi onnbqye` ygedmx lbq gonxf`l edi e``

ygodcx$ Ey èxy od ygf hfdyqe` cqb|f od ygf nbxy yfn{fqeyf

qfcobd bl ygf feqyg sgfqf ygf sb|fd abxhecf aqbmf ygf gfey

bl ie edi xb # odivhfi e dfs x{qodc vdifq ygf cfdfqe` bdf#

edi sgfqf ygf cvxgodc xyqfen`fyx |fodfi ygf eqfe edi òlyfi

a ygf xvd od modiòfxy |e{bqx gvdc v{bd ygf `fe|fx edi

ifxhfdifi od hbdyodve` ifsx’od ygox odyoneyf yfn{`f bl ygf

cfdfqe` ceqifd `b ygf yqff bl òlf edi ygf eqabqfe` sbna bl

ygf dexhfdy gvned qehf$ Yqv` e abì Cfdfxox = avy ygf xyf{x

ygey `fei yb oy ygbvcg afevyolv` ex x`|ed e``fx eqf e`xb bl

`bcohe` {e|fnfdy edi ygf e{{qfhoeyodc qfeifq lbq ygf yonf ey

ed qeyf ox heqqofi sf`` {`fexfi e`bdc od ygf l`bs edi xfqofx

bl ygf xyqbdc.òdmfi deqqeyo|f$ $ $ $ Oy ox od ygf {go`bxb.

{gohe` deqqeyo|f ygey Xsfifdabqc gex xgbsd yqv` xvq{qoxodc

{bsfqx sgohg sf ne hge``fdcf òyfqeyvqf yb xvq{exx : xb leq

ex ygox fwyfdix ygf sbqm ox e cqfey edi qvxgodc odx{oqeyobd$!

’@olf bl Xsfifdabqc {{$ <9.<6 Enfqohed fioy$

<9$ Sf xge`` dbs gfeq F$ [ewybd Gbbi ifxhedyodc v{bd

ygf xenf ygfnf :

! Od ygox sbqm Xsfifdabqc ygqbsx ese ygf hqvhoa`f ygf

neygfneyohe` odxyqvnfdy edi ygf ioxxfhyodc mdolf edi xodcx

xb yb x{fem e `bly gnd od gbdbq bl ygf hqfeyobd$ Ygox

sbqm ox ygf nbxy fwe`yfi od oyx xy`f bl e`` Xsfifdabqc#x

sbqmx = ygf onecodeyobd edi ygf ledh lènf edi aèzf b|fq

oyx {ecfx edi odiffi oy co|fx lbqyg od {bfyq sgey ygf

5 [qodho{oe # edi ygf # Edone` Modcibn # ge|f co|fd od {qbxf$

$$$ Od qfeiodc oy sf se`m e`bdc ex ygqbvcg e |exy yqb{ohe`

lbqfxy$ Sf lff` ygf seqn seqn xvd bl ygf bvdc sbqì

3



39 xe|fifdabqc#x xy`f$

f|fd ygqbvcg ygf ygohm nexxo|f lbòecf = ygf `fe|fx uvo|fq edi

qvxy`f soyg e sbdifqlv` edi Fbòed nvxoh$ Edi sgey cbqcf.

bvxdfxx od ygf x{oh edi cvnn yqffx

’ygf cqbvdi ybb

gbsxbly edi nbxx = sf xff eqbvdi vx ygf lèxgodc bl oddvnfqea`f

{odobdx bl aoqix aqocgy xsoly edi cèdhodc od ygfoq {`vnecf$

Sf heddby qfei ygf loqxy hge{yfqx soygbvy lffòdc ygey E|f eqf

yqedx{bqyfi yb ygf qohg edi |fqde` xbòyvifx bl _bvdc Yonf

# !Sgfd ygf qeioedy nbqd bl hqfeyobd aqbmf

Edi ygf feqyg od ygf xno`f bl Cbi esbmf

Edi ygf fn{y qfe`nx bl ieqmdfxx edi ifeyg

Sfqf nb|fi ygqb# ygf if{ygx a Gox nocgy aqfeyg$#

! Edi E|f òmf ygf oife bl ygf [fq{fyve` [eqeioxf edi

sbvì dby soxg ygf eqcvnfdy lbq ygf xsoly lòcgy bl ygf odledy

E|bqì eqbvdi ygf xvd ifxyqbfi$

! E lbqfxy E|bqì % e lbqfxy bl afevy % Avy e lbqfxy bl

yqvygx ybb$ Ygf e{gbqoxnx gedc v{bd ygf {ecfx bl ygf abbm

òmf ygf `vxhobvx qo{f lqvoy v{bd ygf yqffx$ Yqv` enbdc ygf

sbqmx bl Xsfifdabqc oy bhhv{ofx e |fq odhbdxoifqea`f {èhf

lbq oyx {qb|odhf ox qeygfq onecodeyobd yged `bcoh’qeygfq ygf

{bfyq bl Yqvyg yged yqvyg oyxf`l= avy oy ox e qohg {bnfcqedeyf

cbìfd soygbvy a`bbi.qfi afevy soygod$ Oy ox e abbm bl

xffix bl xfnode` {qodho{`fx edi locvqfx’ygf èdcvecfx cvxg

e`bdc od òdfx bl òcgy edi loqf$ Edi gbs eò|f oy ox

’gbs

ygf E|bqì ox {fb{`fi a ygf {bfy’gbs ygf nodi oyxf`l ox

{fb{`fi a ioxyodhy afodcx edi odgeaoyedyx edi ehybqx = edi ygf

abbm ox aeèdhfi od e`` oyx {eqyx a ygf sfocgy bl ygf xyqbdc

jvicnfdy sgohg f|fq onecodeyo|f odyf``fhy {bxxfxxfx$!

Xy|fh`fdabqc : e Aobcqe{g ,h {{$ 77 ?9.?6$

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sbqmx cfdfqe`` Iq$ So`modxbd gex ygf lb``bE|odc :

! Sf lodi odhqfexfi òlf od Xsfifdabqc#x xy`f ex sf {qb.

hffi soyg gox sbqmx$ Ygf [qodho{oe ox h`feq lfòhoybvx

ygbvcg xbnfsgey qf{fyoyobvx edi bhhexobde`` aqfemx lbqyg

odyb e afevyolv` avy lbqne` f`buvfdhf$ Ygf edhofdy nygb`bc

`fdix lqfuvfdy locvqfx yb ygf xhofdyoloh {qbhfxx edi ygf evygbq#x

yqfeynfdy sbvì xffn yb on{` ygf afòfl ygey od ygf cfdfqe.

yobd bl ygf cbix ygfqf sex onafiifi e gody bl ygf bqocod bl




ygf sbqì$ Bhhexobde`` xvajfhyx bl vd{qbnoxodc `bbm eqf

od|fxyfi soyg xvaònf {qb{bqyobdx ex sgfd gf òmfdx ygf

neygfneyohe` bq deyvqe` {body yb e # ysb.lehfi Jedvx sgohg

`bbmx bd foygfq xoif ybseqix foygfq vdo|fqxf abyg odyb odlodoyf

edi odyb lodoyf onnfdxoy$# Ygf neddfq bl ygf Bvyòdfx bl ygf

Odlodoyf ox dby ioxxonoèq yb ygey bl Ygf [qodho{oe bd` `fxx

fèabqeyf edi xbnfsgey nbqf qbvdi edi òafqe`$ Ygf xy`f

bl Ygf Fhbdbn gbsf|fq iox{èx ygf lv`` hbvqyòdfxx bl e

nexyfq ’ lqff hbdloifdy hbdloiodc = xf`l.hbn{èhfdy avy

e`sex ex{oqodc = ey gbnf od gox ygbvcgyx ygbvcg |becodc

ygqbvcg vdyqe|fo`fi deyvqfx = ygfd nbxy xsoly od nbyobd

bdseqix sgfd nbxy ey qfxy od xbnf cqfey eyyeodnfdy = dby

|oxoa` xvajfhy yb xfhbdi ygbvcgyx bq yb ygf if|o`#x {e`x bl

xf`l.e{{qbaeyobd = lòdc b|fq cqfey xgffyx bl qfexbd soyg fex

xyqfyhgfx bl {bsfq = hbdyqeiohyodc gox {qfifhfxxbqx {body.aèdm

soygbvy ygf {bxxoaoòy bl bllfdiodc ygfoq gbvbqfi nedfx : od

ygfxf edi bygfq qfx{fhyx ygf xy`f bl Ygf Fhbdbn bhhv{ofx

dfscqbvdi bl fwhf``fdhf$ Ygf èyyfq {bqyobd bl ygf sbqm

{eqyohvèq` # Bd ygf Gvned Xbv`# ox e xvxyeodfi fw{qfxxobd

bl ygf `blyofxy bqifq edi od ygox qfx{fhy sbd ygf hbnnfdie.

yobdx bl Hb`fqoicf sgb sex db aei jvicf bl xy`f$! 'Xff

bvq fwyqehy d$ <<$/ ! Ygf Edone` Modcibn gbsf|fq ox

qo{fq qbvdifq edi nbqf lqff yged f|fd ygf èxy.nfdyobdfi

sbqm = nbqf odyoneyf` nfygbiohe` edi ey ygf xenf yonf

afyyfq hbdxyqvhyfi$

Ygfyqfeyoxfx bd ygf bqcedx ygfnxf`|fx

hbqqfx{bdifdy` bqcedoh eqf òmf xyeyf` xbdcx bl xhofdhf iodc

odyb {bfyq = oy ox xvq{qoxodc gbs xb ioiehyoh e nodi heq|fi

bvy ygf lqffibn edi afevy bl ygfxf f{oh hge{yfqx$ Oy ox ygf

xenf soyg Ygf Sbqxgo{ edi @b|f bl Cbi ygf bqdenfdy od

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=e iohyvn

sgohg ox e |fq hbqqfhy fw{bdfdy bl ygf {qfxfdy qfehg bl ygf

xhofdyoloh x{oqoy’ avy Xsfifdabqc gei bygfq oifex bl xhofdhf$

« Xsfifdabqc#x eon od gox sbqm bd ygf [qodho{`fx bl Hgfn.

oxyq sex yb eqqo|f ey ygf v`yoneyf ès bl hgfnohe` hbnaode.

yobdx sgohg gf xes odyvoyo|f` hbvì af db bygfq yged e iflodoyf

lbqn edi hbqqfx{bdifdy lbqhf od ygf eybnx bl hbnaododc abiofx$

Ygox lbqn gf exxfqyxox {bodyfi ey 'odiocoyed/ a f|fq {qb.

{fqy bl neyfqoe` nexxfx = ygey lbq odxyedhf e`` ygf $hgfnohe`

fllfhyx bl e uvedyoy bl ehoi bd e uvedyoy bl nfye` eqf avy

ygf eccqfceyf bl nqoeix bl nfhgedohe` edi cfbnfyqohe` qfè.

yobdx afysffd ygf v`yoneyf {eqyoh`fx bl ygfxf ysb xvaxyedhfx

edi ygey oy ox ygf avxodfxx bl ygf xhofdyoloh ned od ygf cqbxx

qfxv`y yb qfei ygf x{fhoe` hevxf’od ygf qfèyobdx edi uveòyofx

bl ygf sgb`f’yb ioxhfqd ygf hexve` lbqn edi lbqhf bl ygf eybn$

Ol gox nfygbi od ygox sbqm af odivhyobd ygf {qbhfxx ey ed



xsfifdfbqc#x xhofdhf$ 78

qeyf ox dby co|fd$ Gf gex ifòdfeyfi ex oy sbvì xffn

odyvoyo|f` ygf xge{fx bl ygf {eqyoh`fx bl dvnafqx bl xvaxyedhfx

yfxyodc gox {bxoyobdx e #{bxyfqobqo a mdbsd lehyx bl ygf vdobd

bl abiofx sgohg afeq gon bvy oy nvxy af hbdlfxxfi od e sbd.ifqlv` neddfq$ Gox cfdfqe` ibhyqodf xffnx yb af ygey xbòix

ge|f affd bqocode`` cfdfqeyfi od ygf odyfqxyohfx bl l`voix edi

ge|f ygfqflbqf ygf xge{fx bl ygbxf odyfqxyohfx = ygf lqehyvqf

edi hbnaodeyobd bl ygfxf xge{fx co|odc qoxf yb e`` ygf |eqofyofx

bl odfqy xvaxyedhfx$ Ygfqf ox ygf h`feqfxy edyoho{eyobd a

Xsfifdabqc od ygox sbqm bl ygf sgb`f ibhyqodf bl ygf eybnoh

ygfbq=

de gf gex f|fd èoi ibsd cfbnfyqohe`` ygf hbn.{bxoyf deyvqf bl seyfq edi xyeyfi ygf hgfnohe` fuvo|e`fdyx bl

oyx hbn{bdfdyx ey ygf einoyyfi |e`vfx bl 7 edi 5 e`sex he``.

odc seyfq ?$ A ygf qfxv`y bl ygox oduvoq gf xffmx yb neqq

ygf nfqf` fw{fqonfdye` xhofdhfx yb ygf lowfi edi yb f`f|eyf

ygfn bd ygf sodcx bl cfbnfyq$ @fy vx einoy ygey f|fd

f|fq ifivhyobd sgohg gex affd fòhoyfi a gon af le`xf

ygox x{oqoy ox e |e`vea`f bdf yb sbqm od$

! Avy Xsfifdabqc lb``bsodc gox hgofl ibhyqodf ygey ygf

cqfeyfxy ygodcx odxyqvhy vx bl ygf `fexy’ ygf èqcfxy |oxoa`f

bl ygf xne``fxy od|oxoa`f dfwy {qbhffix yb e ygfbq bl ygf lbq.

neyobd bl ygf vdo|fqxf$ Sf heddby yqvxy bvqxf`|fx yb èvdhg

odyb ygf bhfed bl gox # [qodho{oej avy nvxy af hbdyfdy soyg e

aqofl edi dby |fq xeyoxlehybq bq odyf`òcoa`f ede`xox bl oy od

ygf Cfqned #Qfe`.Fdhh`b{fioe=# '|b`$ 5;$ @fo{z$ 578?/sgohg gbsf|fq xb leq ex sf mdbs ox ygf bd` bdf aflbqf ygf

{vaòh$

Ygox ede`xox ex afodc sgb`` odeifuveyf sf xge`` gfqf

bnoy$

! Sf lodi Xsfifdabqc elyfq ge|odc cevcfi ygf gfocgy edi

if{yg bl {gxohx = elyfq ge|odc heqqofi ygf {gxohe` lehyx bl gox

ie yb ygf èxy {bxxoa`f ifivhyobdx yvqdodc gox eyyfdyobd yb

ygf gvned nohqbhbxn$ Gf nexyfqfi ygf sgb`f bl ygf ede.

ybnohe` neyfqoe`x dfhfxxeq lbq gox {vq{bxfx = edi dbs {qb.

hffifi yb hbdxyqvhy e cqedi xxyfn bl {gxob`bc$ Gfqf sf

xff ygf xenf vdoy edi {qfhoxobd ex od od gox {qf|obvx sbqmx

edi ygf xenf xfqoe` hgeqehyfq edi qfèyobd od gox {qbhffiodcx

gox {gxohe` ned ox ed fwehy` loyyfi odgeaoyedy bl gox lodoyf

vdo|fqxf = bqced ox eie{yfi yb bajfhy edi bajfhy yb bqced = edi




ygf sbqì soygod edi ygf sbqì soygbvy eqf od modi` edi

odiox{fdxea`f qfèyobd$ Od gox HFhbdbnoe Afcdo Edoneòx gf

co|fx gox ede`xox bl ygf a`bbi.c`bav`f’e nfhgedohe` edi

cfbnfyqohe` ede`xox’ avoìodc v{bd oy ex e aexox ygf xyqvh.

yvqfx edi lvdhyobdx bl e`` ygf xedcvodfbvx bqcedx$ Afcoddodc

lqbn e mdbs`ficf bl ygf a`bbi gf gbìx od gox gedi ygf fdi

edi {qodho{`f bl e`` ygf leaqohx sgohg cfdfqeyf ygey l`voi=

xffodc ygfoq vxfx lqbn ed e`nbxy {qb{gfyoh {body bl |oxobd$

Gfqf gf e`xb hbnnfdhfx yb yqfey bl ygf Nbyobdx bl ygf

gvned abi = e xvajfhy bl sgohg odiffi gf ne af hbdxoi.

fqfi ygf ioxhb|fqfq$ Gf ifnbdxyqeyfx ygey ygf aqeod gex e

qfx{oqeybq nbyobd e qoxodc edi le`òdc xdhgqbdbvx soyg ygf

odx{oqeyobdx edi fw{oqeyobdx bl ygf `vdcx a nfedx bl sgohg

le`òdc ygf dfq|bvx l`voi 'l`voivn x{oqoyvbxvn/ ox {qb{f``fi

e`` b|fq ygf xxyfn sgo`f ygf fw{edxobd bl ygf aqeod iqesx

ygf xenf l`voi lqbn ygf a`bbi 'bl sgohg oy ox ygf òlf/ ygqbvcg

ygf he{o`èqofx bl ygf heqbyoix odyb ygf hbqyohe` xvaxyedhfx

}hbqfvè hfqfaqo/ edi xb aehm odyb ygf dfq|bvx hoqhvèyobd$

5Xfy ygf aqeod od nbyobd## xex gf xocdolohedy` o edi bv so``

xff ygf vxfx bl e`` oyx {eqyx$# Ygox nbyobd cfdfqeyfx ygf nbyobdx

bl ygf `vdcx sgohg qfehy v{bd ygbxf bl ygf aqeod edi xfq|f

ex e xvaxoioeq edi fwyfqde` eyyqehyo|f hevxf bl ygf hoqhvèyobd

bl ygf dfq|bvx l`voi bl sgohg ygf nbyobdx bl ygf aqeod xfq|f

ex ygf odyfqde` hevxf$ Dbq ox qfx{oqeyobd hbdlodfi yb ygf `vdcx

avy a ygfoq nfedx ex sf`` ex a ygf aqeod ox odyqbivhfi odyb

e`` ygf |oxhfqe= ygf sgb`f afodc od e xyeyf bl e`yfqdeyf xsf``

edi xvaxoifdhf = sgohg hbdxyoyvyfx ygfoq òlf edi ehyo|oy edi

fwhoyfx ygfn {fq{fyve`` odyb ygf {fqlbqnedhf bl ygfoq lvdh.

yobdx$ Ygvx soyg Xsfifdabqc iflodoyf xyqvhyvqf gex iflo.

doyf lvdhyobd = edi iflodoyf lvdhyobd ox dbdf bygfq yged iflodoyf

nbyobd’# Uveòx ifyfqnodeyob xvaxyedyoeqvn yeòx ehhoifdyovn

fy nbyvvn uvo xvaxyedyoex xohvy xyqeybx {bdyohv`bx {fqhvqqvdy$

'Ex ox ygf ifyfqnodeyobd bl xvaxyedhfx xb ox ygey bl ygf ehho.

ifdyx edi ygf nbyobdx sgohg qvd ygqbvcg ygf xvaxyedhfx

òmf òyy`f {e|fi aqoicfx$/ F|fq loaqf gex oyx bsd l`vwobd$

! Od lehy ygf gvned abi od oyx odnbxy qfhfxxfx od ygbxf

nedolbì lvdhyobdx sgohg eqf bqiodeqo` he``fi |oye` ox avy ygf

qfeòzeyobd bl e yqedxhfdifdye` cfbnfyq$ E`` oyx b{fqeyobdx

yemf {èhf od bafiofdhf yb gocg neygfneyohe` èsx sgohg qv`f




od oyx xyv{fdibvx lbqnx$ Ol ygf hoqh`f edi yqoedc`f ge|f

hfqyeod {qb{fqyofx bd sgohg ygf {bsfqx bl nfhgedohe` odxyqv.

nfdyx od ygfxf lbqnx eqf if{fdifdy xb ygf x{oqe`x edi f|fq.

èxyodc |bqyohfx bl ygf aqeod ygf |fxxf`x ygf odyfxyodfx ge|fe`xb odeòfdea`f {qb{fqyofx bl ygfoq bsd od sgohg ygf hbq{bqfe`

bqcedozeyobd ò|fx nb|fx edi gex oyx afodc$ Ygox `feix vx

yb xe e lfs sbqix bl Xsfifdabqc#x Ibhyqodf bl Lbqnx :’

e ibhyqodf bl ygf {qodho{`fx a sgohg Deyvqf exhfdix lqbn

ygf nodfqe` yb ygf abi bl ned$! $$$$Ygox ibhyqodf sf {qflfq yb xyeyf od Xsfifdabqc#x bsd sbqix

ex hbdyeodfi od ! Ygf Sbqxgo{ edi @b|f bl Cbi! 1i Enfqoh$fioy$ {{$ 53 edi 57 :

! Ygf `bsfxy lbqn bq ygf lbqn {qb{fq yb feqyg` xvaxyedhfx

ox ygey sgohg ox ifyfqnodfi a nfqf edcvèq edi ey ygf xenf

yonf a {èdf xvajfhyx sgeyxbf|fq af ygfoq locvqf {qb|oifi

ygf l`bs ybcfygfq odyb e hfqyeod lbqn = ygox ygfqflbqf ox yb

af he``fi ed Edcvèq Lbqn ygf {qb{fq bajfhy bl bvq cfbn.

fyq$ Lqbn ygox lbqn sf eqf fdea`fi yb hbdyfn{èyf ygf dfwy

xv{fqobq lbqn bq ygf lbqn {fq{fyve`` edcvèq sgohg ox ygf

xenf ex ygf Hoqhvèq bq X{gfqohe` Lbqn = lbq ygox èyyfq ox

nbqf {fqlfhy yged ygf bygfq od ygox qfx{fhy ygey oyx hoqhvn.

lfqfdhf ox ex oy sfqf e {fq{fyve` {èdf bq odlodoyf edc`f af.

hevxf ybye`` |boi bl {èdfx edi edc`fx = bd sgohg ehhbvdy

e`xb oy ox ygf nfexvqf bl e`` edcvèq lbqnx lbq sf nfexvqf

edc`fx edi {èdfx a xfhyobdx edi xodfx bl e hoqh`f = lqbn ygfxf

hbdxoifqeyobdx sf xff ygey odyb ygox èyyfq lbqn xbnfygodc od.

lodoyf bq {fq{fyve` gex odxodveyfi oyxf`l sgohg ibfx dby fwoxy od

ygf lbqnfq |oz$ ygf hoqhvèq bqa sgbxf fdi edi afcoddodc

heddby af neqmfi$ Od ygf hoqhvèq bq x{gfqohe` lbqn eceod

E|f eqf fdea`fi yb hbdyfn{èyf e hfqyeod xv{fqobq lbqn sgohg

ne af he``fi ygf {fq{fyve` hoqhvèq bq xon{` ygf X{oqe`

Lbqn = lbq yb ygox lbqn ox eiifi xyo`` lvqygfq xbnfsgey {fq.

{fyve` bq odlodoyf sgohg ox dby od ygf lbqnfq |oz$ ygey oyx

ioenfyfqx eqf dby abvdifi bq yfqnodeyf od e hfqyeod hoqhvn.

lfqfdhf bl e hoqh`f bq xv{fqlohofx bl e x{gfqf sgohg xfq|fx oy

odxyfei bl e hfdyqf edi ygey oyx ioenfyfqx eqf afdy odyb e

x{fhofx bl e hfqyeod hvq|f a sgohg nfedx ygox lbqn ox ygf

nfexvqf bl e hoqhvèq lbqn bq lbqnx ex ygf hoqhvèq ox ygf

nfexvqf bl ygf edcvèq$ Od ygox x{oqe` lbqn sf eqf fdea`fi7



7< xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$

yb |ofs e xyo`` xv{fqobq modi bl lbqn sgohg ne af he``fi ygf

{fq{fyve`` x{oqe` bq \bqyohe` Lbqn od sgohg eceod xbnf.

sgey {fq{fyve` bq odlodoyf ox lbvdi sgohg sex dby od ygf

lbqnfq : lbq ygf lbqnfq gei qflfqfdhf yb e hoqh`f ex yb e modi

bl odlodoyf hfdyqf edi lqbn ygox a oyx ioenfyfqx yb e lowfi

hfdyqf ex yb oyx ònoy bq abvdieq =avy ygf èyyfq gex qflfqfdhf

yb e x{oqe` lbqn ex e hfdyqf a òdfx {fq{fyve`` hoqhvèq = ygox

lbqn nedolfxyx oyxf`l fx{fhoe`` od necdfyohx edi ox ygf nfex.

vqf bl ygf x{oqe` lbqn lbq ygf qfexbd eab|f nfdyobdfi hbdhfqd.

odc odlfqobq lbqnx$ Od ygox èxy` ne af |ofsfi ygf gocgfxy

lbqn bl deyvqf bq ygf {fq{fyve`` |bqyohe` lbqn sgohg ox ygf

xenf soyg ygf Hf`fxyoe` Lbqn od sgohg e`nbxy e`` abvdieqofx

eqf ex oy sfqf fqexfi ex xb ned on{fqlfhyobdx edi xyo``

nbqf {fq{fyvoyofx bq odlodoyofx eqf {vy bd = sgfqflbqf ygox lbqn

ox ygf nfexvqf bl ygf |bqyohe` lbqn hbdxfuvfdy` ygf fwfn.

{èq bq oife bl e`` odlfqobq lbqnx lqbn sgohg ygf odlfqobq if.

xhfdi edi ifqo|f aoqyg ex lqbn ygfoq afcoddodc bq lqbn ygf

lbqn bl lbqnx$!

Ygvx leq Xsfifdabqc$ Sf hbdyodvf od ygf sbqix bl ygf

fioybq bl ygf ! Nbdyg` Necezodf :

!

! Ygox xhe`f bl lbqnx soyg ygf nbyobdx sgohg exhfdi edi

ifxhfdi ygqbvcg ygfn # òmf xb ned òyy`f {e|fi aqoicfx#

f|fqèxyodc` ox ygf bdf cqedi ès bl deyvqf = e`` bqcedozeyobd

ifqo|odc oyx {fqlfhyobd lqbn afodc hbdxyoyvyfi od ygf gocgfq

lbqnx edi nbyobdx =e`` abi yemodc oyx {qb{fqyofx lqbn ygf

`bsfq$ Ygvx Xsfifdabqc nemfx Cfbnfyq hb.fwyfdxo|f {fq.

ge{x xdbdnbvx soyg deyvqf$ Gox {gxob`bc ox odiffi ygf

Fvhòi bl ygf gvned abi sgohg gf sbvì {fqxveif vx ox dby

ed bhhv`y edi e`hgfnoxyoh ygodc avy xv{qfnf` nfhgedohe`’e ès edi xge{f odlodoyf` ioxyodhy edi {fqlfhy$

! Edbygfq qfneqmea`f {bxoyobd ox gox Ibhyqodf bl Xfqofx$

E`` xvaxyedhfx odh`viodc bqcedozfi xvaxyedhfx eqf hbn{bxfi

bl `fexy {eqyx fwehy` xonoèq yb ygfnxf`|fx od e`` ygfoq {qb{.

fqyofx soyg bd` ygf qfxfq|eyobd ygey ygf `fexy ygodcx eqf nvhg

nbqf {fqlfhy edi nbqf {byfdy od ygfoq x{gfqf yged ygf cqfeyfxy$

Ygf ehyo|oyofx bl nexxfx eqf avy cfdfqe` edi cqbxx qfxv`yx

{qfxfdyodc ed onecf edi xgeibs bl ygf odyfqobq ehyo|oyofx bl

ygfoq hbn{bvdi vdoyofx$ Ygfxf vdoyofx nvxy dby gbsf|fq af

hbdlbvdifi soyg {eqyoh`fx xv{{bxfi yb af odlodoyf` xne`` xodhf




Xsfifdabqc fdyoqf` dfc`fhyx ygf oife bl odlodoyf io|oxoaoòy

ex afodc bl db xhofdyoloh |e`vf$ Bd ygf hbdyqeq ygf xyedi

lbq ygbxf ygodcx sgohg eqf `fexy od ed xfqofx edi fdyfq ygf

lbqn bl ygey xfqofx ex oyx fxxfdyoe` {eqyx edi sgohg eqf {fhv.

òeq yb ygey xfqofx edi sbvì xvoy db bygfq sfqf ygf e{{òfi

yb oy$ Yb fwfn{òl ygf {v`nbdeq |fxoh`f ox ygf vdoy bl ygf

`vdcx lqbn sgohg ygf `vdcx hbnnfdhf edi sgfqf ygfoq ehyo|.

oyofx qfxoif fxxfdyoe``$ Ol sf ede`zf ygf |fxoh`f sf hbnf yb

he{o`èqofx edi dfq|fx sgohg heddby af xeoi yb af {fhvòeq yb

ygf `vdcx odexnvhg ex ygf lbqn ygf cqbvdi.sbqm bl ygf fdyoqf

abi$ Ygf |fxoh`f ygfd ox ygf `fexy bl ygf `vdcx hbdxyoyvyodc

od lehy e `fexy `vdc sgohg gex od oyxf`l edi {qbivhfx lqbn

oyxf`l e`` ygf {bsfqx sgohg ygbxf bqcedx {bxxfxx od ygf eccqf.

ceyf$ Od ygf xenf neddfq ygf ò|fq ox neif v{ bl `fexy ò|fqx=

ygf x{`ffd bl `fexy x{`ffdx = ygf moidf bl `fexy moidfx = fehg

{eqy bl `fexy fwfn{èqx bl oyxf`l$ # Deyvqf ox e`sex nbxy

xonoèq yb oyxf`l$# Lqbn ygfxf `fexy {eqyx ygfqf ox e cqeive`

{qbcqfxxobd edi hbn{bxoyobd yb ygf cqfeyfxy

’yb ygf bqcedx

xvhg ex ygf edeybnoxy afgbìx ygfn$ Ygvx sgeyf|fq ygf

hbnnbd ff xffx od ygf hbnnbd bajfhy ygf vdifqxyediodc

cvoifi a ygox ibhyqodf ox fdyoy`fi yb {qfioheyf od yqedxhfdifdye`

{fqlfhyobd bl ygbxf {eqyx bl bvq lqenf sgohg eqf ybb nodvyf

yb afhbnf bajfhyx ey e``$ Sgey e mf ox ygox yb ygf deyvqe`

od|oxoa`f % Ygf yfqnodvx bl xocgy ox ygf afcoddodc bl vdifq.

xyediodc % Ygf ibhyqodf bl ygf vdoyofx bl xyqvhyvqfx oy so``

a1 {fqhfo|fi odyqbivhfx ygf eybnoh ygfbq od e hfqyeod gocg

lbqn odyb ygf ò|odc abi = edi ygf ede`yohe` qfxv`yx sgohg

Xsfifdabqc gex {qbhvqfi ygfqfa eqf ex sf nocgy odiffi

fw{fhy enezodc$

! Avy {fqge{x ygf nbxy on{bqyedy edi hfqyeod` ygf nbxy

iollohv`y yb xyeyf bl gox xhofdyoloh ibhyqodfx ox ygf Ibhyqodf bl

Ifcqffx$ Xvaxyedhfx edi ehhoifdyx dby bd` exhfdifehg

od

oyx bsd xfqofx lqbn `fexy yb cqfeyfxy edi eceod {exx lqbn

cqfeyfxy yb `fexy avy eqf cfdfqeyfi bvy bl hfqyeod {qobq lbqnx

edi lbqhfx sgohg hbdyeod {byfdyoe`` e`` ygey {qbhffix lqbn

ygfn$ Dbs Xsfifdabqc xes h`feq` ygey ygf abvdieq bl fehg

xfqofx bl fehg bqced {qfxfdyfi e aeqqofq sgohg sex {fqlfhy`

on{exxea`f a bqiodeq nfedx = lbq odxyedhf ygey ygf hbd.

dfhyobd afysffd dfq|f edi nvxh`f sex ex odxb`va`f e iollohv`y




'{fqge{x ygf xenf iollohv`y/ ex ygf hbddfhyobd afysffd deyvqf

edi x{oqoy$ Od bqifq ygfqflbqf yb `fe{ lqbn bdf xfqofx yb

edbygfq xbnf dfs cvoiedhf sex dfhfxxeq = edi ygox gf lbvdi

od ygf Ibhyqodf bl Ifcqffx$ Ygf aqeod xex gf ox E`` od e

xv{fq.fnodfdy xfdxf’oy ox ygf fxxfdyoe` cèdi’ygf fxxfdyoe`

nvxh`f’ ygf fxxfdyoe` `vdcx’ygf fxxfdyoe` gfeqy$ Od ygox

{body bl |ofs ygf abi ox ygf nfqf sfe|odc edi yoxxvf bl oyx

aqeod = fehg bqced ox avy e è{xf lqbn oyx xv{qfnf lbqn$ Ygf

aqeod {qfxfdyx e`` bygfq xyqvhyvqfx od ygf gocgfxy ifcqff = ex

ygf x{oqoyvbvx l`voi sgohg oy hoqhvèyfx {qfxfdyx e`` bygfq

l`voix$ Ygf dfq|bvx loaqf od ygf abi ox ygf aqeod eceod od e

`bsfq lbqn edi ygf nvxhvèq loaqf od e `bsfq xyo`` = bq |ohf

|fqxe ex sf xyeyfi aflbqf ygf aqeod ox ygf fxxfdyoe` nvxh`f

ehyodc bq hbdyqehyodc x{bdyedfbvx` ex nvxh`f ehyx a if`fce.

yobd lqbn ygf ehyo|oy bl ygf aqeod$ Od ygox neddfq ygf

vdifqxyediodc ox yb yqehf ygf odl`vw lqbn xv{fqobq odyb odlfqobq

lbqnx edi ygfoq hbddfhyobdx’avy dby a ygf nfqf ede`xox bl

ygf odlfqobq {fq xf’odexnvhg ex od ygf |fq cfdfqeyobd bl ygf

èyyfq ygf gocgfq gex {vy bll ygf {qb{fqyofx a sgohg sf sbvì

qfhbcdozf oyx {qfxfdhf$ Od lodf ygox ibhyqodf sbvì xffn yb

on{bqy ygey od ybvhgodc ygf `bsfq sf ybvhg edbygfq lbqn bl

ygf gocgfq 'od sgohg gbsf|fq ygey gocgfq gex affd qfdifqfi

èyfdy/ edi ygey ygvx yb ygf vdifqxyediodc ygf dfwvx afysffd

bq qeygfq {fqge{x ygf oifdyoy bl ygf ysb xyedix qf|fe`fi$

Bl hbvqxf ygf Ibhyqodf bl Ifcqffx afodc qfdifqfi dfhfxxeq

a ygf on{fqlfhyobd bl ygf ff ibfx dby hbdyfn{èyf nemodc

ygf v`yoneyf hbddfhyobd afysffd e {bxyfqobq bqced edi oyx hevxe`

dfq|f e lehy |oxoa`f lbq ygf xfdxfx$ Ygfxf ifcqffx a sgohg

Deyvqf exhfdix edi ifxhfdix eqf bl ysb modix ygf bdf hbd.

yodvbvx hbn{qoxoqc ygf nfqf iollfqfdhf bl èqcfq edi xne``fq

cqbxxfq edi lodfq = ygf bygfq ioxyodhy 'bq od ygf yfhgdohe` èd.

cvecf bl Xsfifdabqc ioxhqfyf/ hbn{qfgfdiodc ygf iollfqfdhfx

afysffd {qobq edi {bxyfqobq vdo|fqxe` edi `fxx vdo|fqxe`

fxxfdyoe` edi lbqne`$

! Sf ge|f dbs gexyo` yqe|fqxfi xbnf bl Xsfifdabqc#x

{qodho{`fx = avy sf xgbvì af òmf` yb nox`fei ioi sf dby xe

e lfs sbqix qfx{fhyodc gox {bsfq bl qfeiodc lehyx edi yqfeyodc

ifyeo`x$ Soyg ybb ned x{fhvèyoxyx e`` {eqyohvèq lehyx `bxf

ygfoq odio|oiveòy vdifq ygf cèqf bl xbnf fhò{xodc ygfbq$




Ygox sex dby ygf hexf soyg Xsfifdabqc$ Bd gf sfdy od

{eyofdy ede`xox ygqbvcg xyqvhyvqf elyfq xyqvhyvqf edi bqced

v{bd bqced yqfeyodc ygfoq xne``fxy {bodyx soyg e`` ygf qf|fqfdhf

bl ygf nfqf edeybnoxy$ Gf hgofl` ybbm gox ieye lqbn ygf afxy

evygbqx bl gox yonf xv{fqeiiodc gbsf|fq ehyve` ioxxfhyobdx

edi bhhexobde` fw{fqonfdyx bl gox bsd$ Yonf gex {qb|fi ygey

gf gei e ge{{ lehv`y bl xf`fhyodc bd` ygf xyfqòdc neyfqoe`x

lqbn ygfxf evygbqoyofx= edi ehhbqiodc` gox ifivhyobdx ge|f

affd od db ifcqff {fqo``fi avy qeygfq hbdloqnfi a ygf abexyfi

# neqhg bl xhofdhf$# Oy ne af lvqygfq baxfq|fi ygey Xsfifd.

abqc#x gocgfxy eaxyqehyobdx eqf f|fq e`òfi yb {qehyohe` lehyx

ygey gox ibhyqodfx bhhvq ex hbdyodve` odlfqfdhfx lqbn gox ifyeo`x

edi eqf dby {qfxfdyfi od e xyqohy` hbdxfhvyo|f bqifq$

! Gfqf Xsfifdabqc hfexfx lbq vx e {qblfxxfi` xhofdyoloh

ned gox dfwy {gexfx fwgoaoyodc gon od ygf yqedxoyobd lqbn

deyvqe` ygodcx yb x{oqoyve`$ Ygox sf xff od gox # Ygf Sbqxgo{

edi @b|f bl Cbi# sgohg hbdyeodx bd` ygf fxxfdhf edi fòwoq

bl gox {gxohe` ibhyqodfx xvaòneyfi odyb ed ede`yoh odyf``fhyve`

{go`bxb{g lqbn sgohg ygfqf sex e ioqfhy gocgse yb ygfb`bc$

Ygf loqxy {eqy bl oy ifxhqoafx od cbqcfbvx {bn{ bl @eyod ygf

hqfeyobd bl ygf {èdfyx lqbn ygf Xbèq loqf edi ygfoq {qbhfxxobd

od x{oqe` cqeyobdx lqbn ygfoq {eqfdy vdyo` ygf qfehgfi ygfoq

{qfxfdy bqaoyx$ Ygfd hbnfx ygf aoqyg bl ygf loqxy {eqeioxe`

|fcfyea`f modcibn lqbn ygf nodfqe` modcibn edi od òmf

neddfq edi od xvhhfxxobd bl ygf loqxy edone` lqbn ygf loqxy

|fcfyea`f modcibn = edi èxy bl e`` lqbn ygf hfdyqf bl ygf

[eqeioxvx od [eqeioxb = ygf odnbxy bl ygf |fcfyea`f modcibn bq

Eqabq \oyhf ygf {qbivhyobd bl ygf b|vn bl ygf Loqxy Ned$

Sf xge`` dby dbs ybvhg bd ygf nfdye` ge`l bl ygox sbqm ygf

# ifòyovn fy hbqbdox # bl Xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf avy hbdh`vif e

aqedhg bl bvq xvajfhy a fwyqehyodc ex ed e|fqecf x{fhonfd

bl gox @eyodoy ey ygox yonf e necdolohfdy {exxecf bd ygf

odx{oqeyobd bl òlf odyb ygf hbq{bqfe` odoyoenfdy bl ygf Loqxy

Afcbyyfd$ $ $ $!

Ygfd lb``bsx e `fdcyg fwyqehy od @eyod lqbn ygf èxy nfd.

yobdfi sbqm bl Xsfifdabqc$ Ygox heqflv`` sqoyyfd eqyoh`f ox

xocdfi a ygf fioybq bl ygf ! Nbdyg` Necezodf! J$ E$

Gfqevi$

7*



?; xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$

31$ Bd ehhbvdy bl ygf on{bqyedhf bl Xsfifdabqc#x xhofd.

yoloh ibhyqodfx lbq ygf {qb{fq vdifqxyediodc bl gox sbqmx sf

odxfqy gfqf Iq$ So`modxbd#xfdyoqf fw{bxoyobd bl ygfxf ibh.

yqodfx lqbn gox ! Odyqbivhyobd yb ygf Edone` Modcibn ! :

! Oy ox on{bxxoa`f yb vdifqxyedi foygfq ygf Sbqi bq ygf

sbqmx bl Cbi soygbvy ibhyqodfx sgohg od abyg hexfx qfuvoqf

yb af lbqnfi a # bdf sgb ox fdòcgyfdfi$# * Ygf ibhyqodfx

neif vxf bl a Xsfifdabqc od ygf # Edone` Modcibn# eqf

ygf Ibhyqodfx bl Lbqnx bl Bqifq edi Ifcqffx bl Xfqofx edi

Xbhofy bl Odl`vwbl Hbqqfx{bdifdhf edi Qf{qfxfdyeyobd edi

bl Nbioloheyobd$ Ygfxf ibhyqodfx ygfnxf`|fx eqf yqvygx eqqo|fi

ey a ede`xox {qbhffiodc bd ygf aexox bl cfdfqe` fw{fqofdhf

od xgbqy ygf eqf xb ned lbqnvèx qfxv`yodc lqbn ygf f|b`v.

yobd bl ygf xhofdhfx$ Ygf eqf {fq{fyve`` o``vxyqeyfi edi f`vho.

ieyfi ygqbvcgbvy ygf # Edone` Modcibn# avy df|fq xyeyfi a

Xsfifdabqc od ygf lbqn bl {vqf xhofdhf {fqge{x afhevxf oy

sbvì ge|f affd hbdyqeq yb ygf ede`yoh nfygbi yb ge|f xb

xyeyfi ygfn aflbqf ygf qfeifq gei affd heqqofi v{ ygqbvcg

ygf `fcoyoneyf xyecfx afcoddodc lqbn fw{fqofdhf bq ygf `bsfxy

x{gfqf$ Fehg fllfhy ox {vy ygqbvcg e`` ygfxf ibhyqodfx od bqifq

ygey oy ne ioxh`bxf ygf hevxfx ygey fdyfq oy od xvhhfxxobd ygey

oy ne qflfq oyxf`l yb oyx qbbyx edi af qeoxfi yb oyx {bsfqx edi

af xffd od hbddfhyobd hbdyocvoy hbdyodvoy edi ede`bc soyg

e`` bygfq ygodcx od ygf xenf vdo|fqxf

lYgf ne af hbn.

{eqfi yb xb ned x{fhoe` bqcedx sgohg ede`zf ygodcx e{{eq.

fdy` gbnbcfdfbvx odyb e dvnafq bl ioxyodhy hbdxyoyvfdy

{qodho{`fx edi ioxyqoavyf fehg lbq vxf ex ygf sgb`f qfuvoqfx$

Yb ifd ed bl ygfxf ibhyqodfx bq yb co|f ygfn v{ od ygf

{qfxfdhf bl lehyx ygey ib dby qedcf v{bd ygfn ey loqxy xocgy ox

yb dv`òl ygf gvned nodi ex ygf odyfq{qfyfq bl deyvqf$

! Ygf Ibhyqodf bl Lbqnx yfehgfx ygey # ygf lbqnx bl e``

ygodcx òmf ygfoq fxxfdhfx edi xvaxyedhfx exhfdi od bqifq

edi a ifcqffx lqbn ygf `bsfxy yb ygf gocgfxy$ Ygf `bsfxy

lbqn ox ygf edcvèq bq ex oy ox e`xb he``fi ygf yfqqfxyqoe`

edi hbq{bqfe`$ Ygf xfhbdi edi dfwy gocgfq lbqn ox ygf

* $Eqhede Hbf`fxyoe d$ 5;67?$

y A e vdo|fqxf Xsfifdabqc e{{feqx yb nfed ed hbn{`fyf xfqofx

ex qflfqea`f yb oyx vdoyofx$



xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$ ?5

hoqhvèq sgohg ox e`xb he``fi ygf {fq{fyve`.edcvèq afhevxf

ygf hoqhvnlfqfdhf bl ygf hoqh`f od|b`|fx dfoygfq edc`f dbq

qfhyoòdfeq {èdf afodc e {fq{fyve` edc`f edi e {fq{fyve`

{èdf = ygox lbqn ox ey bdhf ygf {eqfdy edi nfexvqf bl edcvèq

lbqnx$ Ygf lbqn eab|f ygox ox ygf x{oqe` sgohg ox ygf {eqfdy

edi nfexvqf bl hoqhvèq lbqnx ex ygf hoqhvèq bl edcvèq

lbqnx$ Oyx qeioo bq ioenfyfqx eqf dby qfhyoòdfeq dbq ib ygf

hbd|fqcf yb e lowfi hfdyqf òmf ygbxf bl e hoqh`f = avy ygf eqf

|eqobvx` hoqhvèq edi ge|f e x{gfqohe` xvqlehf lbq e hfdyqf=

sgfqflbqf ygf x{oqe` ox e`xb he``fi ygf {fq{fyve` hoqhvèq$

Ygox lbqn df|fq fwoxyx bq xvaxoxyx soygbvy {b`fx ed ewox lbho

e cqfeyfxy hoqh`f edi `fxxfq hoqh`fx oyx ioenfyfqx = edi ex oy

eceod exxvnfx e {fq{fyvoy sgohg ox sedyodc od ygf hoqhvèq

lbqn denf` od qfx{fhy bl ioenfyfqx edi hfdyqfx xb oy

aqfeygfx e deyvqe` x{bdyedfbvxdfxx od nbyobd$ Ygfqf eqf

xyo`` gocgfq lbqnx ex ygf {fq{fyve`.x{oqe` {qb{fq` ygf |bqyohe`

ygf {fq{fyve`.|bqyohe` {qb{fq` ygf hf`fxyoe` =* edi e gocgfxy

ygf {fq{fyve`.hf`fxyoe`sgohg

ox x{oqoyve`

ediod sgohg ygfqf

ox dbygodc avy sgey ox f|fqèxyodc edi odlodoyf$ # Ygfqf ox ygfd

e xhe`f bl lbqnx sgfqfbl ygf gocgfq eqf qfèyo|f` nbqf

vdo|fqxe` nbqf {fqlfhy edi nbqf {byfdy yged ygf `bsfq$

Ygf `bsfq eceod od|b`|f ygf gocgfq edi ygf gocgfxy edi eqf

cfdfqeyfi a ygfn : xb ygey sgfqf ygfqf ox ed edcvèq abi

ygfqf ox e hoqhvèq lbqn edi lbqhf odyoneyf` {qfxfdy ex oyx

cqbvdi=

sgfqf ygfqfox

ehoqh`f oy ox

ygf ònoy bl ed odyfqobqx{oqe` = edi xb lbqyg$ Lbq deyvqf b{fqeyfx lqbn ygf |fq

{qodho{`fx bl cfbnfyq edi nfhgedohx edi hbd|fqyx ygfn e``

yb ehyveòy edi vxf$ Ygf {vqfq xvaxyedhfx od hqfeyobd cqeyf

ygqbvcg ygf gocgfq lbqnx = ygf `fxx {vqf hoqhvèyf ygqbvcg ygf

`bsfq bq eqf lowfi od ygf `bsfxy$ E`` ygf fxxfdyoe`x bl ygf

edcvèq lbqn eqf b{{bxfi yb fehg bygfq sgfdhf ygf bqocod bl

cqe|oyeyodcedi odfqy neyyfq odyqodxohe`` vdloyyfi lbq nbyobd$

Avy ygf bygfq lbqnx ehhbqiodc yb ygfoq fnodfdhf eqf nbqf

edi nbqf ehhbnnbieyfi yb nbyobd edi |eqoeyobd$

* ! Xsfifdabqc gfqf vxfx ygf yfqn hf`fxyoe` dby od ygf xfdxf sgohg

ox {fhvòeq yb oy od gox ygfb`bcohe` sqoyodcx avy nbqf soyg ygf nfedodc

eyyehgfi yb oy od ygf {gqexf # hf`fxyoe` c`baf# ex {fqyeododc yb ygf lbqn

bl ygf vdo|fqxf$!



?1 xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$

! Ygf Ibhyqodf bl Bqifq yfehgfx ygey ygbxf ygodcx sgohg

eqf xv{fqobq od xoyveyobd eqf e`xb xv{fqobq od lbqhfx od {bsfq

od iocdoy bl bllohf edi od vxf=

ediygey e xonoèq ès ifyfq.

nodfx ygf xoyveyobd bl ygf {eqyx bl ygodcx edi bl ygf {eqyx bl

{eqyx$ Hbqqfx{bdiodc yb ygf gocgfxy bq loqxy bl ygf xfqofx

bl xvabqiodeyobd ox ygf hfdyqe` bq oddfqnbxy bl ygf xfqofx bl

hb.bqiodeyobd$

! Ygf Ibhyqodf bl Ifcqffx yfehgfx ygf ioxyodhy {qbcqfxxobdx

ygqbvcg sgohg deyvqf {exxfx sgfd bdf ygodc ox xvabqiodeyfi

yb edihb.bqiodeyfi soyg edbygfq$ Ygfqf eqf ygqff iox.

hqonodeyfi ifcqffx od e`` ygodcx abyg deyvqe` edi x{oqoyve`

hbqqfx{bdiodc yb fdi hevxf edi fllfhy$ Od ygf gvned abi

ygfqf ox e x{gfqf bl fdix e x{gfqf bl hevxfx edi e x{gfqf bl

fllfhyx$ Ygf abi oyxf`l hbn{qfgfdiodc ygf |oxhfqe bl ygf

eaibnfd edi hgfxy edi ygf fwyfqde` xfdxbqoe bl ygf gfei

ox ygf x{gfqf bl fllfhyx = ygf aqeod edi ygf sgb`f bl oyx

e{{fdiecfx eqf ygf x{gfqf bl hevxfx = ygf hbqyohe` xvaxyedhfx

bl ygf aqeod eqf ygf x{gfqf bl fdix bq {qodho{`fx$ Ygfxf

x{gfqfx eqf xvabqiodeyfi yb fehg bygfq od jvxy xfqofx lqbn ygf

gocgfxy yb ygf `bsfxy$ Ygf gocgfxy ifcqff bq x{gfqf ox ehyo|f

ygf `bsfxy ox {exxo|f bq qfehyo|f$ Ygf eab|f ifcqffx od ygfoq

bqifq odioheyf ygf {qbcqfxxobd lqbn vdo|fqxe`x edi xodcvèqx

yb cfdfqe`x bq hbn{bvdix$ Avy f|fq bqced eceod od|b`|fx

ygf xenf yqo{òhoy bl x{gfqfx = oy hbdxoxyx bl `fexy {eqyx sgohg

eqf hbdcqfceyfi odyb èqcfq edi ygfxf odyb èqcfxy$ E``

{fqlfhyobdx exhfdi edi ifxhfdi ehhbqiodc yb ifcqffx edi

e`` eyyqoavyfx lvdhyobdx lbqhfx nbifx od e sbqi e`` ehho.

ifdyx lb``bs ygfoq xvaxyedhfx edi eqf xonoèq` ioxhqonodeyfi$

Fehg ifcqff ox fd|f`b{fi soyg oyx hbnnbd hb|fqodc edi

hbnnvdoheyfx soyg ygbxf af`bs oy ygfqfa$ Ygfqf ox db

hbdyodvbvx {qbcqfxxobd lqbn e `bsfq ifcqff yb e gocgfq

edi od yqedxhfdiodc ygey vdoy sf `fe{ bvy bl bdf xfqofx odyb

edbygfq od sgohg e`` ygf {qfioheyfx bl lbqhf lbqn {fqlfhyobd

,h eqf hgedcfi edi fwe`yfi$ Ygf Ibhyqodf bl Ifcqffx

fdea`fx vx yb bayeod e ioxyodhy oife bl ygf cfdfqe` {qodho{`fx

bl hqfeyobd edi yb baxfq|f ygf vdoy bl {èd ygey qfocdx

ygqbvcgbvy ed co|fd bqcedoh xvajfhy = edi a xgbsodc ygey

e`` ygodcx eqf ioxyodhy qf{qfxfdyeyobdx bl fdi hevxf edi fllfhy

oy fn{bsfqx ygf nodi yb qflfq |eqofy yb vdoy ex ygf fllfhy




yb ygf hevxf edi ygf hevxf yb ygf fdi edi yb qfhbcdozf ygf

sgb`f hbdxyoyvyobd bl fehg xfqofx ex gbnbcfdfbvx soyg oyx

{qodho{`fx$

! Xfqofx ox ygf lbqn vdifq sgohg ygf hb.bqiodeyobd edi

xvabqiodeyobd bl ygodcx ehhbqiodc yb bqifq edi ifcqffx

v`yoneyf` {qfxfdy ygfnxf`|fx$ Ygf sgb`f abi ox e xfqofx

sgohg ne af `bbmfi ey foygfq cfdfqe`` lqbn eab|f yb af`bs

ex hbn{qoxodc ygf gfei ygf hgfxy edi ygf eaibnfd = bq vdo.

|fqxe`` lqbn soygod yb soygbvy ex io|oxoa`f odyb ygf ygqff

x{gfqfx e`qfei e``vifi yb$ E`` ygf bqcedx bl fehg qfcobd eqf

e xfqofx.= fehg bqced od oyxf`l ox e xfqofx = edi f|fq {eqy od

fehg bqced òmfsoxf$ Od xgbqy f|fq ygodc ox e xfqofx edi od

e xfqofx$ Ygfqf eqf abyg xvhhfxxo|f edi xonv`yedfbvx xfqofx

avy ygf èyyfq e`sex eqoxf lqbn ygf lbqnfq$ Fxxfdhfx ey.

yqoavyfx ehhoifdyx edi uveòyofx lb``bs ygfoq xvaxyedhfx od

ygfoq xfqofx$ F|fq xfqofx gex oyx bsd loqxy xvaxyedhf sgohg

ox nbqf bq `fxx vdo|fqxe` ehhbqiodc ex ygf xfqofx ox nbqf bq

`fxx cfdfqe`$ Ygox loqxy xvaxyedhf ox oyx xon{`f vdoy bq `fexy

lbqn cb|fqdodc od ygf fdyoqf xfqofx edi a oyx cqeive` hbn.

{bxoyobd lbqnodc ygf sgb`f$ Fehg xfqofx gex oyx ònoyx edi

qedcfx bd` lqbn oyx nodonvn yb oyx newonvn Sgeyf|fq

yoedxhfdix ygbxf ònoyx ey foygfq fdi afhbnfx {eqy bl edbygfq

xfqofx$ Ygf hbn{bvdix bl e`` xfqofx qf{qfxfdy ygfoq xon{`fx

edi xgbs ygfoq lbqn deyvqf edi nbif bl ehyobd$ Ygf

Ibhyqodf bl Xfqofx edi Xbhofy yfehgfx ygey hbdyocvoy edi

hbdyodvoy bl xyqvhyvqf eqf odioheyo|f bl qfèyobdxgo{ bl lvdh.

yobd edi ygey sgey cbfx bd od bdf {eqy bl e xfqofx cbfx

bd e`xb soyg e ifyfqnodea`f |eqofy od e`` ygf bygfq {eqyx

sgfqflbqf fehg bqced ox yb af jvicfi bl edi ede`zfi a e``

ygf bygfqx ygey eqf eab|f edi eqbvdi oy$ Od ygox neddfq ygf

sgb`f xfqofx ox ygf nfedx bl xgbsodc ygf lvdhyobd bl fehg

{eqy bl oyxf`l edi odiffi bl ede`zodc ygey lvdhyobd odyb e

xfqofx xonoèq yb ygey bl ygf sgb`f =lbq ygf `fexy od f|fq xfqofx

nvxy qf{qfxfdy ed oife bl oyx vdo|fqxf$ Vdifq ygf b{fqeyobd

bl ygox ès ygf {body afhbnfx e sbqì ede`bcbvx yb ygf cqfey

sbqì avy odlodoyf` nbqf {fqlfhy {byfdy edi vdo|fqxe`$

! Xvhg ox e |fq aqofl o``vxyqeyobd bl ygf Ibhyqodfx bl Bqifq

edi Ifcqffx Xfqofx edi Xbhofy lqbn sgohg oy so`` af f|oifdy

gbs h`bxf` hbddfhyfi ygfxf ibhyqodfx eqf edi ygey ygf hed



?9 xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$

geqi` af xyeyfi soygbvy bvq xffnovc yb qf{fey bl bdf sgey

gex e`qfei affd {qfioheyfi bl ygf bygfqx$ Ifcqffx e{{feq

yb od|b`|f ygf ioxyodhy {qbcqfxxobdx bl hqfeyobd lqbn eab|f yb

af`bs bq lqbn soygod yb soygbvy : bqifq yb e{{fqyeod yb ygf

ès bl xvhhfxxobd baxfq|fi od ifcqffx sgfqfa qedm edi

gfocgy eqf co|fd yb fwhf``fdhf {qobqoy vdo|fqxeòy edi

{fqlfhyobd =xfqofx yb od|b`|f ygf hbn{`fw bl ygf sgb`f edi

ygf {eqyx sgfd hqfeyfi edi hb.fwoxyodc = edi xbhofy yb af ygf

ès bl hbdyocvoy edi qfèyobdxgo{ fwoxyodc afysffd iollfqfdy

xfqofx edi afysffd ygf {eqyx bl ed xodc`f xfqofx$ [fqge{x

oy sbvì dby af leq sqbdc yb xyeyf od cfdfqe`x ygey bqifq edi

ifcqffx od|b`|f ygf hqfeyodc edi xvhhfxxo|f = xfqofx edi xbhofy

ygf hqfeyfi edi xonv`yedfbvx$ Avy ex sf ge|f xeoi aflbqf

Xsfifdabqc df|fq xèyfi ygfxf ibhyqodfx ex {qbnoxfi od ygf

# Edone` Modcibn# avy hbdyfdyfi gonxf`l soyg vxodc ygfn ex

ede`yoh odxyqvnfdyx od ygf fw{`bqeyobd bl ygf abi$

! Ygf Ibhyqodf bl Odl`vw od|b`|fx ygf neddfq od sgohg ygf

`bsfq xvaxyedhfx lbqnx edi lbqhfx bl ygf abi xvaxoxy ex

ygf ey loqxy fwoxyfi lqbn ygf gocgfq edi ygf gocgfxy = edi

od sgohg ygf abi oyxf`l xvaxoxyx lqbn ygf xbv` ex oy ey loqxy

fwoxyfi = edi ygf deyvqe` sbqì lqbn ygf x{oqoyve`$ Avy ygfqf

ox dby bd` ed odl`vw lqbn soygod avy e`xb lqbn soygbvy = edi

a |oqyvf bl abyg ygf abi sgohg bygfqsoxf sbvì af e nfqf

{bsfq ox qeoxfi odyb ed ehyo|f lbqhf$ *

! Ygf Ibhyqodf bl Hbqqfx{bdifdhf edi Qf{qfxfdyeyobd

yfehgfx ygey ygf deyvqe` x{gfqf ox ygf hbvdyfq{eqy bl ygf

x{oqoyve` edi {qfxfdyx oy od e noqqbq = hbdxfuvfdy` ygey ygf

lbqnx edi {qbhfxxfx bl ygf abi eqf onecfx bl ygf lbqnx edi

ehyo|oyofx bl ygf xbv` edi sgfd xffd od ygf qocgy bqifq aqodc

ygfn lbqyg edi ifhèqf ygfn$ Oy xgbsx ygey deyvqf ox ygf y{f

bl sgohg ygf x{oqoyve` sbqì ox ygf edyf.y{f edi ygfqflbqf ox

ygf loqxy xhgbb` lbq odxyqvhyobd od ygf qfeòyofx bl ygey sgohg ox

ò|odc edi fyfqde`$$$$Ygf Ibhyqodf bl Nbioloheyobd yfehgfx ygf èsx bl deyobd

edi hgedcf bl xyeyf od ygf xf|fqe` evqex bq eynbx{gfqfx bl

ygf sbqì edi od ygfoq x{oqoyve` hbqqfx{bdifdyx l

* ! Xff # Edone` Modcibn# d$ 638 dbyf b$!

l ! Xff oaoi$ d$ 86? dbyf f$!




! Sgey sex xyeyfi bl ygf Ibhyqodfx bl Bqifq Ifcqffx

Xfqofx edi Xbhofy ex nvyve`` xv{{bxodc bq ex oy sfqf od.

yfq{fdfyqeyodc fehg bygfq ne af qf{feyfi cfdfqe`` bl ygf

sgb`f bl ygfxf ibhyqodfx edi ygox afhevxf ygf eqf e`` avy xb

ned |eqofi ex{fhyx bl ygf bdf {qodho{`f bl io|odf yqvyg bq

bqifq$ @omf deyvqf oyxf`l ygf eqf e xfqofx fehg òdm bl sgohg

od|b`|fx e`` ygf bygfqx$!

38$ Sf xge`` dbs lb``bs Xsfh`fdabqc nbqf od ifyeo` od

gox xhofdyoloh heqffq soyg Iq$ So`modxbd ex bvq cvoif$ Gf

loqxy ! ceygfqx v{ gox hgeqehyfq edi {qb{fqyofx ! od gox bvyg

edi feq` nedgbbi lqbn 5<77 yb 531; od ygf lb``bsodc

sbqix :’! Xsfifdabqc cfqnodeyfi ex dfeq` e`` hgoìqfd ib od

ygfb`bc = qbxf ygfdhf odyb {bfyq edi òyfqeyvqf x{ffio`

e`yfqdeyodc ygfn soyg neygfneyohx = bvy bl ygfxf {qbhffifi

nfhgedohe` edi {gxohe` xyviofx ge|odc e qflfqfdhf yb {qehyohf$

Gox feq` nedgbbi sex if|byfi yb ehyo|f fn{`bnfdy edi

x{fdy {eqy` vdifq ygf ff edi hbnnedi bl ygf nbxy xf|fqf

bl Xsfioxg modcx 'Hgeq`fx WOO/$ F|fd ey ygox yonf e soif`

hbnyfn{èyo|f f`fnfdy cònnfqx lqbn ygf yqfeyoxfx ygey gf

ygfd {qbivhfi$ Gox eqifdy {vqxvoy bl cfb`bc ygfd e hbn.

{eqeyo|f` dfs xhofdhf sex e`qfei hbd|fqyodc oyxf`l odyb

hbxnbcbdohe` x{fhvèyobdx$ Sf eqf dby odiffi eseqf ygey

ed cqfey aqo`òedh sex iox{èfi od gox sbqmx v{ yb ygox

ieyf avy qeygfq cqfey odivxyq lfqyo`f {èdx e afòfl od ygf

{fdfyqeaoòy bl {qba`fnx vxve`` co|fd v{ a ygf `feqdfi e

cqeive` edi fw{fqonfdye` lehv`y edi ed eaxfdhf bl {qfhbhoy$

Od qfceqi yb cfdfqe` yqvygx gf xgbsfi ygf f|oifdhf bl e

x`bs`.e{{qfgfdiodc {fqxf|fqodc edi ey èxy ygbqbvcg` hbn.

{qfgfdiodc nodi$ Ol sf ne vxf ygf nfye{gbq ygf nexbdq

bl gox odyf``fhy sex èqcf x`bs edi eaoiodc avy a db nfedx

xgbs = lqbn ygf {eqyx goygfqyb hbdxyqvhyfi sf hbvì geqi`

{qb{gfx sgfygfq ygf xv{fqxyqvhyvqf sbvì af e |oeivhy bq e

yfn{`f = e sbqm bl aeqf vyoòy bq e {eèhf lbq xb|fqfocdy

edi xyeyf$

! Bd ygf nbqe` xoif sf odlfq xyqbdc avy hbdyqb`èa`f {exxobdx

dby odyfqlfqodc soyg ygf aeèdhf bl gox nodi bq ygf iff{dfxx bl

gox `foxvqf$ Gox loòe` ellfhyobd ox aqo`òedy ygbvcg sf ge|f db

qfhbqi bl ygf fwyfdy bl gox baòceyobdx yb gox nbygfq sgbxf



?< xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$

ifeyg ybbm {èhf od 531; yb gox leygfq#x # cqfey cqofl edi `bxx$

Gox fdfqc edi loifòy od gox avxodfxx hbnnfdifi gon yb

ygbxf eab|f gon edi gf sex {qbaea` nbqf odifayfi yb od.

yqodxoh uveòyofx lbq gox {bxoyobd yged yb gox leno` hbddfhyobdx

bq yb h`f|fq hbvqyofqxgo{ bd gox bsd {eqy$ Gox qfòcobvx afòflx

ey ygox yonf dbsgfqf e{{feq= avy lqbn odioheyobdx od gox

abbmx edi `fyyfqx oy ox hfqyeod ygey gox nodi sex dby odehyo|f

v{bd ygf cqfeyfxy bl xvajfhyx edi ygey gf sex e {èod afòf|fq

od qf|fèyobd ygbvcg dby soygbvy gox bsd hbdjfhyvqfx eabvy oyx

nfedodc edi on{bqy$ Xvhg sex Xsfifdabqc od ygf x{qodc

edi l`bsfq bl gox `bdc nedgbbi$! ’ @olf bl Xo|fifdabqc {{$

1; 15$

Od 5315 Xsfifdabqc {vaòxgfi ! Xbnf X{fhonfdx bl e Sbqm

bd ygf [qodho{`fx bl Hgfnoxyq soyg bygfq Yqfeyoxfx! edi od 5311

! Noxhf`èdfbvx Baxfq|eyobdx hbddfhyfi o|oyg ygf [gxohe` Xho.

fdhfx$! Iq$ So`modxbd hbdyodvfx :’

! Od ygf sbqmx sf ge|f jvxy fdvnfqeyfi Xsfifdabqc afced

gox yqe|f`x odyb lvyvqf ecfx = gf nedolfxyfi ygf ybmfdx bl e

òcgy ioxyodhy lqbn hbdyfn{bqeq cfdovx edi soyg e |fq

ifhoifi odyqf{oioy eyyfn{yfi yb xhe`f ygf {qbwoneyf gfocgyx bl

deyvqf$ Ygf lbqyqfxx bl nodfqe` yqvyg sex ygf loqxy sgohg gf

e{{qbehgfi edi soyg ygf nbxy cveqifi {qf{eqeyobd$ Gox

nfygbi sex lvqdoxgfi a cfbnfyq edi nfhgedohx =ygf èsx

bl ygf {vqf xhofdhfx sfqf yb af ygf odyfq{qfyfqx bl ygf lehyx bl

hgfnoxyq edi {gxohx$ # Ygf afcoddodc bl deyvqf# xex gf

# ox oifdyohe` soyg ygf afcoddodc bl cfbnfyq = ygf bqocod bl

deyvqe` {eqyoh`fx ox ivf yb neygfneyohe` {bodyx jvxy ex ygf

bqocod bl òdfx lbqnx edi ygf sgb`f bl cfbnfyq = afhevxf

f|fq ygodc od deyvqf ox cfbnfyqohe` f|fq ygodc od cfbnfyq

deyvqe`$# Ex ygf {gfdbnfde bl ygf gfe|fdx ge|f ey `fdcyg

xvccfxyfi ed exyqbdbn lbvdifi bd nfhgedohe` èsx edi od.

|b`|odc iflodoyf lbqnx edi nb|fnfdyx xb oy sex Xsfifdabqc#x

ifxocd yb fòhoy lqbn ygf {gfdbnfde bl hgfnoxyq ygf xge{fx

nbyobdx edi bygfq hbdioyobdx bl ygf eybnx bq vdoyofx bl abiofx

edi ygvx yb odyqbivhf h`feqdfxx odyb bvq hbdhf{yobd bl hgfnohe`

hbnaodeyobdx edi ifhbn{bxoyobdx$ Vdòmf ygf hgfnoxyx bl bvq

ie gf neif db ibvay ygey hgfnoxyq od oyx odnbxy abxbn

sex enfdea`f yb ygf qv`fx bl nfhgedohx edi ygey ygfqf sex

dbygodc dfhfxxeqo` nxyfqobvx od oy’ dbygodc bhhv`y’ dbygodc



xsfifdabmc#x xhofdhf$ ?3

avy e {fhvòeq {bqyobd bl ygf vaouvoybvx h`bhm.sbqm bl x{ehf

edi yonf$ Gox ygfbq sex ygox’ ygey qbvdidfxx ox ygf lbqn

eie{yfi yb nbyobd = ygey ygf {eqyoh`fx bl l`voix edi x{fholohe``

bl seyfq eqf qbvdi gb``bs x{gfqv`fx soyg e xvay`f neyyfq

oifdyohe` soyg fygfq bq he`bqoh od ygfoq odyfqobqx edi odyfq.

xyohfx = ygey ygf hqvxy bq hqvxye` {bqyobd bl fehg {eqyoh`f ox oyxf`l

lbqnfi bl `fxxfq {eqyoh`fx edi ygfxf eceod bl `fxxfq edi xb

lbqyg = seyfq afodc od ygox se ygf xowyg ionfdxobd bq ygf

qfxv`y bl ygf xowyg cqbv{odc bl ygf {eqyoh`fx = ygey ygf odyfq.

xyohfx bl ygf l`voix lvqdoxg ygf bqocode` nbvìx bl ygf xbòix edi

ygf qbsx bl hqvxye` {eqyoh`fx lbqhfi bll bdf a bdf a |eqobvx

ecfdhofx lvqdoxg ygf neyyfq bl ygf xenf = ygey elyfq xbòi

{eqyoh`fx eqf ygvx hexy od ygfoq e{{qb{qoeyf nbvìx ygfoq lqeh.

yvqf eccqfceyobd ygf lo`òdc od bl ygfoq {bqfx edi odyfqxyohfx a

`fxxfq {eqyoh`fx edi e dvnafq bl bygfq edi ehhoifdye` hbdio.

yobdx {qb|oif ygf vdoyx bl ygf nv`yolbqn xvaxyedhfx bl sgohg

ygf.* nodfqe` modcibn ox hbn{bxfi$ Ehhbqiodc yb ygox ygfbq

ygfd ygfqf ox avy bdf xvaxyedhf od ygf sbqì denf` ygf loqxy

ygf iollfqfdhf bl ygodcx ox iollfqfdhf bl lbqn = ygfqf eqf db

{bxoyo|f avy bd` qfèyo|f eybnx = db nfye{gxohe` avy bd`

qfe` f`fnfdyx = nbqfb|fq ygf gfocgyx bl hgfnohe` ibhyqodf hed

af xhe`fi a qeyobve` odivhyobd e`bdf {èdyfi bd ygf aexox bl

ede`xox xdygfxox edi baxfq|eyobd$!

Od edbygfq {èhf gf xex :

v Ygfqf xffnx db qfexbd sg

ygf odyf``fhy xgbvì dby ey `fdcyg qfehg xvhg e {bxoyobd ygbvcg

gbs leq Xsfifdabqc gex eyyeodfi oy cfdovxfx modiqfi yb gox

bsd ol ygf bì nfygbi bl ygbvcgy af {fqnedfdy hed {fqge{x

e`bdf ifhoif$ Sf bvcgy gbsf|fq yb dbyf ygey qocoi` nf.

hgedohe` ex bvq evygbq#x ygfbq e{{feqx oy gex ey oyx hbqf od

sgey gf he``x=ygf xvay`f neyyfq# e èyfdy idenohe` {qodho{`f

sgohg xge{fx edi cvoifx ygf nfhgedohe` bdf edi v{bd sgohg

Xsfifdabqc èqcf` iqesx = e`ygbvcg oy nvxy af hbdlfxxfi ygey

od gox ygfbq bl loqf gf abì` {vxgfx nfhgedohx f|fd odyb

ygey l`voi qfxy`fxxdfxx edi geqdfxxfx ygf |fq gbqxfx bl ygf

xvd yb ygf heq bl gox enaoyobvx cfbnfyq$ Sex gf qocgy bq

sex gf dby od xv{{bxodc ygey mdbs`ficf bl deyvqf ox bd` hb.

fwyfdxo|f soyg nfhgedohe` oifex edi ygey ygbvcg ygfxf ib dby

co|f nbyobd bq òlf fy sgfqf ygf eqf eaxfdy afodc oyxf`l

le``x ygqbvcg odyb dbygodcdfxx 2 Sf e{{qfgfdi ygey ygf goxybq

?



?7 XSFIFDABQC X XHOFDHF$

bl xhofdhf so`` yf`` vx v{bd sgeyf|fq exhfqyeodfi yqvyg sf low

ygey ygey yqvyg gex e nfhgedohe` {qfhoxobd bq aexox edi ygey

ygbvcg oy ne ge|f|oye` hbdyfdyx afxoifx fy ygfxf eqf bd`

yqvf od ygfnxf`|fx xb leq ex ygf e`xb eqf xonoèq` lbvdifi

edi fnabiofi$ Ygf leoyg od ygox {qodho{`f ex oy ox xvhhfxxo|f`

{qbivhfi e{{feqx od lehy yb af od ygf nodi ygf fxxfdyoe` bvy.

òdf bl ygf dfs xhofdhfx =edi ygf ned sgb gex ygf leoyg loqxy

fdyfqx ygf lofì ygfqfa edi ox ygf loqxy yb qfe{ ygf mdbs`ficf$

! Aflbqf ioxnoxxodc ygf Noxhf`èdfbvx Baxfq|eyobdx sf so``

qfneqmv{bd ygf {`fexedy nowyvqf bl {qehyohf edi ygfbq

sgohg {qf|eo`x od ygf sbqm edi v{bd ygf fwyqebqiodeq ehyo|oy

bl ygf evygbq#x xfdxfx$ Sf`` ibfx Xedif` xe ygey oy sex

dby bd` nodfx gf sfdy yb fwenodf avy ygey # bl e`` ygey hbvì

low ygf eyyfdyobd bl e yqe|f``fq ygfqf sex dbygodc ygey fxhe{fi

gon$# Gox baxfq|eyobdx eqf ybì od ed fex xy`f sgohg sod ygf

qfeifq#x hbdloifdhf edi bdf soxgfx ygey bdf gei xgeqfi soyg

gox lf``bs.yqe|f``fq Iq$ Jbgd Gfxxf` ygf se.xoif hbd|fqxeyobd

bl xb odxyqvhyo|f edi envxodc e {o`cqonecf$

! # Ygf Hbdxoxybq bl ygf Vdo|fqxoy edi ygf Eheifn bl

Xhofdhfx bl V{xe`# ex Xedif` xex # ioi ygfnxf`|fx ygf gbdbq

bl afodc ygf loqxy yb ehmdbs`ficf ygf nfqoy bl ygfoq o``vxyqobvx

hbvdyqned edi yb xgbs gon neqmx bl ygfoq fxyffn$ Od 5319

ygf Hbdxoxybq gei od|oyfi gon yb ehhf{y ygf {qblfxxbqxgo{ bl

{vqf neygfneyohx |ehedy a ygf ifeyg bl Do` Hf`xovx= af.

hevxf ex ygf fw{qfxxfi ygfnxf`|fx gox ehhf{yedhf bl ygf

bllohf sbvì af lbq ygf ei|edyecf bl ygf xyvifdyx edi yb ygf

bqdenfdy bl ygf Vdo|fqxoy$ Avy gf ifhòdfi ygf gbdbq$ Ygf

Eheifn bl Xhofdhfx einoyyfi gon odyb ygf dvnafq bl oyx

nfnafqx od 531?$#

! E{qb{bx bl {vqf neygfneyohx! Iq$ So`modxbd qfneqmx

gfqf ! gf nemfx xbnf envxodc qfneqmx od e `fyyfq yb gox

aqbygfq.od.ès :# O sbdifq ey Nfxxofvqx ygf neygfneyohoedx"

xex gf # ge|odc `bxy e`` gfeqy edi x{oqoy yb qfeòzf ygey lodf

ifxocd bl bvqx lbq ed exyqbdbnohe` baxfq|eybq$ Oy ox ygf

leyeòy bl neygfneyohoedx yb qfneod hgofl` od ygfbq$ O ge|f

blyfd ygbvcgy oy sbvì af e he{oye` ygodc ol yb fehg yfd neygf.

neyohoedx bdf cbbi {qehyohe` ned sfqf eiifi yb `fei ygf qfxy

yb neqmfy = gf sbvì af bl nbqf vxf edi neqm yged e`` ygf



xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$ ??

yfd$# Bdf hed vdifqxyedi sg e {qblfxxbqxgo{ bl {vqf neygf.

neyohx sex dby ygf hgbxfd |bheyobd bl Xsfifdabqc$

! Ivqodc ygox yonf gox abbmx sfqf qf|ofsfi soyg hbnnfdie.

yobd od ygf Ehye Fqvioybqvn {vaòxgfi ey @fo{xoh ygf cqfey

òyfqeq edi xhofdyoloh bqced bl ygf yonfx = gox hbdyqoavyobdx yb

eqy edi xhofdhf afodc ygedmlv`` ehmdbs`ficfi e`ygbvcg gox

ygfbqofx aqbvcgy ygf qf|ofsfqx yb e dbd.{`vx edi neif ygfn

fwhèon soyg e {bxy{bdfnfdy bl sgohg sf e`xb nvxy e|eo`

bvqxf`|fx’ `fy bygfqx ifhoif$!

Iq$ So`modxbd hbdyodvfx :’

!

Sfeqf

dbseabvy yb fdyfq v{bd edbygfq fqe bl Xsfifd.

abqc#x òlf sgfd gox yfdyeyo|f bvyg edi nedgbbi sfqf {exy

edi gf henf odyb {bxxfxxobd bl e qfcobd e`` gox bsd edi {qf.

xoifi ygfqf soyg ed e`nbxy ifx{byoh xyqfdcyg bl elloqneyobd =ey

sgohg sf nvxy dby sbdifq lbq sgfygfq bsodc yb ygf lev`y bq

ioxhfqdnfdy bl gox hbdyfn{bqeqofx gf odgeaoyfi gox odyf``fhyve`

fxyeyf vduvfxyobdfi vdònoyfi vdhbdyqeiohyfi edi e`bdf$ Db

`bdcfq edoxxvfq bl {en{g`fyx bq

edbqiodeq {fyoyobdfq

bl ygfeqyx edi xhofdhfx gf gei lbq feqx èod le``bs bl xne`` ey.

yfn{yx edi gei ehhvnvèyfi ygf qfxbvqhfx bl gox vdyoqodc od.

ivxyq edi baxfq|eyobd ov e sbqm soyg sgohg gox cqfey heqffq

ne af xeoi yb ge|f hbnnfdhfi$ Sf e``vif yb gox [qodho{oe$

$ $ $ Ygox sex ygf loqxy lbòb |b`vnf bl ygqff hb``fhyo|f`

afeqodc ygf yoy`f bl [go`bxb{gohe` edi Nodfqe` Sbqmx sgohg

sfqf hbn{`fyfi edi {vaòxgfi ey Iqfxifd edi @fo{xoh od ygfnoii`f bl 5389$ $ $ $

! Oy ox e xyqedcf cfdfqe` yoy`f sgohg gf hgbxf’ [go`bxb{gohe`

edi Nodfqe` Sbqmx avy ygfqf ox e nfedodc od ygox vdhbnnbd

a`fdiodc$ [go`bxb{g ox dbygodc jvxy od {qb{bqyobd ex oy ox dby

neqqofi soyg e`` ygodcx = edi od ygf exhfdiodc xhe`f bl oyx e`ò.

edhfx oy loqxy xbòhoyx ygf gedi bl ygf nodfqe` vdo|fqxf aflbqf

eqqo|odc ey ygf gocgfq ifcqffx$ Xvhg ey e`` f|fdyx sexXsfifdabqc#x nfygbi sgohg gox yoy`f jvxy` hbd|ffi = edi gf

elyfqseqix qbxf yb ygf vdobd bl ygf {go`bxb{gohe` edi bqcedoh

edi lode`` yb ygf neqqoecf bl ygf {go`bxb{gohe` edi ygf gvned$

Oy ox ygfqf e`bdf ygey {go`bxb{g qfeòzfx oyx loqxy `b|f edi xva.

jvceyodc ygf feqyg` abdi lqfxgfdx oyxf`l ecf elyfq ecf od hbd.

yehy soyg ygey afyyfq deyvqf sgohg hbdyeodx ygf fyfqde`$

!

Sf nvxy gbsf|fq xvdifq ygf {go`bxb{gohe` edi ygf



5;; xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$

nodfqe` edi `bbm xf{eqeyf` ey fehg lbq ygf evygbq mf{y ygfn

{fqlfhy` lqff edi ioxyodhy ygbvcg dby ioxvdoyfi$ Edi loqxy lbq

ygf yqfeyoxfx bd nododc$ Ygfxf sfqfXsfifdabqc#x bllfqodc yb

gox avxodfxx edi {bxoyobd =ygf feqdfxy bl gox ifxoqf yb `fe|f ygf

nfye``vqcoh sbqì afyyfq yged gf lbvdi oy$ Ygf xfhbdi lbòb

|b`vnf '{$ 8?</ ox bd oqbd= ygf ygoqi '{$ 65</ bd hb{{fq

edi aqexx$ Lehyx x{fem sf`` lbq ygfoq {qehyohe` |e`vf$ Ygf

hge{yfqx bd ygf hbd|fqxobd bl oqbd odyb xyff` sfqf qf{qodyfi ey

Xyqexavqc od 5383 =edi ygf yqfeyoxf bd oqbd sex yqedxèyfi

odyb Lqfdhg a Abvhgv edi{vaòxgfi ey [eqox od 53<1 od ygf

necdolohfdy Ifxhqo{yobd ifx Eqyx fy Nfyofqx$ $ $ $ Fehg |b`.

vnf gex e ygqfflbì io|oxobd = ygf loqxy {eqy bd xnf`yodc ygf

xfhbdi bd exxeodc ygf ygoqi bd ygf hgfnohe` {qbhfxxfx edi

fw{fqonfdyx eabvy ygf nfye`x$ Fehg |b`vnf ox vxgfqfi od a

e hgeqehyfqoxyoh {qflehf$ Od ygey bl oqbd ygf evygbq e|bsx

gox ifxoqf yb hb``fhy edi {vaòxg ygf nododc evi nfye``vqcoh

xfhqfyx bliollfqfdy hbvdyqofx edi odiocdedy`

ifdbvdhfx ygbxfsgb mff{ ygfn lqbn ygf {vaòh lbq ygf {vq{bxf bl {qo|eyf ceod$

Gf e`xb xgbsx gox {eqyoeòy lbq nfye``vqc ex afodc e ygbq.

bvcg` {qehyohe` xhofdhf # e`` sgbxf ifyeo`x eqf xuveqfi soyg

sbqmx #

=fy ifxoqfx # ygey oy ne fdyfq odyb lqofdi` qfèyobdx

soyg hgfnoxyq edi ygf ysb jbod gedix edi yfdi vdoyfi` yb

bdf edi ygf xenf cbe`$# Gf lvqygfq xyeyfx ygey oy gei

affdgox odyfdyobd yb co|f h e ygfbqfyohe` yqfeyoxf bd ygf nfye`x#

avy ygey ed odyfcqe` xvq|f bl hgfnoxyq edi ygf f`fnfdye`

sbqì sex dfhfxxeq yb xvhg ed oduvoq : sgohg eceod xgbsx

ygf {qehyohe` yfdifdh yb vdoy yb qfceqi gox xvajfhyx od ygfoq

{èdfyeq ionfdxobd sgohg sex soyg gon e hbdxyedy nfygbi

edi cb|fqdfi e`` {eqyohvèq od|fxyoceyobdx$ Od ygf {qflehf bd

hb{{fq sf ge|f e cbqcfbvx ifxhqo{yobd bl gox deyo|f nodf ey

Le`vd edi e xyeyfnfdy bl ygf evygbq#x |ofsx bl ygf hevxfx

edi ei|edyecfx bl ygf if`vcf’ dby gbsf|fq ygf Dbegyoh

avy e hbxnbcbdoh if`vcf = bl gbs oy aqbvcgy ygf yqfexvqfx bl

ygf feqyg yb ygf xvqlehf edi a b{fdodc ygf sbna bl ygf

cfdfqe` nbygfq hbdyqoavyfi yb ygf nv`yo{òheyobd bl hevxfx edi

bhhexobdx edi yb ygf |eqofy bl yf``vqoh xvaxyedhfx$

v Ygey e nodi bl xvhg {byfdy ygfbqfyohe` yfdifdh xgbvì

ge|f gei xyqfdcyg yb vdifqcb ygf iq èabq bl ygfxf hbn{oèyobdx

’ ygey bdf sgb aqfeygfi gox deyo|f eoq od e {qblbvdi qfcobd



xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$ 5;5

bl hevxfx xgbvì hbnf lbq xb `bdc ed eaoiodc od ygf `bsfq

{èhfx bl ygf feqyg yb qfhbqi lehyx {qbhfxxfx edi nehgodfqofx

ex e xf`l.on{bxfi yexm od lv`lo`nfdy bl gox xyeyobd ex Exxfxxbq

bl Nodfx ’ygox ox

bdf qfneqmea`flfeyvqf

bl e hexf sgfqf xbnvhg ox qfneqmea`f edi xgbsx gbs ned` sex gox so`` od

sgeyf|fq x{gfqf gf fwfqyfi gonxf`l$ Ygf abbmx bl xvhg e

ned eqf {qb{fq` sbqmx dby yb af hbdlbvdifi lbq e nbnfdy

soyg ygf ned.hb`bqfi oi`fdfxx bl e èqcf hèxx sgb eqf if.

dbnodeyfi # ygodmfqx$

! Ygf [qodho{oe dfwy hèonx bvq eyyfdyobd edi he``x lbqhoa`

yb nodi ygf yqvyg bl e qfneqm a Nq$ Fnfqxbd ygeyoy

sbvìqfuvoqf #e hb`bd bl nfd # yb ib jvxyohf yb ygf sbqmx bl

X||fifdabqc$ Lqbn ygf aeqfxy ifxhqo{yobdx bl oqbd edi hb{{fq

sbqmx xvhg ex ygf \v`hedoed sbqmnfd nocgy ygfnxf`|fx e{.

{qfhoeyf sf eqqo|f a e xyf{ ey ygf {oddeh`f bl bdf bl ygbxf

nbvdyeodx sgfqf e Dfsybd edi e Gvnabìy nocgy af vxflv` lf`.

`bs.seyhgfqx bl ygf nbxy ifòheyf èsx bd ygf bdf gedi bl ygf

{edbqene bl e xvajehfdy vdo|fqxf bd ygf bygfq$ Sf {e ygfsbqm db o`` hbn{ònfdy edi ge|f ygf evygbqoy bl ygf yqedxè.

ybq bl Ygf [qodho{oe soyg vx sgfd sf xyeyf bvq afòfl ygey oy

xyo`` af`bdcx yb ygf lvyvqf$ Ygf lb``bsodc ox e xgbqy ehhbvdy bl

ygf abbm lqbn Nq$ Hòxxbì#x {qflehf :’

# Ygf bajfhy bl ygf [qodho{oe ox yb yqehf bvy e yqvf xxyfn bl

ygf sbqì edi od xb ibodc ygf evygbq gex ioxyqoavyfi gox xvajfhy

odyb ygqff [eqyx$ Ygf Loqxy [eqy yqfeyx bl ygf bqocod edi èsxbl nbyobd edi ox nbxy` if|byfi yb ygf hbdxoifqeyobd bl oyx

loqxy {qodho{`fx = sgohg eqf od|fxyoceyfi {go`bxb{gohe`` ygfd

cfbnfyqohe`` ygfoq fwoxyfdhf afodc yqehfi lqbn e loqxy deyvqe`

{body ibsd yb ygf lbqneyobd bl e xbèq |bqyfw edi elyfqseqix

lqbn ygf xbèq |bqyfw yb ygf xvhhfxxo|f hbdxyoyvyobd bl ygf

f`fnfdyx edi bl ygf ygqff modcibnx bl deyvqf$ Lqbn ygf

loqxy f`fnfdy yb ygf èxy hbn{bvdi oy ox ygf evygbq#x bajfhy yb

xgbs ygey fllbqy bq hbdeyvx yb nbyobd yfdix yb e x{oqe` locvqf =

edi ygey ygfqf ox ed ehyve` nbyobd bl {eqyoh`fx hbdxyoyvyodc e

xbèq hgebx sgohg ox x{oqe` edi hbdxfuvfdy` |bqyohe`$

9 Od ygf Xfhbdi [eqy ygf evygbq e{{òfx ygox ygfbq bl |bq.

yohe` nbyobd yb ygf {gfdbnfde bl necdfyoxn a sgohg bd ygf

bdf gedi gf fdife|bqx yb yfxy ygf yqvyg bl gox {qodho{`fx edi

bd ygf bygfq a e{{òheyobd bl ygf {qodho{`fx yb fw{èod ygf?*



5;1 xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$

{gfdbnfde bl necdfyoxn = ygf nbyobd bl ygf necdfyohe`

fll`v|oe afodc ex od ygf lbqnfq hexf hbdxoifqfi yb af |bqyohe`$

#

Od ygf Ygoqi [eqy ygf evygbq e{{òfx ygf xenf {qodho{`fx bl

nbyobd yb Hbxnbcbd odh`viodc ygf bqocodeyobd bl ygf {èdf.

yeq abiofx lqbn ygf xvd edi ygfoq |bqyohe` qf|b`vyobdx vdyo`

ygf eqqo|fi ey ygfoq {qfxfdy bqaoy = òmfsoxf yb ygf hbdxyoyvyobd

edi ygf èsx bl ygf ygqff modcibnx bl deyvqf ygf edone`

|fcfyea`f edi nodfqe` = xb ygey ygf fdyoqf [qodho{oe eonx yb

fxyeaòxg e yqvf ygfbq bl |bqyohfx lbvdifi v{bd e yqvf xxyfn

bl hbq{vxhvèq {go`bxb{g"! Od ygox sbqm ygfd ygf evygbq e{{òfx ed ehyo|f cfbnfyq

yb ygf nvdiedf xxyfn heqqodc ygf hbdhf{yobd bl e x{oqe`

nb|fnfdy ibsd ygf xyeoqse bl deyvqe` afodc edi xgbsodc

ygf {qbivhyobdx edi f|b`vyobd bl ygf nbyobd od oyx |eqobvx

x{gfqfx = ygfqfa ehhbvdyodc bd e xodc`f {qodho{`f lbq ygf

{qb{fqyofx bl eybnx ex bl vdo|fqxfx = edi {ofqhodc ygf cfdfqe.

yo|f {qbhfxx bl sbqìx a ygf xenf ès ygey afgbìx ygfoqehyve` xyeyf$ $ $ $

! Od x{oyf bl ygf xocde` {ofy iox{èfi ygqbvcgbvy ygf

[qodho{oe ygf sbqm sex {qbgoaoyfi a ygf [e{e` evygbqoy od

538? afhevxf ex Nq$ Hòxxbì ygodmx oy sex gfì yb hbdyqe.

|fdf ygf {bxoyobd ygey Cbi hqfeyfi e`` ygodcx bvy bl dbygodc

edi e`xb afhevxf bl ygf iollohv`y bl qfhbdhoòdc xvhg e {qbhfxx

bl hqfeyobd ex Xsfifdabqc hbdhfo|fx soyg ygf òyfqe` odyfq{qf.

yeyobd bl ygf loqxy hge{yfq bl Cfdfxox$ Qfx{fhyodc ygf loqxy

qfexbd Nq$ Hòxxbì mffd` qfneqmx ygey h db iflodoyobd ox

nbqf hbnnbd yged ygey yqvyg ox ygey sgohg 58 = gfdhf od e

hbqqfx{bdiodc xfdxf vdyqvyg fqqbq bq le`xfgbbi ox ygey sgohg

ox dby edi hbdxfuvfdy` ygey sgohg ox ygf cfdvodf dbdfdyoy’bq dbygodc$ V{bd ygox cqbvdi yb xe ygey Cbi hqfeyfi e``

ygodcx bvy bl dbygodc ox yb eyyqoavyf ygf bqocod bl e`` ygodcx yb

fqqbq edi gfdhf yb f|o`$#

Ey Iqfxifd edi @fo{xoh od ygf xenf feq '5389/ soyg ygf

|b`vnfx sf ge|f jvxy ifxhqoafi gf {vaòxgfi e`xb Bvyòdfx

bl e [go`bxb{gohe` Eqcvnfdy bd ygf Odlodoyf edi ygf Lode`

Hevxf bl Hqfeyobd= edi bd ygf Odyfqhbvqxf gfyo|ffd ygf Xbv` edi

ygf Abi$ Iq$ So`modxbd xex bl ygox sbqm sgohg gf yqedx.

èyfi odyb Fdcòxg ! Ygox sbqm ne af qfceqifi ex od e

nfexvqf e xv{{`fnfdy yb ygf [qodho{oe lb``bsodc e xonoèq




nfygbi soyg ygey yqfeyoxf = lbq ygf evygbq gfqf e`xb {qbhffix

lqbn ygf hbnnbd hbdhf{yobdx bl ygf lodoyf edi odlodoyf edi bl

ygf xbv` edi ygf abi yb hbdxyqvhy e xxyfn bl qfèyobdx

sgohg gf elyfqseqix e{{òfx yb ygf lehyx bl Qf|fèyobd edi

ygvx eceod onafix ygf eaxyqehy sbqì bl yqvyg od ygf qfe`$!

Od edbygfq {èhf '![b{vèq Xmfyhg bl Xsfifdabqc#x [go`b.

xb{gohe` Sbqmx! {$ 58/ gf xex !Ygox od|oyodc abbm iox.

{èx e dba`f òafqy bl ygodmodc edi hèonx ygf qocgy yb

{go`bxb{gozf bd ygf iff{fxy xvajfhyx = edi oyxf`l {èdyx {bxoyo|f

hbdhf{yobdx od xbnf bl ygf ionnfxy qfcobdx bl oduvoq = iox.

heqiodc nfye{gxohx ex e nfqf xonvèyobd bl nfygbi edi

mdbs`ficf edi `fedodc bd ygf xhofdhfx ex e dffilv` xyf{

afysffd hbnnbd xfdxf evi vdo|fqxe` {go`bxb{g$ Sf ne

gbsf|fq e`xb qfhbqi ygey òmf f|fq bdf bl Xsfifdabqc#x

sbqmx oy odxoxyx bq on{òfx ygey ygf gvned nodi gex db oddeyf

oifex avy ygey ned afcodx lqbn ybye` ocdbqedhf edi gex

f|fqygodc yb `feqd = edi ygey e`` mdbs`ficf ne {qb{fq` af

uvfxyobdfi sgohg ox dby he{ea`f bl afodc heqqofi bd a xyecfx

edi xfqofx lqbn `fxx yb nbqf edi od|b`|odc cqfeyfq nv`yo.

{òhoy bl ifyeo`x ex sf`` ex odhqfexfi vdoy bl {qodho{`f$

Ygvx ygbxf odyvoyobdx sgohg eqf xv{{bxfi yb eqqo|f ey bdhf ey

hbn{`fyfdfxx ne xelf` af ygqbsd odyb ygf qfybqy bl ygf

xhofdhfx yb af qfioxyo``fi odyb bygfq edi nbqf yqehyea`f lbqnx$

Lbq {qbcqfxx ox e ès ey bdhf nbxy cfdfqe` edi nbxy {eq.

yohvèq$!

Ygf {vaòheyobd bl ygf {qfhfiodc sbqmx ce|f Xsfifdabqc e

Fvqb{fed qf{vyeyobd edi gox hbqqfx{bdifdhf sex fecfq`

xbvcgy a Hgqoxyoed Sb`ll edi bygfqx bl ygf `feqdfi$ Od

5389 Ifh$ 53 ygf On{fqoe` Eheifn bl Xhofdhfx bl [fyfqx.

avqc e{{bodyfi gon e hbqqfx{bdiodc nfnafq$ Od 539;.95 gf

{vaòxgfi od 9yb ey Enxyfqien gox Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone`

Modcibn’! e èqcf sbqm! ex Iq$ So`modxbd xex !od sgohg

bvq hbvqecfbvx nodfq xedm e xgely odyb ygf iff{ |fodx bl ygf

bqcedoh xhofdhfx$! [qbaea` bd gox qfyvqd yb gox bsd hbvdyq

gf afhenf e Lf``bs a od|oyeyobd bl ygf Qbe` Eheifn bl

Xhofdhfx bl Xybhmgb`n ygfd loqxy odhbq{bqeyfi a e hgeqyfq

lqbn ygf Hqbsd ygbvcg lbvdifi ex e {qo|eyf exxbhoeyobd a

@oddefvx edi e lfs lqofdix od 538?$

Aflbqf odyqbivhodc vx yb ygf ! Fhbdbn! Iq$ So`modxbd




xex ! Sf nvxy dbs x{fdi e lfs nbnfdyx od yqehodc Xsfifd.

abqc#x ei|fdy yb ygf Edone` Modcibn vdifq sgohg yoy`f gf

fwh`vxo|f` xocdolofi ygf gvned abi$

! Ey ygf bvyxfy bl gox xyviofx gf `fyx vx mdbs od ed feq`

`fyyfq ygey gf gei hbnf yb e ` ifyfqnodeyobd yb {fdfyqeyf lqbn

ygf |fq hqei`f yb ygf neyvqoy bl deyvqf #’lqbn ygf eybnx

bl hgfnoxyq yb ygf eybnx bl exyqbdbn’lqbn ygf xne``fxy

cqbv{x yb ygf èqcfxy’lqbn ygf nb`fhvèq yb ygf vdo|fqxe`

edi gox ifyfqnodeyobd sgohg goygfqyb on{f``fi gon e`bdc ygf

|eqofi òdf bl {gxohx dbs ybbm sodcx edi hbnaododc soyg e

gocgfq deyvqf heqqofi gon odyb ygf qfe`nx bl bqcedozeyobd$

Gf gei ybvhgfi v{bd ygox qfcobd ned yonfx od ygf hbvqxf bl

gox {gxohe` {qfena`f avy cfdy` edi nbifxy` edi ex oy sfqf

soyg {evxodc lbbyxyf{x$ Od ygf Noxhf`èdfbvx Baxfq|eyobdx gf

gei einoqfi ygf leho`f hoqhvèyobd bl ygf a`bbi od ygf he{o`.

èqofx$ Od e nedvxhqo{y bl eabvy ygf xenf ieyf gf fdyfqfi ey

hbdxoifqea`f `fdcyg odyb e ibhyqodf bl ygf nfnaqedfx edi

lb``bsfi yb e hfqyeod fwyfdy ygf xenf yqehm ex Geqy`f elyfq.

seqix od gox lenbvx xhgfnf bl |oaqeyobdx$ Od ygf [qodho{oe

gf gei èoi ibsd ygf ès ygey ygf gvned lqenf ox ed bqcedoxn

qfx{bdifdy yb ygf |oaqeyobdx edi {bsfqx bl e`` ygf nvdiedf

f`fnfdyx = ygey ygfqf ox e nfnaqedf edi l`voi soygod ygf abi

afeyodc yonf edi mff{odc yvdf soyg eoqx edi evqex od ygf

vdo|fqxf = ygey ned edi deyvqf eqf hb.bqiodeyf od ygf edeybn.

ohe` x{gfqf = ygey ygf abi ox bdf |exy odxyodhy ehyodc ehhbqiodc

yb ygf hoqhvnxyedhfx bl ygf fwyfqde` sbqì$ Od ygf Bvyòdfx

ygox hbqqfx{bdifdhf ox qf.exxfqyfi od e nexyfq` xy`f edi nbqf.

b|fq ygf gvned abi ox b{fdfi xbnfsgey ex e nehgodf sgbxf

vyyfq soxibn geqnbdozfx soyg Cbi e`bdf edi `feix qocgy

nodix yb Cbi = avy od e`` ygfxf sbqmx ygf evygbq#x ifivhyobdx

eqf h`bxf yb lehyx hbn{eqeyo|f` yonoi edi ònoyfi yb ygf

xfq|ohf od fehg odxyedhf bl ygf {eqyohvèq eqcvnfdy od gedi$

_fy oy ox fex yb xff lqbn e`` ygey gf sex èabqobvx` sfdiodc

gox se lqbn ygf loqxy yb ygf yfn{`f bl ygf abi ey sgbxf e`yeq

gf fw{fhyfi yb lodi ygf xbv` ex ygf {qofxy bl ygf Nbxy Gocg

Cbi$

! Oy ox f|oifdy ygey gox xyviofx lbq hbn{exxodc ygox bajfhy

sfqf bl db hbnnbd odyfdxoy$ Gf neif gonxf`l odyoneyf`

ehuveodyfi soyg ygf sbqmx bl ygf afxy edeybnoxyx bl gox bsd




edi {qfhfiodc ecfx edi yqedxhqoafi lqbn ygfoq {ecfx ygf

ifxhqo{yobdx xvoyfi yb gox {vq{bxf lbqnodc sgey sex od lehy e

nedvxhqo{y fdhh`b{efioe lbq gox bsd vxf$ Gf neif e dbyf.

abbm e`xb bl ygf yfhgdohe` yfqnx bl ygf xhofdhfx = edi èabqfi

yb af aflbqf gox eTf od ygf hbd|fdofdhfx bl e xhgbèq ex gf sex

exxvqfi` aflbqf oy od ygf sedyx bl gox nodi$ Sf ib dby

mdbs yb sgey fwyfdy gf sex e {qehyohe` edeybnoxy = gf odlbqnx

vx ygey gf gei neif vxf bl ygf ioxxfhyodc.qbbn = edi oy ox

xeoi gf eyyfdifi ygf odxyqvhyobdx bl Abfqgee|f 'iofi od 5383/

ey ygf xenf yonf ex ygf fìfq Nbdqb = ygf evygbqoy lbq sgohg

ox gbsf|fq bd` yqeioyobde`$ Af ygox ex oy ne oy ox {èod

ygey Xsfifdabqc ifqo|fi gox mdbs`ficf bl ygf abi hgofl`

lqbn {èyfx edi abbmx ygbvcg exxvqfi` gf sex bdf sgb `bxy

db b{{bqyvdoy bl {vqxvodc gox xvajfhy od ygf afxy se$ Sfygfqflbqf hbdh`vif ygey gf ceodfi sgey fw{fqofdhf gf hbvì a

ioxxfhyobd avy qfòfi od ygf neod bd ygf lehyx xv{{òfi a ygf

ehhqfioyfi evygbqoyofx ex gb{f`fxx yb fwhffi ygfxf ov ehhvqeh

e`xb ex afodc nbqf on{eqyoe` b|fq ygf ieye xv{{òfi a bygfqx

edi nbqfb|fq ex lffòdc gox bsd |bheyobd yb òf qeygfq od ygf

odyfq{qfyeyobd yged od ygf hb``fhyobd bl {gfdbnfde$

v Lqbn 5395 yb 5399 Xsfifdabqc e{{feqx yb ge|f if|byfi

gonxf`l fdyoqf` yb ygf xyvi bl ygf gvned lqenf =odiffi

sgfd sf hbdxoifq ygf uvedyoy bl sbqmx edi nedvxhqo{yx sgohg

g8 gex `fly bo ygf xvajfhy oy ox iollohv`y yb xv{{bxf bygfqsoxf

yged ygey gox {qodho{e` eyyfdyobd sex ioqfhyfi yb oy lqbn ygf

yonf bl ygf {vaòheyobd bl gox [go`bxb{gohe` edi Nodfqe`

sbqmx’e {fqobi bl f`f|fd feqx yb 5399$* Od 5399.96 gf

* Hbdxoifqea`f òcgy ox ygqbsd bd ygox uvfxyobd a ygf lb``bsodc {ex.

xecf yemfd lqbn ed vdyqedxèyfi {bqyobd bl ygf ! Edone` Modcibn!

'\b`$ O\$ {$ 78/ sgfqf Xsfifdabqc yqfeyx hbdhfqdodc ygf xfdxf bl

gfeqodc edi ygf xocgy$ Gf xex :’

! 5$ Ygf xfdxeyobdx hed df|fq af fw{`bqfi soygbvy fwenododc ey ygf

xenf yonf ygf eynbx{gfqfx= lbq ygf bdf ox nbxy odyoneyf` hbddfhyfi

soyg ygf bygfq$! Elyfq nfdyobdodc ygf iollfqfdy eynbx{gfqfx edi ygfoq

nbioloheyobdx gf xex: ! Ygfxf ygodcx ge|fgffd ioxhvxxfi od n [go`.

bxb{gohe` [qodho{`fx sgfqf ygf lbqnx bl ygf {eqyoh`fx bl fehg eynb.

x{gfqf eqf yqfeyfi bl edi ifxhqoafi$ 5$ Ygfxf ygodcx sfqf sqoyyfd lbq

bvq {qfxfdy {vq{bxf$ 1$ Dbs hbnfx ygf e{{òheyobd = O {exx b|fq

e`` ifxhqo{yobdx lbq ygf eqf hbdyeodfi ygfqf$!

Xsfifdabqc#x hbxnb`bcohe` edi {gxob`bcohe` od|fxyoceyobdx sfqf



5;< xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$

{vaòxgfi gox Edone` Modcibn od 9yb [eqyx O$ edi OO$ ey ygf

Gecvf [eqy OOO$ od @bdibd$ $ $ $ Sf xge`` dbs co|f e

aqofl cfdfqe` ehhbvdy bl goxhbdyqoavyobdx yb {go`bxb{gohe`

edeybn odh`viodc vdifq bvq qfneqmx ygf sgb`f bl gox

yqfeyoxfx od ygox if{eqynfdy$

! Ygf Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone` Modcibn yqfeyx bl ygf a`bbi

edi ygf bqcevx sgohg hbdyeod oy bl ygf hbodhoifdhf afysffd

ygf nb|fnfdyx bl ygf aqeod edi `vdcx edi bl ygf gvned

xbv` = Ygf Edone` Modcibn bl ygf bqcedx bl ygf eaibnfd

blygbxf

bl ygf hgfxy edi bl ygf xmod$ Ygf ifxhqo{yobdx bl

ygf afxy edeybnoxyx eqf einoqea` xf`fhyfi ex e aexox bl lehyx

lbq fehg hge{yfq edi {qflowfi ygfqfyb elyfq sgohg lb``bsx

ygf evygbq#x odivhyobd bq ygfbq edi dfwy e hbnnfdy v{bd oy

o``vxyqeyfi a ygf {qf|obvx lehyx$ Ygf nfygbi ba|obvx` ox

yb xyeyf edi xyvi ygf lehyx loqxy = ygvx yb fòhoy lqbn ygfn e

|odyecf bl loqxy {qodho{`fx = edi ygfd yb mff{ edi qflodf ygox

sodf bl yqvygx soygod ygf |fxxf`x bl ygf lehyx en{òlodc oy

sgfqf|fq {bxxoa`f yb ygf vdlo``fi he{ehoy bl ygf èyyfq$ Oy ox

iollohv`y yb hbdhfo|f e nbqf fwhf``fdy nfygbi lbq {go`bxb{gohe`

edeybn bq bdf sgohg mff{x ygf xyecfx bl yqvyg.nemodc nbqf

ioxyodhy bq nbqf {qbloyea`f yb fehg bygfq$ Ygfqf ox bdf |fxxf`

sgohg ox e`` lehyx = ygfqf ox e xfhbdi sgohg ox e`` {qodho{`fx

ygvx heqqofi bd xonv`yedfbvx` = lbq ygf xb`f {vq{bxf lbq sgohg gox

[qodho{oe sfqf sqoyyfd sex ehhbqiodc yb gox bsd ifhèqeyobd ygey gf

nocgy ceod ed odxocgy odyb ygf nfhgedoxn bl ygf ff$ Gox edeybnohe`

edi {gxob`bcohe` xyviofx sfqf ygvx hbnnfdhfi ey e nvhg feqòfq

{fqobi yged f|fd Iq$ So`modxbd gei xv{{bxfi = edi sgo`f Xsfifd.

abqc bd ygf bdf 5 edi sex od|fxyoceyodc a e cfbnfyqohe` nfygbi ygf

iollfqfdy eynbx{gfqfx lodoyfx ehyo|fx edi f`fnfdyeqofx sgohg eqf iox.

hvxxfi od gox [qodho{oe gf fwenodfi bd ygf bygfq |fq heqflv``sgfygfq

ygf qfxv`yx ey sgohg gf eqqo|fi a gox nehqbhbxnohe` od|fxyoceyobdx

xuveqfi soyg ygbxf sgohg gf bayeodfi a gox nohqbfbxnohe` fwenode.

yobdx$ Ygf {fhvòeq fwhf``fdhf bl ygox nfygbi ox nedolfxy = lbq Xsfifd.

abqc a oyx nfedx gei e {qehyohe` yfxy bl ygf yqvyg bl gox ifivhyobdx$

Sgfd gox nehqbhbxnohe` edi nohqbfbxnohe` qfxv`yx geqnbdozfi ygfqf

sex e xyqbdc {qfxvn{yo|f {qbbl bl ygfoq yqvyg avy sgfd ygf ioi dby

geqnbdozf oy sex on{bxxoa`f lbq ygfn yb af yqvf$ Ygox nfygbi

ygfqflbqf lvqdoxgfx edbygfq |fq {bsfqlv` eqcvnfdy od le|bq bl ygf

yqvyg bl Xsfifdabqc#x ygfbqofx$




ygfqf ox e ygoqi od sgohg ygf ysb hbnf ybcfygfq edi ygf

{qodho{`fx xvccfxy dfs fw{fqonfdyx edi ygf lehyx fdèqcfi

{qodho{`fx$ Ygf nfygbi ox e òyy`f onecf bl ygf cqedi hoq.

hvèyobd bl ygf xhofdhfx lqbn lehyx bq hbdlvxfi cfdfqe` yqvygx

ygqbvcg vdo|fqxe` yqvygx yb {eqyohvèq bq h`feq cfdfqe` yqvygx$

Ygfqf ox dby bdf bl xvhg yqvygx avy afhbnfx e lehy aflbqf ygf

nfygbi gex ibdf soyg oy$

! Xsfifdabqc ioi dby eyyfn{y yb fdyfq ygf abi foygfq

eaqv{y` bq soygbvy exxoxyedhf avy bd` elyfq ceygfqodc v{

e`` gox nodi edi neqxge`òdc gox lbqhfx lqbn ygf loqxy

cfdfqeòzeyobdx od sgohg f|fq hgoìgbbi ox lqvoylv` ibsd yb

ygf èxy sgohg gox neyvqoy xv{{òfi$ òf ei|edhfi od lehy

vdifq e`` ygf ioxho{òdf edi soyg e`` ygf nehgodfq edi

xyoeyfc bl gox ecf edi bl gox bsd cfdovx edi soyg ygf denf

bl ygf Cbi bl Aeyy`fx edi ygf [qodhf bl [fehf ioxyodhy`

fnaèzbdfi bd gox yqeduvo` aeddfqx$ Ygfqf ox xbnfygodc

qfe`` gvxgodc edi on{bxodc od ygf nfexvqfi yqfei bl gox

`fcobdx od ygf lbqne` nvxoh sgohg iqo``x ygf |fq eoq sgfqf

gox xyell bl cfdfqe` yqvygx ox od ygf lofì edi od ygf eaxfdhf

bl {exxobd od xb loqn e gbxy ei|edhodc yb xvhg on{bqyedy

hbduvfxyx$

! 9O odyfdi yb fwenodf# xex gf # {gxohe`` edi {go`b.

xb{gohe`` ygf sgb`f edeybn bl ygf abi = bl e`` oyx |oxhfqe

eaibnode` edi ygbqehoh = bl ygf cfdoye` nfnafqx bl abyg

xfwfx = edi bl ygf bqcedx bl ygf lo|f xfdxfx$ @omfsoxf

9 Ygf edeybn bl e`` ygf {eqyx bl ygf hfqfaqvn hfqfaf``vn

nfiv`è ba`bdceye edi x{ode` neqqbs$

* Elyfqseqix ygf hbqyohe` xvaxyedhf bl ygf ysb aqeodx edi

ygfoq nfiv`èq loaqf = e`xb ygf dfq|bvx loaqf bl ygf abi edi

ygf nvxhvèq loaqf edi ygf hevxfx bl ygf lbqhfx edi nbyobd bl

ygf sgb`f bqcedoxn : ioxfexfx nbqfb|fq ygbxf bl ygf gfei*

{eqyohvèq` bq sgohg {qbhffi a ifl`vwobd lqbn ygf aqeod$

* O {vq{bxf elyfqseqix yb co|f ed odyqbivhyobd yb Qeyobde`

[xhgb`bc hbdxoxyodc bl hfqyeod dfs ibhyqodfx ygqbvcg ygf

exxoxyedhf bl sgohg sf ne af hbdivhyfi lqbn ygf neyfqoe`

bqcedoxn bl ygf abi yb e mdbs`ficf bl ygf xbv` sgohg ox

onneyfqoe` = ygfxf eqf ygf Ibhyqodf bl Lbqnx = ygf Ibhyqodf

bl Bqifq edi Ifcqffx = e`xb ygf Ifcqffx bl Xfqofx edi

Xbhofy = edi Ibhyqodf bl Odl`vw = ygf Ibhyqodf bl Hbqqfx.




{bdifdhf edi Qf{qfxfdyeyobd = èxy` ygf Ibhyqodf bl Nbi.

oloheyobd$

5

Lqbn ygfxf ibhyqodfx O hbnf yb ygf qeyobde` {xhgb`bc

oyxf`l sgohg so`` hbn{qoxf ygf xvajfhy bl ehyobd bl fwyfqde`

edi odyfqde` xfdxf bl onecodeyobd edi nfnbq e`xb bl ygf

ellfhyobdx bl ygf edonvx = bl ygf odyf``fhy ygey ox yb xe bl

ygbvcgy edi ygf so`` = edi bl ygf ellfhyobdx bl ygf qeyobde`

nodi = e`xb bl odxyodhy$

# @exy` bl ygf xbv` edi bl oyx xyeyf od ygf abi oyx odyfq.

hbvqxf ellfhyobd edi onnbqyeòy=

edi bl oyx xyeyf sgfd ygf

abi iofx$ Ygf sbqm yb hbdh`vif soyg e Hbdhbqiedhf bl

Xxyfnx$

#Lqbn ygox xvnneq bq {èd ygf qfeifq ne xff ygey ygf

fdi O {qb{bxf yb nxf`l od ygf sbqm ox e mdbs`ficf bl ygf

xbv` = xodhf ygox mdbs`ficf so`` hbdxyoyvyf ygf hqbsd bl n

xyviofx$ Ygox ygfd n èabqx odyfdi edi ygoygfq ygf eon$

Od bqifq ygfqflbqf yb lb``bs v{ ygf od|fxyoceyobd

edi yb xb`|f ygf iollohv`y O ge|f hgbxfd yb e{{qbehg a ygf

ede`yoh se = edi O ygodm O en ygf loqxy sgb gex yemfd ygox

hbvqxf {qblfxxfi`$

# Yb ehhbn{òxg ygox cqedi fdi O fdyfq ygf hoqhvx ifxocdodc

yb hbdxoifq edi fwenodf ygbqbvcg` ygf sgb`f sbqì bq

nohqbhbxn sgohg ygf xbv` odgeaoyx = lbq O ygodm oy ox |eod yb

xffm gfq edsgfqf avy od gfq bsd modcibn$# Sgfd n yexm ox ehhbn{òxgfi O en ygfd einoyyfi a

hbnnbd hbdxfdy yb ygf xbv` sgb xoyyodc òmf e uvffv od gfq

ygqbdf bl xyeyf ygf abi iox{fdxfx èsx edi cb|fqdx e``

ygodcx a gfq cbbi {`fexvqf avy fy a bqifq edi a yqvyg$

Ygox so`` af ygf hqbsd bl n ybo`x sgfd O xge`` ge|f

hbn{`fyfi n hbvqxf od ygox nbxy x{ehobvx eqfde$ Avy od

bìfd yonf aflbqf ed qehfq hbvì nfqoy ygf hqbsd gf sexhbnnedifi yb qvd xf|fd yonfx qbvdi ygf cbe` sgohg e`xb O

ge|f ifyfqnodfi gfqf yb ib$

95 en ygfqflbqf qfxb`|fi yb e``bs nxf`l db qfx{oyf vdyo`

O ge|f qvd ygqbvcg ygf sgb`f lofì yb ygf |fq cbe` bq vdyo`

O ge|f yqe|fqxfi ygf vdo|fqxe` edone` modcibn yb ygf xbv`$

Ygvx O gb{f ygey a afdiodc n hbvqxf odseqix hbdyodve``

Oxge``

b{fde``

ygf ibbqx ygey `fei yb gfq edi ey `fdcyg hbd.yfn{èyf ygf xbv` oyxf`l : a ygf io|odf {fqnoxxobd

#



xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$ 5;?

v Bdf bl gox NX$* eceod {èhfx ygfxf ifxocdx od e h`feq

òcgy$ # O ge|f cbdf ygqbvcg ygox edeybn# xex gf # soyg ygf

xodc`f fdi bl od|fxyoceyodc ygf xbv`$ Oy so`` af e xeyoxlehyobd

yb nf ol n èabqx af bl ed vxf yb ygf edeybnohe` edi nfi.

ohe` sbqì avy e xyo`` cqfeyfq xeyoxlehyobd ol O ellbqi ed òcgy

ybseqix ygf od|fxyoceyobd bl ygf xbv`$# Ygf sgb`f hbvqxf bl

ygf xhofdhfx gf baxfq|fx gex eonfi ey ygox fllfhy$ # Ygf

`feqdfi sbqì gex xyqo|fd goygfq soygbvy ed fwhf{yobd = lbq

sgey f`xf gex oy eyyfn{yfi yged ygf eaoòy yb x{fem lqbn

cfdfqe` {qodho{`fx edi yb ehy xdygfyohe`` bd ygf `bsfq

x{gfqf = xvhg gbsf|fq ox edcfòh {fqlfhyobd xvhg ox gfe|fd`

xhofdhf = xvhg e`xb sex ygf loqxy deyvqe` xhofdhf edi xvhg

enaoyobd ox ygfqflbqf oddeyf od bvqxf`|fx = ygvx sf ybb xyqeod

ybseqix ygf odyfcqoy bl bvq loqxy {eqfdy sgb hbdh`vifi lqbn

{qodho{`fx yb e`` fllfhyx edi dby bd` xes vdo|fqxe` deyvqf

afdfeyg gon avy hbnnedifi oyx xvajfhy x{gfqfx$ E`` xhofdhf

a ygox ehhbvdy ox ygf se aehm yb e io|odf necoh edi e x{oqoy.

ve` xffqxgo{$ Gfdhf# gf eiix # bvq nocgy odyfqfxy od

eyyeododc yb ygf {qodho{`fx bl yqvyg$# òf hbdh`vifx a e|bsodc

ygey ` gf mdbsx gf xge`` ge|f ygf qfeifq#x feq ol ygf èyyfq af

bd` {fqxveifi ygey gox fdi ox Cbi#x c`bq edi {vaòh cbbi

edi dby gox bsd ceod edi {qeoxf$#

! Gox bajfhy ygfd sex yb b{fd e dfs se ygqbvcg deyvqe`

mdbs`ficf yb qfòcobvx leoyg edi yb yqedxlfq yb Hgqoxyoedoy ygf

yoy`f.iffix bl ygf xhofdhfx$!

Yb ygf Ysb [eqyx bl ygf Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone` Modcibn

ygf hbdyfdyx bl sgohg ge|f affd dbyohfi eab|f Iq$ So`modxbd

gex eiifi e ygoqi `fly od nedvxhqo{y a bvq Evygbq$ Ygox

{eqy gex dby fy affd yqedxèyfi odyb Fdcòxg avy sf fw{fhy yb

fnabi e yqedxèyobd bl oy od e lvyvqf Enfqohed fioyobd bl

ygf evygbq#x Hbn{`fyf Sbqmx$ Ygox {eqy yqfeyx {qodho{e``

If Loaqe’bl ygf Gvned Loaqf$ ! E yoy`f ey sgohg! Iq$

So`modxbd xex ! ygf {gxob`bcoxy ne {bxxoa` xno`f

ygbvcg ygf vd`feqdfi qfeifq so`` mdbs afyyfq = lbq ox oy dby

co|fd od hbnnbd èdcvecf ygey ygfqf ox e èw loaqf ed

* ! [vaòxgfi a Iq$ Yelf` ex ygf Xf|fdyg Yeqy bl Ygf Edone`

Modcibn$!

5;




oqqoyea`f loaqf e loqn loaqf edi xb lbqyg òdc ey ygf aexox

bl {eqyohvèq yfn{fqenfdyx edi hbdxyoyvyobdx 2 ! Gf ygfd

{qbhffix yb co|f vx ed oife bl ygf hbdyfdyx bl ygf |b`vnf$

v Ygox Ygoqi [eqy bl ygf Fhbdbn ! gf xex ! fw{bvdix ygf

|eqobvx neddfqx od sgohg ygf afenx edi yonafqx bl ygf abi

eqf èoi = x{fholohe`` ygf hbdxyqvhyobd bl ygf lqenf = xbnfsgey

ex ygf [qodho{oe vdlbìx ygf f`fnfdyeq hbdxyqvhyobd bl ygf

vdo|fqxf$ Oy e`xb hbdxoifqx ygf iollfqfdy modix bl loaqfx = ygf

lbqn bl ygfoq l`vwobd edi ygf Ibhyqodf bl Lbqnx cfdfqe``

edi èxy` od e nbxy nexyfq` xy`f de soyg e {bsfq bl

baxfq|eyobd edi ede`xox dfs od nfiohodf ygf Ioxfexfx bl ygf

Loaqfx$ Od ygf sfocgyodfxx bl oyx yqvygx od xvxyeodfi bqifq

bl fw{bxoyobd od lfòhoy bl {gqexf edi od lodoxg edi hbn.

{`fyfdfxx oy ox dby xvq{exxfi a ed xhofdyoloh sbqm ygey ygf

evygbq {vaòxgfi : nbqfb|fq oy hbdyeodx xb nvhg ygey ox {fhv.

òeq ex yb lbqn ed odiox{fdxea`f eiioyobd yb gox bygfq |b`vnfx$!

Hbddfhyfi soyg ygf xenf {fqobi bl Xsfifdabqc#x òlf ex ygf

Fhbdbn ox edbygfq |b`vnf bl NXX$ fioyfi a Iq$ So`modxbdabyg od @eyod edi Fdcòxg vdifq ygf yoy`f bl ! [bxygvnbvx

Yqehyx! ygf @eyod yoy`f afodc ! B{vxhvè uvefien Eqcvnfdyx

[go`bxb{goho$!’Ygfxf yqehyx eqf lbq ygf nbxy {eqy hbdifdxfi

xyeyfnfdyx bl ygf xvajfhyx edi eqcvnfdyx bl ygf èqcfq sbqmx

yb ygf xyvi bl sgohg ygf lvqdoxg cbbi odyqbivhyobdx$ Edbygfq

nedvxhqo{y sgohg af`bdcx yb ygf xenf xfqofx soyg ygf Fhbdbn

edi ox nfdyobdfi od ygf Ygoqi [eqy bl ygey sbqm ex ygf [eqybd Hbqqfx{bdifdhfx 'd$ 837/ ox ygf ! Gofqbc`{goh Mf! sgohg

ox òmfsoxf fioyfi od ygf bqocode` èd0doe1=f edi yqedxèyfi odyb

Fdcòxg a Iq$ So`modxbd$ Ygox yqehy ox ed eyyfn{y yb fò.

nodeyf e deyvqe` ibhyqodf bl hbqqfx{bdifdhfx edi yb xgbs oyx

e{{òheyobd a fwen{`fx$

Elyfq yemodc e xvq|f bl e`` ygf sbqmx af`bdcodc yb ygox

{gexf bl Xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{gohe` edi xhofdyoloh òlf Iq$So`modxbd x{femx bl ygf fwfhvyobd bl ygf ! Edone` Modcibn!

od ygf lb``bsodc yfqnx :

! Ygox ygf èxy {qbivhfi ox ygf dba`fxy bl Xsfifdabqc#x

sbqmx bd ygf gvned lqenf$ Ygf loqxy ysb [eqyx bl ygox yqfe.

yoxf e{{feqfi od ygf evygbq#x 66yg ygf Ygoqi [eqy od gox 63yg

feq$ Ygfqf ox od oy ygf h`feqdfxx bl ygf lev`y`fxx `bcohoed

ygf vynbxy xf|fqoy bl ygf odivhyo|f qfexbdfq= ygf bqifq bl ygf



xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$ O``

hbdxvnneyf {go`bxb{gohe` eqhgoyfhy = ygf afevy lqffibn edi

vdo|fqxe` hbqioeòy bl ygf nocgy {bfy = ygf xyqfdcyg bl ygf

coedy ygf {èlv`dfxx bl e hgoì$ Df|fq sex ygf {eyg bl xhofdhf

xb ex{oqodc bq xyqfsd soyg xvhg `b|f` edi `fcoyoneyf l`bsfqx

ex od ygfxf exybdoxgodc |b`vnfx$ Avy {qeoxf ox e dffi`fxx

yqoavyf yb ygfoq cbbidfxx : ygf {body bd` yb e{{òheyobdx edi

sbqmx edi afxffhg vx dby yb xyedi `bdc od ygf xyv{flehyobd bl

enezfnfdy avy yb ceygfq v{ bvq fdfqcofx edi xvnnbd bvq

vdifqxyediodc lbq sgeyf|fq ygf eqyx edi xhofdhfx ge|f fy yb

hbdyqoavyf yb ygf yqvf ei|edhfnfdy bl bvq qehf$ Ygbxf bd`

lb``bs ygfoq x{oqoy sgb eqf ehyo|f` fdife|bqodc yb fwyfdi

ygfoq {qodho{`fx od dfs lofìx vdfw{`bqfi f|fd a Xsfifdabqc$

! Ygfxf eqf enbdc ygf cqfey sbqmx sgohg qf|b`vyobdozf bvq

hbdxhobvxdfxx edi fdcfdifq dfs sedyx edi e dfs nodi od

ygf gvned xbv`$ Edi fy oy ox xvq{qoxodc gbs òyy`f Xsfifd.

abqc sex hbdyqb|fqxoe` bq ioqfhy` hqoyohe` : soyg ygf fwhf{yobd

bl gox Lqecnfdy bd @foadoyz gf xheqhf` secfx lbqne` aeyy`f

soyg edbygfq sqoyfq$ Dfoygfq xhbìodc xhofdhf lbq oyx xfq|oòy

dbq nfye{gxohe` {go`bxb{g lbq oyx eqylv` baxhvqeyobdx gf xv{.

{òfx f`f|eyfi yqvygx bd ygf xyecf bl gox bsd nodi edi `fe|fx

ygfn yb ceod ygfoq {qf|e`fdhf soygbvy e x`èa`f bl òyfqeq

qfhbnnfdieyobd$ \fqo` e xelf edi cqfey fe edi ygf bd`

hbvqxf lbq ygfxf {qodho{`fx odgeaoy e qfcobd sgfqf ygf ge|f

db b{{bdfdyx = de sgfqf ygf bì le`xoyofx eqf h`fed bvy bl ygfoq

xfdxfx edi soygbvy afodc eseqf bl ygf hbdxfuvfdhfx bl ygf

einoxxobd hbdlfxx yb dbygodc ey e``$! [b{vèq Xmfyhg fyh$

Iq$ So`modxbd hbdyodvfx od gox @olf bl Xo|fifdabqc :

! Xsfifdabqc#x baxfq|eyobdx edi lehyx eqf ex xv{fqobq yb ygf

bqiodeq lbvdieyobdx ex gox nfygbi ox afyyfq yged ygf {qbhfivqfx

sgohg eqf xyo`` od |bcvf$ Gox {bsfq bl qfneqm ox nbqf {gx.

obcdbnohe` yged od ed {qf|obvx sqoyfq soyg sgbn sf eqf

ehuveodyfi$ Bygfq hb``fhybqx bl lehyx qvxgfi ey bdhf odyb iox.

xfhyobd edi |ob`fdhf edi aqbmf ygqbvcg ygf x{femodc lehf bl

ygodcx od ygfoq on{eyofdhf$ Gf bd ygf bygfq gedi {qbhffifi

hevyobvx` edi yfdifq` edi bd` hvy ygf xmod sgfd gf gei

fwgevxyfi oyx `bbmx edi fw{qfxxobdx hbd|fqxodc loqxy soyg ygf

lehf ygfd soyg bygfq {eqyx bl ygf xvqlehf edi ey èxy soyg ygf

oddfq odfw{qfxxo|f {eqyx ygf {bbq ivna hqfeyvqfx sgohg sfqf

ygf xb`f hbn{ed bl ygf edeybnoxyx$ Gf sex ygf nbxy cqedi`




xv{fqlohoe` sqoyfq sgb gei ygfd eqoxfd’e qeqf uveòloheyobd

od oyx cbbi xfdxf edi sgohg co|fx ygf afdfloy bl yqe|f` yb ygf

xhofdhfx fdeaòdc ygfn yb yemf òafqe` |ofsx bl ygfoq neyfqoe`x=

e uveòloheyobd nbqfb|fq sgohg ox ygf {qf{eqeyo|f lbq if{yg

lbq ygf sgb`f xvqlehf e`bdf `feix vx yb ygf hfdyqf edi sgfd

hbn{`fyf ox oyxf`l ed e{{eqfdy x{gfqf ygf nbxy {fqlfhy bl xho.

fdyoloh lbqnx$ Ehhbqiodc` sgfd Xsfifdabqc cbfx v{seqix

bq odseqix gf ox cvoifi* yb ygf xvd bq ygf hbqf a nqoeix

bl qex lqbn ygf yqedx`vhfdy xmod edi vaouvoybvx lodcfqx od|oyf

edi afhmbd gon odyb ygf if{ygx$ Xvhg ox deyvqf#x {qo|o`fcf

lbq ygbxf sgb afxffhg gfq {fqnoxxobdx edi qfei ygf soxgfx bl

gfq aqbeifq òdfenfdyx$

! Od o``vxyqeyobd bl ygfxf qfneqmx sf ge|f bd` x{ehf yb

e``vif yb bdf lehy edi ibhyqodf neif vxf bl a bvq evygbq od

ygf lbqfcbodc sbqmx avy ygey bdf ox bl ygf vynbxy |e`vf abyg

od gox xxyfn edi goxybq = sf nfed gox ibhyqodf bl qfx{oqe.

yobd$ @fy ed qfeifq ygodm lbq e nbnfdy bl sgey gf fw{f.

qofdhfx sgfd gf aqfeygfx edi eyyfdi yb ygf ehy$ Gf so`` lodi

ygey gox sgb`f lqenf gfe|fx edi xvaxoifx ey ygf yonf = lehf

hgfxy xybnehg edi ònax eqf e`` ehyveyfi a gox qfx{oqeyobd$

Gox xfdxf ox ygey dby bd` gox `vdcx avy gox fdyoqf abi aqfeygfx$

Gfqf ox e èqcf xvqlehf bl lehy = ygf lbvdieyobd.ibhyqodf bl ed

ibhyqodf bl qfx{oqeyobd$ Ygf nbxy vd`feqdfi fw{fqofdhf hbd.

yeodx oy ex sf`` ex ygf nbxy `feqdfi edi blyfd nvhg nbqf

|o|oi` lbq `feqdodc xbnfyonfx godifqx ygf aqfeyg = ygf {`fygbqe

bl xhofdhf edi {go`bxb{g hbdlodfx ygf gfe|odc yb ygf hgfxy

e`bdf edi ygf `feqdfi {vll edi {edy$ Dbs neqm sgey

Xsfifdabqc fòhoyfi lqbn ygox lehy afhevxf gf ehhf{yfi oy ex e

neyfqoe` lbq xhofdhf$ Ol ygf sgb`f ned aqfeygfx bq gfe|fx

xb e`xb ib ygf bqcedx sgohg gf hbdyeodx lbq ygf eqf dfhfx.

xeqo` iqesd bvyseqix a ygf qoxodc bl ygf xvqlehf = ygfqflbqf

ygf e`` aqfeygf$ Sgey ib ygf aqfeygf 2 Ysb f`fnfdyx eqf

bndo{qfxfdy od ygfn ygf a`bbi.|fxxf`x edi ygf dfq|fx ygf bdf

co|odc ygfn {eav`vn ygf bygfq òlf$ Ygf iqes ygfd odyb

ygfnxf`|fx a`bbi edi òlf bq dfq|bvx x{oqoy$ Fehg ibfx ygox

ehhbqiodc yb oyx bsd lbqn = fehg ygfqflbqf gex e lqff odio|oi.

veòy òmf ygf sgb`f ned = fehg yemfx oyx lbbi ygf a`bbi sgfd

oy hgbbxfx=fehg so``x odyb oyxf`l ygf òlf ehhbqiodc yb oyx ifxoqfx$

Ygf ned ox neif v{ bl nedòmf {eqyx = gox lqffibn ox ed




edqdqfbqeyf ;O4 e gbxy bl eybnoh bqjndohe` lqffibnx$ Ygf gfeqy

ibhx dby hqen ygfn soyg oyx a`bbi avy fehg òmf ygf ned

gonxf`l yemfx sgey oy ygodmx qocgy=ygf aqeod edi dfq|fx ib

dby lbqhf v{bd ygfn e gfyfqbcfdfbvx òlf avy fehg modi`fx oyxf`l

soyg e{{qb{qoeyf òlf ehhbqiodc yb sgey oy e`qfei gex edi

sgey oy sedyx yb ge|f$ Ygfqf ox hgeqehyfq edi odio|oiveòy

od f|fq nb`fhv`f = edi ygf nodi ox {qb{fq` avo`y v{bd lehv`.

yofx ede`bcbvx yb oyx bsd hbdlfqqfi v{bd neyfqoe` bqcedx$ Oy

gedi`fx deyvqf a ygf so`òdc hbqqfx{bdifdhf bl deyvqf od ygox

gocg nehgodf soyg oyx bsd fxxfdyoe` eyyqoavyfx$ Ygf abi ox

e nodi edi xbv` bl l`fxg$

! Avy lvqygfqnbqf ygbvcgy hbnnfdhfx edi hbqqfx{bdix soyg

qfx{oqeyobd$ Ygf qfeifq gex aflbqf eyyfdifi yb ygf {qfxfdhf

bl ygf gfe|odc b|fq ygf abi = dbs `fy gon lff` gox ygbvcgyx

edi gf so`` xff ygey ygf ybb gfe|f soyg ygf nexx$ Sgfd gf

fdyfqyeodx e `bdc ygbvcgy gf iqesx e `bdc aqfeyg = sgfd gf

ygodmx uvohm` gox aqfeyg |oaqeyfx soyg qe{oi e`yfqdeyobdx

sgfd ygf yfn{fxy bl edcfq xgemfx gox nodi gox aqfeyg ox

yvnv`yvbvx= sgfd gox xbv` ox iff{ edi yqeduvo` xb gox qfx{oqe.

yobd = sgfd xvhhfxx odlèyfx gon gox `vdcx eqf yvnoi ex gox hbd.

hfoyx$ @fy gon nemf e yqoe` bl ygf hbdyqeq : `fy gon fdife|bq

yb ygodm od `bdc xyqfyhgfx ey ygf xenf yonf ygey gf aqfeygfx od

loyx edi gf so`` lodi ygey oy ox on{bxxoa`f= ygey od ygox hexf ygf

hgb{{odc `vdcx so`` dffix nodhf gox ygbvcgyx$ Dbs ygf nodi

isf``x od ygf aqeod edi oy ox ygf aqeod ygfqflbqf sgohg xgeqfx

ygf |eqodc lbqyvdfx bl ygf aqfeygodc$ Oy ox xyqedcf ygey ygox

hbqqfx{bdifdhf afysffd ygf xyeyfx bl ygf aqeod bq nodi edi

ygf `vdcx gex dby affd einoyyfi od xhofdhf lbq oy gbìx od f|fq

hexf od f|fq nbnfdy$ Od yqvyg oy ox xb vdleoòdc edi xb

dfeq yb ygf hfdyqf bl xfdxf ygey ygox gex neif oy iollohv`y yb

qfceqi oy ex ed bajfhy = lbq ol bv bd` yq yb ygodm v{bd ygf

aqfeygodc od hbdxfuvfdhf bl ygf loweyobd bl ygbvcgy bv xyb{

ygf aqfeyg ygey |fq nbnfdy edi bd` qf.hbnnfdhf oy sgfd

ygf ygbvcgy hed db `bdcfq gbì ygey ox yb xe sgfd ygf aqeod

gex dffi yb fw{oqf$ Dbs Xsfifdabqc soyg enezodc baxfq.

|eyobd edi xecehoy gex neif e qfcvèq xyvi bl ygox qeyob

afysffd ygf qfx{oqeyobd edi ygf ygbvcgyx edi fnbyobdx= gf

xgbsx od ifyeo` ygey ygf ysb hbqqfx{bdi fwehy` edi nbqfb|fq

ygey ygfoq hbqqfx{bdifdhf ox bdf bl ygf `bdc.xbvcgy òdmx afysffd

5;*




ygf xbv` edi ygf abi sgfqfa f|fq ygbvcgy ox qf{qfxfdyfi

edi heqqofi bvy nbnfdyedfbvx` od ygf fw{edxf bl ygf gvned

lqenf sgohg oy {fdfyqeyfx a |ohfcfqfdy nbyobdx bq xyeyfx$

Ygvx ol ygf nodi ox yqeduvo` ygf abi ox xonoèq` yqeduvo`

edi ygf ysb eqf ex bdf ygey ox yb xe vdoyfi = ol ygf nodi ox

{fqyvqafi ygf abi ox òmfsoxf xb od ygf nbxy fwehy xonoòyvif

ol ygf nodi `b|fx sgey ox gocg ygf abi `bbmx yb oy edi ex{oqfx

yb qfehg oy = edi sgo`f ygf ysb sbqm lbq fehg bygfq ygey ox yb

xe xb `bdc ex gfe`yg xvllohofdy èxyx ygfqf nvxy af hbddfhyobd

afysffd ygfn bq ygf e``.mdbsodc xbv` sbvì dby {qbloy a oyx

bsd ybb` oyx |fq ibva`f od ygf sbqì$ Oy ox iollohv`y yb co|f

e nbqf {èod bq fwhf``fdy qfexbd bl ygf yof afysffd ygf abi

edi ygf xbv` yged ygey ygf èyyfq lodix ygf abi eaxb`vyf` yb

oyx nodi = sgo`f bd ygf bygfq gedi ygf ò|odc abi hòdcx yb

ygf xbv` afhevxf oy sedyx e lqofdi` xv{fqobq òlf yb odlvxf edi

ioqfhy oyx òlf

! Bl Xsfifdabqc#x hbdyqoavyobdx yb xhofdhf sf ge|f qfhbqifi

ygf eab|f ex enbdc ygf nbxy |e`vea`f edi ex odhe`hvèa`f od

oyx qfxv`yx abyg v{bd ygbvcgy edi {qehyohf$ Od xyeyodc gbs.

f|fq ed bdf {body ex qfneqmea`f od xvhg e cfdovx sf eqf od

iedcfq bl ge|odc oy vdifqxybbi ygey gox hèonx od ygox qfx{fhy

hed af fdvnfqeyfi a ed hqoyoh bq aobcqe{gfq$ Bd ygf hbd.

yqeq sf xgbvì ge|f yb sqoyf e |b`vnf sfqf sf yb if|byf

avy e lfs òdfx yb fehg ifyeo` bl gox fwhfxxo|f lqvoylv`dfxx$

Xvllohf oy yb xe ygey ygfqf ox db oduvoqfq odyb ygf gvned abi

foygfq lbq ygf {vq{bxfx bl nfiohe` bq cfdfqe` odyf`òcfdhf eab|f

e`` ygfqf ox db {go`bxb{gohe` edeybnoxy sgb gex ibdf jvxyohf

yb gonxf`l vd`fxx gf gex gvna` qfei edi xyviofi’dby yvqdfi

b|fq edi hbdhfoyfi` ioxnoxxfi’ ygf Fhbdbn edi Edone`

Modcibn bl Xsfifdabqc$ Ygf sbqmx bl hbvqxf eqf {exy

ex qfhbqix bl edeybnohe` lehyx avy od cfdfqe` lehyx ygey eqf

aoccfq yged edeybn ygf ge|f dby affd fwhf``fi edi dbdf

avy e nfed {qoif bl xhofdhf bq ed ode{yoyvif lbq gocg qfexbdx

sbvì ifyfq ygf oduvoqfq lqbn ygf òcgy gf ne gfqf ehuvoqf

od x{oyf bl nffyodc e lfs baxb`fyf dbyobdx bq e lfs gvdiqfix

bl odhbn{`fyf fw{fqonfdyx$

=o Ygf qfhf{yobd bl Xsfifdabqc#x deyvqe` {go`bxb{g a ygf

sbqì lvqdoxgfx e dfceyo|f f|fdy bl xbnf odyfqfxy od gox

aobcqe{g$ Xb `bdc ex gf hbdlodfi gonxf`l yb ygf {qehyohe`



XSFIFDABQC#x XHOFDHF$ 556

x{gfqf gox yqfeyoxfx nfy soyg e leoq xgeqf bl e{{qb|e` abyg

od gox bsd hbvdyq edi ygqbvcgbvy Fvqb{f =avy ygf nbnfdy

gox bsd cfdovxe{{feqfi oy hbdxocdfi gon ex sf xeoi ey ygf

bvyxfy yb yfn{bqeq baò|obd’e cbe` ey sgohg gf eqqo|fi elyfq

{exxodc ygqbvcg xbnf {qfònodeq b{{qbaqovn$ Ygf Yqedx.

ehyobdx bl ygf @feqdfi '# Ehye Fqdioybqvn#/ {vaòxgfi ey

@fo{xoh sex dby x`bs yb ioxhb|fq gox vdhbnnbd uveòyofx bq

yb ifdbvdhf ygfn$ Od Lfaqveq 5311 ygf qf|ofsfq xeoi bl

gox Hgfnohe` X{fhonfdx # Ygf evygbq gex iox{èfi cqfey

eaoòyofx edi fuve` odivxyq= avy

gbsleq gf gex lb``bsfi yqvyg

od gox ygfbqofx `fy bygfqx ifhoif$# Od 5386 od qf|ofsodc gox

Bvyòdfx bl ygf Odlodoyf ygf xenf jbvqde` hgeqcfi gon soyg

neyfqoeòxn$ Edi od 5393 oy ce|f e ifqoxo|f dbyohf bl gox

Edone` Modcibn fdiodc soyg ygf xocdolohedy sbqix :# Xb

nvhg lbq Xsfifdabqcoed iqfenx$#

! Od ygf xenf feq ex ygf ygoqi {eqy bl ygf Edone` Modcibn

o$f$ od 5396 Xsfifdabqc {vaòxgfiod

@bdibd edbygfq sbqmod ysb {eqyx Bd ygf Sbqxgo{ edi @b|f bl Cbi$ Ygox sbqm

ne af qfceqifi ex ed eyyfn{yfi aqoicf lqbn {go`bxb{g yb

ygfb`bc = ed eqhg ygqbsd b|fq lqbn ygf xoif bl deyvqf ybseqix

ygf vdxffd xgbqf bl ygf èdi bl òlf$ Ex oy ox yb ygox fwyfdy e

òdm xb oy gex xbnf bl ygf enaocvoy sgohg eyyehgfx yb yqedx.

oyobde` ygodcx edi ehhbqiodc` a ygbxf sgb jvicf oy lqbn

foygfq xoif ne af noxvdifqxybbi$ Lbq n {eqy O xff od oyx

fwvafqedy òdfx db sedy bl h`feq yqvyg avy xon{` ygf jb edi

qfhqfeyobd bl bdf cbe` eyyeodfi = ygf geq|fxy gbnf bl e xhofd.

yoloh hh`f = ygf fvygedexoe bl e dba`f odyf``fhy {fehflv`` xodm.

odc aehm odyb oyx bsd x{oqoyve` hbvdyq= ygf [fdyfhbxy ygfdhf

bl dfs ybdcvfx ex bl loqf od sgohg f|fq ned ox eiiqfxxfi od

gox bsd èdcvecf sgfqfod gf sex abqd’ygf èdcvecf dby bl

sbqix avy bl ygodcx$ Lbq gfqf gex xhofdhf afhbnf eqy edi ox

oifdyolofi soyg deyvqf od ygf |fq noii`f edi ygohmfxy bl gfq

afevy$ Gfqf ygf lbqcbyyfd `bqf bl edyouvoy afcodx yb af

qfxybqfi edi {qodho{`fx qeyolofi odyb yqvygx yemf abi od e

nygb`bcohe` deqqeyo|f ygf loqxy hqfeyobd bl ygf modi xodhf ygf

iesd bl ygf xhofdyoloh ecfx$ Gfqf ygf ibhyqodf bl Hbqqfx{bd.

ifdhfx hbnnfdhfx yb qf.exxfqy oyx xvaònf {qfqbceyo|f bl

afeqodc yb ned ygf yffnodc x{oqoy bl gfe|fd od ygf hv{x bldeyvqf$ Ygox O ygodm ehhbvdyx lbq ygf xodcvèqoy bl ygf



55< xsfifdabqc#x xhofdhf$

sbqm = lbq oyx xyediodc od e neddfq a oyxf`l enbdc ygf evygbq#x

sqoyodcx$ Lbq ygf qfxy ol oy af xyo`` qfhmbdfi xhofdyoloh bq

{go`bxb{gohe` sf nvxy df|fqygf`fxx xe ygey oy ox ed bllfqodc

v{ bl abyg xhofdhf edi {go`bxb{g v{bd ygf e`yeq bl qfòcobd$

Bl oyx nfqoyx od ygox qfx{fhy ygfqf hed O onecodf af avy bdf

b{odobd$ Sgeyf|fq bl einoqeyobd sf ge|f lf`y lbq Xsfifd.

abqc#x lbqnfq fllbqyx bd` odhqfexfx ex sf fdyfq ygf odyfqobq bl

ygox evcvxy deyvqe` yfn{`f$ E dfs sfe`yg bl {qodho{`fx e

qeioedy f|fd {bsfq xvhg ex {fehf e`bdf hed hbnnvdoheyf e

ioxhbvqxf bl bqifq {fqxvexo|f` hbd|odhodc ed ellfhyodc edi

xvaxyedyoe` afevy nbqf iff{ yged {bfyq e `vwvqoedhf bl bqde.

nfdy odxyodhy soyg ygf òlf bl ygf xvajfhy = odyf``fhy onecodeyobd

ledh vdoyfi` esemf od e `b|f` |oxobd bl {qonf|e` yonfx

soxibn ybb nemodc e`` ygodcx gvned : xvhg ox ed on{fqlfhy

fdvnfqeyobd bl ygf uveòyofx sgohg fdyfq odyb ygox qo{f lqvoy bl

ygf deyo|f cfdovx bl Xsfifdabqc$ Sgfygfq od lv`dfxx bq

`blyodfxx O mdbs bl dbygodc xonoèq yb oy’bl dbygodc xfhbdi

yb oy’od nfqf gvned òyfqeyvqf$! [b{vèq Xmfyhg fyh$

! Ygf loqxy {bqyobd bl ygf sbqm edi lbq ygf xhofdyoloh {go`b.

xb{gfq {qbaea` oyx lodfxy {bqyobd qf{qfxfdyx ygf bqocod edi

{qbcqfxxobd bl ygox vdo|fqxf lqbn ygf xvd edi x{fholohe`` ygf

bqocod bl bvq bsd {èdfy soyg ygf qfocd bl ygf cfdfqe` x{qodc

edi ygf hbdxfuvfdy if|f`b{nfdy bl ygf loqxy nodfqe` |fcfyea`f

edi edone` modcibnx bdf lqbn edbygfq od xvhhfxxobd = lbq

deyvqf ey ygf afcoddodc sex aoc soyg ygf {qodho{`fx bl e`` ygodcx

edi ygf feqyg sex dfeq yb oyx {eqfdy xvd soyg ex fy db

eynbx{gfqf avy ygf xfqfdf xv{fqde` fygfq$ Dfwy sf eqf `fi

yb ygf gvned abi sqbvcgy a ygf odlodoyf od ygf b|vn lvq.

doxgfi a ygf Yqff bl @olf od ygf oddfqnbxy lbhvx bl ygf

x{qodc edi ygf {eqeioxf bl [eqeioxf : hqfeyobd qoxodc ygvx od e

c`bqobvx {o`f hfdyqf eab|f hfdyqf$ Ygfqfelyfq sf ge|f ygf

odledh edi cqbsyg bl ygf nodi bl ygf loqxy.abqd od ygf xyeyf

bl odyfcqoy edi oddbhfdhf = soyg oyx f`f|eyobd odyb ygqff dfs

modcibnx$ Ygfd ygfqf ox ygf aoqyg bl F|f edi ygf neddfq

bl oy edi gfq fivheyobd a nodoxyfqodc x{oqoyx edi gfq afyqbyge`

edi neqqoecf yb Eien$ Edi # ygox# ex Xsfifdabqc hbdh`vifx

9 sex ygf xowyg xhfdf bd ygf sbqì#x xyecf$# Edi ygf xf|fdyg

sex fy yb hbnf$!

Bd yemodc e cfdfqe` |ofs bl Xsfifdabqc#x xhofdyoloh èabqx




edi hbn{eqodc ygfn soyg ygf {èd sgohg gf gei èoi bvy lbq

gonxf`l od ygf afcoddodc Iq$ So`modxbd xex :! Xsfifdabqc

gex lv`lo``fi oy ox yqvf avy e xne`` {bqyobd bl gox {èd afodc

`fi yb xbnfygodc afyyfq yged ygf ioqfhy qfhbdxyqvhyobd bl ygf

xhofdhfx = avy xyo`` oy ox xeyoxlehybq yb mdbs ygey gox nedv.

xhqo{yx sgfd sf hed {vaòxg ygfn so`` co|f ed bvyòdf bl go8

|ofsx bd e`` ygf xvajfhyx bl sgohg gf odyfdifi yb yqfey$ Ygvx

ygfqf ox ex aflbqf dbyohfi e hbdyodveyobd bl ygf Hgfnohe`

X{fhonfdx = ygfqf ox e`xb e hbdyodveyobd bl ygf Edone` Modc.

ibn e yqfeyoxf Bd ygf Aqeod ed on{bqyedy nedvxhqo{y Bd

Cfdfqeyobd ]xodhf {vaòxgfi od @eyod a Iq$ Yelf` edi yqedx.

èyfi odyb Fdcòxg a Iq$ So`modxbd^ e yqfeyoxf Bd ygf Gvned

Nodi denf` ygf lo|f xfdxfx edi ygf |eqobvx lehv`yofx abyg

hbdhqfyf edi eaxyqehy ygf gvned `b|fx edi {exxobdx edi

sgeyf|fq lb``bsx ygfqflqbn ]xodhf {vaòxgfi od @eyod a Iq$

Yelf` ex \b`x$ O\$ edi \OO$ bl ygf Edone` Modcibn avy dby

fy yqedxèyfi odyb Fdcòxg^$!

E òxy bl ygf vd{vaòxgfi nedvxhqo{yx bl Xsfifdabqc

yqfeyodc bd xhofdyoloh xvajfhyx so`` af co|fd od ygf èxy hge{yfq

bl bvq |b`vnf$

39$ Xbnf {fqyodfdy qfneqmx bd Xsfifdabqc#x yqfeynfdy

bl lehyx eqf hbdyeodfi od ygf ! Dfs Hgvqhg Ei|bheyf! \b`$

OO$ {{$ 18< fyh$

! Od jvicodc bl ygf {go`bxb{gohe` lehyx bl Xsfifdabqc sf

nvxy dby qfxy od ygf lehy ygey gf sex dby ehuveodyfi soyg ygf

qfxfeqhgfx bl Leqeie bq Ie| bq Afqzfòvx bq @ofaoc

avy sf nvxy loqxy exm bvqxf`|fx sgey gox {vq{bxf edi ioqfhyobd

sex ygfd oduvoqf sgfygfq ygf fw{fqonfdye` mdbs`ficf bl gox

yonf sex xvllohofdy lbq gon od ygox qfx{fhy = edi èxy bl e`` sf

ne fdife|bq yb lodi bvy sgfygfq {eqyohvèq lehyx bl qfhfdy

ioxhb|fq so`` xv{{` hbqqbabqeyobdx bl gox {qodho{`fx$

! Ey loqxy odiffi $ $ $ oy ox ybb òmf` ygey dby nvhg

ioqfhy qfèyobd so`` af lbvdi yb fwoxy afysffd Xsfifdabqc#x

{go`bxb{g edi ygf lehyx bl ygf ie$ Avy od ygf nfed yonf

`fy vx gbì ygey {go`bxb{g soyg ed vdqfèwodc cqex{$ Sfge|f ygox eyyfxyeyobd bl oyx yqvyg’ygey oy ox sbqyg bl Cbi edi

sbqyg bl ned : ygey ygfqf eqf db {qodho{`fx yb

b{{bxf oy edi db cfdfqe` lehyx : ygey od Cbi#x sbqmx # ygf




gocgfxy qfexbd ox e`sex ygf yqvfxy" edi ygey ygf qfexbd co|fd

od Xsfifdabqc#x sqoyodcx ox ygf gocgfxy fy ifhèqfi : `gey ygf

hbdyfn{èyobd bl oy yfdix yb nemf ned soxfq eno afyyfq edi

yb nemf gox #|fdfqeyobd bl ygf Ifoy hb.fwyfdxo|f soyg gox

soxibn edi ex hbdxyedy ex ygf b{fqeyobd bl gox xfdxfx$# * Od

lehy ygfqf ox xbnfygodc bl ygf xenf qfexbd yb gbì yb ygf

{go`bxb{g bl Xsfifdabqc f|fd e`ygbvcg oy e{{feq yb òf b{fd

yb ygf xne`` loqf bl xhofdhf ex ygfqf ox yb gbì yb Hgqoxyoedoy

od b{{bxoyobd yb ygf eygfoxyx edi ifoxyx f|fd e`ygbvcg ygf `fyyfq

bl Xhqo{yvqf od|b`|f e gbxy bl {fyy iollohv`yofx edi xffnodc

hbdyqeqofyofx sgohg db hqoyoh gex fy affd ea`f yb xb`|f$ @fy

vx dby ygqbs ese e nocgy cbbi sgohg ox xbvdi yb ygf gfeqy#x

hbqf afhevxf sf ib dby lodi od oy xbnf òyy`f ifyeo` bq ifyeo`x

sgohg xhofdhf soyg gfq nohqbxhb{oh ffx gex hbdh`vifi yb af

fxxfdyoe`x$ Ygfxf ne hbnf elyfqseqix ol ygf eqf sedyfi

bq bd ygf bygfq gedi sf ne eyyeod yb nbqf hbn{qfgfdxo|f

xyeyfx edi lodi ygf èqcfdfxx bl ygodcx nbqf gbdfxy edi xoc.

doloheyo|f yged ygf ifyeo`x : sf ne {fqhgedhf lodi e`` sf

sedy od ygf aqbei xyqffyx bl hqfeyobd$

! Sgey sf ifxoqf yb ei|edhf ox ygox : ygey ol e {qohho{`f

sgfygfq deyvqe` nbqe` bq x{oqoyve` e{{qb|f oyxf`l yb e`` ygf

lehv`yofx bl ygf nodi fwhf{yodc ygf xfdxfx $ $ $ ygfd od

ifx{oyf bl ygf xfdxfx bq leoòdc ygfoq hbqqbabqeyobd xvhg {qod.

ho{`f nvxy xyo`` af neodyeodfi = edi nvxy aoif oyx yonf edi a

odhfxxedy qeyobde` fllbqyx bd bvq {eqy oy nvxy af vxfi yb hbd|fqy

ygf od|fqyfi xfdxfx edi ygfoq x{gfqf yb oyx xoif$ Ygf xfdxfx

ygfqflbqf ne af neif vxf bl yb hbdloqn oy = avy ygf eqf dby

yb af e``bsfi ed ehyo|f {bsfq od ygf hexf = dbq eqf ygf yb

qeoxf v{ xfq{fdy gfeix eceodxy ygey sgohg ox {qb|fi yb af cbbi

edi yqvf od e afyyfq qfcobd yged ygfoqx$

! Sgey ygfd ox yb afhbnf bl lehyx l Eqf sf {qf{eqfi yb

qf|fqy yb ygbxf yonfx sgfd fw{fqofdhf xvhg ex sf dbs ge|f

* Sf ne eii gfqf ex edbygfq qfexbd ygf lb``bsodc xyeyfnfdy bl

[qbl |bd Caqqfx : !Ygfqf dbsgfqf e{{feqx od ygf sqoyodcx bl Xsf.

ifdabqc e xf`l.ifxyqbodc hbdyqeiohyobd dbygodc eaqv{y ioxjbodyfi bq

vdhbddfhyfi bq eqaoyeq bq o``bcohe` $ $ $ avy f|fqygodc ygey gf

sqoyfx ox xb hbddfhyfi edi vdodyfqqv{yfi ex yb {qfxfdy e {fqlfhy

sgb`f$!




oy sex dby od afode$ evi ygf baxfq|eyobdx bl xhofdhf sfqf

e`nbxy hbodhoifdy soyg ygbxf bl ieo` òlf =sgfd ygf lehf bl

deyvqf qf|fe`fi dfeq` e`` ygey sex mdbsd bl gfq edi ygf

odyfqobqx bl ygodcx gei affd xheqhf` ioxyvqafi a ygf qvif`

ede`yoh gedi bl neo`2 Ygox ox h`feq` on{bxxoa`f$ Ygf

sbqì heddby vdib sgey oy gex e`qfei ibdf dbq lbqcfy sgey

oy mdbsx$ _fy oy ygf yqvyg nvxy af ybì lehyx ge|f fy yb

bayeod ygfoq qfe` {èhf edi yb af fxyoneyfi ey ygfoq {qb{fq

|e`vf$ Ygf ge|f fy yb af xbqyfi odyb ioqfhy edi qfnbyf bq

baòuvf lehyx$* Ey {qfxfdy xhofdhf nodc`fx e`` ybcfygfq od bdf

hbdlvxfi gfe{$ @fy vx isf`` e òyy`f `bdcfq v{bd ygox io|oxobd$

! Loqxy gbsf|fq sf so`` |fdyvqf yb elloqn ygey ygfqf sfqf

nv`yoyvifx bl lehyx mdbsd od Xsfifdabqc#x ie edi mdbsd

nbqfb|fq yb Xsfifdabqc gonxf`l sgohg ioi dby lodi ed ioqfhy

{èhf od ygf xfqofx bl gox qfexbdodcx$ Od ygox qfx{fhy ygf {qfxfdy

xyeyf bl xhofdhf ibfx dby iollfq od fxxfdhf lqbn ygf xyeyf bl

xhofdhf od gox yonf = avy bd` od necdoyvif edi nv`yoyvif$

Ygfqf ox db {qodho{`f od|b`|fi od ygf hexf ex ellfhyodc nbifqd

xhofdhf = avy bd` ygf hoqhvnxyedhf ygey ygfqf eqf ned nbqf

lehyx dbs sgohg Xsfifdabqc sbvì dby ge|f ygbvcgy oy sbqyg

gox E|go`f yb vxf yged sgfd gf sqbyf gox [qodho{oe$ Sf odiffi

einoy lv`` ygey ygfqf eqf e`xb ned sgohg sbvì ge|f lvq.

doxgfi gon soyg qfei hbqqbabqeyobdx = avy bd ygox oy ox dby

bvq odyfdyobd yb isf`` od ygox qf|ofs$

! Yb qfyvqd yb Lehyx ygf bhhv{ od ygf xhofdyoloh sbqì

xbnfygodc òmf ygf xenf {èhf sgohg [qb{fqy bhhv{ofx od bvq

Gbvxfx bl [eqòenfdy : ygf eqf ygf bd` ygodc bq dfeq` ygf

bd` ygodc sgohg ox `fcoxèyfi lbq # {qbyfhyfi# edi ifhèqfi yb

ge|f #qocgyx# od ygf gvned nodi$ Ygf eqf od yqvyg #{qb.

yfhyfi # ey ygf fw{fdxf bl bvq aqeodx Dbs sf

ygodm ygf aqeodx qfuvoqf ygf {qbyfhyobd ey `fexy od ygox hexf$

# Ox dby òlf nbqf yged nfey edi ygf abi yged qeonfdy 2

! Sf xge`` dbs eyyfn{y yb xe e lfs ygodcx qfx{fhyodc ygf

* Ygf `feqdfi sqoyfq bl ygf eab|f eqyoh`f so`` e``bs vx yb `fe|f bvy

lbq ygf {qfxfdy gox e``vxobd yb e ygoqi modi bl lehyx’! hbdyqeqobvx bq

od|fqxf lehyx!’sgohg bd` hbn{òheyf ygf xvajfhy edi yb he`` eyyfd.

yobd bd` yb ygbxf ysb modix bl lehyx sgohg Xsfifdabqc gonxf`l x{fho.

lofx od ygf fwyqehy uvbyfi lqbn gon af`bs a ygf sqoyfq$




io|oxobd enbdc lehyx$ Oy ox xyeyfi a Xsfifdabqc od ygf

[qodho{oe sgfqf gf yqfeyx bl ygfh Nfedx hbdivhodc yb Yqvf

[go`bxb{g# ygey # od bqifq yb ehuvoqf e mdbs`ficf bl deyvqe`

{qodho{`fx’od bqifq yb hbdhfo|f ygf ygfbq bl deyvqf’ygfqf

ox db bhhexobd lbq xvhg ed odlodoyf |eqofy bl {gfdbnfde ex

xbnf {fqxbdx iffn dfhfxxeq : ygey sf dffi bd` ygf nbqf

on{bqyedy bq xvhg ex afeq ioqfhy` edi {qbwoneyf` v{bd ygf

{body= edi ygey sf ib dby dffi ygbxf ygey io|fqcf baòuvf`

edi qfnbyf` lqbn ygf xfqofx edi {bsfqx bl ygf sbqì : ygey

ygf èyyfq ex afodc qfnbyf edi nfqf` hb`èyfqe` ne af xelf`

èoi exoif ex dby fxxfdyoe` = edi ygey ygf sbvì qeygfq yfdi yb

io|fqy ygf nodi lqbn ygf bajfhy yged yb `fei oy bdseqi od ygf

cqfey gocg qbei bl oyx od|fxyoceyobd$# '[eqy o$ hge{$ o$ d$ 5$/

Dbs ygox ey bdhf xgbsx ygf {qb{qofy bl xolyodc lehyx odyb ysb

hèxxfx = bdf hèxx hbn{qoxodc ygbxf sgohg eqf od ygf ioqfhy

bqifq bl hqfeyobd $ $ $ ygf bygfq hèxx hbdxoxyodc bl ygbxf

sgohg eqf baòuvf bq io|fqcfdy lqbn ygf neod òdf$

! Ol ygox |ofs af hbqqfhy sgey eqf sf yb ygodm bl ygf odiox.

hqonodeyf `b|f bl deyvqe` lehyx 2 Ox oy e `b|f bl yqvyg bq ibfx

oy {qbhffi lqbn e `b|f bl yqvyg 2 Nvxy sf dby qfceqi oy ex

ygf hexf bl hbn{bvdi ieqmdfxx bl odyf``fhy’bl e xyeyf od

sgohg ygf aòdidfxx bl baxhvqoy ox hbnaodfi soyg ygf aòdidfxx

bl fqqbq 2 Nvxy sf dby hbvdxf` bvq aqfygqfd edi ygf sbqì

yb afcod od xhofdhf ygf sbqm bl xf{eqeyobd {qf{eqeybq yb

ygqbsodc exoif nvhg bl ygf |exy gfe{ bl lehyx sgohg ox dbs

ehhvnvèyfi 2 Sf eqf sf`` eseqf ygey ygox so`` af xyeqyòdc

ei|ohf$ Ygf noxfq edi gox nbdf.aecx eqf dby fexo`

{eqyfi f|fd ygbvcg oy af {èod` {qb|fi yb gon ygey gf heddby

vxf gox {bxxfxxobdx$ Ygf `b|f bl {qb{fqy edi ygf `b|f bl vxf

eqf ioxyodhy ygodcx$ Soygod ygf èxy ge`l.hfdyvq ygf sbqì

gex avo`y dfs aeqdx edi èoi v{ cbbix ygfqfod lbq ned feqx$

Oy gex xeoi :# Xbv` yemf ygodf fexf = lehyx eqf ybb nv`yoyviodbvx

lbq ed ygfbq yb hbn{qfgfdi ygfn : ge{{o` od ygox se ygbv

gexy cbyyfd qoi bl ygfbq edi x{oqoyveòy= edi yg x`ff{ ne

dbs af vdioxyvqafi elyfq ecfx bl qfxy`fxxdfxx edi ioxhbnlbqy$#

Avy eqf sf yb lb``bs ygox x{oqoy 2 Eqf sf yb hbvdyfdedhf ygf

èz sbqm bl heqqodc lqfxg xedi edi {faa`fx yb ygf vdavo`y

nbvdyeod bl ygfn sgohg fwoxyx e`qfei 2 Eqf sf dby bd ygf

hbdyqeq yb af eqhgoyfhyx bl e dfs avoìodc = yb vxf sgey ox




e|eoèa`f od ygf bì edi dfs neyfqoe`x = edi soygbvy qfxfq|f

edi soygbvy e xv{fqxyoyobvx qf|fqfdhf lbq lehyx loqn` edi

qfxb`vyf` yb {vy exoif sgeyf|fq ox vdloy lbq bvq {vq{bxf 2 Ygvx

{go`bxb{g vdifq ygf evx{ohfx bl qfòcobd so`` qeoxf gfq gfei

edi f`f|eyf xhofdhf a gfq xoif edi ygf gvned vdifqxyediodc

so`` db `beifq af iqeccfi òmf e xè|f ey ygf hgeqoby.sgff`x

bl hoqhvnxyedhf$

! Avy sf gfeq oy sgox{fqfi ygey a exxvnodc ygox ioxhqf.

yobde` {bsfq b|fq lehyx sf qvd ygf iedcfq bl cfdfqeyodc dfs

xhgbèxyohoxn = ygey sf cb ese lqbn deyvqf edi afyemf bvq.

xf`|fx yb hgb{{odc fdi`fxx edi lqvoy`fxx `bcoh = ygey goxybq

{qfxfdyx vx soyg 7 ieqm ecfx # ex e seqdodc eceodxy ygox hbvqxf=

edi ygey ol sf lb``bs oy sf xge`` heqq aehm mdbs`ficf odyb

hf``x edi h`boxyfqx edi odxyoyvyf e dfs qehf bl Euvodexfx edi

bygfq nbxy xvay`f ibhybqx$ Yb ygox sf qf{` ygey ygf vxf`fxx

ex{fhy bl ygf xhgbèxyohx sex dby ivf yb ygf hoqhvnxyedhf bl ygfoq

vxodc ygfoq odyf``fhyx edi nemodc ygfoq xfdxfx xvaxfq|ofdy = oy

sex neod` ivf yb ygf noxyodfxx bl ygfoq odyf``fhyx ygfnxf`|fx

edi yb ygfoq ge|odc db yqvf {qodho{`fx yb cvoif ygfn od ygf

odyfq{qfyeyobd bl deyvqf bq ygf Sbqi$ Ygf hbvì dby odxyqvhy

ygf ocdbqedy bq co|f òcgy yb ygf sbqì ey èqcf afhevxf ygf

gei db bqcedoh oifex od ygfoq bsd gfeix$ Dby ygey ygf gei

ybb ned oifex edi ybb lfs lehyx avy ygey ygfoq oifex ge|odc

db {bsfq bl exxonoèyobd sfqf vdea`f yb yemf xge{f edi abi

od ygf v`yoneyf sbqì$ Odxyfei bl afodc ex xbv`x ygey hbvì

qfeòzf ygfnxf`|fx edi {qfxfdy ed onecf bl hqfeyo|f bqifq

ygf sfqf òmf {vllx bl sodi od ygf aec bl $ZFb`vx a`bsodc

odiffi sgfqf ygf òxyfi avy if|f`b{odc db cbbi edi db afevy

xvhg ex ygf hbnnbd gfeqy bq ff hbvì qfhbcdozf edi `b|f$

Ygfqflbqf ygf hbvì dfoygfq hbdhfdyqeyf dbq iollvxf mdbs`.

ficf dbq avoì ygfoq gbvxf v{bd ygey qbhm bl v`yoneyf yqvygx

sgohg ellbqix ygf nodi e xfhvqf {bxoyobd enoi ygf hfexf`fxx

hbdyodcfdh edi hgedcf bl ygodcx$ Avy soif` iollfqfdy lqbn

ygox sex ygf hexf soyg Xsfifdabqc = ex oy so`` e`xb af soyg

ygbxf sgb xyvi gox {go`bxb{gohe` edi xhofdyoloh ibhyqodfx lbq

ygf xemf bl vxf$ Yb ygfn yb vxf ygf sbqix bl Heq``f # ygox

|ecvf xgbqf`fxx vdo|fqxf so`` af e loqn hoy’e isf`òdc sgohg

ygf mdbs"

! Sf gb{f sf ge|f dbs fnabìfdfi ygf qfeifq yb ygodm

55




ygey ol deyvqe` lehyx eqf yb ge|f |byfx od neyyfqx ellfhyodc gocg

yqvygx edi {qodho{`fx fy ygey ygox ibfx dby dfhfxxeqo` e{{`

yb e`` lehyx edi hbdxfuvfdy` ygf xvllqecf ox dby vdo|fqxe` od

ygox x{gfqf = ygey xbnf lehyx eqf soygbvy {qfxfdy uveòloheyobd

afodc ivna edi odxocdolohedy = edi ygey bygfqx eqf ibsdqocgy

eòfdx edi fdfnofx edi nvxy dby |byf afhevxf ygf nfed db

cbbi yb ygf gvned nodi$

! Ygox ox db vdhbnlbqyea`f bq o`òafqe` ibhyqodf avy bdf

on{fqeyo|f` dfhfxxeq lbq xf`l.{qfxfq|eyobd edi xbvdi {qbcqfxx$

Ol sf eqf e`sex yb af vdifqnododc bvq avoìodcx od bqifq yb

odx{fhy ygf xyqfdcyg bl ygfoq lbvdieyobdx yb sgey gfocgy hed

sf heqq ygfn bq soyg sgey xelfy hed sf eaoif soygod ygfoq

se``x 2 Ygf yqvyg ox ygey sgfd `fcoyoneyf` ehuvoqfi cfdfqe`

fw{fqofdhf hbdloqnx e {qodho{`f oy ox ex ol e ès gei affd

{exxfi elyfq xb`fnd ifaeyf od xbnf cqfey deyobde` exxfna`=

db odio|oive` hed ygfdhflbqyg xvhhfxxlv`` uvfxyobd oy dbq hed

oy af qf{fe`fi fwhf{yodc a ygf xenf bq xonoèq {bsfq yb ygey

sgohg he``fi oy odyb fwoxyfdhf$ Xb oy ox soyg ygf {go`bxb{gohe`

edi xhofdyoloh {qodho{`fx bl Xsfifdabqc$ Ygf `feqdfi sbqì

a ygf fllbqyx bl ecfx gei {qfxfdyfi gon soyg e hfqyeod cfd.

fqe` fw{fqofdhf = ygox gf ehhf{yfi edi xyo`` leqygfq cfdfqeòzfi

edi fònodeyfi oy = edi sgfd oy sex ygvx {qf{eqfi gf sex

colyfi yb on{qfcdeyf oy soyg yqvf {qodho{`fx bl bqifq edi xb oy

cqfs odyb ed bqcedoh gvned abi$ Ygf abi ygvx lbqnfi

gex odiffi e {bsfq bl exxonoèyobd =avy ygf hbdioyobd ox ygey

ygf lbbi xge`` xvanoy yb ygf abi edi dby ygf abi yb ygf

lbbi = edi ygey sgeyf|fq ox vxf`fxx bq afhbnfx xb xge`` af {vy

exoif bq hexy odyb ygf iqbvcgy$!

36$ ! Sgey ox ygf On{bqy bl ygf Xhofdyoloh Xxyfn sgohg

Xsfifdabqc gex `fly 2 !

Yb ygox uvfxyobd Iq$ So`modxbd co|fx ygf lb``bsodc

edxsfq :

! Sf ge|f xffd ygey ygox xxyfn eqbxf lqbn e heygbòh fw{f.

qofdhf edi baxfq|eyobd edi heqqofi ygf {eqyohvèq xhofdhfx

sgohg oy yqe|fqxfi afbdi ygf ònoy bl hèxx.hv`yo|eyobd$ Sfge|f xffd ygey ygf {go`bxb{goh nodfq aqbvcgy lbqyg ygf gvned




lqenf lqbn ygf hb``fcfx bl nfiohodf edi hbdlfqqfi ygf qocgy yb

mdbs oy v{bd e`` sgb xyvi vdo|fqxe` mdbs`ficf$ Sf ge|f e`xb

xffd ygey gf odhbq{bqeyfi ygf lbqnvèx bl ygf bì {go`bxb{g

nemodc ygfn db `bdcfq eaxyqehyobdx avy ygf òlf bq bqifq

bl ygfxf xhofdhfx$ Sf ne dbs ygfd xyeyf ygey Xsfifdabqc#x

{go`bxb{g eyyeodx oyx xvnnoy od ygf neqqoecf bl ygf xhgbèx.

yohoxn edi hbnnbd xfdxf soyg ygf xhofdhfx bl gox ecf = od

ygf hbdxvnneyobd bl sgohg neqqoecf gox fx{fhoe` cfdovx sex

fwfqyfi edi fwgevxyfi$ Od gon ygf bìfxy edi dfsfxy x{oqoy

nfy od bdf = qf|fqfdhf edi oddb|eyobd sfqf f|fd` nodc`fi=

dbygodc edhofdy sex xv{fqxfifi ygbvcg {qfxxfi odyb ygf hvq.

qfdy xfq|ohf bl ygf hfdyvq$ Gf sex bdf bl ygf òdmx ygey

hbddfhy acbdf ecfx soyg yb.ie aqfeygodc lbq vx enbdc ygf

`bxy yqvygx bl ygf {exy edi {fq{fyveyodc ygfn od vddbyohfi

lbqnx e`bdc ygf xyqfen bl ygf lvyvqf$ Gf ò|fi gbsf|fq

ygbqbvcg` od gox bsd ecf edi sex leq aflbqf gox hbdyfn{b.

qeqofx bd` afhevxf bygfqx ioi dby bq hbvì dby vxf ygf fdyoqf

{bsfqx bl oyx x{gfqf$ Sf qfceqi gon ygfqflbqf ex ed gbdfxy

qf{qfxfdyeyo|f bl ygf focgyffdyg hfdyvq$ Gf od gox òdf co|fx

vx ygf afxy fxyoneyf bl ygf e`` sgohg ed ned hbvì ib od

Fvqb{f ey ygey {fqobi$!

Od edbygfq {èhf gf xex :

! Aqofl` yb xvn v{ ygf ceod sgohg sf ifqo|f lqbn ygfxf

abbmx bl Xsfifdabqc sf ne xe ygey neygfneyohe`` edi

#{gxohe`` ygf eqf yb gvned edeybn sgey ygf nbifqd

exyqbdbn ox yb ygf gfe|fdx = ygf qfxhvf oy lqbn ygf hbdioyobd

bl e nfqf yea`fev od sgohg ygfqf ox db bqifq if{yg bq hfdyqf

edi hbdyfn{èyf oy ex e xbòi nohqbhbxn od sgohg hbq{bqfe`

{qodho{`fx hevxfx edi fllfhyx xvhhffi fehg bygfq od qfe` bqifq=

sgfqfod lbqhf edi nbyobd eqf on{òfi edi xv{{òfi lbq ygf

ehyo|f fwoxyfdhf bl ygf abi$ $ $ $! Eceod

! Yb xvn v{ od ysb sbqix ygf ioxyodcvoxgodc lfeyvqf bl e``

ygfxf sbqmx oy ne af xeoi yb hbdxoxy od ygfoq Soxibn edi

Odyfcqeòy$ A ygfoq soxibn O nfed ygf eyyeodnfdy bl {qod.

ho{`fx od deyvqf ygey ne {qehyohe`` afdfloy ygf gvned nodi

edi ygf xyeyfnfdy bl sgohg ox soyg qflfqfdhf yb ygox qfxv`y$

Ygfoq odyfcqeòy bd ygf bygfq gedi xocdolofx ygey ygfxf {qodho{`fx

ge|f ygf so`òdc xv{{bqy bl e`` ygf xhofdhfx edi yb vxf @bqi

Aehbd#x sbqix eqf db # oxèdix hvy bll# lqbn bygfq èdix avy




hbdyodfdyx sgohg jbod ygfn = # fehg {qodho{`f afodc e hbnnbd

bq cfdfqe` yqvyg xvaxoxyodc ex xvhg lqbn ygf vdedonbvx xvllqecf

bl deyvqf$ Avy{fqnoy

nfyb o``vxyqeyf ygox a ed fwen{`f$

E`ygbvcg ygf gvned abi ox e xvaxyedhf a oyxf`l fy oy gbìx

hbnnvdoheyobd soyg ygf fdyoqf vdo|fqxf$ Lbq sf xyedi soyg

bvq lffy v{bd ygf cqbvdi =sf fey ygf lqvoyx bl ygf feqyg = sf

aqfeygf oyx eynbx{gfqf = sf ò|f od oyx evqex=sf e{{qb{qoeyf

oyx fwoxyfdhf edi nfedodc soyg bvq xfdxfx edi bygfq lehv`yofx$

Dbs ex ygf abi od ygox soxf fnaqehfx od oyx bsd fdix ygf

vdo|fqxf xb ygf ibhyqodf bl ygf abi nvxy od ygf xenf neddfq

hbn{qoxf ygf ibhyqodf bl ygf vdo|fqxf$ Edi ygfqflbqf ygf

odyfcqeòy bl ygfxf sqoyodcx bd ygox gfei ox ygvx :’Ygf

ibhyqodf bl ygf aqeod ox hbdloqnfi edi fwyfdifi a ygf ibh.

yqodf bl ygf evqex edi bl e`` soyg o|gohg ygf aqeod ox hbddfhyfi$

Ygf ibhyqodf bl ygf `vdcx hbn{qfgfdix ygey bl ygf eynbx{gfqf

,h$ = ygf ibhyqodf bl ygf a`bbi ygey bl ygf feqyg = edi od cfdfqe`

ygf fdyoqf ygfbq bl bqcedozeyobd hbnnvdfx soyg ygf fdyoqf

ygfbqofx bl {xhgb`bc edi {gxohx f|fd ex ned xvaxoxyx od ygf

sbqì edi qfhfo|fx edi co|fx od ygf x{gfqf bl deyvqf$ Ygvx

ex Xsfifdabqc xex Ygf ioxhfqdnfdy bl vdo|fqxe` hbddfhyobd

edi hbdyodvoy enbvdyx yb ygf ioxhb|fq bl yqvyg$

! Soyg qfceqi yb ygf odyf``fhyve` dfsdfxx bl ygfxf sbqmx oy

òfx {fqge{x od ygf jvxy fnabionfdy bl ygf x{oqoyve` od ygf

nfhgedohe`$ Ygfxf ysb x{gfqfx bq ygox sbqì edi ygf gocgfq

sbqì gei affd yo`` Xsfifdabqc eqbxf ioxjbodfi edi gbxyo`f

yb fehg bygfq : avy ge{{o` gf gex hbnnfdhfi e qfhbdhoòeyobd

afysffd ygfn edi ygf nfhgedohe` ox db `bdcfq `bs bq ifei

bq ygf x{oqoyve` |boi edi odyedcoa`f$ E cqfey gb{f ygox lbq e``

yonf$ Lbq ygf nfhgedohe` od oyx |eqobvx ifcqffx v{ yb ygf

x{oqoyve`.lbqne` ox ygf fw{qfxxobd bl e`` nfedx edi hevxfx

bl e`` odyf``fhy’bl e`` iflodoyf mdbs`ficf’bl e`` {qfhoxf sex

bl ehyobd$ Ed vdnfhgedohe` xyeyf bl lodoyf fwoxyfdhf sbvì

fwh`vif ygf b{fqedh bl ygf Io|odf Soxibn edi Qocgyfbvx.

dfxx = ed vdnfhgedozfi lehv`y ed vdh`bygfi nodi od ned

edi nfye{gxohx gex affd xvhg e lehv`y’sbvì `bbm’edi

gex `bbmfi’v{bd ygf hqfeyvqf ex dbd.fwoxyfdy’v{bd ygf

Hqfeybq ex e dbdfdyoy = sgo`f ex lbq ehyobd oy sbvì ge|f db

abi yb fwfhvyf oy db ioxyodhy nodi yb hbdhfo|f oy db so`` avy

ybseqix sexyf edi iox{fqxobd$ Yb xvhg e lehv`y onnbqyeòy




sbv`i af e hbdyqeiohyobd$ Gbs xocde` ygfd ox ygf [qb|oifdhf

sgohg gex bdhf eceod od|fxyfi vx soyg vdifqxyediodc edi

{bodyfi bvy od ygfxf sqoyodcx ygf hqfeyfi enoy afysffd x{oqoy

edi deyvqf ygf xbv` edi ygf abi ygqbvcg ygf nfiovn bl

lbqnx # ehhbnnbieyfi ey bdhf yb ygf afcoddodc bl nbyobd edi

yb ygf qfhf{yobd bl `olf$#

55*



\O$

ON[BQYEDHF BL XSFIFDABQC#X [G_XOB@BC.

OHE@ SBQMX FX[FHOE@@_ LBQ YGF NFIOHE@

[QBLFXXOBD$

3<$ Lqbn e !Aqofl Qf|ofs bl Xsfifdabqc#x #Edone`

Modcibn#! a e hf`faqeyfi [qblfxxbq bl Edeybn ey bdf bl

bvq Vdo|fqxoyofx od ygf [gqfdb`bcohe` E`nedeh bq [xhgb`bc.

ohe` Jbvqde` lbq 5799 Cèxcbs sf fwyqehy ygf lb``bsodc :

#* Ygfxf sbqmx afodc xyqohy` xhofdyoloh ge|f bl hbvqxf dbyg.

odc sgeyf|fq yb ib soyg ygf {fhvòeq ygfb`bcohe` |ofsx bl ygf

evygbq = edi sf yqvxy ygf so`` af qfhfo|fi a ygf nfiohe`

{qblfxxobd yb sgohg ygf nbqf {eqyohvèq` af`bdc soyg ygey

le|bq yb sgohg ygfoq nfqoyx ne jvxy` è hèon$ Ygf ne

{fqge{x af |ofsfi ex ygf hbnnfdhfnfdy bl ygey qf|o|e` bl

bì nfiohe` evygbqx sgohg ygf {qbjfhyfi {vaòheyobdx bl ygf

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XSFIFDABQC#X [G_XOB@BCOHE@ SBQMX$ 513

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bvq ie so`` af on{fqlfhy od ygf feq 5?98$ [qodho{`fx gbs.

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bl fònodeyodc edi ygqbsodc bll x{vqobvx lehyx sgfd xvhg lehyx

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abqc#x bsd ie =’ygey sgfqf|fq gf eib{yfi le`xf lehyx ygf

lvqdoxgfi e sbqxf aexox lbq gox xxyfn yged ygf nbqf xbòi

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lqbn ygf |fq ea`f eqyoh`f # Xsfifdabqc# od ygf [fdd Hh`b.

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lbqyg yb `bbm bvy lbq ygfn edi ehhf{y ygfn sgfdf|fq ygf

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517 xsfifdabqc#x {gxob`bcohe` sbqmx$

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yb `fy ygox cqfey xxyfn x`vnafq bd ygf xgf`l edi yb qvd elyfq

e gbxy bl òyy`f a`vfabyy`fx bl g{bygfxfx sgohg sfqf df|fq

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ien Gfoxyfq Sodx`bs fyh$ fyh$ xb ygey ygfxf |b`vnfx hbdyeod



xsfifdabqc#x {gxob`bcohe` sbqmx$ 51?

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ne xe f{oh v{bd ygf xvajfhy$ Ygf {go`bxb{gohe` vdoy bl

ygf sbqm ox exybdoxgodc edi xfq|fx yb vd`bhm ygf eaxyqvxfxy

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hge{yfq e{{feqfi od ygf dvnafq bl Evcvxy 6 5791$

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xsfifdabqc#x {gxob`bcohe` sbqmx$ 585

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’ysb {gf.

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odgfqoyedhf edi sgbxf ehhvnvèyfi sfe`yg qf.hexy ov ygf

nbvìx bl ygf {qfxfdy ie lvqdoxgfx f|fd fy ygf nbxy {exx.

ea`f edi {vqfxy hbod ygey sf ge|f od hoqhvèyobd od bvq xhgbb`x

bl xhofdhf$ Od ygf xfhbdi {èhf ygf eyyfn{y e ygfbq bl

bqcedoh deyvqf edi x{fholohe`` bl ygf gvned abi= edi ygf

eon yb xgbs ygf hbddfhyobd bl ygf deyvqe` xhofdhfx soyg fehg

bygfq edi elyfqseqix soyg ygf gvned nodi edi soyg gvned

xbhofy=od lodf soyg e {go`bxb{g bl hevxfx$!

Ygf qf|ofsfq elyfq dbyohodc ey xbnf `fdcyg ygf cqfey ede.

ybnoxyx bl lbqnfq yonfx qflfqqfi yb a Xsfifdabqc xex

! Avy sf ge|f xeoi fdbvcg {fqge{x ybb nvhg hbdhfqdodc




ygfxf lbqcbyyfd edeybnoxyx : xbnfygodc nvxy af xeoi bl Xsf.

ifdabqc bq ygf hgofl hgeqehyfq sbvì af bnoyyfi lqbn ygf

iqene=

edify

gbsyb x{fem bl gon ox e uvfxyobd lbq Xsf.

ifvabqc ox e nxyfq sgohg od oyx sgb`f fwyfdy e xhofdyoloh

jbvqde` ox dby ygf {èhf yb eyyfn{y yb xb`|f$

! Ygf |ofs sgohg gf yemfx bl ygf abi ox yb e cqfey fwyfdy

nfhgedohe` = avy ygfd gf {qfioheyfx e nfhgedoxn bl ygf l`voix

ex sf`` ex bl ygf xbòix$ Gf e{{òfx f|fqsgfqf ygf Ibhyqodf

bl Xfqofx$ Xbnf còn{xfx bl ygox on{bqyedy odxyqvnfdy lbq

qeyobde` {gxob`bcohe` mdbs`ficfge|f affd xffd

a Henx edibygfq sqoyfqx = edi oy gex affd e{{òfi a ygfn yb ygf abdfx$

Ygvx ygf ge|f eonfi yb xgbs ygey e`` ygf abdfx odh`viodc

ygbxf bl ygf hqedovn eqf qf{fyoyobdx bl ygf |fqyfaqex = od e

sbqi ygey od ygf abdfx ygfqf ox avy bdf {qodho{`f edi ned

nbioloheyobdx$ Dbs Xsfifdabqc gex heqqofi ygox ès ygqbvcg

ygf xbly {eqyx ex sf`` ex ygf abdfx edi ygqbvcg ygf l`voix

fuve`` soyg ygfxbòix$

Soyg gon#

f|fq ygodc ox e xfqofx

edi od e xfqofx$# Ygf sgb`f bl ygf |oxhfqe eqf e xyv{fdivbvx

xfqofx od ygf gocgfq {eqyx bl sgohg 'ygf aqeod lbq odxyedhf/

f|fq ygodc cbfx bd ygey cbfx bd od ygf `bsfq$ Ygvx ygf `bsfq

eqf xb ned `fcoa`f o``vxyqeyobdx bl ygf gocgfq = ygf iollvxf

bqcedx bl ygf eaibnfd edi hgfxy eqf fw{èdeyobdx bl ygf hbd.

hfdyqeyfi hfqfaqvn$ Sf xge`` dby isf`` lvqygfq bd ygox ès

avy xon{` baxfq|f ygey Xsfifdabqc xb hbdxoxyfdy` e{{òfioy ex yb eqqo|f a odivhyobd ey ygf fwoxyfdhf bl ed edoneybq

nbyobd od ygf aqeod xdhgqbdbvx soyg ygf qfx{oqeybq nbyobd

bl ygf `vdcx = e ibhyqodf sgohg gex nvhg yb ib soyg ygf sgb`f

bl gox {gxob`bc$

!Gox b{odobdx v{bd ygf x{`ffd ygf ygnvx cèdi edi ygf

xv{qe.qfde` he{xv`fx eqf yb xe ygf `fexy fwyqfnf` hvqobvx

edi ey ed qeyf hbdxoxyfdy soyg ygf qfxy bl gox ygfbq :

gbs leq

ygf ne af einoxxoa`f od nbifqd xhofdhf bq hbdxoxyfdy sYoyg

oy ox edbygfq edi e soif` iollfqfdy uvfxyobd$ Ygox gbsf|fq

sf so`` xe ygey ygf enbvdy bl nfqf edeybnohe` mdbs`ficf

bl ygfxf bqcedx sgohg gex affd eiifi yb ygf xybqf xodhf gox

yonf ox 'dbysoygxyediodc Xoq Exg`f Hbb{fq#x x{`fdioi`

{qodyfi uveqyb bd ygf ygnvx/ e`ybcfygfq odxocdolohedy = xb ygey

Xsfifdabqc ne v{bd ygfxf {bodyx af e`nbxy ex sf`` yfxyfi aygf mdbs`ficf bl gox bsd ie ex a ygey bl bvqx$

51




! Xsfifdabqc#x oifex bl qfx{oqeyobd eqf yb bvq nodi

e`ybcfygfq dfs edi ol yqvf bl cqfey on{bqyedhf ex nbiolodc

bvq |ofsx bl dfeq` ygf sgb`f lofì bl {gxob`bc$ Sf xge``

ygfqflbqf hbdh`vif ygox Qf|ofs a hoyodc ygf lb``bsodc dbyohf

bl ygfn lqbn ygfo Yqedxèybq#x Odyqbivhybq Qfneqmx" afc.

codc bvq qfeifqx lbq e lfs aqofl nbnfdyx yb lbqcfy bwcfd

giqbcfd edi heqabd bq ol ygey af on{bxxoa`f yb co|f ygbxf

dfhfxxeq f`fnfdyx bd` e xfhbdieq {èhf od ygfoq hbdhf{yobdx$!

E `bdc fwyqehy lqbn Nq$ So`modxbd#x Odyqbivhybq Qfneqmx

{{$ wwo|$’ww|oo$ ygfd lb``bsx =elyfq sgohg ygf qf|ofsfq hbd.

h`vifx ygvx :

! Xb leq ygf yqedxèybq$ Sf ge|f dbs ibdf soyg ygf Edone`

Modcibn = edi sf gbdfxy` ifhèqf ygey af oyx nfqoyx cqfey

bq dbdf bq od sgeyf|fq odyfqnfioeyf heyfcbq oy af {èhfi oy

xyedix e`bdf enoi xhofdyoloh sqoyodcx edi ox e nbdvnfdy ey

ed qeyf bl ygf {fqxoxyfdy ieqodc edi bqocodeòy bl Xsfifd.

abqc#x nodi$!

71$ Lqbn Iq$ So`modxbd#x ! Odyqbivhybq Qfneqmx! yb ygf

! Edone` Modcibn! \b`$ O$ {{$ wòoo$ fyh$

! Xsfifdabqc#x ede`xox ox {qblfxxfi` xv{{bqyfi v{bd ygf

lbvdieyobd bl ygf bì edeybnoxyx sgb l`bvqoxgfi od ygf Evcvx.

yed ecf bl ygf xhofdhf$ Ey gox yonf dfeq` e`` ygf cqfey edi

hfqyeod lehyx bl edeybn sfqf e`qfei mdbsd = xvhg lbq fw.

en{`f ex ygf hoqhvèyobd bl ygf a`bbi edi ygf fwoxyfdhf bl

ygf `n{geyohx edi ygf èhyfe`x$ Edeybn ybb gei `bdc

affd hv`yo|eyfi ioxyodhy` od ygf gvned xvajfhy edi sex yb e

cqfey fwyfdy {vqolofi bl ygf fqqbqx ygey hqf{y odyb oy ey loqxy

lqbn ioxxfhyodc ygf `bsfq edone`x$ Ned bl ygf bì edeyb.

noxyx sfqf nfd bl e {go`bxb{goh x{oqoy sgb {qb{bxfi yb ygfn.

xf`|fx ygf {qba`fn bl ygf vdo|fqxf edi xb`|fi oy od ygfoq bsd

se bq yqofi yb xb`|f oy$ Ygf sfqf ygf loqxy baxfq|fqx

bl deyvqf#x x{femodc neq|f`x od ygf bqcedoh x{gfqf edi

ifxhqoafi ygfn soyg lffòdcx bl ifòcgy sgohg xgbsfi ygey

ygf sfqf qfhf{yo|f bl odxyqvhyobd lqbn ygf cqfey lbvdyeod bl

yqvyg$ Ygf sbqmfi ey bdhf soyg ygf nodi edi xfdxfx od ygf

lofì bl baxfq|eyobd$ Ygfqf sex e hfqyeod xv{fqobq neddfq

edi eqyoxyoh lbqn od ygfoq yqfeyoxfx$ Ygf afòf|fi odxyodh.

yo|f` od ygf ibhyqodf bl vxf$ Ygf fw{fhyfi deyvqf yb af




sbdifqlv` edi xv{{bxfi ygfqflbqf ygey ygf gvned abi od.

|b`|fi nvhg sgohg oy qfuvoqfi ygf ioxyodhy fwfqhoxf bl ygf nodi

yb ioxhb|fq$ Gfdhf ygfoq afòfl od ygf fwoxyfdhf bl ygf edone`

x{oqoyx = e afòfl sgohg ygf aexfi v{bd hbnnbd xfdxf bq sgey

enbvdyx yb ygf xenf ygodc v{bd ygf cfdfqe` fw{fqofdhf bl

fllfhyx = ey ygf xenf yonf ygey ygf qfhbcdozfi oyx bajfhy ex

afbdi xfdxve` fw{fqofdhf edi dby yb af hbdloqnfi ioqfhy` a

xocgy$* Ygf vxfi ygf nohqbxhb{f yb exxoxy edi lbqyol ygf

ff edi dby yb xvaxyoyvyf oy bq ioxxo{eyf oyx bajfhyo|f x{gfqf$

F|fd ygf cqfeyfxy enbdc ygfn sgb eiiohyfi gonxf`l yb ygf

aeqf xyvi bl xyqvhyvqf edi ygf nemodc bl o``vxyqeyo|f {qf{e.

qeyobdx fw{qfxxfi e dba`f gb{f ygey bygfqx sbvì hbn{`fyf gox

èabqx a nemodc ex ioxyodhy e xyvi bl vxfx$l

! Avy ygf {ohyvqf ox dby soygbvy oyx ieqmfq xoif$ E`ygbvcg

ygf gei xyqbdc odxyodhyx edi |o|oi còn{xfx bl yqvyg fy sgfd

ygf eyyfn{yfi yb heqq ygfoq {fqhf{yobdx bvy ygf ifcfdfqeyfi

odyb nfqf g{bygfxfx edi xxyfnx bl g{bygfxfx$ Ygf ioi

dby exhfdi gocg fdbvcg aflbqf ygf eceod ifxhfdifi dbq ioi

ygf fw{`bqf deyvqf a ed odyfcqe` nfygbi=edi gfdhf ygf

gei db nfedx bl {vqxvodc ede`bcofx soygbvy ifxyqbodc ygf

f|fqèxyodc ioxyodhyobdx bl ygodcx$ Ygf xyb{{fi od ygey noi.

se sgfqf xhf{yohoxn fexo` b|fqybbm ygfn edi sgfqf sgfd

ygey fdfn bl ygf gvned odyf``fhy gei bdhf {fdfyqeyfi ygfqf

sex db {bxxoaoòy bl neodyeododc ygfnxf`|fx avy ygf le`` yb

ygf xfdxve` x{gfqf sex odf|oyea`f$ Ygf qfexbd bl ygox sex

ygey ygf gei dby hbdhfo|fi ygf èsx bl bqifq edi ygfqflbqf

hbvì dby hèon ygf xv{{bqy sgohg deyvqf co|fx yb e`` gfq yqvygx$

De oy sex xb on{bxxoa`f ygey ygf xgbvì {qbhffi lvqygfq

soygbvy ygf yodhyvqf bl e vdo|fqxe` nfygbi ygey ygfoq nodix

henf yb e xyedi.xyo`` =ygf yqvygx e`qfei fòhoyfi sfqf qfdifqfi

vdxeyoxlehybq edi nfqf {qbcqfxx ifnedifi ygfoq le``$ Ygf

lf`` ygfqflbqf edi e qehf sgohg mdbsx ygfn dby ox isf`òdc

dbs od yfdy edi gvy enbdc ygfoq nocgy qvodx$

! Ey ygf |fq hqoxox bl ygfoq leyf Xsfifdabqc ybbm ygf lofì

edi ey bdhf ifhèqfi ygey vd`fxx neyyfqx sfqf heqqofi gocgfq

fw{fqonfdye` mdbs`ficf oyxf`l sbvì {fqoxg edi ygf eqyx edi

* Gfoxyfq$ l Fvxhg$



58< xsfifdabqc#x {gxob`bcohe` sbqmx$

xhofdhfx af heqqofi yb ygf ybna eiiodc ygey gf sex nvhg nox.

yemfd ol ygf sbqì#x ifxyodofx sfqf dby yfdiodc ygoygfqseqix$

Ygf yexm ygey gf vdifqybbm sex yb avoì ygf gfe{x bl fw{fqo.

fdhf odyb e {eèhf od sgohg ygf gvned nodi nocgy isf`` edi

fdjb xfhvqoy lqbn soygbvy edi x{oqoyve` {qbx{fqoy lqbn

soygod$ Gf aqbvcgy yb ygey yexm qfuvoxoyfx abyg fwyfqde` edi

odyfqde` bl ed fwyqebqiodeq modi$ Gf sex e deyvqeòzfi

xvajfhy od e`` ygf modcibnx bl gvned ygbvcgy edi fy sex abqd

ey ygf xenf yonf yb edbygfq bqifq edi afyyfq hbvdyq$ Yb ygf

|eqobvx hèxxfx bl xhgbb`nfd gf e{{feqx df|fq yb ge|f eyyehgfi

gonxf`l fwhf{yodc lbq iollfqfdy {vq{bxfx lqbn ygfoqx$ Gf {vq.

xvfi neygfneyohx lbq e ioxyodhy` fwyqedfbvx fdi$ Ex e xyv.

ifdy bl {gxob`bc gf af`bdcfi yb db hòuvf bq xhgbb` edi gei

db hèxx.{qfjviohfx yb fdhbvdyfq$ Od ygfb`bc gf sex e`nbxy

ex lqff nfdye`` ex ygbvcg dby e xodc`f hbnnfdyeybq gei

sqoyyfd bq xxyfn affd lbqnfi avy ex ygbvcg gox gedix sfqf

ygf loqxy od sgohg ygf Sbqi bl Cbi sex {èhfi od oyx |oqcod

{vqoy$ Eii yb ygox ygey gf a db nfedx ioxqfceqifi ygf

sbqmx bl bygfqx avy sex `feqdfi od e`` vxflv` `feqdodc$ Gf

gei e xbvdi {qehyohe` fivheyobd edi sex fn{`bfi ieo` od ygf

ehyve` avxodfxx bl òlf lbq e xfqofx bl feqx$ Gf sex ygbqbvcg`

ehuveodyfi soyg nfhgedohx hgfnoxyq neygfneyohx exyqbd.

bn edi ygf bygfq xhofdhfx ex mdbsd od gox yonf edi gei

fòhoyfi vdo|fqxe` yqvygx od ygf x{gfqf bl fehg$ Lqbn ygf

afcoddodc gf {fqhfo|fi ygey ygfqf sex ed bqifq od deyvqf$

Ygox fdea`fi gon yb {vqxvf gox bsd xyviofx soyg e |ofs yb

bqifq$ Gf exhfdifi lqbn ygf ygfbq bl feqyg xvaxyedhfx yb

ygf ygfbq bl ygf eynbx{gfqfx edi lqbn abyg yb ygf ygfbq bl

hbxnbcbd edi henf cqeive`` yb ned ex ygf hqbsdodc bajfhy

bl deyvqf$ Gf aqbvcgy ygf bqifq bl ygf nehqbhbxn yb o``vx.

yqeyf ygf bqifq bl ygf nohqbhbxn$ Gox ibnodedy fdi sgohg

gf df|fq `bxy xocgy bl lbq e nbnfdy sex x{oqoyve` edi nbqe`

sgohg {qfxfq|fi gox nodi eò|f od e `bdc hbvqxf bl {gxohe`

xyviofx edi fn{bsfqfi gon yb xff òlf edi xvaxyedhf od ygf

bygfqsoxf ifei nehgodfq bl ygf hqfeyobd$ Gf sex e ned bl

vdhbnnbd gvna`fdfxx edi df|fq bdhf `bbmfi aehm yb cqeyol

xf`l.hbn{èhfdh v{bd {exy ehgof|fnfdyx avy yqe|f``fi bd.

seqix edi xyo`` bdseqix # soygbvy leyocvf edi soygbvy qf{bxf"

yb e gbnf od ygf lqvoyobd bl ygf odlodoyf edi fyfqde`$ Xvhg




sex ygf hbn{fyoybq sgb dbs fdyfqfi ygf eqfde bl sgey gei

vdyo` ygox yonf affd fwh`vxo|f` nfiohe` xhofdhf = yqv` e ned

bl sgbn oy ox dby ybb nvhg yb xe ygey gf {bxxfxxfi ygf modi.

òfxy aqbeifxy gocgfxy nbxy ygfbqfyohe` edi nbxy {qehyohe`

cfdovx ygey oy gex fy {`fexfi Cbi yb afxybs bd ygf sfeq ecfx

bl ho|oòzeyobd$

! Xsfifdabqc {fqhfo|fi ygey ygf {fqnedfdhf bl deyvqf

if{fdix v{bd ygf fwhf``fdhf bl oyx bqifq ygey e`` hqfeyobd

fwoxyx edi xvaxoxyx ex bdf ygodc lqbn Cbi = ygey io|odf `b|f ox

oyx fdi = io|odf soxibn oyx hevxf = edi io|odf bqifq od ygf

ygfeyqf bl vxf ygf xonv`yedfbvx bq v`yoneyf lbqn bl ygey sox.

ibn edi `b|f$ Gf e`xb {fqhfo|fi ygey ygf {fqnedfdhf bl ed

gvned xxyfn sgfygfq e {go`bxb{g bq e xbhofy if{fdix

v{bd ygf hbodhoifdhf afysffd oyx bqifq edi ygf bqifq bl

hqfeyobd =edi ygey sgfd ygox hbodhoifdhf fwoxyx ygf {fqhf{.

yobdx bl qfexbd ge|f e lowfi {èhf edi geaoyeyobd bd ygf feqyg

lqbn sgohg oy so`` af on{bxxoa`f yb iox`bicf ygfn a edygodc

xgbqy bl e hqvnaòdc ibsd bl e`` ygf lehv`yofx abyg qeyobde`

edi xfdxve` = e qfxv`y sgohg ol ygf gvned gfeqy af on{qb|odc

ygf afòfl od e Cbi lbqaoix vx yb edyoho{eyf$ Avy Xsfifdabqc

ioi dby qfxy ex ygf {go`bxb{gfqx ib od e nfqf e`cfaqeohe` {fq.

hf{yobd bl yqvyg bq od qfhbcdozodc e sedy soygbvy xv{{òdc

oy = avy òmf e cbbi edi leoyglv` xfq|edy gf ehyve`` fw{bvdifi

e xxyfn bl {qodho{`fx ey bdf soyg deyvqf gfqxf`l edi sgohg

so`` eyyfxy ygfoq bqifq edi ygfoq qfe` Evygbq a xyediodc lbq

ecfx edi ecfx$

! Avy gox xyo`` xne`` |bohf hbnnedifi db eyyfdyobd edi

sgey gf {qfiohyfi ybbm {èhf : ygf xhofdhfx sfqf heqqofi yb ygf

ybna sgfqf ygf dbs eqf avqofi soyg ygf nodi ygfoq xvajfhy

od ygf xne`` ivxy bl nbifqd fw{fqofdhf$ Ygox aqodcx vx yb

xe e lfs sqbqix bl ygf {gxob`bc bl ygf ie$

! Lehyx eqf ygf cqedi uvfxy bl ygf {qfxfdy yonf edi ygfxf

{eqyohvèq lehyx : cfdfqe` lehyx eqf `fxx qfhbcdozfi dbs yged

ygf sfqf ey ygf afcoddodc bl ygf èxy hfdyvq = lbq xgbqy.

xocgyfidfxx gex xb odhqfexfi v{bd vx ygey sf nvxy `bbm h`bxf

od bqifq yb xff ioxyodhy` edi gfdhf fwyfdifi xvqlehfx ib dby

le`` vdifq bvq |oxobd$ Ygf {gxob`bcoxy iflfqx qfexbdodc vdyo`

ygf ehhvnvèyobd bl lehyx ox xvllohofdy` cqfey yb xvccfxy

qfexbdx bvy bl oyx bsd abxbn$ Ygox ox e xyf{ afbdi bqiodeq

51*




neyfqoeòxn$ Ygf odio|oive` neyfqoeòxy hbdxoifqx ygey neyyfq

nvxy af bqcedozfi odyb ygf lbqn bl e aqeod aflbqf oy hed ygodm

edi so`` = avy ygey hbn{bvdi neyfqoeòxy ygf xhofdyoloh sbqì

fw{fhyx ifei neyyfq yb b{fd oyx nbvyg edi vyyfq soxibn soyg.

bvy ed xvhg {qf|obvx {qbhfxx$ Oy ygodmx ygey ey {qfxfdy ygfqf

ox dby neyyfq fdbvcg bq ygox qfxv`y sbvì fdxvf = òyy`f iqfen.

odc ygey ygfqf ox e lev`y od oyxf`l edi ygey ygf èqcfq ygf xybqfx

oy {bxxfxxfx ygf nbqf on{bxxoa`f oy so`` af yb f|b`|f ygfoq

{qodho{`fx bq yb neqxge` ygfn vdifq e ygfbq$ Ygf hbnnbd

lehyx bl ygf abi ge|odc affd {qfyy sf`` fw{`bqfi ygf {gxo.

b`bcoxyx cb odseqix edi ceygfq lvqygfq lehyx$ Soygbvy seoy.

odc yb exhfqyeod ygf on{bqy bl ygfxf ygf xvanoy ygfn yb ygf

nohqbxhb{f edi eceod ifhbn{bxf ygfn = edi xb bd yb ygf

ònoyx {qfxhqoafi a deyvqf yb ygf b{yohoed edi a ygf b{yohoed

yb ygf xhofdyoloh oduvoqfq$ Avy ox ygf lofì bl `fexyx nbqf fex

yb ioxhfqd yged ygey bl hbn{bvdix = bq ol sf heddby qfei

deyvqf#x xfhqfy od gfq hbvdyfdedhf hed sf fw{fhy yb io|odf oy

lqbn gfq |fq aqeodx 2 Ygf yqvyg ox ygey ygf nbifqd xyeyf bl

{gxob`bc ox e vdo|fqxe` iox{fqxobd bl f|fd xfdxve` mdbs`ficf=

oyx {qfyfdifi qfx{fhy lbq lehyx ox dby qfe` = bygfqsoxf oy sbvì

oduvoqf odyb ygfoq cfdfqe` xocdolohedhf aflbqf qfxb`|odc ygfn

odyb lvqygfq f`fnfdyx$ Oy {fq{fyve`` o``vxyqeyfx ygf {qod.

ho{`f ygey lehyx heddby af iv` qfx{fhyfi vd`fxx ygf eqf

xffd ex ecfdyx bl vxfx edi qfxv`yx bl fdix edi hevxfx= edi ygey

ol ygf eqf dby xb qfceqifi ygf afhbnf nfqf {èygodcx

yb sgohg db|f`y oyxf`l hed `fdi xheqhf` e nbnfdyeq hgeqn$

! Avy ex f|fq fdi {qbcqfxxfx ygqbvcg nbqf nfedx yged bdf

xb xhofdhf ox vdifqcbodc iox{fqxobd od edbygfq ioqfhyobd e`xb$

Dby bd` eqf ygf cfdfqe`x bl edeybn lbqcbyyfd lbq oyx {eqyohv.

èqx avy ygf gvned lqenf oyxf`l ox od e cqfey nfexvqf ifxfqyfi

lbq hbn{eqeyo|f edeybn$ Ygf xb.he``fi gvned {gxob`bcoxy

{vqxvfx gox iollvxf hoqh`f lqbn edone` yb edone` lqbn odxfhy

yb odxfhy edi lqbn {èdy yb {èdy$ Ned ox hbdlbvdifi soyg

ygf `bsfq edi `bsfxy ygodcx ex ol e`` ygf x{gfqfx bl hqfeyobd

sfqf od bdf {èdf bl bqifq$ Ygf hbdxvnneyobd bl ygox yfd.

ifdh ox e`qfei nbqf yged odioheyfi eab|f ygf gbqozbd sgfd

ygf `bsfxy qedcf bl fwoxyfdhf so`` af ygf xyedieqi bl e`` edi

ygfd ygf hgebx bl bqcedoh deyvqf so`` afhbnf ygf `fcoyoneyf

{qb{fqy bl ygf hgfnoxyx yb af a ygfn qfxb`|fi odyb cexfx

edi ygf ifei neyfqoe`x bl ygf feqyg$



xsfifdabqc#x {gxob`bcohe` sbqmx$ 58?

! Edbygfq hgeqehyfqoxyoh bl ygf yonfx ox ygf e`nbxy ybye`

aqfehg bl hbdyodvoy afysffd ygf {qfxfdy edi ygf {exy$ Ygf

yfqnodb`bc bl xhofdhf ox xb nvhg e`yfqfi ygey oy ox on{bxxoa`f

yb qfei ygf bìfq sbqmx soyg afdfloy vd`fxx elyfq e hbvqxf bl

xyvi xbnfygodc òmf ygey qfuvoxoyf lbq `feqdodc e ifei èdcvecf$

Od hbdxfuvfdhf ygf nfqf edeybnohe` |e`vf bl ygf leygfqx bl

edeybn ox dby ey e`` vdifqxybbi = ygfoq qohg nodfx bl baxfq|e.

yobd eqf db `bdcfq sbqmfi edi ygfoq lbqcbyyfd ioxhb|fqofx eqf

dbs edi ygfd eceod ioxhb|fqfi soyg e`` ygf {eodx bl e loqxy

eyyfn{y a ygfoq o``.odlbqnfi xvhhfxxbqx$ Hed edygodc af `fxx

gvned yged ygox’ygey ygf {eqfdyx xgbvì yqedxnoy xb òyy`f yb

ygf hgoìqfd bq qeygfq ygey ygf hgoìqfd xgbvì af so`òdc yb

qfhfo|f xb òyy`f lqbn ygf {eqfdyx 2 Oy fwhgedcfx ygf gocg

ifxyod bl ned lbq ygf leyf ygey eyyfdix ygf qehfx bl edone`x

od sgohg fehg cfdfqeyobd ò|fx lbq oyxf`l e`bdf edi eceod edi

eceod qf{feyx ygf xenf ònoyfi xfqofx soygbvy on{qb|fnfdy bq

ygf {bxxoaoòy bl f|b`vyobd$

! Od ygf noixy bl ygox gvnoòeyodc hbdioyobd sgey `bvi

xbvdix ib sf dby gfeq bl # neqhg bl odyf``fhy # edi # {qbcqfxx

bl ygf x{fhofx#’xb ned ioxhgeqcfx lqbn ygf on{byfdy eqyo``fq

bl xf`l.hbdhfoy$ Ygox odiffi ox ygf èxy edi sbqxy xocd bl e

ifheifdy xhofdhf$ Ygf {bbq xohm xvllfqfq ox ifòqobvx edi

{bxxfxxfx lbq e nbnfdy xv{fqgvned xyqfdcyg od gox bsd

fwgevxyobd$ $ $

! Avy oy sbvì af leq lqbn ygf {qfxfdy òdf bl eqcvnfdy yb

neodyeod ygey ygf nbifqdx eqf {fqlbqnodc db vxflv` lvdhyobd

od ygf #{qbcqfxx bl ygf x{fhofx$# Xvhg e {qb{bxoyobd sbvì af

odhbn{eyoa`f soyg sgey sf mdbs bl ygf io|odf fhbdbn od

sgohg gvned ifcfdfqeh oyxf`l ox hbd|fqyfi odyb e dfs {body

od ygf hoqh`f bl vxfx$ De ygf nbifqdx ge|f ygfoq ioqfhy

|e`vf = od ygf loqxy {èhf ygf ge|f fdèqcfi ygf heyfde bl

baxfq|eyobd od ned if{eqynfdyx$ Od ygf xfhbdi ygf ge|f

hbqqfhyfi oddvnfqea`f nodvyf fqqbqx od ygfoq {qfifhfxxbqx sgb

sfqf nbqf odyfdy v{bd ygfoq cfdfqe` yged {eqyohvèq ehhvqeh$

Edi ygoqi` edi hgofl` e`ygbvcg od ygox qfx{fhy db hqfioy

eyyehgfx yb ygfn ygf ge|f cbdf xb `bs od ygfoq oduvoqofx

ygey ex oy ox f|fd {gxohe`` on{bxxoa`f yb cb `bsfq xb a ygf

ès bl ygf hbdyehy bl fwyqfnfx e qf|b`vyobd ne dbs yemf

{èhf edi ygf exhfdiodc {exxecf af hbnnfdhfi ex oy sfqf lqbn

ygf xmod yb ygf aqeod bq lqbn ygf `bsfxy x{gfqf yb ygf gocgfxy$



59; xsfifdabqc#x {gxob`bcohe` sbqmx$

! Oy sbvì af odyfqfxyodc yb yqehf ygf xvhhfxxo|f xyecfx a

sgohg ygf {gxob`bc bl ygf edhofdyx ifhòdfx odyb ygey bl ygf

nbifqdx yb qf|ofs ygf cqbvdix bd sgohg cqfey ibhyqodfxsfqf co|fd v{ edi yb yfxy ygf xvllohofdh bl ygf qfexbdx sgohg

sfqf eiivhfi lbq ygf hgedcf$ Ygf xyeyf ifòdfeyfi od ygf sf``.

mdbsd òdfx

# O ib dby òmf ygff Ibhybq Lf``

Ygf qfexbd sg O heddby yf``

Avy ygox e`bdf O mdbs lv`` sf``

O ib dby òmf ygff Ibhybq Lf``$#

’ygox xyeyf sex ygf nb|odc hevxf bl oy$ Od xgbqy oy sex e

hgedcf od ygf gvned so`` edi dby {qoneqo` od ygf vdifqxyedi.

odc sgohg lehv`y e{{feqx yb ge|f gffd he``fi v{bd xvaxf.

uvfdy` yb hbdloqn ygf dfs yvqd bl ygf odhòdeyobdx$ Xvhg ey

ed qeyf sf mdbs yb af ygf hexf soyg ygf ibhyqodf bl ygf

edone` x{oqoyx sgohg ex Còxxbd xeoi sex od gox yonf afòf|fi

odo a dfeq` e`` {gxohoedx edi a e`` {go`bxb{gfqx$# Oy nocgy

ge|f affd xv{{bxfi ygey ygf edone` x{oqoyx sYfqf ifnbdxyqeyfi

bvy bl fwoxyfdhf a xbnf afdflohfdy cfdovx sgb xvaxyoyvyfi

xbnfygodc afyyfq od ygfoq {èhf = ey `fexy ygey ygf lf`` gbdbq.

ea` od e sf``.lbvcgy lofì bl eqcvnfdy$ Db xvhg ygodc = ygf

lf`` a ygf yqfehgfq bl ygf gvned gfeqy `b|odc ygf xfdxve`

x{gfqf nbqf yged ygf odyf``fhyve`$ Ox xvhg nfqf seseqidfxx

ex ygox e {eqy bl ygf # {qbcqfxx bl ygf x{fhofx 2# Ygf edhofdyx

afòf|fi od ygf fwoxyfdhf bl ygf edone` x{oqoyx soygbvy {qfyfdi.

odc ygey ygf hbvì afhbnf bajfhyx bl xocgy$ # Yeqd xvayo`f

xoy hbdho{ofdivn ]l`voivn gbh xvayoòxxodqenT# xex Gfoxyfq

#$ $ $ vy odxyeq `vhox |f`bhoxxonf xf iollvdiey=uvbi {qblfhyb

dbd bhvòx xfi fw fllfhyoavx fy {gefdbnfdox $ $ $ b{f

jviohoo xo|f nfdyox bhvòx hbcdbxhfdivn$ $ $ Oye$ e#fqfn

edonen fy nv`ye dbd |oifnvx uvef yenfd fw fllfhyoavx

uvfneinbivn x{oqoyvxedone`fx fxxf fy fwoxyfqf o2oyf`òconvx$#*

*Hbn{$ Edey$ d$ 8;5 dby$ e$ !Ygox xvay`fxy l`voi nvxy gf hbd.

hfo|fi bl xb xvay`f ex yb x{qfei od ygf uvohmfxy neddfq òmf òcgy = oy

heddby odiffi af ioxhb|fqfi soyg ygf ffx = avy soyg ygf gf`{ bl ygf

vdifqxyediodc bq ygf nodi#x ffx lqbn oyx fllfhyx edi {gfdbnfde$

Ygvx sf ib dby xff ygf eoq ygf xbv` edi ned bygfq ygodcx edi fy

sf mdbs lqbn ygfoq fllfhyx ygey ygf ge|f afodc edi fwoxy jvxy

ex ygf edone` x{oqoyx$!




Avy ygf nbifqdx qfjfhy sgeyf|fq ygf ib dby xff edi so``

hqfioy ygf fwoxyfdhf bl dbygodc ydey eaxb`vyf` bvyòfx edi

nvxy od oyx hbdioyobdx lbqf|fq bvyòf ygf xfdxfx$ Oy ox dffi`fxx

yb xe ygey e xyeyf òmf ygox ox aexfi v{bd dfoygfq qfexbdx dbq

xfdxeyobdx avy ox {vqf` dfceyo|f bq xhf{yohe`= edi nvxy af

qflfqqfi yb xgffq so`` soygbvy ed einowyvqf bl soxibn$

! Sf {qbnoxfi ey ygf bvyxfy yb x{fem bl ygf qfèyobd od

sgohg Xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g xyedix yb ygf xhofdhf bl ygf

ie avy oy so`` dbs af xffd ygey ygfqf ox db ioqfhy qfèyobd

afysffd ygf ysb avy e {`fdeq qf{vcdedh$ Lbq ygf bdf ox

bqifq ygf bygfq ox hgebx : ygf bdf ox hbdhfdyqeyobd ygf bygfq

ox odlodoyf io|oxobd : ygf bdf fdèqcfx oyx ònoyx od ygey odyfqobq

sbqì sgfqf hqfeyobd fwoxyx od e`` oyx x{oqoyve` en{òyvif ygf

bygfq `bxfx oyx ònoyx edi .oyx ioxyodhy òlf e`bdc soyg ygfn od

ygf cqfey |ehvoyofx bl x{ehf edi yonf : ygf bdf ox e qbi edi

xyell co|odc ygf nodi e {qehyohe` xv{{bqy od ygf fw{`bqeyobd bl

deyvqf#x lofìx ygf bygfq ox e noxy bl g{bygfxfx hqesòdc

e`bdc ygf cqbvdi edi nemodc f|fq xyf{ vdhfqyeod edi {fqo`.

bvx$

! Ygf qfeifq ne {qbaea` af `fi yb oduvoqf gbs leq ygf

# Edone` Modcibn # fnabiofx ibhyqodfx sgohg sfqf hvqqfdy ey

Xsfifdabqc#x ie edi gbs leq oyx ifivhyobdx eqf {fhvòeq yb

bvq evygbq$ Yb ygox oy ne af edxsfqfi ygey ned ibhyqodfx

yb af nfy soyg od ygf Sbqm eqf a db nfedx {fhvòeq yb Xsf.

ifdabqc avy sfqf ygf hbnnbd odyf``fhyve` {qb{fqy bl gox

hbdyfn{bqeqofx edi {qfifhfxxbqx$ Sf ge|f xffd ygey e gbxy

bl sqoyfqx gfì ygf ibhyqodf bl ygf edone` x{oqoyx$ Oy sex e`xb

db vdhbnnbd afòfl ygey ygf sfqf fèabqeyfi a ygf hbqyohe`

xvaxyedhfx bl ygf aqeod edi hoqhvèyfi ygqbvcg ygf dfq|fx$

\ofvxxfdx gfì ygey ygfqf sfqf ioxyodhy ifcqffx bl ygfn$

Aqvdd {qb{bvdifi ygf xenf ibhyqodf ex Xsfifdabqc qfx{fhy.

odc ygf {oyvoyeq cèdi =edi dvnfqbvx odxyedhfx yb ygf xenf

fllfhy nocgy qfeio` af eiivhfi lqbn bygfq sqoyfqx$ [fqge{x

ygf afxy nfedx yb af hfqyolofi bd ygox gfei so`` af ygf {fqvxe`

bl Abfqgee|f#x h Odxyoyvyobdfx Nfiohef#’ e sbqm sgfqf ygf

ygfbqofx bl ned ecfx eqf hbdifdxfi odyb ed fh`fhyoh xxyfn$

Oy e{{feqx ex ygbvcg Xsfifdabqc lqff` e|eo`fi gonxf`l bl ygf

yqfexvqfx ygey sfqf ehhvnvèyfi eqbvdi gon edi aflbqf gon

edi sex e`ybcfygfq ifxyoyvyf bl ygey {exxobd lbq bqocodeòy




sgohg gex affd ygf afxfyyodc xod bl xb ned `feqdfi$ Gf

ioxyodhy` xyeyfx ygey gf gex qfòfi v{bd gox bsd fw{fqofdhf yb

avy e xne`` fwyfdy edi ygey gf gex iffnfi oy soxfq lbq ygf

nbxy {eqy yb # abqqbs # lqbn bygfqx$* Xb e`xb sgfqf gf lbvdi

yqvf ibhyqodfx edi ifivhyobdx’ygfxf òmfsoxf gf abqqbsfi

edi ygox soyg cfdfqbvx` cqeyflv` ehmdbs`ficnfdy$ Avy sgey

gf qfe`` aqbvcgy yb ygf yexm sfqf ygbxf cqfey {qodho{`fx bl

bqifq yb sgohg sf ge|f aflbqf e``vifi edi sgohg ybvhgfi

dbygodc ygey ygf ioi dby vdo|fqxeòzf edi eibqd = de sgohg

avo`y ygf neyfqoe`x bl fw{fqofdhf edi ygf ifivhyobdx bl qfexbd

odyb e c`bqobvx {eèhf ygey yqvygx hbvì odgeaoy$ Oy ox ex ygf

eqhgoyfhy bl ygox fiolohf ygey Xsfifdabqc ox yb af |ofsfi= edi

gox nfqoyx eqf yb af xbvcgy lbq dby xb nvhg od oyx xf{eqeyf

xybdfx ex od ygf cqedi geqnbdofx edi hb`bxxe` {qb{bqyobdx bl

ygf sgb`f$

! Elyfq ygox xyeyfnfdy oy ox xheqhf` dfhfxxeq yb baxfq|f

ygey Xsfifdabqc ox dby yb af qfxbqyfi yb ex ed evygbqoy lbq

edeybnohe` lehyx$ Oy ox xeoi odiffi ygey gf gex neif |eqobvx

ioxhb|fqofx od edeybn edi ygf hede` denfi ygf # lbqenfd bl

Nbdqb # ox odxyedhfi enbdc ygfxf$l Xv{{bxodc ygey oy sfqf

xb oy sbvì af ioxgbdbqodc Xsfifdabqc yb è ed xyqfxx v{bd

e hoqhvnxyedhf xb yqo|oe`$ !Sgbf|fq ioxhb|fqfi ygox lbqenfd

sex nbxy {qb{fq` `fi yb oy a ygf `vhm xò{ bl e {qbaf$ Avy

bygfq hèonx eqf neif lbq bvq evygbq a gox odjviohobvx lqofdix$

Oy ox xeoi ygey gf edyoho{eyfi xbnf bl ygf nbxy |e`vea`f db|f`.

yofx bl nbqf qfhfdy ieyf xvhg ex ygf {gqfdb`bcohe` ibhyqodf bl

ygf cqfey Ce`` edi ygf dfs` {qehyoxfi eqy bl edone` necdfy.

oxn$ Ygox ox dby uvoyf leoq : `fy f|fq afdflehybq yb nedmodi

ge|f gox bsd gbdbqea`f sqfeyg dbq `fy bdf `fel af xyb`fd lqbn

oy yb ygf e`qfei èvqf`fi aqbs bl Xsfifdabqc$ Yqvf oy ox ygey

e`` ygfxf ygodcx edi ned nbqf òf od b|b od ygf vdo|fqxe`

{qodho{`fx neif mdbsd ygqbvcg gon avy ygf sfqf dby if|f`.

b{fi a gon od ygey bqifq sgohg hbdxyoyvyfx e`` ygfoq db|f`y

edi od lehy ygfoq ioxyodhy fwoxyfdhf$ Lbq od ygf loqxy {èhf oy

ox on{bxxoa`f lbq ygf gvned nodi yb edyoho{eyf lehyx = ygfxf

* ! Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone` Modcibd {eqy o$ d$ 57$!

l#« Xff * Edone` Modcibn# d$ 5?; dbyf 'q/$!




nvxy e`sex af `feqdfi a ygf xfdxfx = edi xfhbdi` Xsfifd.

abqc sex ybb nvhg e ned bl avxodfxx yb yvqd exoif lqbn ygf

ioqfhy nfedx yb gox fdi bq eyyfn{y yb if|f`b{ edygodc afbdi

ygbxf nfedx$ Gox {go`bxb{g ox ygf gocg qbei lqbn ygf deyvqe`

sbqì yb ygf x{oqoyve` edi bl hbvqxf gex oddvnfqea`f èyfqe`

aqedhgfx `feiodc yb ygf xf|fqe` leoq qfcobdx bl gvned mdbs`.

ficf : avy ygqbvcg dbdf bl ygfxf a.sex gei Xsfifdabqc

yonf yb yqe|f` : de hbvì gf ge|f ibdf xb ygfqf ox dbygodc yb

xgbs ygey gf sbvì ygfqf ge|f ioxhb|fqfi sgey gox xvhhfxxbqx

ge|f ibdf$ Gf gei gox noxxobd edi ygf ge|f ygfoqx$ Gox

|ofsx eqf ey geqnbd soyg e`` ygey ox dfs edi yqvf xon{`

afhevxf ygf eqf vdo|fqxe` avy od db leoq xfdxf ib ygf edyoho.

{eyf nvhg `fxx xv{fqxfif ygf xhofdyoloh {fhvòvn bl ygf {qfxfdy

hfdyvq$ Xsfifdabqc ygfqflbqf ox dby yb af qfceqifi ex ed

Eqoxyby`f cb|fqdodc ygf gvned nodi edi odiox{bxodc oy yb ygf

odxyqvhyobd ifxocdfi yb af ceodfi lqbn deyvqf=avy ex e {qb.

{bvdifq bl {qodho{`fx ygf qfxv`y bl ede`xox edi bl e nfygbi

ygey ox yb fwhoyf vx yb e {fq{fyve` xyvi od ygf lofì bl fllfhyx

ex e hbdioyobd bl ygf {qbcqfxx bl xhofdhf$ $ $ $

! Ygf {qblfxxobde` qfeifq bl ygf #Edone` Modcibn# so``

dby leo` yb ioxhb|fq ygey ygf evygbq gex le``fd odyb |eqobvx

edeybnohe` fqqbqx bl nodbq on{bqyedhf edi ygey ygfqf eqf

bhhexobde`` neqmx bl gexyf od gox {fqlbqnedhf$ Ygox ne

af hbdhfifi soygbvy od ed ifcqff ifyqehyodc lqbn ygf hgeq.

ehyfq bl ygf sbqm$ Ygfxf fqqbqx ib dby od|b`|f neyyfqx bl

{qodho{`f$ Ygf hbvqxf sgohg Xsfifdabqc eib{yfi bl lbvdi.

od!.

gox ygfbq v{bd cfdfqe` fw{fqofdhf edi bl bd` qfxbqyodc

yb {eqyohvèq lehyx ex hbdloqneyobdx xb fuvoòaqeyfx edi hbn.

{fdxeyfx e`` nox.xyeyfnfdyx bl ygf modi ygey ygf ne af

qfjfhyfi lqbn ygf qfxv`y ex vdon{bqyedy$ Yb isf`` v{bd ygfn

ex xfqobvx edi xyo`` nbqf yb nemf ygf nfqoy bl ygf ygfbq godcf

v{bd ygfn ox sbqyg bd` bl e # nodvyf {go`bxb{gfq# sgb

gex xbnf qv`f sgfqfa yb jvicf e yqvyg odxyfei bl ygf ès bl

vxf$ Xvhg vdge{{o` sex ygf qv`f eib{yfi a ygf qf|ofsfq

bl ygf # Edone` Modcibn # od ygf ` Ehye Fqvioybqvn @o{xofdxoe

'5393 {{$ 6;3.659/ : ygf abbm sex ifx{oxfi a ygox hqoyoh

afhevxf Xsfifdabqc gei hbnnoyyfi ed fqqbq od ifxhqoaodc ygf

nvxh`fx bl ygf ybdcvf edi afhevxf gf gei hoyfi ygf {èyfx bl

Aoi`bb edi \fqgffd sgohg Gfoxyfq edi Nbqcecdo gei ygfd




neif oy e lexgobd yb iox{eqecf = edi lbq bygfq fuve`` odhbd.

h`vxo|f qfexbdx$ E`` ygf enbvdyfi yb sex ygey Xsfifdabqe*

gei dby ehhbn{òxgfi ygf qf|ofsfq#x fdi gbsf|fq ygbqbvcg`

gf gei {fqlbqnfi gox bsd$! Avy lbqyvdeyf` xvhg hqoyohoxnx eqf df|fq ifhoxo|f = e xodc`f

yqvyg hed bvyò|f yfd ygbvxedi bl ygfn$ Ygf # Edone` Modb..

ibn # e{{fe`x yb ygf sbqì ey ygox yonf e gvdiqfi feqx

xodhf ygf {vaòheyobd bl ygf bqocode` ex e dfs {qbivhyobd ge|.

odc e`` ygf hèonx bl ed vvjvicfi abbm v{bd bvq qfceqix$ Lbq

ivqodc ygey gvdiqfi feqx dby e xodc`f sqoyfq gex e{{feqfi od

ygf `feqdfi sbqì sgb gex od ygf xòcgyfxy ifcqff hbn{qf.

gfdifi oyx ifxocd bq nexyfqfi oyx {qodho{`fx edi ifyeo`x$ Ygf

qf|ofsfq yb sgbn sf ge|f e`qfei e``vifi jvicfi oy a e

xyedieqi sgohg sex xvoyfi bd` yb ed edeybnohe` nedve` edi

yfwy.abbm$ Ge``fq afxybsfi e lfs sbqix v{bd oy od gox od|e`.

vea`f # Aoaòbygfhe Edeybnohe# avy gf mdfs dbygodc bl Xsf.

ifdabqc#x |ofsx= edi gox dbyohf bl ygf # Fhbdbn bl ygf

Edone` Modcibn# hbdyeodx fqqbqx ybb dvnfqbvx dby yb od|eò.

ieyf gox hfdxvqf gei gf afxybsfi oy sgohg gbsf|fq gf gex dby

ibdf ioqfhy`$ X{qfdcf` od gox # Goxybq bl Nfiohodf# gex

bllfqfi e lfs òdfx v{bd ygf sbqm avy ygfxf nfqf` bl e aoa.

òbcqe{gohe` on{bqy$ Ygf {exy ygfqflbqf gex lbvdi db lev`y od

oy edi oy hbnfx aflbqf ygf qfeifq soyg ed vdodjvqfi hgeqehyfq

edi ifnedix ex e cbbi yqvf edi vxflv` abbm yb af yemfd odyb

gox xfq|ohf edi yb qfhfo|f e lv`` yqoe` ey gox gedix$ Ygfnbifqd {gxob`bcoxyx ge|odc db ygfbq bl ygfoq bsd ge|f db

qflfqfdhf yb oy dbq vdyo` ygf uvoy ygfoq {qfxfdy cqbvdi hed

ygf af e``bsfi yb ge|f ed b{odobd bd ygf xvajfhy$ Ygfoq

hfdxvqf sbvì dby af nbqf qf`f|edy yged sbvì ygf b{{bxoyobd

bl e Qfi Odioed yb ygf {qba`fnx bl ygf neygfneyohx$

! Avy oy ne leoq` af exmfi sgey eqf ygf {qbx{fhyx ygey ygf

#

Edone` Modcibn# edi ygf xhofdyoloh sbqmx bl Xsfifdabq*cfdfqe`` so`` af qfhfo|fi ey ygox ie sgfd ygf qflfq yb ed

bqifq bl lehyx e`nbxy lbqcbyyfd sgfd ygf od|b`|f e xhofdyoloh

yfqnodb`bc sgohg gex afhbnf {eqyoe`` baxb`fyf edi fx{fhoe``

sgfd oy ox hbdxoifqfi ygey ygfqf df|fq {fqge{x sex ed ecf xb

sf`` xeyoxlofi soyg oyxf`l edi oyx bsd ehgof|fnfdyx ex ygf

{qfxfdy bdf 2 Ygfoq {qbx{fhyx od ygf gocg {èhfx bl xhofdhf

eqf dby odiffi fdhbvqecodc: oy sbvì af |eod yb avoì v{ gb{fx




od ygey uveqyfq bq yb eiiqfxx fw{bxyvèyobdx yb oy$ E hbn.

noxxobd bl ed Qbe` Eheifn od Hgqoxyfdibn sbvì xbbd

ifhoif bvq hèonx od ygf dfceyo|f$ Avy lbqyvdeyf` ygfqf eqf

eavdiedy xocdx bl e aqfemodc v{$ Ygf xhofdyoloh sbqì edi

x{fholohe`` ygf nfiohe` sbqì sgohg ox e`sex ygf gocgfxy

fw{bdfdy bl ygf xyeyf bl xhofdhf ox od e xyeyf bl odyfxyodf qf|b.

`vyobd = de sgey ox xeodc nvhg oy ox dfeq` ex lv`` bl iox.

xfdxobd ex ygf hgvqhg oyxf`l$ Oy sbvì af fwhffiodc` vd{e`.

eyea`f yb isf`` v{bd oyx io|oxobdx yb x{fhol ygf xfhyx sgohg

ge|f xf{eqeyfi lqbn ygf neyfqde` abi edi yb xgbs ygf

oqqfhbdhoèa`f deyvqf bl ygf iollfqfdhfx ygey xvaxoxy afysffd

bqygbibw nfiohodf edi gfq qflqehybq hgoìqfd$ Ygf lvyvqf

goxybqoed xyediodc v{bd ygf cqe|f bl bdhf |fdfqeyfi odxyoyv.

yobdx ne ib ygox soyg on{eqyoeòy edi dby soygbvy e lffòdc

bl {oy$ Nfedsgo`f oy ox bvq {qo|o`fcf yb qfjbohf ygey enoi

ygf ifheifdhf bl xhofdhf dfs cqbvdi ox afodc aqbmfd edi dfs

x{oqoyx qeoxfi v{ yb xbnf bl sgbn ygf dfs yqvyg ne af

ehhbnnbieyfi edi ifòcgylv`$

! Sf vxf ygf {gqexf # dfs yqvyg# e`ygbvcg ygf sbqmx sgohg

hbdyeod oy ge|f affd avqofi od ygf ivxy lbq e sgb`f hfdyvq=

avy od xb ibodc sf xon{` e``vif yb ygf {qodho{`fx od|b`|fi od

ygfxf sbqmx$ Ygf hbdloqneybq lehyx a sgohg ygfxf {qodho{`fx

sfqf aqbvcgy odyb qfèyobd soyg ygf xhofdhf bl Xsfifdabqc#x

ie ne ibvay`fxx lqbn yonf yb yonf af xv{fqxfifi a afyyfq

eyyfxyeyobdx : {eqyohvèq lehyx eqf avy ygf hqvyhgfx bl e yqvf

ygfbq edi eqf dby xyqohy` x{femodc oyx aexox = lbq ygf aexox

oyxf`l ox x{oqoyve` xodhf oy ox ygf bqifq edi yfdbq bl fllfhyx ygey

lbqn oy edi dby ygf neyyfq$ Ygf {qodho{`fx ygfnxf`|fx eqf

fyfqde` yqvygx’ygf xenf fxyfqie yb.ie edi lbqf|fq$

! Ygfqf eqf hh`fx od e`` ygodcx edi f|fd dbs ygfqf eqf

xbnf odioheyobdx bl e qf|o|e` bl nfiohe` `feqdodc$ Ygf sfem.

dfxx bl ygf {qfxfdy xyeyf bl ygodcx ox {fqhfo|fi a ygbxf sgb

ge|f db e{{qfhoeyobd bl oyx aeqqfddfxx = ygf yfn{fq bl ygf {va.

òh ox ed vdnoxyemea`f ifnbdxyqeyobd yb ygox fllfhy$ Gfdhf

ned afcod yb qf|fqy yb ygf {exy edi èodc exoif lbq e nbnfdy

ygf |bholfqeyobd bl 9 neqhg bl odyf``fhy # edi # {qbcqfxx bl ygf

x{fhofx# ygf eqf hbdyfdy yb neqhg edi {qbcqfxx òmf ygf hqea

aehmseqix edi yb hèon Go{{bhqeyfx edi Ce`fd edi Xifd.

gen ex ygfoq leygfqx$ Ygox ox ey ed qeyf xb leq cbbi ygey oy

58



59< xsfifdabqc#x {gxob`bcohe` sbqmx$

xgbsx gbs e lbqcbyyfd qedcf bl lehyx edi ed edyouveyfi yfq.

nodb`bc ne af qf.ehuvoqfi ex xbbd ex ygfqf ox e xvllohofdy

nbyo|f : de oy dbvqoxgfx ygf gb{f edi ygey vdifq ygf {qfx.

xvqf lqbn soygbvy ygf èqcf abi bl if{fdifdyx ol dby ygf

lfvie` `bqix bl xhofdhf ne hbnf yb f|fd cqfeyfq edi nbqf

vdfw{fhyfi qfxv`yx yged ygfxf$ Sgb xge`` xe ygey ygf ne

dby v`yoneyf` xff ygey oy ox ygfoq odyfqfxy ex {qehyoyobdfqx bl

nfiohodf yb if{bxoy ygfoq h`bem bl nxyoloheyobd yb aqodc yb

neqmfy xbnfygodc sgohg ox odyf`òcoa`f edi vxflv` yb gvnedoy

yb cb sgfqf|fq yqvyg `feix ygfn f|fd ygbvcg ygey yqvyg af

5 xyqedcfq yged lohyobd# edi yb hbnf yb bvq Xsfifdabqc od gox

ibva`f hgeqehyfq edi ehmdbs`ficf soyg gvna`f ygedmlv`dfxx

ygey e cqfeyfq yged e Go{{bhqeyfx ox gfqf’e ned sgb gex

neqqofi {qehyohf yb ygfbq sgb gex ioxxfhyfi ygf ò|odc abi

soygbvy ifxyqbodc oy edi gex xb b{fdfi ygf xhofdhfx bl edey.

bn edi {gxob`bc ygey ygf nvxy xbbdfq bq èyfq afhbnf

aqedhgfx bl gvned fivheyobd od sgohg hexf ygf nfiohe` {qb.

lfxxobd so`` ge|f e xbòi aexox od ygf xbhoe` sbqì edi af ex e

cbìfd hqbsd bl soxibn edi {qehyohf qfxyodc xfhvqf` v{bd

ygf hbqqfhy mdbs`ficf edi hbnnbd xfdxf bl nedmodi$

! Yb e`` ygbxf sgb eqf od {bxxfxxobd bl yqvygx sgohg eqf dby

qfhbcdozfi bq eqf qfjfhyfi a ygf xxyfnx bl ygf ie ygf

sqoyodcx bl Xsfifdabqc ne af {fqlfhy` od|e`vea`f$ Ygbxf

sqoyodcx so`` {qf|fdy ygfn lqbn afodc if{fdifdy od ed if.

{eqynfdy bl qfexbd v{bd ygf bì xyeyf bl xhofdhf$ Ygf so``

lvqdoxg e gocg qe`òdc {body sgfqf e dvnafq bl xvhg ioxyodhy

yqvygx ne af hbnaodfi edi ifqo|f ygey xyqfdcyg sgohg ox ygf

qfxv`y bl vdobd edi fx{fhoe`` bl ygf vdobd bl yqvygx$ Ygf

so`` {vy sfe{bdx bl bllfdhf edi iflfdhf od ygf gedix bl hevxfx

sgohg eqf dbs qf{qfxxfi e`nbxy odyb dbygodcdfxx edi co|f

{bsfq yb ygbxf sgb eqf xyqbdc od x{oqoy fy sfem od abi$

Ygf so`` eii lbqhf yb leoyg edi xvxyeod ygf feqdfxy xbv`

ygqbvcg ygf ie bl xne`` ygodcx edi nfedsgo`f ofì oy e

{fehflv` ifòcgy {qb{gfyoh bl e c`bqobvx lvyvqf$ Yb e`` xvhg

{fqxbdx ygfxf sqoyodcx bvcgy yb af ex cèi yoiodcx edi xgbvì

af qfhfo|fi soyg gfeqy ygedmlv`dfxx edi e ifyfqnodeyobd yb

`bxf db yonf od hbd|fqyodc ygfn yb vxf$!



\OO$

ON[BQYEDHF BL YGF [G_XOHE@ EDI NODFQ.

E@BCOHE@ SBQMX BL XSFIFDABQC$

78$ Lqbn ygf [eq`bq Necezodf Db$ 56 Evcvxy ? 5765$

[qodyfi od ygf Hqxye` [eèhf @bdibd$

Bd ygf Nfye``vqc b{ Oqbd$ A Xsfifdabqc$

Ygf fioybq hbnnfdhfx ygf eqyoh`f soyg ygf baxfq|eyobd

! Oqbd ox ibvay`fxx bl e`` nfye`x ygf nbxy on{bqyedy$ Sfne e`nbxy fxyoneyf e deyobd#x nocgy a ygf uvedyoy bl oqbd

oy

hbdxvnfx$ Odlehy ygf

sgb`fodivxyq edi hbdxfuvfdy`

ygf sgb`f sfe`yg bl e deyobd if{fdix v{bd oqbd$! Gf ygfd

isf``x v{bd oyx vdo|fqxeòy edi oddvnfqea`f vxfx edi eiix

ygey ! dbysoygxyediodc ygf on{bqyedhf bl ygox {qbivhy ygf lea.

qoheyobd bl oqbd sex `fly lbq hfdyvqofx yb hgedhf$ Oy sex hbn.

noyyfi yb ygf gedix bl ocdbqedy edi vdhv`yo|eyfi sbqmnfd!

,h$ ! Db nodi bl ed f`f|eyfi hexy hgbxf yb xybb{ yb ygf èabqx

edi od|fxyoceyobdx sgohg sfqf dfhfxxeq yb hb``fhy ygf ifyeo`x

bl nedo{vèyobdx xb nejfxyoh ex e sgb`f avy e{{eqfdy` xb

nfed edi yqo|oe` sgfd |ofsfi e{eqy$ Ygfqf sex bd` fwoxyodc

bdf xodc`f sbqm od sgohg ed odlbqneyobd bd ygf xvajfhy hbvì

af bayeodfi edi ygox ybb odhbn{`fyf$ Oy sex vdifq ygfxf

hoqhvnxyedhfx ygey ygfqf e{{feqfi v{bd ygf xyecf bl nfye`.

`vqcoh xhofdhf’e`ygbvcg eèx % lbq ybb aqofl e nbnfdy’e ned

sgbxf nfnbq gex affd onnbqyeòzfi a gox |oxobdeq {vqxvoyxsgo`xy gox xbòi eyyeodnfdyx ge|f affd lbqcbyyfd$ Sf x{fem

bl Xsfifdabqc$ E hgoì bl Xsfifd’sgohg xffnx yb ifxfq|f

{qf.fnodfdy` ygf yoy`f bl ygf èdi bl oqbd’gox ygbvcgyx dey.

vqe`` yvqdfi nbqf fx{fhoe`` ybseqix ygey nfye` avy gox

bqocode` oife sex yb sqoyf e hbn{`fyf goxybq bl nfye``vqc od

cfdfqe`$! Ygfqf dbs lb``bsx e ifxhqo{yobd bl ygf sbqm edi

ygf fioybq qfxvnfx

’! Xbnf jvicnfdy ne af lbqnfi bl ygf

iollohv`yofx gf gei yb fdhbvdyfq lqbn gox {qflehf bl sgohg O

'593/



597 xsfifdabqc#x {gxohe`

xge`` bd` yqedxèyf e xodc`f {exxecf hvqobvx lqbn ygf oife oy

hbd|fx bl ygf b{odobdx edi {qfjviohfx bl ygey ie bd ygf ney.

yfq bl nfye``vqc :

! # O lbqfxff" xeoi Xsfifdabqc # ygey ygfqf so`` dby af

sedyodc ygbxf sgb so`` sgox{fq od n feq ygey ygf nbifx bl

lvxobd edi ygf {qbhfxxfx bl fwyqehyobd od io|fqx hbvdyqofx

sgohg ge|f affd ioxhb|fqfi ygqbvcg ygf èabq edi fw{fqofdhf

bl hfdyvqofx bvcgy dby yb af ygvx òcgy` io|v`cfi edi qfd.

ifqfi lenoòeq yb ygf sbqì ey èqcf$ Ygfqf ox dby e xodc`f

hèxx bl nfye` lbvdifqx sgb ib dby {bxxfxx hfqyeod xfhqfyx

sgohg ygf sbvì iffn oy e hqonf yb qf|fe`$ Ygfxf ygf

hbdhfe` `fxy ygf xgbvì af onoyeyfi a ygfoq hbn{edobdx b|fq

sgbn ygf yqovn{g od e xbqy bl ledhofi xv{fqobqoy$ Ygfqf

eqf ned bygfqx od e gocgfq se`m bl òlf sgb qfxfna`f ygfxf

od f|fq qfx{fhy sgb e`xb ge|f db ifxoqf yb mdbs edygodc

xe|f lbq ygfnxf`|fx evi sgb òmf yb af hbdxoifqfi ygf {bxxfx.

xbqx edi mff{fqx bl e xfhqfy$ Ygfqf ox dbygodc od sgohg

{fb{`f bl ygox hèxx yemf xb nvhg {`fexvqf ex od soyggbìodc

lqbn ygf {vaòh e`` vxflv` odlbqneyobd = edi ol edygodc ibfx

ge{{fd yb hbnf yb òcgy sgohg ox òmf` yb lbqseqi ygf hevxf

bl xhofdhf ygf `bbm v{bd oy exmedhf soyg ed eoq bl ioxxeyox.

lehyobd edi nvqnvq eceodxy ygf evygbq bl ygf ioxhb|fq ex

ol gf sfqf e |obèybq bl e xfhqfy$

! # O mdbs ygey O heddby fw{fhy yb af |ofsfi od e modi`

x{oqoy a xvhg ex ygfxf lbq ygox qfexbd : ygey {fqxbdx bl ygox

hèxx sbvì ygodm ygfnxf`|fx `fxx soxf ol ygfoq dfocgabqx sfqf

ex nvhg xb ex ygfnxf`|fx$ Avy f|fd e``bsodc ygey ygf ib

{bxxfxx xbnf vxflv` xfhqfyx sgohg ygf ge|f {vqhgexfi lqbn

ygbxf sgb `bbm v{bd xhofdhf nfqf` ex ed eqyoh`f bl yqelloh’ox

ygox e qfexbd sg xvhg mdbs`ficf xgbvì af soyggfì lqbn

eiiodc oyx hbdyqoavyobd yb ygf odhqfexodc òcgy bl ygf ecf 2 E``

sgohg oy ox sbqyg sgo`f yb mdbs bvcgy yb af {vaòxgfi od ygf

neqmfy.{èhf : ygf qocgyx bl ned ifnedi ygey oy xgbvì af xb=

ygf èsx bl ygf qf{vaòh bl `fyyfqx qfuvoqf oy = lbq vd`fxx sf

fehg eoi yb ygf ei|edhfnfdy bl xhofdhf edi ygf {qbcqfxx bl

odivxyq vdyo` l`bvqoxgodc nbqf edi nbqf fehg feq afdfeyg

bvq lbxyfqodc heqf ygf eyyeod ygey {fqlfhyobd sgohg gex affd

ifxoqfi a e`` ecfx sf hed df|fq gb{f yb afhbnf soxfq bq ge{.

{ofq a ygf è{xf bl yonf$



EDI NODFQE@BCOHE@ SBQMX$ 59?

!#Ygf `bdcfq ygf feqyg ox ygf xhfdf bl ned#x eabif ygf

nbqf soif` ygf {bsfq bl ygbvcgy edi bl baxfq|eyobd ox fw.

yfdifi enbdcxy ygf gvned qehf : ygf cqfeyfq ygf dvnafq bl

nodix sgohg nv`yo{` v{bd ygox feqyg ygf nbqf ne sf gb{f

yb xff e`` ygf odivxyqoe` xhofdhfx {fqlfhyfi edi yb soydfxx ygf

cqbsyg bl on{qb|fnfdyx od f|fq if{eqynfdy bl èabq xvhg

ex sf ge|f affd le|bqfi soyg ivqodc ygf hbvqxf bl ygf èxy

hfdyvq od ygf if{eqynfdy bl nfye``vqc e`bdf$#!

Sf`` ne ygf fioybq fwhèon’! Ygfxf eqf exxvqfi` dba`f

sbqix edi xvhg ex h`feq` neqm Xsfifdabqc#x {qfxfdyonfdy ex

yb ygf lvyvqf odl`vfdhf bl nfye``vqc bd ygf ifxyod bl deyobdx$

Sf ne xffm od |eod od e`` ygf evygbqx sgb aflbqf gox yonf

yqfeyfi bl ygox xhofdhf lbq |ofsx ygvx òafqe` edi {qblbvdi$

E`ygbvcg sqoyyfd nbqf yged e hfdyvq ecb bdf nocgy e`nbxy

onecodf ygfxf sbqix yb af ed vyyfqedhf bl bvq ie$ Oy ox ygf

ioxyodhyo|f neqm bl nbxy cqfey nodix ygvx yb x{fem ygf èd.

cvecf bl {bxyfqoy = edi ygfqflbqf oy ox ygey sgo`xy od ygfoq

bsd ecf ygf eqf ybb blyfd qf|o`fi bq noxvdifqxybbi {bxyfqoy

yqfexvqfx v{ ygfoq xeodcx$!

79$ Od Nq$ C$ L$ Qohgeqixbd#x vxflv` f`fnfdyeq sbqm

!Cfb`bc lbq Afcoddfqx fyh$! sf nffy soyg ygf lb``bsodc

uveòlofi yfxyonbd yb ygf cfdovx bl Xsfifdabqc:

! Ygf hf`faqeyfi Fnedvf` Xsfifdabqc '531;/ od ygf feq`

{eqy bl gox heqffq ehuvoqfi hbdxoifqea`f {qblohofdh od ygf

{gxohe` xhofdhfx$ $ $ $ Gox {vaòheyobd fdyoy`fi # B{fqe

[go`bxb{gohe fy Nodfqe`bcohe# od ygqff |b`vnfx lbòb soyg

dvnfqbvx fdcqe|odcx sex jvxy` qfceqifi ex e nbxy fwyqebq.

iodeq {fqlbqnedhf$ Bd oyx e{{feqedhf |eqobvx `feqdfi

abiofx |ofi soyg fehg bygfq od f`fhyodc gon e nfnafq bl ygfoq

qfx{fhyo|f xbhofyofx : edi ygf Eheifn bl Xhofdhfx bl [eqox

yqedxèyfi odyb ygf Lqfdhg èdcvecf lbq ygfoq Goxyboqf ifx Eqyx

fy ifx Nfyofqx gox Yqfeyoxf bd Oqbd lqbn ygox sbqm ex ellbqi.

odc ygf nbxy |e`vea`f evygbqoy bd ygf xvajfhy ygfd fwyedy$

Gox xhofdyoloh baxfq|eyobdx $ $ $ hbdyeod xbnf xbvdi {qod.

ho{`fx edi odxyqvhyo|f lehyx = edi ygf dfavèq ygfbq bl ygf xbèq

xxyfn ygf bqocode` l`voioy bl bvq {èdfy ygf |eqobvx {qf.

{eqeybq hgedcfx bl ygf feqyg ex b{{bxfi yb ygf {qf|eoòdc

oife bl oyx odxyedyedfbvx hqfeyobd od oyx {qfxfdy neyvqfi hbd

58*



56; xsfifdabqc#x {gxohe`

ioyobd = ygf xvhhfxxobd bl |eqobvx yqoafx bl edone`x = ygfxf soyg

bygfq exxfqyobdx ygf yqvyg edi ehhvqeh bl sgohg gex affd

ifnbdxyqeyfi a nbifqd xhofdhf eqf ygf òcgyx sgohg xgodf

ygqbvcg ygf noxy nezf bl xv{fqxyoyobd edi eaxvqioy bl sgohg

gox {qbivhyobdx xb èqcf` hbdxoxy$ ]2^ Oy ne odhoifdye`` af

dbyohfi ygey ygf sqoyodcx bl ygox fwyqebqiodeq ned f|odhf ygey

gf sex e`xb ehuveodyfi soyg {gqfdb`bc$! {$ <8$

76$ Od ygf yqedxèyobd bl Hqenfq#x F`fnfdyx bl ygf Eqy bl

Exxeodc Nfye`x a Iq$ Hqbnsf`` Nbqyonfq Xfhqfyeq yb

ygf Qbe` Xbhofy Xsfifdabqc#x Sbqm bd ygf Nodfqe` Modc.

ibn ox nfdyobdfi a ygf yqedxèybq od ygf lb``bsodc yfqnx :

! Lbq ygf xemf bl xvhg ex vdifqxyedi @eyod sf nvxy dby

{exx a ygey necdolohfdy edi èabqobvx sbqm bl Fnedvf` Xsf.

ifdabqc fdyoy`fi # [qodho{oe fyh$# od ygf xfhbdi edi ygoqi

ybnfx bl sgohg gf gex co|fd ygf afxy ehhbvdy dby bd` bl ygf

nfygbi edi dfsfxy on{qb|fnfdyx od nfye`òh sbqmx od e``

{èhfx afbdi ygf xfex avy e`xb ygbxf od Fdcèdi edi od bvq

hb`bdofx od Enfqohe soyg iqevcgyx bl ygf lvqdehfx edi odxyqv.

nfdyx fn{`bfi$ Oy ox yb af soxgfi sf gei fwyqehyx bl ygox

sbqm od Fdcòxg$!

7<$ ! Ygf onnfdxf fxxe sgohg lo``x ygf loqxy |b`vnf bl ygf

# B{fqe [go`bxb{gohe fy Nodfqe`bcohe2 fwhoyfi bd` e xbqy bl

xyv{oi sbdifq = avy ygf {qehyohe` vyoòy bl ygf ysb bygfq |b`.

vnfx sex ey bdhf qfhbcdozfi a ygf `feqdfi$ # Sf xgbvì

df|fq af ea`f yb lodoxg# xex e cbbi jvicf [qbl$ Xhg`foifd

9ol sf xgbvì eyyfn{y yb fdvnfqeyf e`` ygf on{qb|fnfdyx sgohg

Xsfifdabqc odyqbivhfi od ygf sbqmodc bl ygf nodfx bl gox

deyo|f hbvdyq edi oy sbvì af on{bxxoa`f yb xe gbs cqfey

sfqf gox nfqoyx od {qbnbyodc ygf odivxyq edi ygf eqyx bl

Xsfifd" !’N$ Neyyfq \of if Xsfifdabqc {$ 9;$

73$ ! Ygf sbqm bl Xsfifdabqc sgohg bv sfqf xb modi ex

yb {vy odyb n gedix ox ed fwyqebqiodeq {qbivhyobd bl bdf bl

ygf nbxy fwyqebqiodeq nfd hfqyeod` ygey gex f|fq ò|fi$ $ $

Ygox nvhg O hed yqv` xe ygey ygf eoq bl nxyohoxn sgohg ox

cfdfqe`` ygbvcgy yb {fq|eif Aeqbd Xsfifdabqc#x fygohe` edi

ygfb`bcohe` sqoyodcx gex {qf|fdyfi {go`bxb{gfqx lqbn {eodc



EDI NODFQE@BCOHE@ SBQMX$ 565

ygey eyyfdyobd yb gox {gxohe` {qbivhyobdx bl sgohg O dbs xff

ygf eqf sbqyg$ Ned bl ygf fw{fqonfdyx edi baxfq|eyobdx

bd necdfyoxn {qfxfdyfi od ygox sbqm eqf afòf|fi yb af bl

nvhg nbqf nbifqd ieyf edi eqf vdjvxy` exhqoafi yb nvhg

nbqf qfhfdy sqoyfqx$! [qblfxxbq [eyyfqxbd bl ygf Vdo|fq.

xoy bl [fddx`|edoe od e `fyyfq yb Iq$ Ey`ff$

77$ ! Od ygf #[qodho{oe# Xsfifdabqc ne af qfceqifi ex

yemodc gox {èhf a ygf xoif bl Dfsybd Mf{`fq edi Gvn.

abìy = hònaodc yb ygf gocg {èhfx edi nbvdyeod {femx bl de.

yvqf edi b|fq`bbmodc ygf neyfqoe` vvo|fqxf = ygey sbqm af`bdcx

yb ygf lvyvqf xyo`` avy f|fq xodhf oy sex sqoyyfd ygf nodi bl

ned gex affd neqhgodc v{ yb oy$ [go`bxb{gfqx ge|f dfc`fhyfi

ygfxf sqoyodcx lqbn ygf xv{{bxoyobd ygey ygf sfqf ygf {qbivh.

yobdx bl e nxyoh = gfdhf ygf ocdbqedhf bl xhgbèqx bl ygf

sqoyodcx bl ygox o``vxyqobvx ned ox enezodc$!’F$ [ewybd

Gbbi @olf bl Xsfifdabqc {$ 33$

7?$ ! Sgfd loqxy sf {qb{bxfi yb bvqxf`|fx e ygbqbvcg edi

xxyfneyoh xyvi bl ygf [qodho{oe sf sfqf òyy`f {qf{eqfi yb

lodi ygey ygf lvdienfdye` lehyx edi {qodho{`fx lbqnodc ygf

dvh`fvx bl fehg bl ygf xhofdhfx bl xoifqfe` exyqbdbn hbxnbc.

bd yfqqfxyqoe` necdfyoxn edi bygfqx ioxhb|fqfi edi fèabq.

eyfi xodhf gox yonf eqf yb af lbvdi od ygox xodc`f sbqm lv``

h`feq` edi fw{òhoy` xyeyfi$ Ygf hexfx yb sgohg sf ge|f

qflfqqfi * eqf xbnf bl ygf `vnodbvx {bodyx sgohg cònnfqfi

soyg ygfoq loqxy leody òcgy ygqbvcg ygf ieqmdfxx bl ygf focgy.

ffdyg hfdyvq lbq {fqobix |eqodc lqbn e lfs feqx yb e hfd.

yvq aflbqf foygfq hbdjfhyvqfi bq ioxhb|fqfi$ Odiffi e{eqy

lqbn ygf gocgfq {xhgb`bcohe` ioxhb|fqofx neif mdbsd yb ygf

sbqì ygqbvcg gon gox xhofdyoloh ioxhb|fqofx e`bdf jvxyol vx

od elloqnodc ygey ey db {qobq {fqobi xodhf ygf bqocod bl xbhofy

gex ygf x{gfqf bl oifex affd xb xviifd` edi xb sbdifqlv``

fdèqcfi$ Ygf necdoyvif bl ygf eqfex edi ygfoq ioxyqoavyobd

od x{ehf loqxy neif mdbsd yb ned a gox aqfemodc ygqbvcg ygf

* Ygfxf hexfx eqf hbdyeodfi od [eqy OO$ bl ygf {qfxfdy |b`vnf$




fdh`bxvqf bl ygf gfe|fdx edi hbdxfuvfdy ioxhb|fq bl ygf on.

nfdxoy bl hqfeyobd afbdi bq bvyxoif ygf |oxoa`f xyeqq loqne.

nfdy = e`xb ygf hbcdoyobd bl cqfey edi nocgy hbxnohe`

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ioxhb|fq bl ygf lehy ygey ygfqf eqf db lowfi xyeqx’ygey ygf

sgb`f xyeqq gfe|fd gex e necdfyoh hbvqxf e`bdc ygf no`m

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xb nocgy edi fdèqcfi edi soyge` xb fwgoaoyodc xvaònoy

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oyfi xhe`f ex yb xyedi vdqo|e``fi a ed bygfq od ygf gvned

nodi sgohg ge|f ex fy fdyfqfi ygfqfod$! Xenvf` Afxsohm

ygf `feqdfi hbnnfdyeybq bl Xo|fifdabqc#x # [qodho{oe# od ygf

Odyf``fhyve` Qf{bxoybq bl 576; {$ 151$

Od edbygfq {èhf gf x{femx bl ygf ! [qodho{oe! od ygf lb`.

`bsodc neddfq :’

! Ygf sbqm od uvfxyobd ox ifxocdeyfi = [qodho{oe# afhevxf

od oy ygf evygbq fw{èodx gox |ofsx bl ygf loqxy {qodho{`fx bl ygf

vdo|fqxf$ Ygf uvfxyobd {qb{bxfi lbq xb`vyobd ox ygfqflbqf ygf

lb``bsodc : ’Gbs gex hqfeyobd oxxvfi lbqyg lqbn ygf Hqfeybq=

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nfdy sgo`xy oy e{{feqx yb {qfxfdy e ifnedi bd gvned qfexbd

edi hqfivòy bl xb nocgy edi o`ònoyea`f e hgeqehyfq od|b`|.

odc {qbhfxxfx edi hh`fx bl {qbhfxxfx ygey oy sbvì xffnnbqf e neqm bl odxedoy yged bl soxibn yb eyyfn{y oyx xb`v.

yobd$ Ned ygfqf eqf bl ygf afxy edi soxfxy bl nfd sgbxf

gocgfxy ex{oqeyobdx od ygf qfcobdx bl {go`bxb{g ge|f affd yb

ioxhb|fq ygox cqedi {qodho{ovn bl e`` bvq {go`bxb{gofx$ Oy ox

ygf vdioxhb|fqfi lbvdyeod bl deyvqe` yqvyg a sgbxf seyfqx

ygf Nvxfx ifòcgy yb isf`` edi lqbn sgfdhf xyqfen lbqyg hbd.

yodvbvx` edi od {`fdoyvif ygbxf xgbsfqx bl xhofdyoloh yqvyg




sgohg od ygf goxybq bl ned ge|f xb hb{obvx` le``fd bd ygf

xvhhfxxo|f xhfdfx od gox odyf``fhyve` {qbcqfxx$ Ex ed eyyfn{yfi

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xvaxyedhf edi eyyfdiedy {qbhfxx bl lbqneyobd edi if|f`b{.

nfdy lqbn ygf loqxy ò|odc lbqhf ygqbvcg ygf f`fnfdye` sbqì

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bl sgohg ygf feqygx od ygf vdo|fqxf hbdxoxy$ Edi oy ox sbqyg

bl qfneqm ygey f|fq xvaxfuvfdy ioxhb|fq gex ibdf xbnf.

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cvoifi od gox bvyglv` od|fxyoceyobdx$ Lqbn ygf loqxy gf e{.

{feqx yb ge|f xffd h`feq` edi yb ge|f neqmfi bvy oyx aqbei

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ygbxf dfs nfygbix a sgohg gf neif gox dfs eyyfn{yx ey e {go`.

bxb{gohe` fw{èdeyobd bl ygf vdo|fqxf = edi sgohg hbdxyoyvyfi

e dfs cvoif a sgohg gf xbeqfi gocgfq edi {fdfyqeyfi leq

afbdi ygf ònoyx bl {qf|obvx od|fxyoceyobd$! Odyf``fhyve` Qf.

{bxoybq 576; {{$ 16;.65$

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\b`$ \O$ [eqy 1$

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odeyobd bl Edone` Necdfyoxn$

! Cfdy`fnfd’! Od ygf qf{bqy bl ygf hbnnoxxobdfqx e{{bodyfi a ygf

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nfd ge|f elloqnfi ygey ygfqf ibfx dby fy fwoxy ed ygfbq bl

ygf necdfy$ Ygox exxfqyobd gex bhhexobdfi ned qfnbd.

xyqedhfx = edi O xge`` gfqf nemf bdf edi ex O ygodm ygf nbxy




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bl ygfxf |b`vnfx ox fdyoqf` if|byfi yb e xvaònf ygfbq bl ygf

lbqneyobd bl ygf sbqì lbvdifi bd ygey bl ygf necdfyoh f`f.

nfdy =ygf fwoxyfdhf lbqn edi nfhgedoxn bl sgohg eqf if.

nbdxyqeyfi a ygf evygbq lqbn fw{fqofdhf cfbnfyq edi ygf

nbxy xbòi qfexbdodc lbvdifi bd ygfxf ysb aexfx$ Ygf xva.

jfhy bl ygf bygfq |b`vnfx afodc lbqfocd yb ygey bl ygox `fyyfq

O xge`` hbdyfdy nxf`l soyg xeodc ygey od ygf sgb`f bl ygf

sbqm ygfqf ox xvhg ed eavdiedhf bl dfs yqvygx edi bl {gx.

ohe` neygfneyohe` exyqbdbnohe` nfhgedohe` hgfnohe` edi

nodfqe`bcohe` mdbs`ficf ex sbvì af nbqf yged xvllohofdy yb

fxyeaòxg ygf qf{vyeyobd bl xf|fqe` iollfqfdy sqoyfqx$ Ehhbq.

iodc` gf ehuvoqfi xb nvhg lenf a oyx {vaòheyobd ygey ygf

Eheifn bl Xybhmgb`n gexyfdfi yb od|oyf gon yb afhbnf bdf

bl oyx nfnafqx$ Ygox {qbivhyobd bl ygf Xsfioxg {go`bxb{gfq

gex hbdyodvfi yb neodyeod ygf xenf ifcqff bl fxyffn od e``

Fvqb{f edi ygf nbxy hf`faqeyfi nfd ge|f dby ioxieodfi yb

iqes neyfqoe`x lqbn oy yb exxoxy ygfn od ygfoq èabqx = xbnf

ybb ge|f gei ygf sfemdfxx yb iqfxx ygfnxf`|fx od ygf lfeygfqx

bl ygf {fehbhm soygbvy ehmdbs`ficodc sgfqf ygf bayeodfi

ygfn$ Bd qfeiodc ygf {eqecqe{g od ygf loqxy |b`vnf {ecf

873 fdyoy`fi If Hgeb Vdo|fqxeò Xbòx fy [èdfyeqvn ifuvf

xf{eqeyobdf fjvx od [èdfyex fy Xeyf`òyfx = edi ygey ey {ecf 987

If {qbcqfxxobdf Yf``vqox e xb`f ei BqaoyenT oy so`` af xffd gbs

nvhg ygf Hbvdy if Avllad sex noxyemfd od xeodc od gox iox.

hbvqxf bd ygf lbqneyobd bl ygf {èdfyx ygey dbygodc gei f|fq

affd sqoyyfd bd ygox xvajfhy = edi oy so`` ibvay`fxx` af qfcqfy.

yfi ygey ygf Lqfdhg [òd gex dby {qbloyfi a ygf ioxhb|fqofx

bl ygf Xybhmgb`n Eheifnohoed sgb sgo`xy gf fuve`x gon od

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Xsfifdabqc ge|odc e`qfei xgbsd ygey feqyg edi sq

eyfq eqf

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{fqlbqnfi xvhg xvq{qoxodc ygodcx soyg ygf necdfy aflbqf bvq




ffx einoyx ygey gf gex ifqo|fi lqbn ygox evygbq e`nbxy e``

ygf mdbs`ficf ygey gf gex fwgoaoyfi bd ygox xvajfhy edi od

xgbqy ygey soygbvy ge|odc xyviofi gon bvq ehuveodyedhf soyg

necdfyoxn nvxy af |fq on{fqlfhy =’O xe O xgbvì lbqafeq

yb nfdyobd ygox ol ygf hbnnoxxobdfqx e{{bodyfi a gox Nejfxy

yb fwenodf edone` necdfyoxn gei dby elloqnfi ygey ygfqf ex

fy fwoxyx db ygfbq bl ygf necdfy$ Gbs hed ygox exxfqyobd af

qfhbdho`fi soyg ygf evygfdyoh edi {bxoyo|f lehy O ge|f dbs

xyeyfi 2 Ygf leqygfq bdf ox lqbn onecododc ygey xvhg e ifhèqe.

yobd bd ygf {eqy bl ygf eheifnohoedx edi {gxohoedx hed af

ygf qfxv`y bl gexyf bl ocdbqedhf bq bl {eqyoeòy ygf nbqf

iollohv`y ygf ygodc afhbnfx$ Eqf sf dby yb afòf|f ygey yb

ehuvoy ygfnxf`|fx sbqygo` bl ygfoq hbnnoxxobd edi yb jvxyol

ex ygf bvcgy ygf hbdloifdhf soyg sgohg ygf xb|fqfocd gex

gbdbqfi ygfn ygf sbvì dfc`fhy dbygodc ygey hbvì hbdyqoavyf

yb nemf ygfn {fqlfhy nexyfqx bl ygf uvfxyobd bl edone` nec.

dfyoxn edi fdea`f ygfn yb ifhoif v{bd oy edi ygey ygf sbvì

ehhbqiodc` qfei edi hbdxoifq f|fqygodc sgohg gex goygfqyb

affd {vaòxgfi bd ygf xvajfhy : ey `fexy f|fqygodc ygey gex

{qbhffifi lqbn ygf {fd bl ygf nbxy hf`faqeyfi deyvqeòxyx 2

Ygf sbqm sgohg gex bhhexobdfi ygox qfnbdxyqedhf afodc soyg.

bvy hbdyqeiohyobd ygf nbxy hbn{`fyf edi {qblbvdi bl e`` bvcgy

{qodho{e`` yb ge|f lowfi ygfoq eyyfdyobd = edi ygox afodc

cqedyfi ygf xeodc bl ygf hbnnoxxobdfqx ygey ygfqf ibfx dby

fy fwoxy ed ygfbq bl ygf necdfy’ygey ox ygey dbygodc sgohg

gex fy e{{feqfi ox yb af qfceqifi ex xvhg’ox xeodc ygey ygf

ygfbq bl Xsfifdabqc ox dbdf ey e`` = ygey e ygfbq ifnbd.

xyqeyfi a fw{fqonfdy cfbnfyq edi qfexbdodc edi od ecqff.

nfdy soyg ygfn e`` ox dby e ygfbq$ Xvhg O afòf|f ox ygf

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ygey od deyvqe` {go`bxb{g f|fq ygfbq sgohg ox Iby xv{.

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gox |ofsx bd ygox xvajfhy :# Uvo lodfn |v`y ,h$ Gf sgb

soxgfx yb eyyeod ed fdi nvxy e`xb soxg yb ehuvoqf ygf nfedx$

Dbs ygfxf eqf ygf nfedx sgohg nbqf fx{fhoe`` `fei yb mdbs`.



56< xsfifdabqc#x {gxohe`

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v`y bl qfexbdodc$# Od ygf lb``bsodc {ecf gf odxoxyx od ygfxf

yfqnx :# Necde uvoifn ,h$ Eqivbvx ox ygf eyyfn{y yb fw.

{èod {go`bxb{gohe`` ygf goygfqyb xfhqfy b{fqeyobdx bl f`fnfd.

ye` deyvqf leq qfnb|fi edi e`nbxy goiifd lqbn bvq |ofs$ O

nvxy fdife|bq yb {èhf ex oy sfqf aflbqf ygf ffx ygbxf {gf.

dbnfde sgohg xgf gfqxf`l ox heqflv` yb hbdhfe` edi bl sgohg

xgf xffnx nbxy e|fqxf yb ygf od|fxyoceyobd$ Od xvhg ed bhfed

O xgbvì dby |fdyvqf yb x{qfei n xeo` soygbvy ge|odc fw{fqo.

fdhf edi cfbnfyq hbdyodve`` {qfxfdy yb ioqfhy ygf gedi edi

seyhg ygf gf`n$ Soyg ygfxf yb exxoxy edi ioqfhy nf O negb{f lbq e {qbx{fqbvx |becf b|fq ygf yqehm`fxx iff{$ Ygfxf

xge`` af n ysb xyeqx yb cvoif nf od n hbvqxf edi òcgy nf

bd n se = lbq bl ygfxf ib sf xyedi nbxy od dffi od ygf

ygohm ieqmdfxx sgohg od|b`|fx abyg f`fnfdye` deyvqf edi ygf

gvned nodi$# Ey {ecf 579 bl ygf xenf |b`vnf gf xex

eceod # Doxo {qodi{obqvn ,h$ Vd`fxx bvq {qodho{`fx af

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cb|fqdnfdy bl cfbnfyq edi e`sex òmf gfqxf`l od ygf òyy`f

ex sf`` ex ygf cqfey = e {qodho{`f sgohg b{fdx yb ygf gvned

nodi ed odlodoyf heqffq edi {vyx vx od ygf qbvyf sgohg oy ox

dfhfxxeq yb yemf yb eqqo|f ey e`` {bxxoa`f ioxhb|fqofx :# Deyvqe

fdon ,h$ F`fnfdyeq deyvqf 'xex gf/ ox e nbyo|f {bsfq

|eqobvx` nbiolofi = e nbyo|f {bsfq |eqobvx` nbiolofi ox e

xxyfn bl nfhgedoxn = e xxyfn bl nfhgedoxn ox cfbnfyq od

ehyobd lbq oy nvxy dffix af cfbnfyqohe` : cfbnfyq ox ygf eyyqo.

avyf bl e hfqyeod xvaxyedhf {bxxfxxodc locvqf edi x{ehf : ex

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xf{eqea`f lqbn f|fq xvaxyedhf sgfygfq xon{`f bq hbn{bvdi

foygfq od nbyobd bq qfxy edi lqbn nbyobd oyxf`l oy ehhbn{edofx

deyvqf lqbn oyx loqxy bqocod edi qvionfdyx lqbn oyx `fexy lbqn

yb oyx cqfeyfxy ygqbvcg ygf sgb`f sbqì : edi ex cfbnfyq ox

ygf xenf od ygf cqfeyfxy xvaxyedhf ex od ygf `fexy gfdhf deyvqf

afodc e nbyo|f edi nbiolofi {bsfq afodc nfhgedohe` edi

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ybseqix fehg odlodoyf bl xne``dfxx bq cqfeydfxx ,h$# {$ 515$

Ygf uvfxyobd ygfd ox sgfygfq Xsfifdabqc gex {qbhffifi eh.



EDI NODFQE@BCYHE@ SBQMX$ 563

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cfbnfyqohoedx eqf od|oyfi yb ifyfqnodf : edi sgfd ygf ge|f

ecqffi bd ygfoq ifyfqnodeyobd sgohg so`` hfqyeod` af od hbd.

lbqnoy soyg sgey O ge|f ei|edhfi ygf so`` vdedonbvx`

einoy ol O en dby noxyemfd ygey ygf ygfbq bl ygf Xsfioxg

evygbq ox e yqvf ygfbq bl ygf necdfy edi bl e`` necdfyoxn

ygey oy {qb|fx odhbdyfxyea` ygf fwoxyfdhf bl ygf necdfyoh f`f.

nfdy =ygey oy {qb|fx lvqygfq ygey ygf {eqyoh`fx bl ygox f`fnfdy

afodc x{gfqohe` ygf yfdifdh bl ygfoq nbyobd od hbdxfuvfdhf

bl ygox lbqn ox foygfq x{oqe` bq |bqyohe` bq hoqhvèq=ygey fehg

bl ygfxf nbyobdx qfuvoqodc e hfdyqf sgfdf|fq ygfxf {eqyoh`fx

nffy soyg e abi sgohg a ygf qfcvèqoy bl oyx {bqfx ygf

hbdlocvqeyobd edi ygf {bxoyobd bl oyx {eqyx ox eie{yfi yb ygfoq

nbyobd ygf e|eo` ygfnxf`|fx bl oy edi lbqn eqbvdi oy e nec.

dfyohe` |bqyfw = ygey hbdxfuvfdy` f|fq abi sgohg gex xvhg

{bqfx edi xvhg e hbdlocvqeyobd edi {bxoyobd bl oyx {eqyx ne

afhbnf ygf hfdyqf bl xvhg e |bqyfw = ygey ol ygox abi gex ed

ehyo|oy bl oyx bsd ol oyx {eqyx eqf l`fwoa`f edi ol oyx nbyobd

ox xonoèq yb ygey bl ygf {eqyoh`fx oy so`` af xb nvhg ygf nbqf

iox{bxfi yb einoy ygfn ,h ,h$ = sgfdhf oy lb``bsx ygey nec.

dfyohe` xvaxyedhfx eqf xvhg nfqf` a |oqyvf bl ygf f`fnfdy

sgbxf fwoxyfdhf XsYfifdabqc gex ifnbdxyqeyfi edi ygvx ygey

ygf necdfyoxn bl abiofx if{fdix dby bd ygfoq xvaxyedhf avy

bd ygfoq lbqn :’e yqvyg sgohg ox godyfi ey a ygf `feqdfi

E`xyfiovx od gox fwhf``fdy Fdhh`b{efioe {qodyfi ey @bdx od

5<9? od sgohg iqesodc e hbn{eqoxbd afysffd f`fhyqohoy

edi necdfyoxn gf xex # Nbyobdfx f`fhyqohhf e neyfqoe nec.

dfyohbx |fqb e lbqne {fdifdy$#

! Yb exhfqyeod ygf odl`vfdhf bl ygf necdfyoh f`fnfdy bd ygf

uvfxyobd bl edone` necdfyoxn xv{{bxf sf e{{` ygf qfxv`y bl

ygf xvnneq |ofs ygey O ge|f co|fd bl oy yb ygf ygqff modc.

ibnx bl deyvqf$ Oy so`` af fex yb hbd|odhf bvqxf`|fx ygey

bl ygfxf ygf nodfqe` modcibn ox ygf `fexy le|bqea`f yb ygox f`f.

nfdy a qfexbd bl oyx odfqydfxx bl ygf oqqfcvèqoyofx bl oyx

{bqfx bl oyx edcvèq lbqnx edi bl ygf qocoioy bl oyx {eqyx :

gfdhf sfqf oy dby lbq oqbd edi ygf `beixybdf necdfyoxn sbvì

af e`nbxy fdyoqf` aedoxgfi lqbn ygox modcibn$ [qbhffiodc

yb ygf |fcfyea`f sf ne fexo` {fqhfo|f ygey oyx nbqf qfcvèq

{bqfx oyx qbvdifq lbqnx oyx nbqf l`fwoa`f {eqyx ygf x{gfqf bl

59




ehyo|oy sgohg qfxv`yx lqbn oyx bqcedozeyobd edi lqbn ygf hoq.

hvèyobd sgohg yemfx {èhf soygod oy bllfq nvhg cqfeyfq leho`.

oyofx yb ygf b{fqeyobdx bl ygf necdfyohe` l`voi$ Eqqo|odc ey

ygf edone` modcibn sgohg ox ygf uvodyfxxfdhf bl ygfn e`` ex

afodc nbqf qohg od |bèyo`f x{oqoyx edi e{{qbehgodc ygfqfa.

nbqf dfeq` yb f`fnfdye` deyvqf edi sgohg ox colyfi nbqf

fnodfdy` ehhbqiodc yb ygf {fqlfhyobd bl oyx bqcedx soyg ygf

xenf ei|edyecfx sgohg sf ge|f jvxy baxfq|fi od ygf |fcf.

yea`f modcibn =’sf lodi ygey ygox modcibn a ygf fwe`yfi òlf

bl xbnf bl oyx xvajfhyx ox h`feq` ygf nbxy ehyo|f hfdyqf ygey

ygf necdfyoh f`fnfdy hed è gbì bl=

edi ex afxoifx oy {qf.

xfdyx oy od ygf eavdiedhf bl oyx l`voix od oyx hoqhvèq |fxxf`x

edi |fodx edi od oyx x{oqe` loaqfx soyg dbygodc avy ede`bcbvx

lbqnx bl ed fwyqfnf l`fwoaoòy edi he{ehoy bl nbyobd sf

heddby avy hbdh`vif ygey ygox ox e modcibn sgohg le|bqx od

ygf gocgfxy ifcqff ygf einoxxobd bl ygox f`fnfdy$ Yb e|boi

fwhffiodc ygf ònoyx bl bvq jbvqde` O bnoy cfdy`fnfd ed

odlodoy bl ygodcx sgohg O nocgy gfqf nfdyobd od xv{{bqy bl

ygfxf yqvygx =enbdcxy sgohg O xgbvì odh`vif ygf qfx{oqeyobd

bl edone`x ygfoq gvdcfq ygfoq ygoqxy ygfoq `b|fx ygf lvdhyobdx

bl ygfoq eaxbqafdy edi qfxbqafdy {bqfx’{gfdbnfde Sgohg

sf`` ede`zfi sbvì af xb ned {qbblx bl ygf fwoxyfdhf bl

edone` necdfyoxn edi sbvì f|odhf ygey od qfeòy edone`x

eqf dbygodc avy ò|odc necdfyx$

! @fy nf dby gbsf|fq lbq sgey O ge|f gfqf xeoi af xvx.

{fhyfi bl afodc e ioxho{`f bl ygf ybb hf`faqeyfi Iq$ Nfxnfq$

Afòf|odc soyg gon od edone` necdfyoxn ygf fwoxyfdhf bl sgohg

gex `bdc xodhf affd ex f|oifdy yb nf ex ygey bl ygf xvd ol O

odyfdifi yb nemf vxf bl oy oy sbvì af od e neddfq ybye``

iollfqfdy lqbn gox= ex O lodi od N$ Nfxnfq#x nbif ned ygodcx

ygey eqf dby bd` |ohobvx od {body bl nbqe`x avy e`xb |fq ied.

cfqbvx od e {gxohe` qfx{fhy$ Lbq sedy bl mdbsodc sgeyXsfifdabqc gex xeoi qfx{fhyodc lbqnx xfqofx ifcqffx hbqqfx.

{bdifdhfx edi eab|f e`` qfx{fhyodc ygf f`fnfdy bl ned edi

gvned x{gfqfx ygox {gxohoed gex eaedibdfi gonxf`l yb e

aòdi {qehyohf ygf fllfhyx bl sgohg xbnfyonfx cbbi ex blyfd

aei edi nbxy lqfuvfdy` dbdf ey e`` lv`` f|odhf foygfq ygf

odhe{ehoy bl ygf {qehyoyobdfq bq ygf odfllohofdh bl gox qfnfi$

Avy yb `feqd od sgey N$ Nfxnfq ox iflohofdy oy so`` dby xvllohf



EDI NODFQE@BCOHE@ SBQMX$ 56?

yb ge|f qfei ygf sbqm sgohg O ge|f jvxy affd ifxhqoaodc avy

so`` e`xb af dfhfxxeq yb af ehuveodyfi soyg nbxy bl ygbxf

sgohg lb``bs oy : lbq ygf odifleyocea`f Xsfif hbdyodvfi yb sqoyf

v{bd ygf nbxy iollohv`y edi eaxyqehy xvajfhyx edi sgey ox {fhv.

òeq yb gonxf`l gf e`sex {bxxfxxfi ygf eqy bl fdeaòdc e`` gox

qfeifqx yb vdifqxyedi ygfn a ygf nfygbi {qfhoxobd edi

h`feqdfxx soyg sgohg gf hbdivhyfi ygf ioxhvxxobd$

! Xodhf ed b{{bqyvdoy gfqf bllfqx yb x{fem bl gox sbqmx

{fqnoy nf cfdy`fnfd yb e|eo` nxf`l bl oy yb ioxeavxf ygf

{vaòh qfx{fhyodc ygf aei on{qfxxobdx sgohg ge|f affd ey.

yfn{yfi yb af on{bxfi bd oy hbdhfqdodc ygox cqfey ned$ [qobq

yb gox B{fqe [Nbxb{gohe fy Nodfqeòe gf gei sqoyyfd bd e`nbxy

e`` ygf xhofdhfx$ Enbdcxy bygfqx sex gox sbqm bd E`cfaqe

fdyoy`fi Ygf Eqy bl ygf Qv`fx = e dfs nfygbi yb lodi ygf `bd.

coyvif a èdi edi a xfe a ygf eoi bl ygf nbbd=edbygfq

lbq ygf yqoe` bl dfs xgo{x ,h ,h ,h$ =dby yb nfdyobd xbnf

òyfqeq {qbivhyobdx sgohg sfqf ygf loqxy fxxex bl e bvyg

sgohg gei affd fn{`bfi od `feqdodc ygf {qodho{e` ò|odc èd.

cvecfx bl Fvqb{f edi e`` ygf ifei bdfx$ Gf sex xb sf``

|fqxfi od ygf èyyfq {eqyohvèq` od @eyod edi ygf Bqofdye`

èdcvecfx ygey gf sex hbdxv`yfi a ygbxf sgb neif ygf xyvi

bl #ygfn ygfoq {eqyohvèq {qblfxxobd$ [bxyfqobq yb ygf feq

5389$ sf ge|f bl gox Ygf Edone` Modcibn= Ygf Fhbdbn bl

ygox Modcibn = Ed Fxxe bd ygf Odlodoyf ygf Lode` Hevxf bl

Hqfeyobd edi ygf Nfhgedoxn bl ygf B{fqeyobd bl ygf Xbv` edi

Abi = soyg e {bfn bd Ygf Aoqyg bl ygf C`baf edi ygey bl ygf

Loqxy Ned = sbqmx sgohg eqf eab|f e`` {qeoxf$ Avy sgey xge``

sf xe bl gox ygfbxb{gohe` yqfeyoxfx sgfqf ygf cqfeyfxy xfhqfyx

eqf qf|fe`fi soygbvy fna`fn edi e``fcbq =sgfqf ygf xhofdhf

bl hbqqfx{bdifdhfx sgohg gex affd `bxy lbq dfeq lbvq ygbvxedi

feqx edi bl sgohg ygf gofqbc`{gohx bl Fc{y sfqf avy vxf.

`fxx nbdvnfdyx edi qfòhx ox eceod qfxybqfi 2 O so`` xe ygey

e {fqvxe` hed e`bdf co|f ed oife bl ygfn =ygey ygf nbqf ygf

{qodho{`fx fuve`` dfs edi lfqyo`f sgohg eqf ehhvnvèyfi od

ygfxf sbqmx eqf qfl`fhyfi bd ygf nbqf ygf eqf e{{òfi yb

deyvqf yb bvqxf`|fx yb f|fqygodc ygey hed afhbnf ed bajfhy

bl bvq ygbvcgyx edi ellfhyobdx ygf nbqf h`feq` ygf yqvyg so``

xgodf ygf nbqf sf xge`` af hbn{f``fi yb {e gbnecf yb ygf

xv{fqobqoy bl fdòcgyfdnfdy ]`vnofqfx^ sgohg gex co|fd ygfn



5<; xsfifdabqc#x {gxohe`

aoqyg edi yb ehmdbs`ficf od ygfn ygf f|oifdhfx bl e soxibn

nbqf yged gvned$ $ $ $ 'Gfqf lb``bsx bvq fwyqehy

d$ 5<$/

! Ygox cfdy`fnfd ox sgey O ygbvcgy oy n ivy yb nemf

{vaòh lbq ygf afdfloy bl xbhofy lqbn e qfceqi bl yqvyg edi

od cqeyoyvif yb gon yb sgbn O en odifayfi lbq ygf nejbq {eqy

bl ygf òyy`f ygey O mdbs =ygbvcg aflbqf O nfy soyg gox sqoy.

odcx O gei xbvcgy lbq mdbs`ficf enbdcxy e`` ygf sqoyfqx

edhofdy edi nbifqd sgb fdjbfi ed qf{vyeyobd lbq {bxxfxxodc

oy$

! O ge|f ygf gbdbq yb af ,h!Nequvox If Ygbnf$!

![eqox Evc$ 9 5376$!

?5$ Ae`zeh od gox ! Xfqe{goye! * co|fx ygf lb``bsodc od.

yfqfxyodc ehhbvdy bl ygf bhhexobd sgohg he``fi lbqyg ygf {qf.

hfiodc eqyoh`f bl ygf Nequvox if Ygbnf = gf xex :

! Ygf Nequvox if Ygbnf a he`òdc ygf hbnnoxxobd e{.

{bodyfi a ygf Modc lbq ygf od|fxyoceyobd bl necdfyoxn yb eh.

hbvdy lbq xbnf fw{qfxxobdx sgohg gei fxhe{fi ygfn {qbhvqfi

cqfey gbdbq yb ygf denf bl Xsfifdabqc od ygf hbdyqb|fqx

sgohg gei eqoxfd od [eqox od ygf feq 5376 bd ygf xvajfhy bl

edone` necdfyoxn od sgohg hbdyqb|fqx e`nbxy e`` ygf xhofd.

yoloh nfd bl Fvqb{f ybbm {eqy$ Ygf hbnnoxxobd denf` gei

ifhèqfi ygey v{ yb ygf {qfxfdy yonf ygfqf fwoxyfi db ygfbq

bl ygf deyvqe` necdfy sgo`f ygf Nequvox {qb|fi ygey xvhg e

ygfbq gei affd {qb{bvdifi a Xsfifdabqc ex feq` ex ygf

feq 531;$ Ygf Nequvox ey ygf xenf yonf xgbsfi ygf qfexbd

sg ygf nbxy hf`faqeyfi xhofdyoloh nfd xvllfqfi Xsfifdabqc

yb qfneod od baò|obd yb af ygox ygey ygf soxgfi xfhqfy` yb

eibqd ygfnxf`|fx soyg ygf lfeygfqx xyb`fd lqbn gox goiifd

yqfexvqfx = sgfqfod gf fx{fhoe`` e``vifi yb AvlLbd#x ygfbq bl

hbxnbcbd$ Od xgbqy a ned uvbyeyobdx yemfd lqbn Xsf.

ifdabqc#x fdhh`b{efioh sbqmx gf xvhhffifi od fxyeaòxgodc

ygf hbn{`fyf {qbbl ygey ygox cqfey xffq sex leq od ei|edhf bl

*Od ygf fioyobd {vaòxgfi a Ge`àfqcfq od Xyvyyceqy$ 578<$

{$ ??$



EDI NODFQE@BCOHE@ SBQMX$ 5<5

ygf x`bs hbvqxf bl ygf gvned xhofdhfx$ Od bqifq yb hbd|odhf

bvqxf`l bl ygox bv dffi avy qfei gox {go`bxb{gohe` edi nod.

fqe`bcohe` ioxxfqyeyobdx$ Xb gf ox ygf {qfhvqxbq bl nbifqd

hgfnoxyq a eddbvdhodc od e {exxecf ygey e`` ygf {qbivhyx bl

bqcedohe` deyvqf eqf ifhbn{bxea`f edi ygey seyfq eoq loqf

eqf a db nfedx f`fnfdye` xvaxyedhfx$ Od edbygfq {`ehf od

e |fq lfs sbqix gf fdyfqx odyb ygf iff{fxy nxyfqofx bl

necdfyoxn edi ygvx if{qo|fx Nfxnfq bl ygf gbdbq bl loqxy

ioxhb|fq$!

59*



\OOO$

XSFIFDABQC#X [GO@BXB[G_$

?1$ Lqbn ygf Hqoyoh 5793$

! Xsfifdabqc sex x{fhoe`` od ygfxf nbifqd yonfx ygf

ned bl odyvoyobd = ygox yb gon ||ex cfdovx bq nbqf yged cfdovx$

$ E`bdc gbsf|fq soyg gox abvdi`fxx {qbioceòy bl

odyvoyobd ygfqf sfqf ygf mffdfxy {bsfqx bl baxfq|eyobd vdhbn.

nbd xmo`` od xfozodc edi cqbv{odc lehyx edi od {fdfyqeyodc

ygfn soyg ygf xocdolohedhf bl gox bsd odyf``fhy$ Ygf iollfqfdhf

afysffd ygf cqfey {bfy edi ygf cqfey {go`bxb{gfq ox ygey ygf

{bfy eaxbqax ygf vdo|fqxf edi oyx lbqnx odyb gonxf`l sgo`f ygf

{go`bxb{gfq {vyx gonxf`l lbqyg odyb ygf vdo|fqxf edi oyx lbqnx$

Ygf {bfy xffmx yb af oifdyohe` soyg ygf odlodoyf a e{{qb{qoe.

yobd ygf {go`bxb{gfq a fnedeyobd = edi a ygf {bsfq bl

e{{qb{qoeyobd od ygf bdf hexf edi a ygey bl fnedeyobd od ygf

bygfq nvxy ygf sbqyg bl f|fq {bfy edi bl f|fq {go`bxb{gfq

af nfexvqfi$ Xsfifdabqc sex ygfqflbqf fnodfdy` e {go`bx.

b{gfq xodhf gf gei fnodfdy` ygf fdfqc bl co|odc ygf lbqnx

bl ygf vdo|fqxf yb gox bsd x{oqoy$ Nvhg bl nbifqd {go`bxb{g

hbdxoxyx od e {qbhfxx ex qfnbyf ex {bxxoa`f lqbn ygox’od

xyen{odc denf` ygf on{qfxx bl ygf afgbìfq bd ygf lbqnx bl

ygf vdo|fqxf ygey gf hbdyfn{èyfx sgohg ox fuvo|e`fdy yb ygf

xvaxyoyvyobd bl e gvned lbqn lbq e lbqn io|odf = edi hbdxf.

uvfdy` {go`bxb{g xvhg e {qbhfxx heddby soygbvy lècqedy

odehhvqeh af he``fi xodhf ygf {go`bxb{gfq gonxf`l yemfx ygf

{èhf bl ygf xb`f bajfhy bl {go`bxb{g$ Gfdhf e {go`bxb{g

bl ygox modi f|fq odf|oyea` fdix sgfqf oy afced’od e aeqqfd

edi nbdbybdbvx qf{fyoyobd bl e xf`l.afgbìodc sgbxf deyvqe`

qfxv`y ox e gvcf edi geyflv` xf`l.c`bqoloheyobd$ _fy ygbxf sgb

{vqxvf {go`bxb{g elyfq e lexgobd xb vd{go`bxb{goh xffn yb

ygf nv`yoyvif ygf bd` {go`bxb{gfqx xodhf oy ox ygf e`bdf ygey

'5<1/



xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$ 5<8

e{{feq yb sbqm qf|b`vyobdx od {go`bxb{g$ Yb yqedxlbqn so``

e`sex xgbs yb ygf vdioxhfqdodc ff e nocgyofq b{fqeyobd yged

yb yqedxlvxf xodhf oy ox neqmfi a leq nbqf fwyfqde` hgedcf$

Ifxheqyfx sex ygf nbxy nfnbqea`f bl ygf yqedxlbqnodc {go`bx.

b{gfqx$ Gf avqxy hbdxfuvfdy` odyb onnfioeyf hf`faqoy$

Gox sex db yoqfxbnf neqhg yb soif edi lv`cfdy c`bq$ Ifx.

heqyfx sex e Lqfdhgned = edi ol sf sfqf yb he`` Lqfdhg {go`bx.

b{g a bdf sbqi nbqf e{{òhea`f yged edbygfq sf xgbvì

denf oy ygf yqedxlbqnodc {go`bxb{g$ Sf heddby xe eaxb.

`vyf` edi soygbvy uveòloheyobd ygey Xsfifdabqc sex ygf nbxy

nfnbqea`f bl ygf yqedxlvxodc {go`bxb{gfqx = avy ol dby ygf

lbqfnbxy bl e`` gf xyedix od ygf loqxy qedm$ Nvhg gbsf|fq

ex ygox ne qfhbnnfdi gon yb ygf feqdfxy edi ygf yqv` {go`b.

xb{goh oy gex affd ed onnfdxf baxyeh`f yb ygf iollvxobd bl gox

lenf edi ygf fwyfdxobd bl gox odl`vfdhf$ Afhevxf oyx xhofd.

yoloh oifex ge|f ehhbn{òxgfi db xyqomodc yqedxlbqneyobdx sf

ge|f foygfq affd vdhbdxhobvx bl ygfoq {qfxfdhf bq ocdbqedy bl

ygfoq on{bqy$!

?8$ Ygf lb``bsodc {ecfx bd ygf deyvqf bl Xsfifdabqc#x

[go`bxb{g eqf uvbyfi lqbn Iq$ J$ J$ Ceqyg So`modxbd#x

Odyqbivhybq Qfneqmx yb ygf Fdcòxg yqedxèyobd bl Xsfifd.

abqc#x ! Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone` Modcibn !:

! Sf ne {qfnoxf ygey e`ygbvcg sf he`` ygfxf sbqmx bl

Xsfifdabqc xhofdyoloh 'ifqo|odc ygf denf lqbn ygf aexox ygf

qfxy v{bd edi ygf ònoyx ygf baxfq|f/ fy ygf eqf {qb{fq`

{go`bxb{gohe` e`xb xodhf ygf qoxf ygqbvcg ygf {eqyohvèq xhofdhfx

yb ygey vdo|fqxe` xhofdhf sgohg e`bdf ox {go`bxb{g$ Lbq ex

ygf {gxohe` ibhyqodfx bl Xsfifdabqc eqf ygf qfhbdhoòeyobd bq

ey.bdf.nfdy bl {go`bxb{g soyg xhofdhf xb ygfxf sbqmx neaf

ifxocdeyfi lqbn foygfq yfqn = `fy oy bd` af abqdf od nodi ygey

ygf eqf dby {go`bxb{gohe` od ed xfdxf od sgohg {go`bxb{g ox

hbdxoifqfi odif{fdifdy bl {gxohe` xhofdhf =dbq xhofdyoloh xb

leq ex xhofdhf ox dby {fqnoyyfi yb bayeod òcgy edi òlf lqbn qfe`

{go`bxb{g$

! Ygf hbn{bvdi qfèyobd bl ygf ysb lofìx bl xhofdhf edi

{go`bxb{g ox e qfneqmea`f lfeyvqf od ygfxf sbqmx = edi ygf nbqf

xb ex Xsfifdabqc ox ygf bd` sqoyfq od sgbxf gedix ygf ney.

yfq bl ygf xhofdhfx edi ygf se bl odivhyobd `fcoyoneyf`



5<9 xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$

fdcfdifq {go`bxb{gohe` oifex$ Bygfq sqoyfqx ge|f {qb{bxfi

ygf xenf qfxv`y avy gf e`bdf gex eyyeodfi oy$ Dbysoygxyedi.

odc sgohg gf e|boix ygf fqqbq bl ifqo|odc ygf gocgfq mdbs`ficf

lqbn ygf `bsfq bq nemodc ygf xfdxfx cb|fqd ygf nodi = lbq

gf vxfx ygf xhofdhfx avy lbq xyf{x yb `fei yb ygf v{{fq qbbnx

bl ygf odyf``fhy edi e``bsx f|fq lehv`y oyx ioxyodhy fwfqhoxf

ey ygf xenf yonf einoyyodc e`` fw{fqofdhf yb sgeyf|fq lehv`y

oy ne e{{fe`$ Sgo`f gf co|fx e xhofdyoloh lbvdieyobd lbq

leoyg oy ox a ygf fdfqc bl ed fdòcgyfdfi edi lbq ygf nbxy

{eqy e dfs leoyg iox{bxodc ygf xhofdhfx$ Gf nb|fx edi sbqmx

ehhbqiodc yb ygf neyyfq xv{{òfi a cfdfqe` edi vdo|fqxe`

fw{fqofdhf edi qf|fèyobd ox ex nvhg ygox neyyfq od bdf x{gfqf

ex ygf {gfdbnfde bl ygf nodi od edbygfq edi deyvqf od e

ygoqi$ Ygf xbvdifxy oifex bl nfygbi eqf o``vxyqeyfi od gox

sqoyodcx =edi ehhbqiodc yb ygey xgqfsi xeodc bl ygf qf{vyfi

leygfq bl odivhyobd ygey h ygf eqy bl ioxhb|fq so`` odhqfexf

soyg ioxhb|fqofx ygfnxf`|fx# Xsfifdabqc gex yevcgy vx a e

`fcoa`f edi cqedi fwen{`f ygf nbxy {fqlfhy neonfq bl fòno.

deyodc ygf gocgfq xhofdhfx$ _fy gf iollfqx lqbn Aehbd od sgey

gf gex ibdf edi {qb{bxfi edi e`xb od ygf {qb{bqyobd ygey xva.

xoxyx afysffd gox odyfdyobdx edi fwfhvyobdx$ Lbq gf gex xva.

xyedyoe`` hbddfhyfi ygf bqcedoh xhofdhfx soyg {go`bxb{g edi

nbqeòy = xb ygey abi edi xbv` eqf db `bdcfq ysb avy eqf od

ygfoq geqnbdofx$ E aqfeiyg gfocgy edi hbdyodvoy bl vxf

vdxvx{fhyfi a {gxob`bcoxyx eqf xgbsd yb {fq|eif ygf nf.

hgedoh lqenfx bl ò|odc afodcx = ygf dfs vxfx afodc ifnbd.

xyqeyfi$ Ygf uveòyofx bl ygodcx eqf iflodoyf` xgbsd sgfqf

ygf qfhbcdoyobd bl ygf ygodcx ygfnxf`|fx sex ygf èxy qfxv`y bl

ygf lbqnfq ede`xox$ Ned bl ygf # lbqnx # bq fxxfdyoe` hevxfx

sgobg Aehbd xbvcgy a ed b{fqbxf he`hv`vx henf yb Xsfifd.

abqc soyg ioqfhy lbqhf ex deyvqe` yqvygx edi ygf hbdxfuvfdhf

ox ygey od on{bqyedy {qodho{`fx gox sbqmx eqf e gvdiqfi.lbì

nbqf lqvoylv` yged ygbxf bl ygf Fdcòxg {go`bxb{gfq$ Od soy

edi aqo`òedh bl xy`f ygf èyyfq ox odiffi soygbvy e qo|e` = gox

fnodfdhf od ygfxf qfx{fhyx ox xvhg ex afxffnx ygf cqfey hqoyoh

bl ysb ygbvxedi feqx=fy od ygfoq ifcqff xvhg uveòyofx sbvì

ge|f affd bvy bl {èhf od ygf sqoyodcx bl Xsfifdabqc sgohg

ife` dby soyg ygf b{odobdx bl ned avy soyg ygf sbqmx bl

deyvqf = edi {body yb odseqi yqvygx edi {qf{eqf ygf nodi lbq



xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$ 5C6

ygfoq {vqxvoy a xon{òhoy bl neddfq = sgfqfex oy ox xbnfsgey

lexhodeyfi dby yb xe ifyeodfi od ygf `bsfq x{gfqf a ygf

fhhfdyqoh {ouvedh bl ygf Aehbdoed bqdenfdy$ Dfoygfq gex

Xsfifdabqc sqoyyfd soyg e {qoneq qfceqi yb ygf fhbdbnohe`

bq ho|o` # fdibsnfdy bl gvned òlf# soyg dfs eqyx edi od|fd.

yobdx avy lbq ygf qflbqneyobd bl ned edi gox nodi ex ygf

x{qodc bl e`` sgb`fxbnf hgedcfx edi xvhhfxxlv` b{fqeyobdx$

Ehhbqiodc` gf co|fx db abdi yb qfhbdxyqvhy xbhofy = dbq

{qblfxxfx yb af ea`f yb iqec ygf xfhqfyx bl yqvyg odyb ie a ed

vdfqqodc bq nfhgedohe` nfygbi = avy ge|odc bayeodfi e xvllo.

hofdh bl ibhyqode` odxyqvnfdyx lbq {qfxfdy vxf edi nodilv`

ygey ehyo|f òlf ox ygf afxy `by bl ned edi ygf lodfxy nfedx bl

on{qb|fnfdy gf avoìx xvhg ed fiolohf ex gox neyfqoe`x edi

b{{bqyvdoyofx {fqnoy edi eqqo|fx ey xvhg ed fdi ex e cbbi

ned ne af xeyoxlofi soyg$ Ygf {fqlfhyodc bl odxyqvnfdyx gf

mdbsx nvxy af xvhhfxxo|f avy ygey ygf vxf bl ygfn nvxy dby

af {bxy{bdfi edi ygfqflbqf gf èx bvy gox {bxxfxxobdx yb ygf

afxy ei|edyecf od ygf hbdloifdhf ygey ygox ox ygf yqvf se yb

afdfloy {bxyfqoy$ Bd` e xne`` {eqy bl gox sbqmx ox if|byfi yb

fw{èododc gox nfygbi avy oyx xvhhfxxlv` e{{òheyobd ox xffd

f|fqsgfqf edi ygf qfxv`yx fòhoyfi xgbs sgey oy ox edi gbs

sf`` oy gex affd vxfi$ Gf ox ygfqflbqf xne`` od {qfyfdxobd edi

cqfey od {fqlbqnedhf = gox sbqmx dby afodc ed bqcedbd lbq

cfdfqeyodc mdbs`ficf avy deyvqe` mdbs`ficf oyxf`l od oyx bsd

bqcedoh lbqn$

! Ygf {eqenbvdy xvhhfxx bl Xsfifdabqc soyg gox xon{`f

e{{eqeyvx xgbvì yfdi yb ioxhbvqecf fwh`vxo|f eyyfdyobd yb ygf

nfedx bl mdbs`ficf=ygbvcg odiffi sf ne e`xb ceygfq ygf

xenf `fxxbd lqbn ygf goxybq bl leo`vqfx$ Oy ox hfqyeod ygey ygf

bqcedbd bl Eqoxyby`f’ygf lqenfsbqm bl x``bcoxyoh `bcoh’gex

ioxyqevcgy ygf odyf``fhy lqbn ygf deyvqf bl ygodcx qeygfq yged

gf`{fi ygfoq hbn{qfgfdxobd=lbq oy ox e cndexovn ey ygf fd.

yqedhf yb sgohg sf eqf qfuvoqfi yb mdbs `fxx a eqy yged ygf

nodi oyxf`l mdbsx ey bdhf a fw{fqofdhf a |oqyvf bl oyx bsd

hbdxyqvhyobd$ Ygf bqcedbd bl Aehbd ox òea`f yb ygf xenf

qf{qbbl e`ygbvcg oy ox bl xffnodc` b{{bxoyf yfdifdh : lbq oy

ox ex odfllohofdy od {gxohx ex ygey bl Eqoxyby`f od nfye{gxohx

edi ox od lehy avy e dfs odhvnaqedhf yb ygf nodi$ Oy ox gbs.

f|fq avy leoq yb e``bs ygey Aehbd ioi dby exxfqy oyx eaxb`vyf



5<< xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$

dfhfxxoy od e`` hexfx avy qeygfq {qb{bxfi oy ex e xhgbb` od

sgohg {qfjviohfx edi #oib`x# bl |eqobvx modix nocgy af iox{bx.

xfxxfi bl ygfoq evygbqoy edi ygf ffx af vdxfe`fi edi ygf

nodi {qf{eqfi a e dfceyo|f {qbhfxx lbq h`bxodc soyg deyvqf$*

Xyo`` od Xsfifdabqc sf ge|f e aqocgyfq òcgy bd ygox xvajfhy

edi sf hed lv`` exxfqy yb ygf lehy ygey # ygf nodi oyxf`l od oyx

bsd deyvqf ox {go`bxb{gohe`# l edi ygey sgfd sf hed qeoxf v{

neyfqoe`x odyb oyx x{gfqf bl b{fqeyobdx ygf qfhfo|f e`` ygf

lbqneyobd odlbqneyobd edi ede`xox sgohg ed nfygbi ox {qf.

xvnfi yb on{eqy$ Oy sbvì ygfqflbqf e{{feq ygey db bqcedbd

ox bl vxf yb xv{{` ygf deyvqf bl ygf nodi avy bd` yb òly v{

neyyfq yb oyx mfd edi ygfqf yb {qbllfq edi `fe|f oy$ Yb ygox

bllohf Xsfifdabqc hbdlodfx gox bqcedbd |oz$ ygf ibhyqodf bl

xfqofx edi ifcqffx edi ygf neygfneyohe` {go`bxb{g bl vdo|fq.$

xe`x = ygf lbqnfq afodc ygf bqifq` bq deyvqe` nfedx bl qeoxodc

fw{fqofdhf yb ygf odyf`òcoa`f x{gfqf= ygf èyyfq ygf nfedx bl

fw{qfxxodc a dfs xnab`x ygbxf ede`yoh qfxv`yx od ygf gocgfq

x{gfqfx sgohg eqf odfw{qfxxoa`f a bqiodeq èdcvecf$ Lbq

* ! Ygox {exxecf ox xb o``vxyqeyo|f bl bvq {qfxfdy eqcvnfdy ygey sf

co|f oy fdyoqf$ #Oy ox dbs yonf# xex Aehbd #sf xgbvì {qb{bxf ygf

eqy oyxf`l bl odyfq{qfyodc deyvqf=sgfqfod ygbvcg sf hbdhfo|f ygey sf

ge|f èoi ibsd gocg` vxflv` edi jvxy {qfhf{yx fy sf eyyqoavyf db

{fqlfhyobd bq eaxb`vyf dfhfxxoy yb ygox eqy bl bvqx ex ol dbygodc

hbvì af ibdf soygbvy oy$ Lbq oy ox bvq b{odobd ygey ol nfd sfqf {bx.

xfxxfi bl e jvxy goxybq bl deyvqf edi fw{fqofdhf sfqf ygbqbvcg`

|fqxfi ygfqfod edi hbvì hbnnedi ygfnxf`|fx avy od ysb {eqyohvèqx=

ygf bdf od èodc exoif qfhfo|fi b{odobdx edi dbyobdx = ygf bygfq od

soyggbìodc ygf exxfdy lbq e xfexbd lqbn cfdfqe` hbdh`vxobdx ygf

nocgy a ygfoq {qb{fq edi deyo|f lbqhf bl nodi soygbvy ed bygfq

eqy le`` v{bd bvq lbqn bl odyfq{qfyeyobd lbq ygf sgb`f ox db nbqf

yged e cfdvodf edi deyvqe` sbqm bl ygf nodi sgfd ygf baxyeh`fx yb

oy

eqf qfnb|fi ygbvcg ibvay`fxxe``

so`` af neif qfeiofq lbq vxf ediqfhfo|f cqfey xyqfdcyg a bvq {qfhf{yx$

! # Dbq ib sf xe ygey dbygodc hed af eiifi yb ygfxf {qfhf{yx bl

bvqx = bd ygf hbdyqeq sf sgb ib dby gocg` fxyffn ygf nodi od oyx

bsd lehv`y avy hgofl` xb leq ex oy ox lvqdoxgfi edi jbodfi soyg ygodcx

bvcgy yb è oy ibsd ygey ygf eqy bl od|fdyobd ne cqbs v{ soyg od|fd.

yobdx ygfnxf`|fx$# !’'!Db|vn Bqcedvn! {eqy oo$ xfh$ |oo$ £ 58;$/

l! Bd ygox xvajfhy xff ygf # Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone` Modcibn# [eqy

OO$ d$ 133= #Edone` Modcibn# d$ 851 'a/ d$ 9<1 'h/ d$ 638 'b/

# Eqhede Hhf`fxyoe# d$ 9<67$!



xsfifd{$bqc#x {go`bxb{g$ 5C3

Xshifdabqc#x odxyqvnfdyx `fe|f yb ned ygf sgb`f {è bl gox

lehv`yofx edi odiffi qfuvoqf ygfoq vynbxy fwfqhoxf =edi nfqf`

lffi ygfn ygqbvcg ed e{{qb{qoeyf hgeddf` edi od {qb{fq uve`.

oy edi uvedyoy soyg neyyfq ifqo|fi lqbn ygf |eqobvx ifcqffx

bl ygf hqfeyfi vdo|fqxf$ Edi gf dbsgfqf iffnx ygey ygf

xhofdhfx hed ei|edhf ybseqix {go`bxb{g odif{fdifdy` bl

nbqe` qfuvoxoyfx od ygbxf sgb hv`yo|eyf ygfn =lbq ygf nodi bl

dfhfxxoy b{fqeyfx bd oyx neyfqoe`x gbsf|fq aqbvcgy yb oy

ehhbqiodc yb oyx bsd deyvqf =edi ol ygey deyvqf af ey |eqoedhf

soyg ygf nbqe` cqbvdi.sbqm bl ygodcx od xgbqy soyg ygf fdix

bl ygf vdo|fqxf db bqcedbd hed odl`vfdhf oy ybseqix ygf yqvygx

bl hqfeyobd sgo`f oyx bsd {qf{bxxfxxobdx eqf bd ygf xoif bl

fqqbq edi f|o`$* Edi gfqf ox e dfs # oib` # ellfhyodc ygf cqbsyg

bl ygf xhofdhfx edi sgohg Aehbd avy leody` e``bsfi :lbq gf

fwh`vifi lode` hevxfx lqbn ygf xhofdyoloh ibhyqodf bl deyvqf%

edi hbdxoxyfdy` fdbvcg ygfqflbqf lqbn ygf hbdioyobdx bl

xyviodc deyvqf : edi e`ygbvcg gf einoyyfi ygey ygf vdifq.

xyediodc ox iqfdhgfi od ygf ellfhyobdx fy a ygf yodhyvqf bl

ygf ellfhyobdx gf nfedy òyy`f nbqf yged fqqbdfbvx geaoyx bl

ygbvcgy ifqo|fi foygfq lqbn oiobxdhqexofx bq hoqhvnxyedhfx=

od xgbqy {qfjviohfx bl |eqobvx modix$ } Bd ygf hbdyqeq sf

`feqd od ygf sqoyodcx bl Xsfifdabqc ygey ibhyqodfx heddby

{fqnedfdy` f`f|eyf mdbs`ficf vd`fxx ygf sbqm soyg fw{f.

qofdhf eqf gedi`fi a cfdovx edi eqf vxfi soyg cbbi odyfd.

* ! Xff ygf # [qodho{oe# [eqy O$ Hge{$ O$ d$ 9= #Fhbdbn bl ygf

Edone` Modcibn# [eqy O$ d$ 1;’11= #Edone` Modcibn# d$ 51 58=

d$ 9<8$!

l! 9 Ygf oduvoq bl lode` hevxfx ox e aeqqfd ygodc bq ex e |oqcod hbd.

xfhqeyfi yb Cbi$#! 'Aehbd ! Ei|edhfnfdy bl @feqdodc! xfhyobd |o$/

W! Ygf òcgy bl ygf vdifqxyediodc ox dby iq bq {vqf òcgy avy

iqfdhgfi od ygf so`` ediellfhyobdx edi ygf odyf``fhy lbqnx ygf xhofdhfx

ehhbqiodc` = lbq sgey nfd ifxoqf xgbvì af yqvf ygf eqf nbxy odhòdfi

yb afòf|f$ Ygf vdifqxyediodc ygfqflbqf qfjfhyx ygodcx iollohv`y ex

afodc on{eyofdy bl oduvoq ygodcx jvxy edi xbòi afhevxf ygf ònoy

gb{f edi ygf iff{fq nxyfqofx bl deyvqf ygqbvcg xv{fqxyoyobd=

oy

qfjfhyx ygf òcgy bl fw{fqofdhf ygqbvcg {qoif edi gevcgyodfxx ex iox.

ieododc ygf nodi xgbvì af nfed` edi se|fq` fn{`bfi =oy fwh`vifx

{eqeibwfx lbq lfeq bl ygf |v`ceq$ Edi ygvx ygf ellfhyobdx yodcf edi

odlfhy ygf vdifqxyediodc dvnafq`fxx sex edi xbnfyonfx on{fqhf{.

yoa`$! 'Aehbd ! Db|vn Bqcedvn! {eqy o$ xfh$ oo$ £ 51$/



5<7 xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$

yobdx$ Lbq ygf yfdi od db ifcqff yb {qbivhf fuveòy afysffd

gvned nodix avy qeygfq yb nedolfxy od ygfoq b{fqeyobd ifò.

hehofx bl odyf``fhyve` ioxyodhyobd afysffd iollfqfdy nfd edi lodfq

{bodyx bl nbqe` ioxxonoèqoy$ Ygf nodi ne af òmfdfi yb e

hgfnohe` xvaxyedhf qohg od ellodoyofx lbq bygfq xvaxyedhfx edi

he{ea`f bl oddvnfqea`f qfehyobdx = ibhyqodfx afodc ygf |fxxf`x

sgfqfod ygbxf xvaxyedhfx eqf aqbvcgy yb oy lbq yfxy bq ede`xox

edi ygf odyfcqe` xfqofx bl qfehyobdx ox e`` ygf {go`bxb{g edi

xhofdhf ygey ygf nodi ox he{ea`f bl$ Ol ygf hfdyqe` {bsfq edi

xvaxyedhf af sfem on{fqlfhy bq |ohobvx dfoygfq ygf |fxxf`x od

sgohg ygodcx eqf aqbvcgy yb oy dbq ygbxf ygodcx ygfnxf`|fx

hed eijvxy ygf noxhgofl= dbq hed ygf xfqofx bl qfehyobdx af

bygfq yged hbqqfx{bdifdy ex sf`` yb ygf nodi ex yb oyx iflfhyx$

! Od bdf {body bl |ofs Xsfifdabqc ox ygf xdygfxox bl Eqox.

yby`f edi Aehbd$ Lbq Aehbd ifxoqfx vdexxoxyfi a {go`bxb{g.

ohe` ibhyqodfx yb xhe`f ygf gfocgyx bl deyvqf gb{odc ygey bdf

hbqqfhy odivhyobd {o`fi v{bd edbygfq so`` fdea`f gon ey `fdcyg

yb eqqo|f ey ygf e{fw bl ygf {qenoi = nfedsgo`f gf ioxe``bsx

ygf nodi xb cqfey` ygey oyx odyvoyobdx eqf ellqbdyfi edi oyx

{qb{fq fw{fqofdhf vdifq|e`vfi = xb ygey ygbvcg gf odiffi eonx

ey {qodho{`fx fy gf gex dfceyo|fi ygf lehv`y sgohg e`bdf hed

qfhfo|f edi e{{qfgfdi ygfn$ Eqoxyby`f bd ygf bygfq gedi

ehhf{yx ygf fw{fqofdhf bl ygf nodi edi iqesx oy bvy odyb `bc.

ohe` fw{èdeyobdx avy gf gex dby ifyfqnodfi oy a neyyfq edi

gf gex ygfqflbqf avy e xòcgy gbì bd deyvqf hbn{eqfi soyg

sgey ox ey {qfxfdy dfhfxxeq lbq neqxge`òdc ygf xhofdhfx$

Xsfifdabqc fnaqehfx ygf nfqoyx edi e|boix ygf on{fqlfhyobdx

bl ygfxf sqoyfqx edi gf e`bdf gex {qb{bvdifi e xhofdhf hbdxyo.

yvyfi bl {qodho{`fx sgohg ex oy sfqf x{bdyedfbvx` eqf {gxohe`

od ygf {gxohe` vdo|fqxf edi {go`bxb{gohe` od ygf nodi bl ned

edi a sgohg sf ne {exx edi qf{exx lqbn ygf bdf odyb ygf

bygfq xb ex yb hbdyfn{èyf ygf fdi bl hqfeyobd od hbddfhyobd

soyg ygf nfedx edi |ohf |fqxe$ Ygf exhfdiodc nfygbi bl

Aehbd edi ygf ifxhfdiodc bdf bl Eqoxyby`f eqf od lehy abyg

qfeòzfi a Xsfifdabqc edi afodc hbddfhyfi yb fehg bygfq ey

foygfq fdi ygf lbqn e `fcoyoneyf edi soifdodc x{oqe` qf|b`|.

odc lqbn ygf xfdxfx yb ygf nodi edi lqbn ygf nodi yb ygf

xfdxfx$

! E mdbs`ficf bl ygf gvned xbv` ox ygf evygbq#x eon od ygf



xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$ 5C?

{qfxfdy |b`vnfx$ Ygf xenf xvajfhy e{{eqfdy` ox ygf cbe` bl

ygf # [qodho{oe# edi xyo`` nbqf {èod` bl ygf # [qbiqbnvx bd

ygf Odlodoyf$# !Sgfygfq Xsfifdabqc sex hbdxhobvx lqbn ed

feq` {fqobi bl ygox ioqfhyobd bl gox èabqx ox geqi yb ifyfq.

nodf = avy oy ox hfqyeod ygey gf qbxf lqbn bdf xyvi yb edbygfq

od qfcvèq bqifq soygbvy {qb{bxodc ed v`yoneyf fdi vdyo` gf

{qbhèonfi gox qfxb`vyobd yb od|fxyoceyf ygf xbv`$ Gox ygfbq

bl ygf neygfneyohx edi idenohx bl hgfnoxyq aqbvcgy gon

mo |ofs bl ygf f`fnfdye` modcibn ygf l`voix bl sgohg eqf # ygf

lbqnfi lbqhfx bl deyvqf$# Ygf fw{`bqeyobd bl ygox modcibn ox e

qfneqmea`f xyecf od gox heqffq avy oy ioi dby hqbsd gox ifxoqfx=

lbq gf {qbhffifi lbqygsoyg yb ygey sgohg ox ygf ifyfqnodeyobd

bl ygf sgb`f f`fnfdye` sbqì edi yfqqfxyqoe` modcibn |oz$ yb

ygf bqcedoh edone` modcibn edi yb oyx loqxy edi èxy xvajfhy

ygf gvned abi$ Gfqf eceod gf afdy gox hbvqxf hbdyodve``

odseqix yo`` gf hbdyfn{èyfi ygf {qonbqioe` hvqqfdyx edi

xyenode bl deyvqe` òlf$ Ygf ehyo|oy bl ygf gocgfxy l`voi bl

ygf nohqbhbxn gf yf``x vx ox ygf xbv` lbq sgohg gf gex affd

xfeqhgodc$ Ygf {qfioheyfx bl ygf xbv` od ygf èdcvecf bl vdo.

|fqxe`x ecqff soyg ygf {qfioheyfx bl ygf x{oqoyvbvx l`voi edi

ygf ysb eqf hbdxfuvfdy` oifdyohe` ehhbqiodc yb e`` xbvvi

qfexbd$ Xyo`` gbsf|fq od ygf #Edone` Modcibn# sf lodi

gon fnaeqmodc od e dfs |becf bl ioxhb|fq od ygf qfcobdx bl

ygf xbv` = ygvx lvqdoxgodc ed fwyqebqiodeq fwen{`f bl fdiodc

edi afcoddodc= bl {qbcqfxx dby a qfdvdhoeyobd bl {qodho{`fx

avy a e`yfqeyobd bl lbqnx yo`` ey èxy ygf so`` hbdyeod edi

eifuveyf` fw{qfxx ygf yqvyg$ Edi xb gf einoyyfi ygey gf

sex ybb gexy od eyyfn{yodc e {exxecf yb ygf xbv` elyfq od|fx.

yoceyodc avy e lfs {qb|odhfx bl ygf fn{oqf bl ygf abi$ Lbq

ex ygf xbv` ox ygf odnbxy bqifq edi ès bl ygf sgb`f xxyfn gf

nvxy {fqlbqhf xhqvyodozf yb ygf hbqf fehg bqced edi ygf sgb`f

aflbqf ygf xbv` hed e{{feq ex ygf vdo|fqxe` edi ygf hbn{`f.

nfdy bl ygey nohqbhbxn sgohg xgf edoneyfx$ F|fd od ygf

9 Edone` Modcibn# gf gex xyo`` dby yqfeyfi xvllohofdy` bl ygf

aqeod edi ygf abi yb fn{bsfq gon yb {qfioheyf edygodc

{bxoyo|f bl ygf xbv` = ygfqflbqf gf {vyx lbqyg hfqyeod g{bygfxfx

soyg e |ofs yb ehhbnnbieyobd vdyo` xvhg yonf ex ygf yqvyg

ifhèqfx oyxf`l$ Od ygf yqfeyoxf bd # Ygf Sbqxgo{ edi @b|f bl

Cbi# sf ge|f xyo`` lvqygfq xyeyfnfdyx bd ygf xbv` edi e qfhbc.

56



53; xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$

doyobd bl ygf x{oqoyve` sbqì ex ioxyodhy lqbn deyvqf$ Edi gfqf

gox nodc`fi {gxob`bcohe` edi {xhgb`bcohe` fdife|bqx yfqno.

deyf$ Ygfdhflbqyg gf ioxhfqdfi ygf xbv` dfoygfq ygqbvcg ygf

ieqm cèxx bl xhofdhf dbq ygqbvcg ygf noxyx bl {go`bxb{g dbq

ygqbvcg ygf hvqyeodx bl deyvqf avy od e neddfq nbqf qeqf edi

gbnf` = |oz$ a x{oqoyve` xocgy edi fw{fqofdhf qocgy` e{{qf.

gfdifi a e {qf{eqfi bq x{oqoyve` nodi$

! Ex Xsfifdabqc {vqxvfi ygf xhofdhfx lbq xb gocg ed fdi

bq lbq ygf eyyeodnfdy bl nbqe` edi qeyobde` {xhgb`bc xb od

gox gedix ygf sfqf nfedx bl e dfs bqifq edi ioxh`bxfi

yqvygx bl hbqqfx{bdiodc f`f|eyobd$ Eab|f e`` ygf edeybn bl

ygf gvned abi {qb|fi yb af e nodf bl vdfw{fhyfi yqfexvqf$!

’{{$ w$.w|oo$

?9$ Lqbn ! Ed Goxybqohe` edi Hqoyohe` \ofs bl X{fhvèyo|f

[go`bxb{g bl Fvqb{f od ygf Dodfyffdyg Hfdyvq ! a J$ I$

Nbmf`` \b`$ J$ xfhbdi qf|oxfi edi fdèqcfi fioyobd @bdibd$

{{$ 856.818$

!Yb co|f edygodc e{{qbehgodc yb ed eifuveyf |ofs bl ygf

Xsfifdabqcoed {go`bxb{g sf lff` yb af e neyyfq bl cqfey iol.

lohv`y edi odiffi od e aqofl hbn{exx e`nbxy on{bxxoa`f$

Ygf iollohv`y bl ygf hexf eqoxfx {eqy` lqbn ygf lqfuvfdy ba.

xhvqoy ]2^ soyg sgohg gox ygbvcgyx eqf fw{qfxxfi edi {eqy`

lqbn ygf iollfqfdhfx bl b{odobd v{bd ned on{bqyedy {bodyx

sgohg fwoxy enbdc gox lb``bsfqx$ E`ygbvcg ehhbqiodc yb gox

bsd yfxyonbd gf sex ehhvxybnfi lqbn e hgoì yb ygodm

nvhg v{bd x{oqoyve` ygodcx fy gox feqòfq nedgbbi xffnfi yb

af e`ybcfygfq fdcqbxxfi od xhofdyoloh {vqxvoyx$ Ygf qfxv`yx bl

ygfxf xyviofx fwoxy yb ygf {qfxfdy ie od ygf lbqn bl |b`vnfx

edi yqehyx sgohg yqe|f` b|fq e`nbxy ygf sgb`f xvqlehf bl dey.

vqe` goxybq edi xhofdhf edi od sgohg oy ox bd` jvxy yb xe eqf

lbvdi nbqf bq `fxx baxhvqf` ned bl ygf cfqnx bl qfhfdy

edi aqo`òedy ioxhb|fqofx$

! Oy sex od ygf # [qbiqbnvx# e aqofl yqfeyoxf v{bd # Ygf Odlo.

doyf edi ygf Xbv`# ygey ygf {go`bxb{gohe` edi ygfb`bcohe` ygodm.

odc bl Xsfifdabqc afced$ O xe {go`bxb{gohe` edi ygfb`bcohe`

afhevxf oy sex gox loqn hbd|ohyobd lqbn ygf loqxy ygey qf|fè.

yobd edi {go`bxb{g sfqf lvdienfdye`` oifdyohe` ygey e``



xsfifdabqc#x {do@BXbqdq$ 535

qfòcobd sex yb af neif xhofdyoloh edi e`` xhofdhf yb af neif

qfòcobvx$

! Ygf loqxy uvfxyobd sgohg xvccfxyx oyxf`l soyg qflfqfdhf yb

ygf Xsfifdabqcoed {go`bxb{g ox ygox : Sgey ox ygf nfygbi oy

{qb{bxfx a sgohg yqvyg ox yb af eyyeodfi 2 Xbnf {go`bxb{gfqx

gei eyyfn{yfi yb ifivhf e`` yqvyg lqbn e {qobqo {qodho{`fx

bygfqx gei eyyfn{yfi yb exhfdi a ed odivhyo|f {qbhfxx lqbn

ygf {eqyohvèq yb ygf cfdfqe`$ Sgey ox ygf nfygbib`bc ygey

Xsfifdabqc eib{yfi 2 Yb edxsfq ygox uvfxyobd ehhvqeyf`

sf xgbvì {qfnoxf ygey gf xfy bvy v{bd db lowfi nfye{gxohe`

{qodho{`fx sgeyf|fq = gf sfdy yb sbqm ex e xbòyeq edi odif.

{fdifdy baxfq|fq yb lodi yqvyg = edi ygf nfygbi yb af {vqxvfi

lbqnfi oyxf`l ex gf {qbhffifi$ Ex ed vd{go`bxb{gofe` ]2^

ygodmfq deyvqe`` sbvì ib gf afced gox heqffq a e soif ba.

xfq|eyobd bl lehyx =gox xxyfn ygfqflbqf sex hqei`fi od xon{`f

odivhyo|f {qbhfxxfx =oy sex ede`yoh bq ol sf ne vxf e sbqi

on{òdc evygbqoy oy sex Aehbdoed$ Lfs {fqge{x sgb ge|f

bd` òxyfdfi yb |ecvf qvnbqx qfx{fhyodc ygox {go`bxb{g sbvì

onecodf ygey oy hbnnfdhfi od e hb``fhyobd bl lehyx leq cqfeyfq

yged» ygbxf bl sgohg ygf leygfq bl fw{fqonfdye` xhofdhf gonxf`l

gei ed hbdhf{yobd$

!Elyfq {exxodc xvhhfxxo|f` ygqbvcg ygf qfcobdx bl nfhgedohx

soyg ygf hbqqfx{bdiodc {qb{fqyofx bl neyyfq =elyfq yqe|fqxodc

ygf {qb|odhf bl hgfnoxyq ygqbsodc òcgy v{bd ygf ehyobd bl

on{bdifqea`f ecfdyx edi xvccfxyodc ygf cfqn bl ygf eybnoh

ygfbq a {bodyodc bvy ygf cfbnfyqohe` qfèyobdx fwoxyodc af.

ysffd ygf v`yoneyf eybnx Xsfifdabqc hbnfx ey `fdcyg yb ygf

edone` modcibn$ Gfqf ygf hbvqxf bl gox qfxfeqhg afcodx yb

ceod {body edi {qfcdedh$ Ygf gvned abi ne af qfceqifi

ex ygey od sgohg e`` ygf b{fqeyobdx bl deyvqf eqf hbdhfdyqeyfi

edi {fqlfhyfi$ Gfqf ygfqflbqf ox e nohqbhbxn’e {fqlfhy

qf{qfxfdyeyobd bl e`` afodc’ed onecf bl ygf sgb`f hqfeyobd=

gfqf hbdxfuvfdy` e ygfeyqf v{bd sgohg {go`bxb{g ne

ehgof|f oyx dba`fxy hbduvfxyx$ Od ygox if{eqynfdy ygfd sf

afcod yb xff nbqf h`feq` xbnf bl ygf xhofdyoloh lbqnvèx bq

nfygbix sgohg f|b`|fi ex gf yf``x vx a odyfdxf ygbvcgy edi

{eyofdy baxfq|eyobd eqf {byfdy yb hexy òcgy v{bd ygf deyvqf

edi vxfx bl e`` ygodcx eqbvdi vx$ Loqxy bl e`` ygfqf ox ygf

ibhyqodf bllbqnx$ Deyvqf gf hbdxoifqfi ox {vqf` nfhgedohe`



531 xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$

od e`` gfq nb|fnfdyx = gfdhf f|fq gocgfq qfcobd od sgohg xgf

e{{feqx lqbn ygf nodfqe` yb ygf ned ox qf{qfxfdyfi a nb|f.

nfdy od e {eqyohvèq lbqn$ E`` ygf nb|fnfdyx bl ygf nodfqe`

modcibn eqf edcvèq ex xffd od ygf hqxye` = ygf dfwy lbqn ox

hoqhvèq ex xffd od ygf abio` bqcedozeyobd od ygf hoqhvèyobd

bl ygf a`bbi fyh$ = ygf gocgfxy lbqn ox ygf x{oqe` ygf y{f bl

x{oqoy oyxf`l$ ]Ygfqf eqf bygfq edi gocgfq lbqnx fdvnfqeyfi

bl sgohg xff od dbx$ 3% 31$ Fioybq$^

! Od if|f`b{odc ygf {gxob`bc bl ygf gvned abi edbygfq

{go`bxb{gohe` {qodho{`f hbnfx h`feq` odyb |ofs denf` ygf

ibhyqodf bl xfqofx$ Edwobvx yb mdbs ygf qfe` xyqvhyvqf bl ygf

|eqobvx bqcedx bl ygf gvned lqenf Xsfifdabqc hbdhfo|fi

ygey ygf ibhyqodf bl nbdeix edi bl v`yoneyf eybnx sbvì bd`

aqodc gon yb e ieqm vdodyf`òcoa`f {body od sgohg e`` lbqn bq

bqcedozeyobd hfexfi = edi ygey ygf dbyobd bl ygf odlodoyf io|oxo.

aoòy bl neyyfq sbvì `fei yb e dbdfdyoy lqbn sgohg dbygodc

hbvì af iqesd$ F|fq bqced ygfd gf hbdhfo|fi nvxy af

neif v{ bl {fqlfhy eybnoxyoh bqcedx fehg bl sgohg fw{qfxxfx

ygf ygodc oyxf`l leq nbqf hbn{`fyf` yged ygf sgb`f= jvxy ex

xbhofy ox neif v{ bl odio|oive` nfd edi fehg ned ox ygf

nbxy {fqlfhy {eyyfqd bl gvnedoy$ F|fqygodc od deyvqf

ygfqflbqf hbdxoxyx bl e xfqofx bl {fqlfhy` bqcedozfi eybnx

ygf `vdcx f$ c$ oddvnfqea`f nohqbxhb{oh `vdcx ygf gfeqy bl

dvnfqbvx xne``fxy gfeqyx edi xb lbqyg soyg e`` ygf bygfq

bqcedx$

! Ge|odc cbdf ygqbvcg ygf qfcobdx bl {go`bxb{g Xsfifd.

abo#c henf yb ygf hbdlodfx bl ygf {qb|odhf bl X{oqoy oyxf`l$

Blyfd gf yf``x vx gei gf xfeqhgfi lbq xbnf òcgy v{bd ygf

deyvqf bl ygf xbv` avy ex blyfd gei affd ioxe{{bodyfi vdyo` ey

`fdcyg gf cby v{bd ygf qocgy yqehm edi fdyfqfi ygf xehqfi

hgenafq$* Yb cezf v{bd ygf xbv` a ygf xfdxfx sex nedo.

lfxy` on{bxxoa`f = avy sex oy dby {bxxoa`f yb qfexbd v{ lqbn

ygf neyfqoe` yb ygf onneyfqoe` edi lqbn ygf lehyx bl ygf bdf

yb xff odyb ygf deyvqf bl ygf bygfq 2 Ygf |eòioy bl xvhg e

{qbhfxx sex cqbvdifi v{bd ygf ibhyqodf bl ifcqffx’e ibhyqodf

gf xex sgohg ox dfhfxxeq # yb fdea`f vx yb lb``bs od ygf xyf{x

* ! Xff gox ‡Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone` Modcibn# hge{ ooo$ bd ygf

Xbv`$!



xsfifdabqc#x {ov`bxb{oo$ 538

bl deyvqf =xodhf yb eyyfn{y soygbvy oy yb e{{qbehg edi |oxoy

gfq od gfq xvaònf eabif sbvì af yb eyyfn{y yb hòna gfe|fd

a ygf Ybsfq bl Aeaf` = lbq ygf gocgfxy xyf{ nvxy af e{.

{qbehgfi a ygf odyfqnfioeyf$#* Ygf ibhyqodf bl ifcqffx

ehhbqiodc` ox ygey sgohg yfehgfx vx ygey ygfqf ox e qfèyobd

bq {eqe``fòxn afysffd e`` ygodcx od deyvqf lqbn ygf `bsfxy

x{gfqf od sgohg oy fwoxyx yb ygf gocgfxy$ Ygvx ygf aqeod hbd.

yeodx {byfdyoe`` ygf sgb`f abi edi sgey ox fxxfdyoe`` yqvf

bl ygf abi ox yqvf bl oy$ Eceod ygf edone` x{oqoyx sgohg

l`bs ygqbvcg ygf dfq|fx od e gocgfq edi nbqf fygfqfe` x{gfqf

{fqlfhy` qf{qfxfdy ygf nbqf cqbxx edi baivqeyf gvned bqced.

ozeyobd = xb e`xb ygf xbv` oyxf`l od e xyo`` gocgfq qfcobd nvxy

af e {fqlfhy y{f bq qeygfq hb.bqiodeyf eqhgfy{f bl ygf abi$

Ehhbqiodc` e`` deyvqf a ygfxf ifcqffx exhfdix lqbn ygf

`bsfxy yb ygf gocgfxy edi ifxhfdix lqbn ygf gocgfxy yb ygf

`bsfxy = xb ygey a ygf eoi bl ygox {go`bxb{gohe` lbqnvè sf

hed xyvi ygf x{oqoyve` sbqì a nfedx bl ygf mdbs`ficf sf

{bxxfxx bl ygf neyfqoe`$.

/

.

! F|fd od ygf x{oqoy oyxf`l ygfqf eqf ifcqffx$ Ygf `bsfxy ox

ygey sgohg ox bd` hbcdozedy bl xfdxeyobdx = ygf dfwy eab|f

ygox ox ygf edonvx sgbxf bllohf ox yb onecodf edi ifxoqf=

ygoqi` ygfqf ox ygf nodi sgohg vdifqxyedix edi so``x = edi

èxy` ygfqf ox ygf xbv` sgbxf bllohf ox yb qf{qfxfdy ygf vdo.

|fqxf edi ge|f odyvoyobdx bl fdix j Xvhg ox ned xb leq ex

ygf lbqn bl gox afodc ox hbdhfqdfi = avy sgfqf ox ygf òlf

sgohg ox yb edoneyf gon 2 Ygf abi ox ifei neyyfq avy oy ox

|o|olofi a ygf xbv`’avy sgfdhf ygf òlf bl ygf xbv` 2 Oy ox

ygf `b|f bl Cbi$£ Cbi ehhbqiodc yb Xsfifdabqc ox {fqlfhy

ned$ Ygf fxxfdhf edi lbqn bl Cbi eqf qfx{fhyo|f` {fqlfhy

`b|f edi {fqlfhy soxibn =ygf lbqnfq ox qf{qfxfdyfi od ygf

gvned so`` ygf èyyfq od ygf gvned vdifqxyediodc$

! Ge|odc ygvx yqehfi ygf {go`bxb{g bl Xsfifdabqc yb oyx

gocgfxy {body sf ne `bbm aehm lbq e nbnfdy v{bd gox sgb`f

nfygbi bl {qbhfivqf$ F|oifdy` oy ox ygf odivhyo|f edi

* ! Fhbdbn bl Edone` Modcibn hge{ ooo$ xfhyobd 15;$!

l! Ygox ox ed e{{òheyobd bl ygf ibhyqodf bl hbqqfx{bdifdhfx$!

& ! Fhbdbn bl Edone` Modcibn hge{$ ooo$ xfhy$ <$!

£ ! Edcfòh Soxibn [eqy O$!

56*




xdygfyoh nfygbi hbnaodfi$ Hbnnfdhodc a baxfq|eyobd gox

nodi xfozfi v{bd hfqyeod gocg {go`bxb{gohe` ewobnx edi lqbn

ygfn qfexbdfi ibsdseqix yb ygf deyvqf edi vxfx bl {eqyohvèq

bajfhyx$ [fqge{x oy ox ygf bd` eyyfn{y ygf sbqì gex xffd

'soyg ygf fwhf{yobd bl ygf vdxvhhfxxlv` fllbqyx bl Hbnyf/ ey

qoxodc v{seqix yb {vqf` {go`bxb{gohe` oifex lqbn {bxoyo|f edi

hbdhqfyf lehyx$

! Ge|odc eyyeodfi ygvx yb ygf gocgfxy qfcobd bl {go`bxb{g

Xsfifdabqc fdyfqx ygf sbqì bl ygfb`bcohe` yqvyg$ Lbq cezodc

v{bd ygf x{oqoyve` sbqì gf hbdhfo|fx sf ge|f {vqf` x{oqoyve`

xfdxfx edi e x{oqoyve` vdifqxyediodc$ Yb nbxy nfd ygf

x{oqoyve` sbqì ox h`bxfi = afhevxf eaxbqafi od ygf `bsfq bq

xfdxve` òlf ygf ge|f db odyvoyobd bl oy$ Yb ned nbqfb|fq

sgb ib bayeod x{oqoyve` odyvoyobdx ygfqf fwoxyx dby ed fdòcgy.

fdfi x{oqoyve` vdifqxyediodc yb odyfq{qfy sgey ygf odseqi ff

afgbìx$ X{oqoyve` bq ygfb`bcohe` yqvyg bd` afhbnfx h`feq

sgfd abyg ygfxf qfuvoxoyfx vdoyf =sgfqf ygf {vqf` nbqeòzfi

bq vdxfdxveòzfi xbv` cezfx v{bd ygf gocgfq sbqì edi sgfqf

ygf x{oqoyve` vdifqxyediodc hed hbn{qfgfdi sgey ox xffd$ $ $ $

! Xsfifdabqc sex exxvqfi` e cqfey odyf``fhyve` {gfdbnf.

dbd$ Xfìbn {fqge{x df|fq ge|f xb ned xxyfnx hbdhfd.

yqeyfi od e xodc`f nodi$ Gf afced e xon{`f baxfq|fq’Aehbdoed ede`xy = lqbn ygey gf qeoxfi gonxf`l yb ygf qfcobd bl

ygf qeyobde` edi oife` yqvyg edi fdifi e nxyoh ]2^’ygf

le|bqfi hgeddf` bl e dfs iox{fdxeyobd yb nedmodi$ Od gon

xfdxeyobdeòxn oifeòxn nxyohoxn sfqf vdoyfi’ygf bd`

{gexf ygqbvcg sgohg gf df|fq {exxfi sex ygey bl xhf{yo.

hoxn$ $ $ $!

?6$ Ygf lb``bsodc xgbsx ygf odyfqfxyodc {bxoyobd ygey

[qbl$ Neyyfq exxocdx yb Xsfifdabqc od {go`bxb{g :

! Xsfifdabqc ox ygf xv{fqdeyvqe` od ygf {qfxfdhf bl ygf

hqoyohoxn bl ygf focgyffdyg hfdyvq$ Ygf xv{fqdeyvqe` gbs.

f|fq ox dby bd` ygf gocgfxy uvfxyobd sgohg ox nbxy ecoyeyfi

enbdcxy vx sgb eqf ygf hgoìqfd bl ygf focgyffdyg hfdyvq od

e nvhg gocgfq ifhqff yged sf onecodf bvqxf`|fx yb af avy oy

e`xb e`sex gex affd edi so`` lbqf|fq af ygf nbxy eaxbqaodc

uvfxyobd ygey hed fdcecf ygf gvned odyf``fhy aflbqf sgohg

e`` bygfq uvfxyobdx cqbs {e`f edi eqf {vy od ygf xgeif$ Edi



xsfifdabqc# x {go`bxb{g$ 536

ol Xsfifdabqc ox ygf xv{fqdeyvqe` od ygf {qfxfdhf bl hqoyohoxn

gf ox e`xb ygf cqfeyfxy qfhbdhoòeyobd ygey gex f|fq affd

eyyfn{yfi afysffd ygf deyvqe` edi ygf xv{fqdeyvqe` afysffd

ygf qeyobde` edi ygf neq|f``bvx$

! Dbs ygox dba`f eyyfn{y sgohg gex affd od ygf bqifq bl

ygf ie f|fq xodhf ned gex affd so`` af xb lbqf|fq ey `fexy

ex `bdc ex Cbi edi gvned qfexbd so`` af$ Lbq ygf uvfxyobd

bl ygf xv{fqdeyvqe` hbdhfqdx dby bd` ygf fwoxyfdhf bl ygf

x{oqoyve` sbqì avy e`xb ygf qfèyobdx fwoxyodc afysffd ygf ysb

sbqìx$ Edi dbs xv{{bxf ygey ned ehhbqiodc yb Xsfifd.

abqc#x oife ox ey ygf xenf yonf ygf nbxy afevyolv` {qba`fn

edi ygf nbxy f`buvfdy xb`vyobd bl ygfxf qfèyobdx 2 Od ygox

hexf gvned odyf`òcfdhf sbvì af {fqlfhy` od ygf qocgy od

ge|odc e`sex {qflfqqfi edi od hbdyodvodc yb {qflfq eab|f

edygodc f`xf yb hb{f soyg ygox {qba`fn$

! Ygf hqoyohoxn bl ygf èxy hfdyvq hbdxoifqfi oyxf`l xyqbdcfq

yged ygf xv{fqdeyvqe` = edi od oyx gbvqx bl aòdi hbdloifdhf oy

gex dby gfxoyeyfi yb ygqbs ygf sgb`f uvfxyobd b|fqabeqi$ Oy

sex qfceqifi ex bdf bl ygbxf xv{fqeddveyfi hbdhf{yobdx sgohg

gfdhflbqyg sfqf yb af xvanoyyfi yb {vqf qfexbd edi hbnnbd

xfdxf$ Edi gbs xge`` O xe2 A e modi bl oqbd bl ifxyod

bq a e iox{fdxeyobd bl [qb|oifdhf ey ygox |fq yonf bl nbqye`

xyqolf od ygf lehf bl ygox hqoyohoxn ygf xv{fqdeyvqe` xviifd`

{qfxfdyfi oyxf`l od oyx abìfxy edi nbxy enaoyobvx lbqnx=lbq

oy df|fq gex edi oy df|fq so`` exxvnf nbqf xyeqyòdc lbqnx

yged oy gex exxvnfi od ygf òlf edi ibhyqodfx bl Xsfifdabqc$

E xhgbèq bl ygf loqxy bqifq e hqfeyo|f nodfqe`bcoxy od ygf eqy

bl xnf`yodc nfye`x edi bl fw{`bqodc deyvqf gex afhbnf ex oy

sfqf ygf xv{fqdeyvqe` odheqdeyf = ey e`` f|fdyx òf ox ygf

fw{qfxxobd bl ygf xv{fqdeyvqe` od oyx gocgfxy {bsfq$! \of if

Xsfifdabqc [qflehf {{$ ooo$.|$

?<$ Xsfifdabqc#x on{bqyedhf od [xhgb`bc gex affd |fq

ea` ei|bheyfi od ygf lb``bsodc fwyqehy lqbn e òyy`f sbqm

fdyoy`fi :! Soxibn Odyf`òcfdhf edi Xhofdhf ygf Yqvf Hgeqeh.

yfqoxyohx bl Fnedvf` Xsfifdabqc! a ! Nfiohvx Hedyeaqoco.

fdxox ! :’ *

* Ygf èyf Iq$ X{vqcod lbqnfq` [qfxoifdy bl ygf Qbe` Hb``fcf

bl [gxohoedx od @bdibd$



53< xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$

! Oy xgbvì af qfnfnafqfi ygey Xsfifdabqc gonxf`l ybbm

ygf `fei od ygox if{eqynfdy bl mdbs`ficf 'o$ f$ {xhgb`bc/=

lbq xb `bdc ecb ex ygf feq 539; gf {vaòxgfi gox Odyqbivh.

yobd yb e Qeyobde` [xhgb`bc’ e sbqm sgohg so``

en{` qf{e qf{feyfi {fqvxe` edi sgohg od lehy xb {qblbvdi

eqf oyx |ofsx so`` qfuvoqf oy$ Sf sbvì |fdyvqf yb qfhbn.

nfdi ygox sbqm yb e`` sgb yemf ed odyfqfxy od {xhgb`bcohe`

xvajfhyx = nbqf fx{fhoe`` yb e`` sgb sqoyf v{bd ygfn$ Sfge|f xyviofi oy soyg nvhg odyfqfxy edi ei|edyecf edi dby

soyg ygf hvqxbq cèdhfx ygey ioxyodcvoxg nbifqd qf|ofsfqx$

Lbqy feqx bl qfl`fhyobd bl hbn{eqoxbd edi bl baxfq|eyobd

xgbvì {fqge{x fdea`f vx yb exxfqy lbq ygf sbqm ygf {qf.

fnodfdhf sgohg oy nfqoyx$ Ygox fxyoneyf bl oy ox nbqfb|fq

xyqfdcygfdfi a ygf xvccfxyobdx sgohg sf lodi ey ygf bvyxfy bl

oy$o Sgfygfq# xex ygf evygbq # ygfqf af yqvyg od sgey O

ge|f ei|edhfi edi od sgey qfneodx yb af ei|edhfi ne af

fexo` exhfqyeodfi lqbn ygf lbvq lb``bsodc hbdxoifqeyobdx

Loqxy Ol ygf yqvyg x{bdyedfbvx` nedolfxyx oyxf`l edi ex oy

sfqf fxyeaòxgfx e afòfl od oyx {qfxfdhf soygbvy qfuvoqodc

ed xv{{bqy lqbn leq.lfyhgfi eqcvnfdyx : Lbq sf blyfd a e

hbnnbd dbyobd edi ex oy sfqf a qeyobde` odxyodhy hbn{qf.

gfdi e ygodc yb af yqvf sgohg elyfqseqix a e nv`yo{òhoy

bl qfexbdodcx iqesd lqbn e hbdlvxfi {fqhf{yobd bl {eqyohvèqx

vdeqqedcfi edi vdhbddfhyfi soyg bygfqx nbqf qfnbyf lqbn

bvq dbyohf ox aqbvcgy odyb baxhvqoy he``fi od uvfxyobd edi ey

èxy ifdofi$ Xfhbdi` Ol e`` fw{fqofdhf abyg {eqyohvèq edi

cfdfqe` x{bdyedfbvx` le|bq oy$ Ygoqi` Ol ygf qv`fx edi

newonx bl qeyobde` {go`bxb{g ib ygf xenf$ @exy` Ol ygf

{qb{bxfi |ofs nemfx ygf iollfqfdy g{bygfxfx sgohg ge|f

affd ei|edhfi bd ygf xvajfhy hbodhoif xv{{òdc vx soyg ygf

{qb{fq hbdioyobd bq hbnnbd {qodho{`f sgohg aqodcx ygfn odyb

bqifq edi hbddfhyobd = xb ygey hbdyfn{èyfi od ygox neddfq

ygf eqf ecqffea`f yb ygf yqvyg$# Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone`

Modcibn [eqy O$ d$ 63?$

! Ygox Odyqbivhyobd yb e Qeyobde` [xhgb`bc ox aexfi v{bd

ygf ibhyqodf bl xfqofx edi ifcqffx sgohg yfehgfx ygf nbif

baxfq|fi a deyvqf od ygf xvabqiodeyobd edi hbbqiodeyobd bl

ygodcx = edi ygf {qodho{e` deyvqe` xhofdhfx eqf fnaqehfi

soygod oy afhevxf sf f|fqsgfqf lodi od deyvqf ygf èsx bl




xbv` ox sf ib dby gfxoyeyf yb xe e {qbivhyobd vd{eqe``f`fi

lbq fwhf``fdhf od ygf sgb`f hbn{exx bl gvned {go`bxb{g$

Dfoygfq Ceò`fb dbq Geq|f od ygfoq ifnbdxyqeyobdx bl yqvyg

xyqvcc`fi e sgoy nbqf nedlv`` yged ioi Xsfifdabqc eceodxy

ygf le`xf on{qfxxobd bl e{{feqedhfx$ Ygf ysb lbqnfq hbd.

yfdifi eceodxy ygf le`èhofx sgohg on{qfxx ygf bvyfq xfdxfx bl

gvnedoy = ygf èyyfq hbdyfdifi eceodxy ygbxf sgohg ifhfo|f

ygf qeyobde` {fqhf{yobdx e`xb bl bvq afodc$ E{{feqedhfx

odiffi sbvì hbdloqn ygf dbyobd ygey ygf qeyobde` {fqhf{yobdx

x{qodc lqbn ygf bvyfq xfdxfx = avy Xsfifdabqc ifnbdxyqeyfx

nbxy xhofdyolohe`` ygey e{{feqedhfx sgfd yemfd lbq qfeòyofx

xvajvceyf f|fq nfdye` lehv`y sgfygfq xfdxve` qeyobde` bq

x{oqoyve` = edi gf gonxf`l odoyoeyfi ygf hgeqcf eceodxy gox bsd

ecf cb|fqdfi ex oy sex a e{{feqedhfx ygey # ygf xfdxfx eqf

xvajvceyfi a le`xf on{qfxxobdx$# Ygf {qfxfdy ecf gex

qfybqyfi ygf hgeqcf v{bd gon sgo`f oy eigfqfx yb ygf le`è.

hobvx e{{feqedhfx sgohg gf fw{bxfi edi f|fd edyoho{eyfi ex

òmf` yb lqvxyqeyf gox noxxobd$!’{{$ 55.59$

?3$ Xsfifdabqc ey bdf {fqobi bl gox {go`bxb{gohe` heqffq

gfì {eqy` neyfqoeòxyoh oifex bl ygf xbv` ygbvcg ygf sfqf

df|fq hbv{`fi soyg eygfoxn$ Ygox {gexf bl gox nfdye` if|f`.

b{nfdy sf so`` lodi ioxhvxxfi od ygf lb``bsodc fwyqehyx :

Lqbn ygf ! Dfs Hgvqhg Uveqyfq` Qf|ofs! \b`$ O$ {$ 1?;$

! Xsfifdabqc#x Bvyòdfx bq [qbiqbnvx bl ygf Odlodoyf$!

!$ $ $ E`ybcfygfq ygf {fqvxe` bl ygox hge{yfq bd ygf

# Odlodoyf # gex ellbqifi vx edbygfq f|oifdhf bl ygf fwhffiodc

yqvyglv`dfxx bl Xsfifdabqc#x nodi$ Xyeqyodc lqbn ygf `bsfxy

{body bl {go`bxb{gohe` deyvqeòxn gf gex xyfeio` edi gbdfxy`

{vqxvfi gox se = yqehmodc nezf elyfq nezf edi xvayo`y elyfq

xvayo`y gf {qfxfdyx vx ey fehg yvqd od ygf {eyg soyg ygf

fwehy yqvyg bl gox {bxoyobd = edi ex e èxy qfxv`y leoyglv` yb

ygf iqfeq hbvqxf gf gex affd odivhfi yb lb``bs hbdivhyx vx

yb ygf hbì edi ieqmxbnf e`yeq v{bd sgohg ox odxhqoafi # Yb

ygf Vdmdbsd Cbi$# Oy xffnx ex ol Xsfifdabqc gei affd

{fqnoyyfi yb yqfei ygox hgffq`fxx soìfqdfxx od bqifq ygey gf

nocgy xff a ehyve` fw{fqofdhf ygf lb`` edi vyyfq lvyoòy bl

e`` xvhg òlf`fxx x{fhvèyobdx$ Ey e`` f|fdyx ol sf eqf iox{bxfi

yb {qbloy a ygf `fxxbd oy ne af bdf bl òlf.`bdc on{bqy yb



xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$ 53?

bvqxf`|fx$ Gbs lbqhoa` eqf sf qfnodifi bl ygf seqdodc od

qflfqfdhf yb ygox |fq neyyfq sgohg gf co|fx od ygf èxy edi

hqbsdodc sbqm bl gox sbdiqbvx heqffq$ X{femodc bl ygf

iedcfq edi lb`` bl e`` qfexbdodcx hbdhfqdodc ygf odlodoyf

lbvdifi v{bd ygf le`èhofx bl ygf xfdxfx gf xex :# O nxf`l

sex bdhf hbd|odhfi bl ygox a fw{fqofdhf = O sex ygodmodc

sgey Cbi gei affd ibodc lqbn fyfqdoy sgey aflbqf ygf

fxyeaòxgnfdy bl ygf sbqì sgfygfq gf sex ifòafqeyodc eabvy

ygf Hqfeyobd edi sex èodc bvy ygf {èd ehhbqiodc yb sgohg

ygox sbvì ge|f yb af fllfhyfi = sgfygfq od e {vqf |ehvvn e

ifòafqeyo|f ygbvcgy hbvì fwoxy edi bygfq fuve`` odhbdcqvbvx

ygodcx$ Avy `fxy O nocgy af aqbvcgy odyb ifòqobvx xyeyfx O

sex f`f|eyfi a ygf @bqi odyb ygf x{gfqf edi ygf òcgy od

sgohg ygf odyfqobq edcf`x eqf = edi elyfq ygf oife bl x{ehf edi

yonf od sgohg n ygbvcgy gei affd ifyeodfi aflbqf gei

ygfqf affd qfnb|fi e òyy`f oy sex cqedyfi yb nf yb vdifq.

xyedi ygey ygf fyfqdoy bl Cbi ox dby ed fyfqdoy bl yonf edi

ygey afhevxf ygfqf sex db yonf aflbqf ygf sbqì oy sex e`yb.

cfygfq vxf`fxx yb fdyfqyeod ed xvhg x{fhvèyobdx eabvy Cbi$#!

'!Yqvf Hgqoxyoed Qfòcobd! d$ 85$/

?7$ Bd ygox xenf xvajfhy Iq$ Onnedvf` Yelf` [qblfx.

xbq bl [go`bxb{g edi @oaqeqoed ey ygf Vdo|fqxoy bl Yvaod.

cfd evygbq bl e !Lvdienfdye` [go`bxb{g! e ! Goxybq edi

Hqoyohoxn bl Xhf{yohoxn edi Oqqeyobdeòxn! fyh$ edi fioybq bl

ned bl ygf {bxygvnbvx sbqmx bl Xsfifdabqc x{femx od e

hbnnvdoheyobd yb ygf fioybq bl ygf ! Dfs Hgvqhg Uveqyfq`!

ex lb``bsx :

!Ygf {go`bxb{g bl Xsfifdabqc# x yonf sex foygfq oifeòxn

bq iveòxn bq neyfqoeòxn edi gox bsd lbqnfq {go`bxb{g

sex ex sf mdbs e modi bl neyfqoeòxn avy ygf nbxy oddb.

hfdy ygey f|fq fwoxyfi edi ygfqflbqf he{ea`f bl afodc yvqdfi

odyb x{oqoyveòxn$ Ygfqf sfqf ygqff hèxxfx bl neyfqoeòxyx :

5$ Ygf Eybnoxyx sgb xv{{bxfi ygey ygf xbv` sex e hbn{bvdi

bl e {fhvòeq modi bl eybnx òlf`fxx od ygfnxf`|fx xvhg ex

@fvho{{vx F{ohvqvx fyh$’eceodxy sgbn oy hbvì af xeoi

ygey ygf hbn{bvdi heddby hbdyeod sgey ox dby od oyx hbdxyoyv.

fdy {eqyx afhevxf fw dogo`b dogo` loy= sgfqflbqf Ae`f xeoi od

gox Iohyobdeq 'eqyoh`f #@fvho{{vx" dbyf f/ ygey ygf iollohv`yofx



57; xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$

od ygf xxyfn bl @fvho{{vx sbvì ge|f affd qfnb|fi ol

gf gei eyyqoavyfi yb gox eybnx e ò|odc xbv` ex ehhbqiodc yb

[`vyeqhg gei e`qfei affd ibdf a Ifnbhqoyvx sgb gbs.

f|fq hbvì dby xvllohofdy` fw{èod gbs neyyfq hed ygodm bq

gbs oy hed af e`bdf hbdxoifqfi ex xvaxyedhf= sgfqflbqf 1$

ygf Geqnbdoxyx xeoi ygey ygf xbv` ox e nfqf sbqi edi ygey oy

hbdxoxyx od ygf geqnbd bq bqcedozeyobd bl ygf abi = yb ygfxf

af`bdcfi xbnf bl ygbxf eceodxy sgbn [èyb sqbyf od gox

# [gefib# 'edi Eqoxyby`f od gox #.If Edone# o$ o|$/ ey e èyfq

yonf Eqoxybwfdvx edi Iohefeqhgvx’sgb od bygfq qfx{fhyx

sfqf Eqoxybyfòedx’ edi od bvq yonfx ygf evygbq bl ygf

#Xxyfnf if è Deyvqf" 533; edi @e Nfyyqof bl ygf Ehei.

fn bl Afqòd$ $ $ $ Ehhbqiodc yb gon ygf xbv` ox e {eqy

bl ygf aqeod = sgfqflbqf Modc Lqfifqoh ygf Cqfey od gox

9 F`bcf if è Nfyyqof# 'Bfv|qfx if Lqfifqoh oo$ ybqd$ 8 {$

5<?/ xeoi #Oy e{{feqx ygey ygf ioxfexf mdbsodc soyg sgbn

oy gei yb ib od bqifq yb ifxyqb nbqf xvqf` sex eqylv`

fdbvcg yb eyyehm ygf aqeod loqxy$ Gf ybbm e qecodc lf|fq

ehhbn{edofi soyg |ob`fdy ifòqovn= edi iofi Db|$ 55 5365

sgfd 98 feqx bl ecf$ Ygf fw{fqofdhf @e Nfyyqof gei

uvbyfi {qb|fi bd` ygf if{fdifdhf bl ygf ygodmodc {bsfq

v{bd oyx {qfxfdy odxyqvnfdyx avy a db nfedx ygey abi edi

xbv` eqf bd` bdf neyfqoe` xvaxyedhf ex gei affd xgbsd

elyfqseqi a Fò @vzeh od gox sbqm = Vgbnnf {`vx uvf

Nehgodf @bdiqfx 5397$ Gf hbvì nbqfb|fq qflvyf gon

soyg ygf xenf eqcvnfdyx ygey [èyb gei e`qfei vqcfi$

Ygox g{bygfxox gei affd {qf|obvx` qflvyfi a ygf qfexbdodcx

bl Cexxfdio sgb {qb|fi ygey db {eqy bl neyyfq hed ehy bd

oyxf`l$ Ygfqf sex ygfqflbqf e xyqbdc dfhfxxoy bl xf{eqeyodc

ygf xbv` lqbn ygf abi evi bl xv{{bxodc ey `fexy ygey ygf

xbv` ox e {vqfq neyyfq =edi dfeq` e`` {go`bxb{gfqx aflbqf

Ifxheqyfx e`ygbvcg ygf xeoi ygey ygf xbv` sex ed onneyfqoe`

xvaxyedhf ygbvcgy df|fqygf`fxx ygey oy hbdxoxyfi bl e xvay`fq

neyyfq sgohg sex gbsf|fq fdibsfi soyg odyqodxoh òlf edi

sex xb xon{`f ygey oy hbvì dby {fqoxg soyg ygf abi$ Ygox

ygoqi x{fhofx bl neyfqoeòxn sex ygey bl Xsfifdabqc od gox

# [qbiqbnvx if Odlodoyb" sgfqf gf df|fqygf`fxx xeoi :

!# Ehyo|fx qfceqifi xf{eqeyf` lqbn ygfoq nfnaqedf bq

fd|f`b{f heddby af hbdhfo|fi ex bhhv{odc {èhf bq ifyfqnodeyf



xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$ 575

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ygfqflbqf od ygfnxf`|fx ygf eqf if|boi=dbq ib ygf ey e``

on{` ygf qfèyobdx bl v{seqi edi ibsdseqi bq bl qfxoxyedhf

avy bd` {vqf ecbdh = ygvx dbygodc f`fnfdye` dbq {exxo|f

ygbvcg dbysoygxyediodc ygf od|b`|f {vqf nfhgedohx$#’'{$ 596$/

! Avy dbs sf hbvì bajfhy yb gon ygey od gox ` [qbiqbnvx

e`` lodoyf xvaxyedhfx eqf fwyfdifi od x{ehf edi xvajfhy yb

nfhgedohe` edi cfbnfyqohe` èsx edi ygfqflbqf xyo`` neyyfq

sgohg ox odhbn{eyoa`f soyg ygf ygodmodc {bsfq edi f|fd soyg

xfdxeyobd = bq ex Fò @vzeh xex # Xvayoòy afodc bd` qfè.

yo|f oy ox db nbqf eaxvqi yb hbdhfo|f bq qeygfq yb xv{{bxf cqbxx

neyyfq fdibsfi soyg ygfxf eyyqoavyfx yged xvayo`f neyyfq

'{$ </$ $ $ $ Oy ox {qb|fi a odhbdyfxyoa`f fw{fqofdhf ygey

neyyfq ox odfqy = ygey ox yb xe ygey oy ox bl xvhg e deyvqf ygey

bvhf od qf{bxf oy qfuvoqfx e ifyfqnodeyf lbqhf lqbn soygbvy yb

{vy oy odyb ehyobd = edi bdhf od nbyobd oy qfuvoqfx e òmf fw.

yfqde` lbqhf yb hgedcf ygf ioqfhyobd bl oyx nbyobd bq qfivhf oy

yb qf{bxf$ @fy vx xff ol ygox lehv`y bl ygbvcgy hed hb.fwoxy

soyg ygox eyyqoavyf bl neyyfq$ Ygf fwfqhoxf bl ygbvcgy hed.

dby af hbdhfo|fi bl soygbvy ehyobd bq {exxobd =avy ygf oife bl

neyyfq od {fqlfhy qf{bxf denf` od xvhg e xyeyf ygey oy ibfx

dby xvllfq foygfq {qfxxvqf bq ed bygfq b{fqeyobd bl ed xva.

xyedhf sgeyf|fq = ’od bygfq sbqix ygf oife bl neyyfq hbdxoi.

fqfi bd` od xb leq ex oy fwoxyx fwh`vifx e`` oife bl ehyobd edi

{exxobd$ Ygox enbvdyx yb xeodc ygey yb qfhfo|f oifex yb

hbn{eqf ygfn yb qf{qbivhf ygfn yb lbqn e jvicnfdy edi yb

{qflfq bdf hbdioyobd yb edbygfq od e sbqi yb ygodm xv{{bxfx

foygfq {exxobd bq e xvaxyedhf od ehyo|oy edi heddby af ygf

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hbqiodc yb e yqvf oife bl oyx deyvqf^$ Gf {qb|fx e`xb a # ygf

oife bl nb|fnfdy a ygey bl qfèyobdx a ygey bl ehyo|oy

edi a ygf oife sgohg sf ge|f bl fwyfdy ygey neyyfq heddby

{bxxfxx ygf eyyqoavyf bl ygbvcgy$#’ '{{$ 5;.51$/

! Xonoèq qfexbdx nvxy ge|f ifyfqnodfi Xsfifdabqc yb

hgedcf gox neyfqoeòxn odyb x{oqoyveòxn edi yb xyeyf ygey bd`

ygf x{oqoyve` ox xvaxyedyoe` edi ex xvhg dby xvajfhy yb cfb.

nfyqohe` edi nfhgedohe` èsx : sgfqflbqf gf xeoi od gox

9 Ioeq # 'od ygf feq 5397/ :

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! # F|fqygodc bqcedohe` od ned f|fqygodc hbq{bqfe` od

gon ex sf`` ex od ygf edone` edi òmfsoxf ygf |fcfyea`f modc.

ibnx ox lbqnfi lbq vxf edi ehhbqiodc yb vxf = xb ygey vxf ox

ex oy sfqf ygf lbqnodc {qodho{`f$ Sgfqflbqf sgbf|fq lqbn

vxf od|fxyoceyfx bqcedohe` ygodcx hed ygfd xff ygf hbddfhyobd

bl ygodcx avy dby sgb lqbn ygf {eqyx od|fxyoceyfx ygf vxf$#

'd$ 165;$/

! oOy sex co|fd yb nf yb xff od e x{oqoyve` oife sgohg ox

ygf xenf ex ygf edcfòh oife ygey ygfqf heddby af edygodc

neyfqoe` od vxf sgfd fy vxf lbqnx f|fqygodc neyfqoe` : lbq

f|fqygodc od cfdfqe` edi od {eqyohvèq ox lbq vxf edi ehhbqi.

odc yb vxf = edi ex ygfqf ox dbygodc neyfqoe` od vxf a sgohg

fy e`` ygodcx ex oy sfqf eqf lbqnfi oy afhenf f|oifdy yb nf

lqbn ygf x{oqoyve` oife ygey vxf ox Io|odf afhevxf oy lbqnx

edi ygey oy ox eaxvqi yb ygodm bl oyx afodc deyvqe` = lbq ygf

deyvqe` heddby af ioxyodcvoxgfi lqbn ygf neyfqoe` : jvxy ex gfey

nboxyvqf ifs qeod afhevxf deyvqe` eqf ey ygf xenf yonf

neyfqoe`$#’'d$ 1651$/

! Xyo`` od gox o [qbiqbnvx# ex O ge|f e`qfei xyeyfi ygf xbv`

ox e {eqy bl deyvqf$ $$$ Xb nvhg ygf nbqf odyfqfxyodc

gbsf|fq ox gox nfyenbq{gbxox$ Enbdc ygf nbxy fllfhyo|f

qfexbdx a sgohg ygox sex aqbvcgy eabvy ygfqf sex db ibvay

gox bsd x{oqoyve` fw{fqofdhf$ Ygvx sf lodi e`xb od edyouvoy

ygey ygf loqxy {go`bxb{gfq sgb yevcgy ygey ygf x{oqoy ox xf{e.

qeyf lqbn bq odif{fdifdy bl neyyfq |oz$ Edewecbqex sexygf onnfioeyf ioxho{`f bl Gfqnbyonvx sgb ehhbqiodc yb lbvq.

yffd soydfxxfx bl ygf edhofdyx sex od e xyeyf xonoèq yb ygey

bl Xsfifdabqc$!

??$ Ygf Fioybq bl ygf ! Dfs Hgvqhg Uveqyfq`!

'\b`$ O$ {{$ 7 fyh$/ e``viodc yb ygf hgedcf a sgohg Xsfifd.

abqc lqbn e neyfqoeòxy afhenf e x{oqoyveòxy fwenodfx ygf

xvajfhy nbqf ey èqcf = gf xex :

! Ygf hgedcf yb sgohg Iq$ Yelf` e``vifx od bdf {eqy bl ygf

{qfhfiodc `fyyfq ex ge|odc `fi Xsfifdabqc ese lqbn ygf

nfqf fwfcfxox bl neyfqoe` bq nfhgedohe` èsx ox od ned

{eqyx bl gox sqoyodcx qflfqqfi yb a ygf evygbq gonxf`l$ Gox

nfyenbq{gbxox ox {èod` x{bmfd bl lbq fwen{`f od # Eqhede

Hhf`fxyoe# 'd$ 8?76/ sgfqf gf odlbqnx vx ygey ivqodc gox




yqedxoy lqbn ygf `bsfq x{gfqf bl ygbvcgy e gfe|fd` òcgy

e{{feqfi yb gon sgohg ehhf`fqeyfi gox {qbcqfxx edi `fi gon

v{seqi xb ygey gf hbvì `bbm ibsd v{bd sbqì` edi hbq{b.

qfe` oifex ex db `bdcfq af`bdcodc yb gonxf`l$ Xb yqvf ox bdf bl

gox èyfq e{gbqoxnx h Onecb f|edfxhoy hvn o{xe fllocofx e{{eqfy$#

! Od ygf # Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone` Modcibn" \b`$ OOO$

sgfd {qbhffiodc yb yqfey bd h gbs lbqnx eqf xvhhfxxo|f` fw.

e`yfi odyb xvhg ex eqf nbqf {fqlfhy# gf hevyobdx ygf qfeifq

ygey # gf ox x{femodc bd` bl deyvqe` ygodcx dby bl ygbxf sgohg

eqf eab|f deyvqf ex ygf x{oqoyve` edi ygf io|odf hbdhfqdodc

sgohg dfoygfq uveòy dbq nbif dbq ed bygfq ehhoifdy fw.

hf{y a ygf se bl xv{fqfnodfvhf hed af {qfioheyfi$# Ygox

hevyobd ox ygf nbqf qfneqmea`f {fqge{x sgfd hbddfhyfi soyg

gox bsd fllbqyx od xbnf bl ygf xvaxfuvfdy {ecfx yb eqqo|f ey e

hbdhf{yobd bl ygf x{oqoyve` ygqbvcg ed f|b`vyobd bl lbqnx$

9 Edcfòh afodcx edi bvq bsd xbv`x# gf baxfq|fx h heddby {qb{.

fq` af he``fi x{oqoyve` ]hbdxfuvfdy` xv{qe.deyvqe`^ lbqnx avy

qeygfq nbqf {fqlfhy hf`fxyoe` ]o$ f$ odnbxy deyvqe` lqbn hbf`vn

ygf xoifqfe` gfe|fd bl ygf deyvqe` sbqì^ lbqnx hqfeyfi edi

ehhbnnbieyfi yb ygf qfhf{yobd edi odl`vw bl ygf x{oqoyve`

lbqn$# Ygox ox e`ybcfygfq xb xodcvèq ygey sf heddby {exx bd

soygbvy yemodc ed ehhvqeyf baxfq|eyobd bl Xsfifdabqc#x {bxo.

yobd sgfd gf {fddfi oy$

! Gf gei avy jvxy hbn{`fyfi gox ifxhqo{yobd bl ygf # {fq{fy.

ve` |bqyohe`# bq ygf lbqn o sgohg ox {qb{fq` he``fi hf`fxyoe`#

edi sgohg gf gei ifxocdeyfi ex # ygf gocgfxy bl e`` deyvqe`

lbqnx$# Oy ox ygf lbqn sgohg e`bdf qv`fx od ygf fw{edxf bl

ygf xoifqfe` odlodoyvif : oyx hfdyqf ox dfoygfq e {body dbq e

hoqh`f dbq e x{oqe` avy e |bqyohe` cqf =oy ox ygf # |fq afcod.

dodc # bl e`` ygf ehyo|f lbqhfx bl deyvqf :# nbxy hbdxyedy bl

e`` lbqnx yb oyx odyfcqe` xyeyf :#

# |boi bl locvqf bl fwyfdxf bl

necdoyvif bl sfocgy edi bl òcgydfxx ygfqflbqf dby neyfqoe`$#

Oyx qfe` fwoxyfdhf df|fqygf`fxx sex dby yb af gfì od ygf

xòcgyfxy xgeif bl ibvay lbq soygbvy oy ygf |bqyohe` edi bygfq

`bsfq lbqnx ygf l`vwobd bl ygf xon{`f loaqf od ygf edone`

modcibn edi bygfq {vqf fxxfdhfx hbvì dby fwoxy$

! Ygf Evygbq sgfd gf eqqo|fi ey ygox {body e{{feqx yb

ge|f affd xfdxoa`f ygey gf sex ygfbqozodc afbdi fw{fqofdhf

od onoyeyobd bl ygf cqfey nexyfq bl cfdyo`f {go`bxb{g’




Eqoxyby`f= edi gf ygfqflbqf abì` {`feix od ygf se bl fwhvxf

ygf dfhfxxoy gf sex vdifq bl yqvxyodc yb e qeyobde` odivhyobd$

Ygf coxy bl gox eqcvnfdy ox xvllohofdy` xon{`f denf`’e`.

ygbvcg avy e lfs bl ygf {gfdbnfde bl ygox evqe fnfqcf odyb

ygf x{gfqf bl bvq xfdxfx fy oyx fwoxyfdhf ox dby yb af ibvayfi=

lbq soygbvy oy ygfqf hbvì af dbygodc yb fdyfq a odl`vw odyb ygf

qfe`` ifnbdxyqea`f lbqnx edi soygbvy xvhg odl`vw f|fd ygfxf

hbvì dby xvaxoxy$ Ygox xv{qfnf evqe gbsf|fq ygbvcg af.

bdi ygf qfehg bl fw{fqonfdye` {go`bxb{g hbvì af cqe{{`fi

a cfbnfyqohe` ede`xox bq eaxyqehyobd bl lbqnx edi ygox

he{eaoòy hbdxoifqfi od hbddfhyobd soyg ygf eqcvnfdy lbq ygf

dfhfxxoy bl xvhg e lbqn hbn{`fyfi ygf f|oifdhf od oyx le|bq

edi aqbvcgy oy soygod ygf abvdix bl deyvqf bq lodoyf ygodcx$

Sgfygfq sf eqf yb oifdyol ygox hbdhf{yobd soyg ygf èxy ede`xox

bl neyyfq bq hbdxoifq oy ex f|oifdhf bl xbnfygodc xv{fqobq yb

neyfqoe` èsx hed geqi` qfneod e uvfxyobd sgfd oy ox mdbsd

ygey ygf evygbq {vyx oy lbqseqi ex ygf {qb{fq fw{bdfdy bl ygf

* fdx xon{`fw# bl Sb`ll ygf #nbdei# bl @foadoyz edi ygf5 neyfqoe {qone # bl nbqf edhofdy {go`bxb{gfqx$

! Ygox hf`fxyoe` lbqn ygfd sex ygf èxy sgohg ygf evygbq

hbvì e{{qbehg f|fd a e {qbhfxx bl neygfneyohe` eaxyqehyobd

edi xffodc ygey oy sex jvxy soygod ygf abvdix bl deyvqf edi

ygfqflbqf xvajfhy yb ygf gocgfxy èsx bl l`vwobd bq yb ygf nbxy

xvay`f ybvhgfx bl yonf edi x{ehf 'a sgohg deyvqe` ygodcx eqf

ioxyodcvoxgfi lqbn x{oqoyve`/ oy sex e`nbxy hbn{v`xbq bd gon

foygfq yb eyyqoavyf ygox lbqn yb ygf xbv` bq yb he`` ygf xbv`

x{oqoyve` : a ygf lbqnfq oy sex neif e {eqy bl deyvqf a ygf

èyyfq e`yfqdeyo|f 'ehhbqiodc yb ygf {go`bxb{gohe` iflodoyobd bl

ygf sbqi # x{oqoyve` #/ oy sex if{qo|fi bl locvqf edi fwyfdxf=

yb e|boi bdf gbqd bl ygox io`fnne bvq evygbq ifxhqoafx

edcf`x edi gvned xbv`x dby ex hf`fxyoe` bq gocgfxy deyvqe`

lbqnx avy ex #

nbqf {fqlfhy lbqnx bl ygox modi #= edi fy ygey

gf nocgy fxhe{f ygf bygfq dby ex x{oqoyve` lbqnx avy lbqnx

eie{yfi yb qfhfo|f ygf x{oqoyve` ei qfhf{yobdfn fy odl`vwvn

lbqne x{oqoyveòx hqfeyhf fy ehhbnbieyf$ Oy ox sbqyg dbyohf ygey

ygf xhgbb`nfd sgb {qfhfifi Xsfifdabqc gei od ygfoq se

eqqo|fi ey e òmf qfxv`y$

! # Sgeyf|fq# ygf qfexbdfi # ehyveyfx neyyfq {vyx oy odyb

xge{f edi hevxfx oyx fwoxyfdhf bq if|f`b{nfdy ox xvaxyedhf




avy lbqn ibfx e`` ygox ygfqflbqf lbqn ox xvaxyedhf$# Ygox ox

e`nbxy ygf hbvdyfq{eqy bl Xsfifdabqc#x oife bl ygf qfèyobd

afysffd ygf {fq{fyve` |bqyohe` edi x{oqoyve` lbqnx avy vdlbq.

yvdeyf` oy sex dby bd` {vy lbqyg ex e nfqf x``bcoxn oyxf`l

avy oy sex {qfhfifi edi lb``bsfi a nfqf x``bcoxnx ygf

xvaxyqeyvn bl lehyx {fhvòeq yb Xsfifdabqc#x vdouvf nfygbi

afodc sgb`` sedyodc$ Od hbdxfuvfdhf bl ygox èhm bl on{`f.

yobd ygf {bbq qfexbdfqx sfqf xei` {bxfi a uvfxyobdx sgohg

ne e{{feq fex bl ifyfqnodeyobd yb ygbxf sgb {bxxfxx ygox

ibva`f ei|edyecf bl Xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{gohe` odxocgy edi

x{oqoyve` odyfqhbvqxf$ Sgey ox nfedy oy sex exmfi a ehyv.

eyodc neyyfq 2 A co|odc oy fwoxyfdhf edi locvqf 2 Edi sgey

lbqn hed bv ifnbdxyqeyf avy sgey ox ygf eijvdhy bl neyyfq

oyxf`l 2 Od ygox se sgey ygf Ygbnoxyx bq Xhbyoxyx ex nfd

avo`y v{ od ie.yonf ygf {v``fi ibsd òmf noxhgof|bvx cdbnfx

edi leoqofx od ygf docgy$

! Oy sex afhevxf gf xes ygf vyyfq lvyoòy bl ygfxf {qbhffi.

odcx ygey bvq evygbq qfxb`|fi yb hbnnfdhf e dfs fqe a

fònodeyodc gox nfye{gxohe` ibhyqodfx lqbn ygf ede`xox bl

neyfqoe` ygodcx = edi ygvx gf qfe`` ceodfi e {bxoyobd lqbn

sgohg oy sex on{bxxoa`f gf hbvì af iqo|fd$ Ge|odc odlfqqfi

ed # odhbn{qfgfdxoa`f # edi # odfw{qfxxoa`f # lbqn edi lbqhf

lqbn ygf odxvllohofdh bl gox {vqfxy xvaxyedhf yb ehhbvdy lbq

ygf {gfdbnfde bl òlf edi ge|odc ehuveodyfi gonxf`l soyg e``

ygf ehhoifdyx edi nbifx bl deyvqf gf sex e`xb cqeive`` {qf.

{eqodc yb x{fem # fw evioyox fy |oxox # 'lqbn ygodcx gfeqi edi

xffd/ edi hbvì df|fq af xvq{qoxfi odyb e xvqqfdifq bl gox

eqcvnfdy = gf sex od|odhoa`f bd ygf |fq cqbvdi sgohg ygf

nfye{gxohoedx gei affd hbn{f``fi yb eaedibd$

! Ex f|oifdhf gbsf|fq ygey elyfq e`` gox x{oqoyve` fw{fqo.

fdhf sex hbqqfhyo|f bl gox {bxoyobd sf uvbyf ygf lb``bsodc

odyfqfxyodc {exxecf lqbn ygf # X{oqoyve` Ioeq$#’Oy fwgoaoyx

nbxy h`feq` sgey qfèyobd ygf # hf`fxyoe` lbqn# bq evqe bl

ygf {go`bxb{g afeqx yb ygf gvned nodi = ygf xenf ygodc

afodc x{bmfd bl od ygox {exxecf ex ygf * {vqfxy fygfqfe`

x{gfqf #:

! h Ygfqf eqf lbvq deyvqe` x{gfqfx sgohg eqoxf lqbn ygf

xvd = ygf eynbx{gfqf sgohg hevxfx gfeqodc ox mdbsd$ E{vqfq eynbx{gfqf xf{eqeyf lqbn ygf efqoe` ox ygey sgohg {qb.

5<*



57< XSFIFDABQC2

X [GO@BXB[G_$

ivhfx xocgy bq hevxfx ygodcx yb af xffd a ygf qfl`fhyobdx bl

òcgy lqbn e`` bajfhyx : gbs leq ygox eynbx{gfqf {fdfyqeyfx odyb

ygf deyvqe` nodi edi sgfygfq oy {qfxfdyx neyfqoe` oifex ex

ygf eqf he``fi bq {gedyexofx edi onecodeyobdx heddby af

h`feq` xyeyfi avy oy e{{feqx {qbaea`f lqbn |eqobvx hbdxoifqe.

yobdx$ Ygox ygfd so`` af ygf loqxy eynbx{gfqf sgohg qfocdx

ov ygf deyvqe` nodi$ Edbygfq eynbx{gfqf sgohg ox e xyo``

{vqfq fygfq ox ygey sgohg {qbivhfx ygf necdfyoh lbqhfx sgohg

qfocd dby bd` eabvy ygf necdfy od {eqyohvèq avy e`xb eqbvdi

ygf sgb`f c`baf = avy yb sgey fwyfdy oy ox dby dfhfxxeq yb

ifxhqoaf = oy {qbivhfx ygfqf ygf xoyveyobd bl ygf fdyoqf yfqqe.

uvfbvx c`baf ehhbqiodc yb ygf {b`fx bl ygf sbqì edi e`xb

ned ygodcx sgohg eqf mdbsd qfx{fhyodc ygf f`f|eyobdx edi

odhòdeyobdx bl ygf necdfy$ Ygox x{gfqf od ygf deyvqe` nodi

e{{feqx yb {qbivhf qfexbdodcx od sgohg gbsf|fq e x{oqoyve`

{qodho{`f nvxy dffix af {qfxfdy ygey ygf ne ò|f ex òmf.

soxf od ygf xocgy edi od f|fq bygfq xfdxf od bqifq ygey ygf

ne {fqhfo|f$ Ygf {vqfxy fygfqfe` x{gfqf ox ygey vdo|fqxe`

x{gfqf od ygf vdo|fqxf sgohg fwoxyx eqbvdi ygf qeyobhodeyobdx

bl ygf xenf nodi$ Gfdhf oy ox ygey ygox nodi ox he``fi ygf

deyvqe` nodi edi oyx odyfqobq b{fqeyobdx sgfd {fq|fqxf eqf

he``fi qeyobhodeyobdx avy sgfd ehhbqiodc yb bqifq ygf eqf

xon{` he``fi qfexbd edi eqf e x{fhofx bl ygbvcgyx a |oqyvf

bl ygf x{oqoyve` odl`vw odyb ygfn$ Ygfxf x{gfqfx eqoxf lqbn

ygf xvd edi ne af he``fi xbèq edi eqf hbdxfuvfdy` deyv.qe`$ Soyg qfx{fhy yb ygf odyfqobq nodi gbsf|fq ygfqf ox

dbygodc od oy ygey ox deyvqe` avy sgey ox x{oqoyve` edi od ygf

odnbxy nodi ox sgey ox gfe|fd` bq hf`fxyoe`$ Ygfxf {qodho{`fx

eqf {qbivhfi a Cbi Nfxxoeg e`bdf edi eqf ò|odc edi eqf

yb af he``fi x{oqoyve` edi gfe|fd` x{gfqfx$#’X$ I$ 111$

! Ygox {exxecf iox{bxfx bl ygf dbyobd ygey bvq xbv`x eqf

o

lbqnhf hbf`fxyfx {fqlfhyobqfx# 'nbqf {fqlfhy hf`fxyoe` lbqnx/ od enbxy xeyoxlehybq neddfq = sgey ygf qfe`` eqf gbsf|fq oy

ibfx dby xgbs bq odyoneyf f|fd a ede`bc

! Hbqqfx{bdifdhf ox ygf `fw necde sgohg nfioeyfx afysffd

deyvqe` edi x{oqoyve` ygodcx = lbq bdf nfhgedohe` lbqn ox bd`

soygod edbygfq soygod hfqyeod ònoyx {exxodc afbhi sgohg sf

fdyfq ygf qfcobd bl oifex sgohg xvhg lbqnx gei bd` qf{qf.

xfdyfi od e hfqyeod onecf$ Ygf nbqf sf nv`yo{` ygf xoifx bq




edc`fx bl e {b`cbd lbq fwen{`f ygf dfeqfq sf e{{qbehg e

hoqh`f avy sf hed bd` eqqo|f ey ygf oife bl e {fqlfhy hoqh`f a

ygf ybye` ioxxb`vyobd bl ygf edc`fx hbdyeodfi od ygf {b`cbd

od òmf neddfq e`xb ygf hoqh`f nvxy af vyyfq` ioxxb`|fi od

bqifq ygey ygf x{oqe` ne xvhhffi edi xb bd yb ygf gocgfxy

deyvqe` lbqn = sgfd ey `fdcyg ygf nbxy bhhv`y èsx bl cfbn.

fyq soyg f|fq |fxyocf bl x{ehf edi yonf nvxy {exx ese od

bqifq ygey sf ne hbn{qfgfdi ygf fwoxyfdhf edi lbqn bl {vqf

x{oqoyve` xvaxyedhf$ Xsfifdabqc gex gonxf`l x{bmfd ioqfhy`

bd ygox xvajfhy od ygf # X{oqoyve` Ioeq # =

! #$ $ $ $ O sex elyfqseqix `fi a ygf @bqi xb ex yb

ge|f xbnf {fqhf{yobd bl lbqnx ygf oife bl sgohg fwhffix on.

nfexvqea` ygbxf iqesd lqbn cfbnfyq = lbq ygf `bsfxy

gvned lbqnx ygbxf bl ygf odyfxyodfx lbq odxyedhf fwhffi ygf

lbqnx bl e`` cfbnfyqoh dbyobdx yb xvhg e ifcqff ygey ygf hed.

dby af {fqhfo|fi a ygfn ey e`` = edi ol ygf odyfxyode` x{oqe`x

edi ygf lbqnx ifxhqoafi a ygfn edi xyo`` nbqf ygf lbqnx bl

ygfoq b{fqeyobdx eqf xvhg ygey ygf nbxy xvay`f bl ygfn heddby

af hbdhfo|fi ey e`` a ygf cfbnfyqohoedx edi ygfoq he`hv`vx bl

odlodoyfx afhevxf ygf yqedxhfdi odiflodoyf` ygfoq he`hv`vx bl

odlodoyfx gbs ygfd hed ygf lbqnx bl ygf nbqf xvayo`f bqcedx af

{fqhfo|fi a ygfn lqbn ygfoq cfbnfyqohe` lbqnvèx edi gbs

ygf |oye` lbqnx bq ygbxf ehhbnnbieyfi lbq ygf qfhf{yobd bl

òlf sgohg yqedxhfdi ygf bqcedoh lbqnx odiflodoyf` edi e`xb

ygf xocgy$ $ $ $ 2#’d$ 8971$

! #$ $ $ $ Ygf ònoyx bl cfbnfyq eqf xvhg ygey oy ibfx

dby f|fd qfehg yb ygf ifyfhyobd bl ygf b{fqeyobdx hbddfhyfi

soyg ygf f|ehveyobd bl ygf fwhqfnfdyx edi xyo`` `fxx yb ygf

lbqn bl ygf odyfxyodfx sgohg eqf leq eab|f ygf cfbnfyqohe`

he`hv`vx bl ygf odlodoyfx$#’d$ 8978$

! # @fxy ygfqflbqf O xgbvì af gfì od ygfxf `bsfxy edi

nbxy lodoyf ygodcx e dbyobd sex co|fd yb nf lqbn ygf @bqi bl

lbqnx sgohg yqedxhfdi cfbnfyqohe` lbqnx = lbq cfbnfyq fdix

od ygf hoqh`f edi ygf hvq|fx sgohg ge|f qflfqfdhf yb ygf hoqh`f=

e`` bl sgohg eqf yfqqfxyqoe` edi ib dby qfehg yb ygf `bsfxy

eynbx{gfqf dby f|fd yb seyfq$ A qfnb|odc lqbn ygfxf `bs.

fxy bq yfqqfxyqoe` lbqn on{fqlfhyobdx xvhg ex ygbxf sgohg hevxf

cqe|oy qfxy hbì fyh$ oy sex cqedyfi yb nf yb xff od e nbxy

cfdfqe` neddfq lbqnx sgohg eqf dby ygvx on{fifi=edi afhevxf




xbnf bl ygfxf on{fqlfhyobdx xyo`` qfneodfi lbqnx sfqf {fq.

hfo|fi sgohg sfqf `fxx ònoyfi edi eceod xvhg ex sfqf xyo``

lqffq vdyo` lode`` lbqnx sfqf {qfxfdyfi od sgohg dby f|fd e

hfdyqf hbvì af hbdhfo|fi bl od ed {body sgeyxbf|fq xb ygey

ygf hbdxoxyfi bl nfqf hfdyqfx=

elyfqseqix e`` hoqh`fx edi

{fqo{gfqofx f|fq {body bl sgohg ygvx leq gei qflfqfdhf yb

hfdyqfx edi |ohf |fqxe edi ybcfygfq soyg ygfn ygf sgb`f bl

ygf `bsfxy lbqn sex qfnb|fi od sgohg lbqn ygbxf abvdieqofx

eqf hbdyeodfi sgohg hbdxyoyvyf ygf ònoyx bl x{ehf edi yonf

edi O ey èxy afgfì nxf`l yqedxlfqqfi yb lbqnx sgohg eqf

e`nbxy soygbvy ed abvdieqofx evi ygvx soygbvy x{ehfx edi

yonfx$ Df|fqygf`fxx e`` ygfxf lbqnx eqf xyo`` lodoyf afhevxf

ed oife ne xyo`` af hbdhfo|fi bl ygfn a soygiqesodc lqbn

ygfn yb e hfqyeod fwyfdy xvhg ygodcx ex eqf nbqf lodoyfi=fy

ygf xyo`` qfneod lodoyf edi e`` ygfxf lbqnx eqf xyo`` soygod ygf

ònoyx bl deyvqf edi eqf soygbvy òlf$ Sgfqflbqf ex `bdc ex

ygf nodi mff{x oyxf`l bq ox mf{y soygod ygfxf lbqnx oy ox xyo``

soygbvy òlf avy ygf ygodcx sgohg eqf soygod bq eab|f ygfn

eqf eò|f lqbn ygf @bqi edi fy ygf eqf bqcedohe` afhevxf

òmf ygf lbqnx od deyvqf ygf ge|f db òlf od ygfnxf`|fx$ Lqbn

e`` ygfxf hbdxoifqeyobdx O dbs {fqhfo|f sgo`f O en sqoyodc

hbdhfqdodc lbqnx ygey db bdf ox f|fq fdea`fi a eaxyqehyobd yb

ge|f ed hbdhf{yobd bl ygf lbqnx sgohg eqf hbdyeodfi soygod

ygf deyvqe` lbqnx = O hbdlfxx ey èxy ygey soygod ygf nbxy xvay`f

lbqnx bl deyvqf ygfqf eqf x{oqoyve` lbqnx sgohg hed df|fq

afhbnf {fqhf{yoa`f$#’d$ 8979$

! Avy ol xvhg sex ygf èdcvecf bl Xsfifdabqc sgfd yemodc

e qfyqbx{fhyo|f cèdhf ey gox bsd nexyfq` fllbqyx oy so`` af

odyfqfxyodc yb hbn{eqf oy soyg gox {qbx{fhyo|f |ofsx ex e {go`bx.

b{gfq :

! # Ygf ibhyqodf bl xfqofx edi ifcqffx gbsf|fq bd` yfehgfx

ygf ioxyodhyobd edi qfèyobd afysffd ygodcx xv{fqobq edi odlf.

qobq bq {qobq edi {bxyfqobq = oy ox vdea`f yb fw{qfxx a ed

eifuveyf yfqnx bl oyx bsd ygbxf ygodcx ygey yqedxhfdi ygf

x{gfqf bl lenoòeq ygodcx$ Ol ygfqflbqf sqf sbvì exhfdi yb e

gocgfq e`yoyvif sf nvxy vxf yfqnx sgohg eqf xyo`` nbqf ea.

xyqehy vdo|fqxe` edi fnodfdy `fxy sf hbdlbvdi soyg ygf hbq.

{bqfe` xfdxfx ygodcx bl sgohg sf bvcgy dby bd` yb ge|f ioxyodhy

{fqhf{yobdx avy sgohg od qfeòy eqf ioxyodhy$ Gfdhf oy ox



xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$ 57?

dfhfxxeq yb ge|f qfhbvqxf yb Neygfneyohe` [go`bxb{g bl

Vdy|fqxe`x sgohg xge`` af fdea`fi dby bd` yb xocdol gocgfq

oifex a `fyyfqx {qbhffiodc od xon{`f bqifq avy e`xb yb qfivhf

ygfn yb e hfqyeod {go`bxb{gohe` he`hv`vx od oyx lbqn edi od

xbnf bl oyx qv`fx dby vdòmf ygf ede`xox bl ygf odlodoyfx=lbq

od gocgfq oifex nvhg nbqf od ygf gocgfxy ygodcx bhhvq ybb

odfllea`f yb af qf{qfxfdyfi a hbnnbd oifex$ Avy od yqvyg

sgey ed gfqhv`fed yexm nvxy oy af yb avoì v{ e xxyfn bl ygox

modi % Sgey e xyv{fdibvx fwfqhoxf bl odyf``fhyve` {bsfqx ibfx

oy qfuvoqf % Lbq oy ifnedix ygf |ocoèdhf bl ygf fdyoqf edone`

nodi edi ygf exxoxyedhf e`xb bl ygf xv{fqobq nodi bq xbv` yb

sgohg xhofdhf ox {qb{fq edi deyvqe` edi sgohg qf{qfxfdyx

dbygodc yb oyxf`l a ygf xocdx vxfi od x{ffhg yemfx dbygodc

lqbn ygf hbnnbd heye`bcvf bl sbqix avy a nfedx bl ygf

{qonoyo|f edi vdo|fqxe` ibhyqodf sf ge|f nfdyobdfi’hbddeyf

abyg soyg oyxf`l edi soyg ygf bajfhyx bl deyvqf’eaxyqehyx bvy bl

e`` ygodcx ygfoq deyvqf edi fxxfdhf =edi {qf{eqfx edi f|b`|fx

fehg od ygf nvyfxy xo`fdhf$ Yb ygox vdo|fqxe` xhofdhf ygfqflbqf

e`` bygfq xhofdhfx edi eqyx eqf xvajfhy = edi oy ei|edhfx ygqbvcg

ygfoq oddfqnbxy nxyfqofx ex oy {qbhffix lqbn oyx bsd {qodho.

{`fx yb hevxfx edi lqbn hevxfx yb fllfhyx a oyx bsd ygey ox

a ygf deyvqe` bqifq$ Ygox so`` af |fq nedolfxy ol sf hbd.

yfn{èyf ygf abi bl ygf xbv` ygf |oxhfqe bl ygf abi ygf

xfdxbq edi nbybq bqcedx edi ygf bygfq {eqyx sgohg eqf

lqenfi lbq if{fdifdhf v{bd edi hbddfhyobd edi geqnbd

soyg fehg bygfq = od lodf eqf loyyfi yb ygf nbifx bl vdo|fqxe`

deyvqf = edi ygox xb dohf` xmo`lv`` edi sbdifqlv`` ygey

ygfqf ox dbygodc èyfdy od ygf oddfqnbxy edi eaxyqvxfxy {qodho.

{`fx bl deyvqf xhofdhf bq eqy avy ygf xbv` gex ygf mdbs`ficf

edi {bsfq bl f|bmodc yb oyx eoi ehhbqiodc ex oyx {vq{bxfx qf.

uvoqf$# Fhbdbn bl ygf Edone` Modcibn [eqy OO$ v$ 155$

! @bhmf ex Xsfifdabqc elyfqseqix nfdyobdx godyfi ey ygf

dfhfxxoy ygfqf sex yb fòhoy ygox # xhofdhf bl xhofdhfx# edi bvq

evygbq gonxf`l gex nbqf iflodoyo|f` e``vifi yb oy od gox # Odyqb.

ivhyobd yb Qeyobde` [gxob`bc# sgfqf gf x{femx bl ygf exhfdy

lqbn ygf x{gfqf bl {eqyohvèq edi hbnnbd fw{qfxxobdx yb ygey

bl vdo|fqxe` edi cfdfqe` bdfx edi uvbyfx ygf hf`faqeyfi Sb`ll

ex ed evygbqoy lbq odh`viodc xvhg e neygfneyohe` {go`bxb{g

edobdx ygf ifxoifqeye bl `feqdodc$ Ygey ol gei afhbnf ygf



5?; xsfifdabqc#x {go`bxb{g$

bdf qvòdc oife od aox bsd nodi ox eceod f|oifdy lqbn ygf

f{o`bcvf yb ygf xfhbdi {eqy bl ygf # Edone` Modcibn# sgfqf

gf qf|fqyx yb oy ex ygf nfedx lbq {qbnbyodc e hbddfhyobd bq

hbdhfdyqeyobd bl e`` ygf xhofdhfx odyb bdf = xb ygey ygf xbv` nocgy

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bl ygf vdifqxyediodc soyg ygf `vdcx ne af mdbsd e`` ygodcx

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XSFIFDABQC#x [do@BXB[G_$ 5?8

bl xyeqyòdc aqo`òedh b|fq e soif lofì bl od|fxyoceyobd : avy

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hbn{eqf ygf so`` yb ygf gfeqy ol sf xv{{bxf ygf xenf èsx bl

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fy ol ygf yqvf oife bl x{oqoyve` fwoxyfdhf ox yb af eqqo|fi ey

a e hbvqxf bl neygfneyohe` eaxyqehyobd sf xff db se bl

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53



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5$ [fyfdhè Xbhofyeyox @oyfqeqoec$

1$ [qbjfhy lbq e dfs Xbhofy bl Xhofdhfx ey V{xeè$

8$ [èd edi ifxhqo{yobd bl e Lòdc Nehgodf$

9$ Bd ygf Hevxfx bl Ygodcx$

6$ #Bd ygf On{qb|fnfdy bl Yqeif edi Nedvlehyvqfx$

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3$ Bd ygf Deyvqf bl Loqf edi Hb`bqx$

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56$ Ifxhqo{yobd bl e Hqedf$

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57$

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535<$

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mb{{odc 5357$

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8<$ Bd ygf @n{geyohx 531;$

83$ Bd ygf fxyeaòxgnfdy bl e @byyfq 531;$

87$ Bd gox 'Xsfifdabqc#x/ Edeybn 531;$

8?$ Bd gox ifyfqnodeyobd soyg qfx{fhy yb Loqf edi Nfye`x yb

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19 '< `fyyfqx/$

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affd {qf{eqfi a Nq$ Hgeq`fx Fiseqi Xyqvyy edi ygf sgb`f




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heyobd$

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xhofdyoloh sbqmx O so`` nfdyobd gox xyqomodc lbqfxocgy bl bdf

ès bl deyvqf sgohg ox dbs bd` afcoddodc yb af ioxhfqdfi od

oyx on{bqyedhf a ygf xhofdyoloh sbqì$ O e``vif yb gox ibhyqodf

bl ygf x{oqe` lbqn edi bl oyx vdo|fqxeòy od ygf bqcedoh edif`fnfdye` modcibnx$ Ygox ibhyqodf ox èqcf` yqfeyfi bl od

ygf # Qfcdvn Edone`f =# od ygf hge{yfq bl sgohg Bd ygf

Xybnehg gf xex # E xonoèq lbqn bhhvqx od ygf odyfxyodfx bq

ygf v`yoneyfx bl ygf abi = od ygf aqeodx bq ygf afcoddodcx bl

ygf abi = edi ygqbvcgbvy od ygf odyfqnfioeyfx$ Ygox lbqn

nvxy af he``fi ygf {fq{fyve`.hoqhvèq bq {qb{fq` ygf x{oqe`

lbqn: oy ox ygf fxxfdyoe` lbqn bl nbyobd bq bl ygf l`vwobd bl

bqcedoh xvaxyedhfx od ygf edone` sbqì$# Gfqf ygfd ygf ibh.

yqodf ox fdvdhoeyfi ex e ès$ Dbs sgey xex bvq ecf bl lehyx

od hbdloqneyobd bq ioxe{{qb|e` 2 @fy vx gfeq Nq$ Cqeodcfq

ygf {qblfxxbq bl Edeybn edi [gxob`bc ey Xy$ Ygbnex#x

Gbx{oye` = edi bdf bl ygf nbxy ioxyodcvoxgfi yfehgfqx od

ygox nfyqb{bòx$ Od e èyf `fhyvqf # Bd Nohqbxhb{oh Qfxfeqhgfx

od Edeybn! gf xex :

! 9 A xf`fhyodc xbnf bl ygf nbqf xon{`f bq hf``vèq {èdyx

ygf abyedoxy ox fdea`fi soyg ygf exxoxyedhf bl ygf nohqbxhb{f

yb ifnbdxyqeyf ygey yfdifdh yb ygf x{oqe` iox{bxoyobd bl ygf

hbn{bdfdy {eqyx sgohg xb xyqbdc` {fq|eifx ygf |fcfyea`f

modcibn$ Ol lbq fwen{`f sf fwenodf ygf iollfqfdy x{fhofx

bl hbdlfq|ef oy so`` af xffd ygey ygf bqcedoh hbq{vxh`fx eqf

if{bxoyfi od x{oqe`x$ Ygf nfnaqedbvx yvaf sgohg {qfhfifx

'118/



119 xsfifdabmc#x ygfbqofx bl lbqn$

ygf |exhvèq yoxxvf bl ygf gocgfq {èdyx afhbnfx hgeqcfi soyg

oddvnfqea`f cqedv`fx sgohg elyfq e xgbqy yonf afcod yb

eigfqfyb

ygfoddfq xvqlehf bl ygf yvaf

exxvnodc e x{oqeìoqfhyobd bq lbqn edi ygvx è ygf lbvdieyobd lbq ygf |exhvèq

yoxxvf$ Od ygf hoqhvèyobd bl ygf hgeqe xbnfygodc bl ygf xenf

modi ox dbyohfea`f = ygf òyy`f c`bav`fx sgohg odioheyf ygf hvq.

qfdyx cbodc bd od fehg hf`` bl ygox {èdy lb``bs od ygf èqcfq

hf``x e iflodoyf x{oqe` ioqfhyobd xb ygey ygf c`bav`fx ifxhqoaf

hvq|fi hvqqfdyx$ Od ygfxf odxyedhfx sf ge|f ed b{{bqyvdoy

bl {fqhfo|odc od oyx xon{`fxy avy nbxy f|oifdy nedolfxyeyobd

ygey x{oqe` lbqn sgohg ox xb fnodfdy` iox{èfi od ygf sgb`f

|fcfyea`f modcibn$# Dbs lbq ygf edone` modcibn$

! # Ygf e``vxobd yb ygf x{oqe` eqqedcfnfdy od ygf |fcfyea`f

modcibn so`` yfdi yb xgbs ygf cqfey on{bqyedhf bl ygey iox.

{bxoyobd od bdf bl ygf cqedi io|oxobdx bl ygf Bqcedoh Hqfeyobd$

Ygfqf eqf ned lehyx lenoòeq yb abyedoxyx sgohg so`` ygqbs

òcgy bdxbnf

|ofsx {qfxfdy` yb af dbyohfi qfx{fhyodc ygf

{qfxvnfi fwoxyfdhf od ygf edone` modcibn bl e xonoèq {qod.

ho{`f bl eqqedcfnfdy$ Oy ox mdbsd lbq fwen{`f ygey a

heqflv`` yqehodc ygf x{oqe` yoxxvf bl ygf {èdy ygqbvcg ygf

xf|fqe` xyecfx bl oyx loqxy if|f`b{nfdy edi bl oyx xvaxfuvfdy

yqedxlbqneyobdx oy hed af ifnbdxyqeyfi ygey |eqobvx edi xbnf.

yonfx f|fd e{{eqfdy` nbxy edbne`bvx lbqnx xvhg ex eddvèq

|fxxf`x ibyyfi ivhyx

ediqfyohvèyfi hf``x eqf {qbivhfi xon.

{` a nbioloheyobdx bl ygf lvdienfdye` bq y{ohe` x{oqe`

loaqf$

! # Dbs ygf edone` modcibn {qfxfdyx ex oy sbvì xffn ed

fwehy` {eqe``f` yqedxlbqneyobd od ygf xyqvhyvqf bl ygf aqfeyg.

odc yvafx bq yqehgfef$ Od ygf hèxx odxfhye oy ox lenoòeq`

mdbsd ygey ygf yqehgfef odxyfei bl afodc hbn{bxfi ex od ned

ediygf bygfq |fqyfaqeyf edone`x bl odyfqqv{yfi edi on{fq.

lfhy` h`bxfi qodcx hbdxoxy bl e hbdyodvfi x{oqe` edi qbvdi

loènfdy$ Oy gex gbsf|fq affd dbyohfi a Avqnfoxyfq ygey

od xvhg èqcfq yvafx ygf x{oqe` afhbnfx odyfqqv{yfi edi lbqnx

ex od ygf e{{eqfdy` xonoèq hexf bl ygf eddvèq ivhyx bl

{èdyx {fqlfhy` h`bxfi qodcx$ Avy ygf fwuvoxoyf` afevyolv`

xyqvhyvqf xffd od ygf ao`bafi ybdcvfx bl ygf nvxhe |bnoybqoe

bq hbnnbd gbqxf.l` ellbqix e nbqf {e`{ea`f ifnbdxyqeyobd

bl ygox yqedxlbqneyobd bl e hbdyodve` x{oqe` : lbq bv so`` iox.



xsfifdabqc#x ygfbqofx bl lbqn$ 116

yodhy` {fqhfo|f ygey sgo`xy ygf èqcfq yvafx bl ygox qfneqmea`f

bqced eqf lbqnfi òmf ygf bqiodeq yqehgfef bl odxfhyx ygey ox

yb xe bl e hbdyodvbvx loènfdy ygf xne``fq yvafx {qbhffiodc

lqbn oy eqf hbn{bxfi bl on{fqlfhy qodcx bl e gbqxf.xgbf lbqn

edi {qfxfdyodc od ygfoq io|eqoheyfi fwyqfnoyofx e {fhvòeq {bq.

heyf e{{feqedhf$ !Sgfd yb ygfxf lehyx sf eii ygey od bdf bl

ygf gfqao|bqbvx hfyehfe denf` ygf ivcn bq lea`fi nfqneoi

ygf yqehgfe ox hbn{bxfi ex od odxfhyx bl ygf hbo`x bl e hbd.

yodvbvx heqyoècf ygfqf hed qfneod òyy`f ibvay ygey ygf odyfq.

qv{yfi edi on{fqlfhy qodcx bl ygf sodi{o{f bl ygf |fqyfaqeye

cfdfqe`` eqf od qfeòy if|f`b{fi bd ygf {qodho{`f bl e x{oqe`$

! # E hf`faqeyfi nohqbxhb{ohe` baxfq|fq N$ Nedi` hbdyfdix

ygey e x{oqe` eqqedcfnfdy ox e`xb baxfq|fi od ygf hvyedfbvx

e{{fdiecfx bl edone`x ex od ygf aeqafx edi aeqav`fx bl

lfeygfqx od ygf xhe`fx bl loxgfx edi od ygf cqbsyg bl geoq$

v# Ge|odc ygvx hvqxbqo` dbyohfi ygey ygfqf eqf f|oifdhfx bl

e x{oqe` eqqedcfnfdy od ygf edone` modcibn O ne xyeyf ygey

Iq$ Aeqq hbdhfo|fx ygey ygox iox{bxoyobd ox nbqf bq `fxx iox.

{èfi od ygf |eqobvx loaqbvx bqcedx bl ygf abi edi hbdxf.

uvfdy` od ygf nvxhvèq loaqf$

! #Ehhbqiodc yb Iq$ Aeqq sgbxf |ofsx bd ygox xvajfhy eqf

lenoòeq yb ned {qfxfdy ygf v`yoneyf nvxhvèq loaqf ox hbn.

{bxfi bl e ibva`f x{oqe` loènfdy sgohg lbq ygf xemf bl

o``vxyqeyobd nocgy af hbn{eqfi yb ygf ysb xyqedix bl e ysoxyfi

qb{f yb sgohg bajfhyx odiffi ygf loaqf sgfd xffd vdifq ygf

nohqbxhb{f blyfd afeqx e xyqomodc qfxfnaèdhf$ Od fwenododc

iollfqfdy x{fhonfdx xodc`f x{oqe`x eqf bhhexobde`` xffd {qf.

xfdyodc od xbnf odxyedhfx ed e{{feqedhf fwehy` òmf ygf

yvqdx bl e hbqmxhqfs=

avy ygf lv`` lbqnfi loaqo`è xffnx

ehhbqiodc yb ygf ehhbvdy edi iqesodcx {vaòxgfi yb af hbn.

{bxfi bl ysb x{oqe`x$ Ygf lbqneyobd bl ygf x{oqe` loaqf bl

nvxh`fx edi bygfq bqcedx ox loqxy if|f`b{fi ehhbqiodc yb Iq$

Aeqq od ygf qfi {eqyoh`fx bl ygf a`bbi bl sgohg {qbhfxx gf

gex co|fd e nodvyf ehhbvdy$ Ygf {èyfx od ygf [go`bxb{gohe`

Yqedxehyobdx qf{qfxfdy e hbo` bl ioxh.òmf abiofx |eqobvx`

iox{bxfi soygod ygf f`ò{yohe` hbq{vxh`fx bl qf{yo`fx edi ygf

hoqhvèq {eqyoh`fx bl ygf nenneòe$ Edi gfqf O ne nfd.

yobd ygey oy ox ed on{bqyedy {eqy bl Iq$ Aeqq#x cfdfqe`

ygfbq qfx{fhyodc ygf gocg on{bqyedhf bl ygf h|ybaèxyx bl



11< xsfifdabqc#x ygfbqofx b{ lbqn$

dvh`feyfi hf``x ygey ygf hbo`x jvxy nfdyobdfi eqf {qbivhfi

a ygf io|oxobd edi nv`yo{òheyobd bl ygf dvh`fvx bl ygf qfi

{eqyoh`f$

! # Xvhg eqf ygf ehhbvdyx bl ygf ysb bygfq nbxy qfhfdy ba.

xfq|fqx bl ygf nvxhvèq loaqf$ Oy sbvì bl hbvqxf af {qf.

xvn{yvbvx odiffi yb eyyfn{y yb ifhoif ygf uvfxyobd= O so``

ygfqflbqf nfqf` nfdyobd bdf bq ysb hoqhvnxyedhfx sgohg ne

dbs ygqbs xbnf òcgy bd ygox xvajfhy$ Ygey ygfqf ox e {fhvòeq

x{oqe` hbddfhyfi soyg ygf nvxhvèq yoxxvf ox dbs einoyyfi a

ygf afxy baxfq|fqx$ Iq$ Aeqq locvqfi od bdf bl gox {èyfx e

x{oqe` loaqf sbvdi eqbvdi e lexhohv`vx = od xbnf nbvygx {qf.

|obvx yb ygf eddbvdhfnfdy bl Iq$ Aeqq#x qfxfeqhgfx Iq$

@ffxbd gei ioxhb|fqfi edi ifnbdxyqeyfi yb xbnf cfdy`fned

hbddfhyfi soyg ygf gbx{oye` e x{oqe` bl ygf xenf hgeqehyfq

ygey ox yb xe sgohg ox sbvdi eqbvdi e {qonoyo|f lexhohv`vx$

Ygox xffnx ex leq ex O hed jvicf lqbn xf|fqe` fwenodeyobdx

yb hbqqfx{bdi od {bxoyobd yb ygf ifòheyf yqedx{eqfdy xgfeyg bl

ygf {qonoyo|f lexhohv`vx xb afevyolv`` ifnbdxyqeyfi a Nq$

Absned edi he``fi a gon ygf xeqhb`fnne$ E lfs f|fdodcx

xodhf O sex {qfxfdy sgfd Iq$ @ffxbd xgbsfi gox x{oqe` yb

Nq$ Absned edi Nq$ Avxm sgfd ygf lbqnfq cfdy`fned

soyg hgeqehyfqoxyoh hedibq einoyyfi oy sex e xyqvhyvqf gf gei

df|fq xffd aflbqf$ Avy bv so`` baxfq|f cfdy`fnfd ygey ygox

{eqy bl sgohg O en dbs x{femodc ibfx dby ybvhg ygf neod

uvfxyobd’ygf deyvqf denf` bl ygf v`yoneyf loaqf = lbq ygf

x{oqe` ifnbdxyqeyfi a Iq$ @ffxbd xvqqbvdix ygf {qonoyo|f

lexhohv`vx$ Ey ygf yonf nfdyobdfi gbsf|fq Iq$ @ffxbd gei

xeyoxlofi gonxf`l ygey ygf v`yoneyf loaqf oyxf`l hbdxoxyx bl e

x{oqe`$

! # Oy ox {qb{fq yb dbyohf ygey od ygf feq 5787 Nq$ Nedi`

nvxy ge|f xffd xbnfygodc bl ygf xenf modi = lbq gf xyeyfx

ygbvcg ygox {eqy bl gox ehhbvdy ox odhbqqfhy ygey ygf sf``.mdbsd

yqedx|fqxf xyqoef xffd bd ygf nvxhvèq lexhohvò eqf nfqf` ygf

hbo`x bl e aedi bl hf``vèq yoxxvf x{oqe`` iox{bxfi eqbvdi ygf

v`yoneyf loènfdyx"!




'a$/ Lqbn ygf Odyf``fhyve` Qf{bxoybq Jedveq 5797 @bdibd$

! Yb ygf Fioybq bl ygf Odyf``fhyve` Qf{bxoybq :

! Xoq’Od gox [qflehf yb ygf [qodho{oe Xsfifdabqc xex

5 Sf elloqn nbqfb|fq ygey od f|fq lodoyf ygfqf eqf ygqff

nbyobdx denf` e {qbcqfxxo|f nbyobd bl ygf {eqyx ed ewo`.

èq edi e `bhe` nbyobd {qb|oifi ygfqf af db baxyeh`f$# Edi

# Sf elloqn eceod ygey e`` ygfxf nbyobdx {qbhffi lqbn bdf

lbvdyeod gfei bq lqbn bdf edi ygf xenf xbvqhf denf` lqbn

e x{oqe` nbyobd bl ygf {eqyx# ,h$ 9 Ygox nbyobd ox

nbxy gocg` nfhgedohe` edi nbxy gocg` deyvqe`$# Eceod oy

ox xyeyfi’

# Deyvqf ox xonoèq yb gfqxf`l edi heddby af iollfqfdy

od ygf èqcfxy f`fnfdyeq |b`vnf lqbn sgey xgf ox od ygf

xne``fxy = od ygf nehqbhbxn lqbn sgey xgf ox od ygf nohqb.

hbxn$#

! Dbs lqbn ygfxf = [qodho{oe #oy lb``bsx ygey e`` ygf {èdf.

yeq abiofx odh`viodc bl hbvqxf ygf feqyg bd sgohg sf isf``

nvxy af hbdxoifqfi ex # lodoyfx # bd ygf cqfeyfxy xhe`f = edi ex

fehg bl ygfxf abiofx e{{feqx yb af od ygf hbdioyobd bl ge|odc

# db baxyeh`f # yb {qf|fdy ygf nedolfxyeyobd bl ygfoq odgfqfdy

nbyobdx sf bvcgy yb lodi ygfn fwgoaoyodc fehg bl ygf ygqff

nbyobdx eab|f denfi$ Ygey ygf ib e`` fwgoaoy ysb bl ygfxf

nbyobdx denf` ed ewo`èq edi e `bhe` bq bqaoye` nbyobd ox

dbs vdo|fqxe`` einoyyfi=

avy vdyo` e hbn{eqeyo|f` qfhfdy

{fqobi db bygfq qfcvèq edi iflodfi nbyobd xffnx yb ge|f

affd xvx{fhyfi$ Ygey ygf xbòi hqvxy bl ygf feqyg ox òea`f yb

f`f|eyobd edi if{qfxxobdx ox enbdc ygf exhfqyeodfi lehyx bl

cfb`bc avy O en dby eseqf ygey ed ès bq qv`f gex affd

xgbsd lbq ygfxf hgedcfx$ Oy sex ygfqflbqf soyg db xne``

odyfqfxy ygey O qfei od e {e{fq bd lh

Hqfeyobd# od ygf èxy dvn.

afq bl Ygf Sfxynodxyfq Qf|ofs e xyeyfnfdy sgohg cbfx yb

{qb|f lqbn ehyve` baxfq|eyobd ygey ygf # {eqyx # bl ygf feqyg

ge|f ygey « {qbcqfxxo|f nbyobd# sgohg ehhbqiodc yb ygf {go.

`bxb{g bl Xsfifdabqc ygf bvcgy yb {bxxfxx edi lqbn ygf

|fq hevxf sgohg gf exxocdx lbq oy = denf` e x{oqe` nbyobd

bl ygf ewox=edi ygey bvq qfeifqx ne {eqyoho{eyf od ygf

odyfqfxy sgohg eyyehgfx yb ygf xvajfhy O yqedxhqoaf lbq ygfoq

{fqvxe` ed fwyqehy :



xsfifdabqc#x ygfbqofx bl lbqn$ 11?

lbvdifi’loqxy xvanoyyfi yb ygf Exyqbdbnohe` Xbhofy a He{.

yeod Afqcg’sf nvxy qflfq ygf qfeifq yb ygf Yea`fx bl N$ if

è @edih ygf baxfq|eyobdx bl Iq$ Nexmf`df od 5377 edi

\odhf#x Exyqbdbn$ Ygf lehy bl ed hgedcfx od ygf ewox bl

ygf feqyg fwhf{yodc ygey bl e xfno.eddve` bxho`èybq nb|fnfdy

gex affd xybvy` ifdofi edi ygf uvfxyobd so`` einoy bl nvhg

ioxhvxxobd = avy ygf f|oifdhf od le|bq bl ygf Dfs Ygfbq gex

neif xvllohofdy on{qfxxobd bd bvq nodix yb odivhf vx yb he``

eyyfdyobd yb ygf xvajfhy edi exxvnodc oyx hbqqfhydfxx sf

sbvì aqofl` dbyf ygf hbdh`vxobdx yb sgohg oy `feix$#

! Ygfd lb``bs |eqobvx x{fhvèyobdx bd ygf {bsfq bl ygox

nbyobd yb bhhexobd ygf cfb`bcohe` {gfdbnfde ei|fqyfi yb

soygod aqehmfyx eab|f$ Edi oy ox e`xb xyeyfi od lbby dbyfx

ygey xheqhf` ed exyqbdbnfq bl fnodfdhf hed ecqff soyg gox

{qfifhfxxbqx ex yb ygf fwehy èyoyvifx bl ygf `bdc.fxyeaòxgfi

{vaòh baxfq|eybqofx = edi ygey e`` qfexbdx avy ygf qocgy bdf

ge|f affd eiivhfi yb ehhbvdy lbq ygfxf ioxhqf{edhofx : denf`

ygey ygf xoyfx ge|f qfe`` hgedcfi ygfoq {bxoyobd = edi oy ox lvq.

ygfq elloqnfi ygey edhofdy hgvqhgfx edi bygfq avoìodcx

fqfhyfi ivf fexy edi sfxy eqf dbs lbvdi yb if|oeyf lqbn ygey

{bxoyobd$

! Ygf `fdcyg bl yonf dfhfxxeq yb fè{xf aflbqf ygox {qb.

cqfxxo|f nbyobd hed af xgbsd a qf{feyfi baxfq|eyobd yb af

ygf qfxv`y bl ed bqifq ex lowfi edi ifyfqnodfi ex ygey sgohg

ox ygf aexox bl Mf{`fq#x @esx bq ygf Dfsybdoed Xxyfn

bl Cqe|oyeyobd qfdifqx oy {qbaea`f ygey ned feqx ne qb``

ese aflbqf ygf Xsfifdabqcoed g{bygfxox ox lv`` einoyyfi$

Df|fqygf`fxx sf ne ge|f xvllohofdy leoyg od ygf xyeaoòy bl

Fyfqde` {qodho{`fx yb edyoho{eyf oy ex e # lehy ehhbn{òxgfi#

edi ygey ygf coedy cfdovx bl Xsfifdabqc sgohg fdea`fi gon

yb cfdfqeòzf e hfdyvq od ei|edhf bl gox ecf so`` f|fdyve``

af abyg ehmdbs`ficfi edi e{{qfhoeyfi$!

1$ Ygf Ibhyqodf bl @fexyx$

Ygox ibhyqodf ox yevcgy a Xsfifdabqc od ygf lb``bsodc

{exxecfx :

! Oy ox bdf bl ygf qv`fx od ygf ibhyqodf bl ifcqffx ygey e

{eqyoh`f bl ed |b`vnf bq gbnbcfdfbvx nexx hbdxyoyvyfx oyx

1;



18; xsfifdabqc#x ygfbqofx bl lbqn$

`fexy |b`vnf bq oyx `fexy nexx bq ygey ygox {eqyoh`f ox e xne``

|b`vnf bq xne`` nexx od oyx xne``fxy yfqn bq abvdieq bq ox

e vdoy bl ygf |b`vnf bq gbnbcfdfbvx nexx od sgohg oy ox$

Ygox {eqyoh`f bq vdoy gbs blyfd xbf|fq oy ne af qf{feyfi od

sgeyf|fq dvnafqx oy ne af hbdcqfceyfi gbsf|fq oy ne af

odhqfexfi od nv`yoyvif = bq bd ygf bygfq gedi yb sgeyf|fq

lqehyobdx oy#x eccqfceyf ne af qfivhfi gbsf|fq oy ne af

ionodoxgfi od dvnafq bq ifhqfexfi od nv`yoyvif fy df|fq

nemfx ed yqedxoyobd odyb ed odlfqobq bq xv{fqobq ifcqff$ Yonx

seyfq bo` x{oqoyx sgfygfq sf exxvnf e {eqy bl oy e xne``

iqb{ e xyqfen`fy e èmf bq ed bhfed ibfx dby hfexf yb af

seyfq bq bo` bq x{oqoyx$ $ $ $ Hbnnbd xe`y doyqf e`vn

xybdf nfye` bl ed co|fd x{fhofx sgfygfq oy af e {bqyobd e

nexx e nbvdyeod ibfx dby hfexf yb af xe`y xybdf bq nfye`

af`bdcodc yb ygey x{fhofx$ $ $ $ Ygf xenf qv`f gbìx od

qfceqi yb e`` bygfq ygodcx ygf io|oxobd bl sgohg hbdyodvfx

soygbvy ed hgedcf bl deyvqf f|fd yb ygfoq hbn{bdfdy vdoyx

bq ygf hbdxyoyvfdy f`fnfdyx bl ygey ifcqff$! Fhbdbn$ bl E$

M$ [eqy O$ d$ 56<$

! Db xfqofx hed af hbn{`fyf bq fllfhyo|f soygbvy od|b`|odc

ey `fexy e yqodf = ygey ox e loqxy e noii`f edi e èxy$ Ygfxf

ygqff nvxy af xb bqifqfi ygey ygf loqxy yfqn iox{bxfx ygf

xfhbdi edi iox{bxfx ygf v`yoneyf abyg nfioeyf` edi onnfio.

eyf`$! Eceod ! Dbygodc hed af abvdifi hbn{`fyfi bq

{fqlfhy ygey ox dby e yqodf$ Xbnfyonfx f|fd e uveiqodf ox

dfhfxxeq bq e xyo`` nbqf nv`yo{`f xfqofx bq xfuvfdhf fwehy`

ehhbqiodc yb ygf qeyob afysffd ygf loqxy edi èxy yfqn ygey ox

yb ygfoq ioxyedhf lqbn fehg bygfq$ Nfedsgo`f sgeyf|fq af

ygf qfèyobd ygfqf nvxy af ey `fexy e yqodf yb {qbhvqf geq.

nbv$ Bygfqsoxf db yfqnodeyobd bq hbdh`vxobd ox {bxxoa`f$

Xb od f|fq xhofdhf edi eqy : ygf aodeq ox f|fq ygf

on{fqlfhy = gfdhf xbnf ygoqi ygodc ox e`sex od|b`|fi foygfq

yehoy` bq b{fd`$! Edone` Modcibn [eqy O$ d$ 11?$

! Od e xfqofx bl ygqff ifcqffx ygfqf eqf ygqff ioxyodhy vdoyx

bq ygqff ioxyodhy uvedyoyofx bl vdoyx = bq xgbvì ed bdf {qflfq

edbygfq nbif bl fw{qfxxodc oy od e xfqofx bl ygqff ifcqffx

ygfqf eqf ygqff xvaxyedhfx bq xon{`f lbqhfx yb af hbdxoifqfi ex

vdoyx = bdf bl sgohg ox nbqf xon{`f yged edbygfq fy ge|odc

e nvyve` qfèyobd yb fehg bygfq = ygvx ygf bygfq ygodcx hbn.




{bxfi bl ygfn eqf ex dvnafqx hbn{bxfi bl xvhg vdoyx

fehg bl sgohg ox gbnbcfdfbvx yb oyx bsd vdoy 'd$ 56</$

Ygvx od ygf edone` modcibn ygfqf eqf ygqff xvhhfxxo|f

l`voix yb af hbdxoifqfi ex uvedyoyofx |oz$ ygf qfi a`bbi ygf

odyfqnfioeyf a`bbi edi ygf x{oqoyvbvx l`voi fehg bl sgohg

gex qflfqfdhf yb oyx bsd vdoy ex ygf nbxy xon{`f {eqyoh`f

bl oyx bsd ifcqff 'd$ 556 56</$ $ $ $ Oy ox ygf xenf

e`xb od ygf |fcfyea`f edi nodfqe` modcibnx ygvx od f|fq

x{fhofx bl nfye` nodfqe` feqyg xybdf xe`y seyfq bo` edi

x{oqoy od f|fq ifcqff bl hbn{bxoyobd bl sgohg ygfqf eqf {eq.

yoh`fx sgohg eqf ygf vdoyx bl ygfoq uvedyoyofx

Hbdxfuvfdy` ex ygox ox ygf hexf soyg xvaxyedhfx xb oy ox ygf

hexf soyg ygfoq fxxfdhfx eyyqoavyfx ehhoifdyx edi uveòyofx

'd$ <5?.<13/$ $ $ $

!’Fhbdbn bl E$ M$ [eqy O$ d$ <1?$

! F|fq xfqofx bl ygodcx xonv`yedfbvx bq od bygfq sbqix

f|fq eccqfceyf bl ygodcx hb.bqiodeyf einoyx bl afodc io|oifi

yo`` bv eqqo|f ey oyx vdoy =afbdi sgohg bv heddby {qbhffi

lvqygfq edi fy `fe|f e vdoy bq e {eqy bl ygey ifcqff = lbq ol

ygox vdoy af qfxb`|fi ygfqf db `bdcfq qfneodx e vdoy bl oyx

bsd ifcqff avy bl e xv{fqobq ifcqff$ Lbq e vdoy oyxf`l ox e

xfqofx bl xf|fqe` bygfq vdoyx afhevxf oy ox oyxf`l od ygf xfqofx

bl ygf vdo|fqxf =dbq hed edygodc af hbdhfo|fi ex dby afodc

od e xfqofx fwhf{y ygf loqxy xvaxyedhf bl e`` 'd$ 67</$ Hbd.

xfuvfdy` e xv{fqobq vdoy edi ygf {qbwoneyf` odlfqobq vdoy

bl ygf xenf xfqofx eqf yb fehg bygfq od e yqo{òheyf qeyob

ygey ox ygf bdf afeqx ygf xenf qeyob yb ygf bygfq ex ygf qbby yb

oyx hvaf : ygf hexf ox ygf xenf soyg ygf qfxy$ Ygvx ygf eqf

dby gbnbcfdfbvx yb fehg bygfq = dfoygfq eqf ygf vdoyx bl iol.

lfqfdy xfqofx ]ygbvcg ygf af bl ygf xenf ifcqff^ vd`fxx ygf

eqf hbdyeodfi vdifq ygf xenf cfdvx$ Lbq yb ygf {qbivhyobd

bl e`` ygf |eqofy ygey fwoxyx od ygf vdo|fqxf oy ox qfuvoxoyf

ygey ygfqf af e ioxyodhy xfqofx |oz$ bdf soygod edbygfq bdf od

jvwye{bxoyobd soyg edbygfq edi bdf lbq ygf xemf bl edbygfq

fy e`` eqf sbdifqlv`` hbddfhyfi soyg fehg bygfq edi e`` ge|f

qflfqfdhf yb ygf loqxy xfqofx bl ygf vdo|fqxf$ Vdoyx ygvx hbd.

xoifqfi eqf foygfq bl e ifyfqnodeyf bq hfqyeod uvedyoy bq

uveòy ex od e`` yfqqfxyqoe` ygodcx = bq bl bdf ygey ox vdifyfq.

nodfi bq |eqodc ex od ygf evqex bl ygf sbqì enbdcxy ygf {eqyx

bl sgohg ygfqflbqf ygfqf ox e geqnbdobvx |eqofy 'd$ <;9.<;</



181 xsfifwabqc#x ygfbqofx bl lbqn$

{eqyx sgohg df|fqygf`fxx od qfx{fhy yb ygfoq bsd qeyobx eqf

ifyfqnodeyf$!’Oi$ d$ <8;$

!

Ygf`fexy bq {qobq

lbqnx eqfygf

nbif`x edi ygf oifex blygf èqcfq bq {bxyfqobq lbqnx

= fehg bl ygfn hbn{qfgfdix od

oy e`` ygbxf ygodcx ygey lb``bs od bqifq edi ygey heqq ygf fdi

yb ygf v`yoneyf fllfhy$! Edon$ Modci$ [eqy O$ d$ 99$

! [qobq xvaxyedhfx |ofsfi od ygfnxf`|fx edi od ygfoq bsd

deyvqf eqf nbqf {fqlfhy yged xvhg ex eqf {bxyfqobq |ofsfi od

ygfnxf`|fx edi ygfoq deyvqf 'd$ 53</$ Ygf eqf nbqf {fq.

lfhy lbq odxyedhf od qfceqi yb lbqn fxxfdhf eyyqoavyfx ehho.

ifdyx edi uveòyofx = hbdxfuvfdy` ygf eqf nbqf ioxyodhy

xonoèq vdedonbvx hbdxyedy edi l`voi = ygf eqf od ygf lv``fq

fdjbnfdy bl ygfoq fèxyoh lbqhf = ygf eqf e`xb nbqf afevyolv`

edi nbqf iox{bxfi yb ecqffnfdy = gfdhf e`xb oy lb``bsx ygey

ygf eqf `fxx ònoyfi nbqf lqff od cqfeyfq {byfdh nbqf xfd.

xoa`f nbqf qeyobde` nbqf ivqea`f 'd$ 5;;.5;1 556 187

16?/$! Fhbd$bl

Edon$ Modci$ [eqy O d$ <56$

! F|fqygodc ox xyo`` nbqf {fqlfhy od ygf xv{fqobq ifcqff xb

{fqlfhy odiffi ex yb af hbdxoifqfi ex oy sfqf ygf ede`bcvf ygf

fnodfdy edi vdexxocdea`f hbqqfx{bdifdy bl ygf xonoèq uveò.

yofx {bsfqx lehv`yofx edi nbifx bl ygf odlfqobq ifcqffx$!

Oi$ d$ 53<$

A ygox ibhyqodf ygf lb``bsodc {bodyx eqf fxyeaòxgfi :

5$ F|fq xvaxyedhf bl ygf edone` |fcfyea`f edi nodfqe`

modcibn ne af io|oifi odyb oyx `fexy {eqyx soygbvy `bxodc ed

bl oyx uveòyofx edi eyyqoavyfx$

1$ Od f|fq xvaxyedhf bl ygf edone` |fcfyea`f edi nod.

fqe` modcibn ygfqf ox e xfqofx bl ygqff ifcqffx$ Sgfd ygf

io|oxobd gex affd heqqofi ibsd yb ygf hbn{bdfdy vdoyx bl ygf

`bsfxy ifcqff a e xyo`` lvqygfq ionodvyobd ygf {eqyx bl ygf

xfhbdi ifcqff eqf èoi b{fd edi xb bd vdyo` ygf hbn{bdfdy

vdoyx bl ygox ifcqff eqf qfehgfi sgfd a e hbdyodvfi qfivh.

yobd ygf {eqyoh`fx bl ygf odnbxy ifcqff eqf lode`` xfy lqff$

8$ Ygf cqfeyfq ygf qfivhyobd bl e xvaxyedhf odyb oyx hbd.

xyoyvfdy {eqyoh`fx ygf nbqf ioxyodhy eqf oyx fllfhyx edi ygf

cqfeyfq oyx {bsfq$

Ygf loqxy bl ygfxf {bodyx gex affd {qb|fi od e qfneqmea`f

neddfq a ygf ioxhb|fqofx neif a ygf Nfxxqx$ Moqhggbll edi

Avdxfd soyg ygf ! x{fhyqbxhb{f$! A ygox odxyqvnfdy oy gex



OO

XSFIFDABQC#X [G_XOB@BCOHE@ YGFBQOFXEDI EDEYBNOHE@ IOXHB\FQOFX$

5$ Odyqbivhybq Qfneqmx$

Ygf dvnafq bl qeyobde` ioxhb|fqofx neif a Xsfifdabqc od

[gxob`bc ox od fwhfxx bl ygbxf eqqo|fi ey a gon od ed

bygfq xhofdhf = avy ygf iollohv`y bl hbdloqnodc ygfn a ygf

qfxv`yx bl nbifqd xhofdhf ox cqfey` fdgedhfi a ygf lehy ygey

ygf [gxob`bc bl ygf {qfxfdy ie gex db ygfbqofx sbqyg bl

ygf denf$ [gxob`bcoxyx e{{feq yb qfceqi ygf gvned abi ex

òyy`f nbqf yged e hbn{bvdi bl ifyehgfi {eqyx edi dby ex ed

bqcedozfi sgb`f$ Ygf bd` qfe` fllbqy ybseqix e qeyobde` hbd.

xbòieyobd bl ygfxf {eqyx ox lbvdi od [qbl$ Gqy`#x hf`faqeyfi

sbqm bd Edeybn* sgfqf gf f`vhoieyfx ygf iollfqfdy qfcobdx

bl ygf gvned abi$ Ygfxf qfcobdx Xsfifdabqc gex eqqedcfi

odyb bdf cqedi qeyobde` bqcedoh sgb`f$! Ygfqf eqf hfqyeod bqcedx od ygf abi sgohg ge|f e`sex

affd `bbmfi v{bd ex ygf b{{qbaqoe bl {gxob`bcoxyx sgb odiffi

e{{feq yb leo` sgfqf|fq deyvqf ibfx dby x{fem a ed v`yoneyf

lehy = ygey ox yb xe sgfqf|fq ygfqf ox e h`feq lofì lbq ygf

vdifqxyediodc ex e{eqy lqbn edi eab|f ygf xfdxfx$ Ygf

eaxfdhf bl ed fwhqfybq ivhy ox xvllohofdy yb hbdxocd ed bqced

od {fq{fyvoy yb ygf ònab bl ibvay$ Xvqnoxf odiffi qfx{fhyodc

oyx lvdhyobdx ox xyo`` e``bsfi avy {qbbl ox hbdxoifqfi on{bxxoa`f$

Sf nocgy ex sf`` {qfyfdi yb mdbs ygf deyvqf bl ygf sbqì bl

x{oqoyx ex yb mdbs ygf lvdhyobd bl ygf x{`ffd$ Sf xgbvì af

ex qedm |oxobdeqofx od ygf bdf hexf ex od ygf bygfq xodhf sf

xgbvì af {èhodc ed on{òhoy if{fdifdhf v{bd qfexbd od e

neyyfq sgfqf ygf abio` xfdxfx co|f db ioqfhy odlbqneyobd$

* Gediavhg ifq Yb{bcqe{goxhgfd Edeybnof |bd Jbxf{g Gqy`$

'189/



xsfifdabqc#x {gxob`bcohe` ygfbqofx fyh$ 186

Xsfifdabqc ioi {qfyfdi yb mdbs abyg= edi o`` gf leqfi od hbd.

xfuvfdhf soyg ygf xhofdyoloh sbqì edi soyg ygf loqxy qf|ofsfq

bl gox #Edone` Modcibn# od ygf #Ehye Fqvioybqvn @o{xo.

fdxoe$# Ygf xeoi gf sex e #ge{{ lf``bs# edi èvcgfi

bvyqocgy$ Soygbvy xyb{{odc yb ib nbqf yged ioqfhy ygf qfeifq#x

{eqyohvèq eyyfdyobd yb gox ibhyqodf bl ygf x{`ffd ygf xv{qe.

qfde` he{xv`fx edi ygf ygnvx cèdi ex afodc xeyoxlehybq

edi oqqflqecea`f oy ne af sbdifqfi sg ygf {gxob`bcoxyx

xgbvì xodc`f bvy ygbxf bqcedx ex fx{fhoe` xvajfhyx sgfqfbd yb

nemf hbdlfxxobd bl ocdbqedhf$ Ygfqf ox nbifxy od ygfoq

hbdlfxxobd avy oy bvcgy od jvxyohf yb ge|f fnaqehfi nbqf$

Ygfxf bqcedx eqf h`bxf` hbddfhyfi yb bygfqx edi ocdbqedhf

qfx{fhyodc ygfn od|b`|fx ocdbqedhf qfx{fhyodc ygf bygfqx e`xb$

Hbddfhyobd bl xyqvhyvqfx od ygf abi ox e`xb hbddfhyobd bl lvdh.

yobdx lbqhfx nbifx edi ehhoifdyx$ Ol ygf lvdhyobd bl ygf

x{`ffd af vdmdbsd xb {qfhoxf` yb ygf xenf fwyfdy eqf ygf

lvdhyobdx bl ygf {edhqfex ygf xybnehg ygf bnfdyvn edi ygf

ò|fq = ol ygf lvdhyobdx bl ygf xvhhfdyvqoeyf moidfx af vd.

mdbsd xb eqf ygf lvdhyobdx bl ygf ioe{gqecn ygf moidfx

ygf {fqoybdfvn edi odiffi bl ygf sgb`f abi=

lbq ygf abi

ox e hbdyodvbvx yoxxvf sb|fd soygbvy e aqfem od deyvqf#x

`bbn$ Yb af ocdbqedy bl e {eqy ox yb af ocdbqedy bl xbnf.

ygodc ygey {fq|eifx ygf sgb`f$ Ygf ioxfexf ygey ellfhyx ygf

x{`ffd ellfhyx ygf sgb`f lbq ygf x{`ffd ox od e`` ygodcx edi e``

ygodcx eqf od ygf x{`ffd$ Yb qfhvq yb ygf ò|fq =sgey ox ygf

enbvdy bl mdbs`ficf qfx{fhyodc oyx lvdhyobdx 2 [qfhoxf` ygox

ygey ygf gf{eyoh ivhy {qbhffix lqbn oy edi heqqofx ao`f

odyb ygf ivbifdvn$ Ygf ao`f edi ygf ivhy eqf ygf xvn

edi xvaxyedhf bl ygf nbifqd {gxob`bc bl ygf ò|fq=

oy ox

{qbqxvx od bhhv`yb sg foygfq ao`f bq ivhy xgbvì fwoxy$ Ygf

yqvyg ygfd ox ygey ygfqf ox ex nvhg mdbsd eabvy ygf ò|fq ex

eabvy ygf x{`ffd edi db nbqf = od ygf bdf hexf oy ox mdbsd

ygey ygfqf ox ed fwhqfybq ivhy od ygf bygfq ygey ygfqf ox dbdf$

Eèx % ygf xhofdyoloh nodi ox xyff{fi od ygf xfdxfx edi ox ygf

iqvicf bl ygfoq ònoyfi x{gfqf$!’! Odyqbivhyobd yb ygf Edone`

Modcibn$!

Sf$ xge`` dbs xvajbod e lfs fwyqehyx xgbsodc ygey ygf òyy`f

{qbcqfxx neif od qeyobde` {gxob`bc xodhf Xsfifdabqc#x yonf

gex e`` affd edyoho{eyfi a gon$



18< xsfifdabqc#x {gxob`bcohe` ygfbqofx

1$ Ygf \oyeòy bl ygf A`bbi$

Lqbn ygf Ieo` Yqoavdf Dfs _bqm 5793$! Od ygf dvnafq bl Xo`òned#x Jbvqde` lbq Jedveq 5793

{{$ 5;7.? vdifq ygf gfei bl #Qfxfeqhgfx bd ygf A`bbi# sf

ge|f ed ehhbvdy bl xbnf odyfqfxyodc fw{fqonfdyx {fqlbqnfi a

ygf ioxyodcvoxgfi Lqfdhg {go`bxb{gfq N$ Ivnex a sgohg

ygf |oyeòy bl ygf a`bbi c`bav`fx ox ifnbdxyqeyfi$ Elyfq xbnf

ehhbvdy bl gox fw{fqonfdyx edi ygfoq qfxv`yx ygf Qf{bqy xex

9

Od eyyfn{yodc yb b|fqhbnf ygox iollohv`y N$ Ivnex iox.

hb|fqfi ygf qfneqmea`f {qb{fqy bl ygf a`bbi c`bav`fx ygey

ex `bdc ex ygf sfqf od hbdyehy soyg ygf eoq bq efqeyfi seyfq

’od xgbqy ex `bdc ex ygf sfqf od ygf eqyfqoe` hbdioyobd’ygf

xeòdf xb`vyobd hbdyeododc ygfn {exxfi hb`bq`fxx ygqbvcg ygf

lo`yfq edi `fly ygfn v{bd oy = bd ygf hbdyqeq ex xbbd ex

ygf c`bav`fx ge|f exxvnfi ygf |ob`fy yody bl |fdbvx a`bbi ygf

òuvoi {exxfx hb`bqfi$# Ybseqi ygf h`bxf bl ygf qf{bqy ygf

lb``bsodc hbdh`vxobd ox iqesd lqbn ygf fw{fqonfdyx bl Ivnex

edi hbdxoifqfi lv`` ifnbdxyqeyfi a ygfn :’

# Ygvx ygf c`bav`fx

bl ygf a`bbi xffn yb {bxxfxx |oyeòy ex ygf hed qfxoxy ygf xb`|fdy

ehyobd bl xv`{geyf bl xbie ex `bdc ex ygfoq òlf hbdyodvfx avy

ofì yb ygox ehyobd qfeio` sgfd ygf ge|f le``fd odyb ex{gwoe

lqbn {qo|eyobd bl eoq$#

! Dbs oy ox yb af baxfq|fi ygey ygf ibhyqodf qfx{fhyodc ygf

|oyeòy bl ygf a`bbi sgohg Ivnex gex dbs ifnbdxyqeyfi

fw{fqonfdye`` gex dby affd ygf cfdfqe`` qfhfo|fi bdf enbdc

nfd bl xhofdhf ygbvcg xbnf ge|f qfceqifi oy ex e gocg`

{qbaea`f ygfbq$ Avy od bdf bl Xsfifdabqc#x [go`bxb{gohe`

Yqehyx sgohg gex qfhfdy` affd {vaòxgfi edi ygf yqedxèyobd

bl sgohg gex jvxy qfehgfi ygox hbvdyq sf lodi e xgbqy yqfeyoxf

bd#

Ygf Qfi A`bbi# od sgohg ygf evygbq ioxyodhy` exxfqyx

ygey ygf a`bbi ox e ò|odc xvaxyedhf$ Ygf lb``bsodc ox ygf

gfeiodc bl bdf hge{yfq bd ygox xvajfhy :

! # Ygf c`bav`f bl ygf qfi a`bbi hbdyeodx soygod oy ygf {vqfq

a`bbi edi ygf edone` x{oqoy edi ygf èyyfq ygf {vqfxy fxxfdhf

bl ygf abi ygey ox yb xe ygf Xbv` = sgfqfa ygf a`bbi ox e

x{oqoyvbvx edi edoneyfi gvnbq$?’Edi ygf gfeiodc bl edbygfq

hge{yfq ox

’#

Ygfqf ox e hbnnbd edi baxhvqf òlf od ygf qfi

a`bbi% #



EDI EDEYBNOHE@ IOXHB\FQOFX$ 183

Bvq nbxy fnodfdy xvqcfbdx eqf afcoddodc e`xb yb einoy ygox

yqvyg$ Nq$ @oxybd [qblfxxbq ey ygf @bdibd Vdo|fqxoy od

ygf èxy fioyobd bl gox sbqm bd Xvqcfq sqoyfx ygvx :! Xbnf

ge|f ifdofi ygf fwoxyfdhf bl |oyeòy od ygf a`bbi = edi yb xbnf

nodix oy ne {fqge{x af iollohv`y yb hbdhfo|f gbs e l`voi

hbvì af {bxxfxxfi bl ygox {qodho{`f$ Avy db bdf hed foygfq

ibvay bq ifd ygey ygf a`bbi od oyx ioxyqoavyobd od oyx neddfq

bl qfhfo|odc odhqfexf od ygf xfhqfyobdx lvqdoxgfi a oy edi od

oyx |eqobvx nbqaoi hgedcfx ox cb|fqdfi a èsx edi {qodho{`fx

sgohg heddby af fw{èodfi a ygbxf bl hgfnoxyq edi nf.

hgedohx avy nvxy af`bdc yb xbnf bygfq {bsfq$ Db bdf hed

{èvxoa` bajfhy yb ygf èsx a sgohg ygf a`bbi ox cb|fqdfi

afodc qflfqqfi yb ygf {bsfq bl òlf edi yb ygfoq afodc he``fi

|oye` {qodho{`fx!’'F`fnfdyx bl Xvqcfq fioy$ 579;$/

Aohgey xex ygey ! ygf hgfnoxy sgb ede`zfx ygf l`voix gex

ey afxy avy ygfoq he{vy nbqyvvn ex oy sfqf ex ygf edeybnoxy

{bxxfxxfx bd` ygf xmf`fybd bl ygf xbòix gf ioxxfhyx$! Edi

eceod ! O ibvay nvhg ol l`voix {vqf` odfqy hbvì hoqhvèyf od

ò|odc |fxxf`x$ @olf ox odiox{fdxea`f abyg yb ygf |fxxf` edi oyx

hbdyfdyx$!’'Cfdfqe` Edeybn$/

E`yfqeyobdx od ygf |oye` {qb{fqyofx bl ygf a`bbi eqf dbs hbd.

xoifqfi a ned ex ygf {qodho{e` hevxf bl ioxfexf$

Iq$ Eòxbd [qblfxxbq bl Nfiohodf od ygf Vdo|fqxoy bl

Fiodavqcg xex od e! Ioxxfqyeyobd bd ygf Xyeyf bl Nfiohe`

Xhofdhf lqbn ygf Yfqnodeyobd bl ygf Focgyffdyg Hfdyvq yb ygf

{qfxfdy yonf! !ygf nbxy on{bqyedy odlfqfdhf ygey gex affd

iqesd lqbn qfhfdy èabqx ox hfqyeod` ygox ygey ygf on{bqyedy

{gfdbnfde bl ioxfexf nbxy` if{fdi bd e`yfqeyobdx od ygf

xyqohy` |oye` {qb{fqyofx bl ygf l`voix fx{fhoe`` ygf a`bbi$!

'Hh`b{ bl [qehyohe` Nfiohodf \b`$ O$/

Xsfifdabqc xex bd ygox xvajfhy !Lbq ygox qfexbd oy ox

ygey ygf vdo|fqxe` abi ox xohm sgfd ygf a`bbi ox xohm edi

|ohf |fqxe = edi ygey od ygf cqfeyfq dvnafq bl ioxfexfx oy ox

xvllohofdy yb lodi e nfiohodf lbq ygf a`bbi e`bdf yb qfxybqf ygf

abi yb gfe`yg$!’'Yqehy bd ! Ygf Qfi A`bbi! hge{ ooo$/

8$ Ygf Nbyobd bl ygf Aqeod$

Od e sbqm fdyoy`fi ! Odxyoyvyobdx [gxob`bcoh! 5373 'x$ 1;5/

A`vnfdaehg yqfeyodc bl ygf aqeod xex : ! Ygey elyfq aoqyg oy



187 xsfifdabqc#x {gxob`bcohe` ygfbqofx

vdifqcbfx e hbdxyedy edi cfdy`f nbyobd hbqqfx{bdifdy soyg

qfx{oqeyobd= xb ygey sgfd ygf `vdcx xgqodm od fw{oqeyobd ygf

aqeod qoxfx e òyy`f avy sgfd ygf hgfxy fw{edix oy eceod

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EDI EDEYBNOHE@ IOXHB\FQOFX$ 18?

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EDI EDEYBNOHE@ IOXHB\FQOFX$ 198

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uveiqoèyfqe` {bxoyobd ygf hbdyehy bl ygf eybnx ox bd` od bdf

{body$ Ygox {bxoyobd e`xb gex ygf lvqygfq ei|edyecf bl xv{.

{bxodc e {qfxxvqf fuve` od e`` ioqfhyobdx ehhbqiodc yb ygf

sf``.mdbsd giqevòh ès sgohg Xsfifdabqc o``vxyqeyfx ediod lehy oifdyolofx soyg ygf `bhe` nbyobd bl ygf {eqyoh`fx$ Oy

xv{{bxfx òmfsoxf e ygbqbvcgleqf einoyyodc od e`` ioqfhyobdx

bl ygf lqff odcqfxx edi fcqfxx bl ygfoq odyfql`vfdy f`fnfdy edi

ygvx bl ygf odhqfexf bq ionodvyobd bl oyx qfèyo|f uvedyoy

sgohg eceod xv{{bxfx e |eqoeyobd bl ioxyedhf afysffd ygf {eq.

yoh`fx ehhbqiodc yb hoqhvnxyedhfx$ Ygfxf hbdioyobdx afod¨

co|fd `fy oy af cqedyfi ygey ygf hqvxye`x bl ygf seyfq {eqyoh`fx

eqf gfì od ygfoq hbdlocvqeyobd a ygf odyfql`vfdy fygfq edi sf

ge|f ygf `feiodc {qodho{`fx sgohg hbddfhy ygf evygbq#x ygfbq

bl seyfq soyg gox nfhgedohe` ygfbq bl hgfnoxyq$ Sf bayeod

ey ygf xenf yonf e`xb e |ofs bl ygf feqyg#x xvqlehf lqbn ygf

|edoxgodc {body bl cfb`bc sgfqf oy {exxfx odyb edbygfq

xhofdhf 'hbxnbcbd/ a ygf èxy qfxb`vyobd bl oyx xyqeye edi

qbhmx= bq hbd|fqxf` sgfqf ygey bygfq xhofdhf {exxfx odyb

cfb`bc a ygf cfdfqeyobd bl ygf {qoneq xbòix edi xheyyfqx

b|fq ygf soif {èod bl hgfnoxyq oyx nbqf aqo`òedy xhodyo`è.

yobdx$

! Ygf loqxy xbòi ygfd sex {qbivhfi od ygf if{ygx bl ygf

{qonf|e` bhfed a ysb hevxfx’ygf sedy bl e hfqyeod if{yg bl

ygf odyfql`vfdy fygfq edi ygf xv{fqodhvnafdy {qfxxvqf bl ygf

seyfqx = ygf fllfhy bl sgohg sex ygf ioxodyfcqeyobd bl ygf {eq.

yoh`fx edi ygfoq cqe|oyeyobd odyb ygf odyfqxyoyoe` x{ehfx xvaje.



XE\FIFDABQC#X HdFNOHE@ YGFBQOFX$ 193

hfdy yb ygfn$ Od ygfxf x{ehfx ygf {eqyoh`fx sfqf nbvìfi

odyb edcvèq bq yfqqfxyqoe` lbqnx hbdxoxyodc loqxy bl e xybne

sgohg ne af ifxhqoafi ex e hvaf soyg e`` oyx xoifx hv{{fi

bvy = edi xfhbdi` bl eqnx edi aqedhgfx òmf gb``bsfi yqoed.

c`fx eyyehgfi yb fehg bl oyx hbqdfqx$ Od e sbqi ygox {qonoyo|f

xbòi afodc nbvìfi afysffd ygf c`bav`fx edi fwehy` lo`òdc

ygfoq x{ehfx ox od ygf {fqlfhy onecf bl oyx neyqow$

! Ygf xbòi ygvx lbqnfi ox a ygf g{bygfxox e {fqlfhy xe`y

edi lqbn ygox ex ygf loqxy feqyg eybn’lqbn ygf nvyeyobdx yb

sgohg oy ox xvajfhy edi oyx hbdyodve`` hgedcodc qfèyobd yb

ygf {eqyoh`fx bl seyfq’eqf ifqo|fi bygfq xeòdf edi ehoi xva.

xyedhfx nfye`x edi hbdlocvqeyobdx oddvnfqea`f$ Bd ygf

{qfxfdy bhhexobd sf b|fq`bbm ygf sgb`f bl ygf ifivhoa`f

xfqofx edi hbdlodf bvqxf`|fx yb ygf lbvdieyobd bl ygf ygfbq

{qfnoxodc ygey ygf lehyx yb sgohg sf ne e``vif ge|odc ed

qflfqfdhf yb ygf {qfxfdy xyeyf bl hgfnoxyq eqf ifqo|fi lqbn

ygf èxy fioyobd bl Yvqdfq#x xyedieqi sbqm* edi hbdxfuvfdy`

qf{qfxfdy ygf qfxv`yx bl ygf nbxy qfhfdy od|fxyoceyobdx$

! Ygqff on{bqyedy cfdfqoh ifxocdeyobdx denf` xe`yx ehoix

edi e`meòfx ge|f vdifqcbdf e hbdxoifqea`f fwyfdxobd bl ygfoq

nfedodc hbdxfuvfdy bd ygf {qbcqfxx bl nbifqd ioxhb|fq$

Vdyo` e |fq qfhfdy {fqobi ed ehoi sex iflodfi ex # ed bwoiozfi

abi sgohg gex e xbvq yexyf qfiifdx òynvx {e{fq edi dfvyqe.

òzfx e`meòfx =# avy oy sex ey `fdcyg ioxhb|fqfi loqxy ygey

bwcfd ox dby fxxfdyoe` yb ehoioy = dfwy ygey ygf yfxy bl òynvx

ox dby e`sex |eòi = edi èxy` ygey ygfqf sfqf ehoix sgohg

hbvì dby ybye`` b|fqhbnf ygf qfehyobd bl {byexxe$l9 Lehyx bl

ygox modi ge|f odivhfi hgfnoxyx yb hbdxoifq ex ehoix e`` ygbxf

hbn{bvdix sgohg vdoyf o|oyg {byexxe bq ennbdoe edi co|f qoxf

yb abiofx xonoèq od ygfoq hbdxyoyvyobd edi cfdfqe` hgeqehyfq yb ygf

xe`yx sgohg ygf xv`{gvqoh bq xbnf einoyyfi ehoilbqnx

soyg ygbxf

e`meòfx$# Xonoèq ox ygf fwyfdxobd co|fd yb ygf nfedodc bl ygf

yfqn e`meò oy afodc dbs ecqffi yb {èhf enbdc ygf e`meòdf

* F`fnfdyx bl Hgfnoxyq fyh$ A ygf èyf Fiseqi Yvqdfq N$ I$

Fioyfi a Aeqbd @ofaoc edi Iq$ Cqfcbq 5793$

y! Sf eqf qoxmodc ygf e{{feqedhf bl e ioxhqf{edh 'sgohg gbsf|fq

ibfx dby qfe`` fwoxy/ afysffd ygox {eqecqe{g edi ygf dfwy avy bdf a

{exxodc òcgy` b|fq ygfxf lehyx avy sf uvbyf ygfn lbq ygf qfxv`yx yb

sgohg ygf ge|f `fi$!



xsfifdabqc#x hgfnohe` ygfbqofx$ 19?

{`fxy hbdxfuvfdhfx lqbn ygox ygfbq ygey ygf qfvdobd bl ygf

ehvyf {eqyoh`fx sgohg lbqn ygf ehoi soyg ygf aexoh eybn lbqn.

odc ygf e`meò nvxy qf{qbivhf ygf bqocode` xe`y$ Dbs sgey

hed af nbqf xodcvèq yged ygf lehy ygey ygf iflodoyobdx bl ygfxf

ygqff xvaxyedhfx ge|f e lfs feqx {exy affd iqesodc h`bxfq

edi h`bxfq yb Xsfifdabqc#x ygfbq edi sgey enbvdyx yb e

|fq h`bxf e{{qbwoneyobd odiffi ox hbdxoifqfi ex e ygodc ygey

nvxy af 2

! Avy eceod ygf hbdxyoyvfdy {eqyoh`fx bl e {fqlfhy xe`y od

Xsfifdabqc#x ygfbq eqf ygf hbdxyoyvfdy {eqyoh`fx bl seyfq

edi ygfxf od nbifqd hgfnoxyq eqf giqbcfd edi bwcfd od

ygf {qb{bqyobd bl 5 yb 7 = ygf fuvo|e`fdy bl seyfq ygfqflbqf a

bvq bsd ede`xox ox ? edi oy ox ygf xenf od Xo|fifdabqc#x ygfb.

qfyohe` he`hvèyobd$ Avy ol gox dbyobd bl ygf lbqneyobd bl e

xe`y a ygf ioxodyfcqeyobd bl seyfq af e yqvf bdf edi ol ehoix

edi e`meòfx af lbqnfi ehhbqiodc yb gox ygfbq a ygf ioxodyf.

cqeyobd bl xe`yx bvq ede`xox bvcgy yb {qb|f ygey e`` ygfxf

xvaxyedhfx hbdyeod sgey sf mdbs yb af ygf hbdxyoyvfdyx bl

seyfq denf` bwcfd edi giqbcfd$ Dbs sgey xe ygf

fioybqx bl Yvqdfq#x sbqm od fwyfdveyobd bl ygf dfs |ofsx yb

sgohg sqf ge|f e``vifi ex ygf qfxv`y bl ioxhb|fqofx a Afqzf.

òvx edi bygfqx 2 # Od qfceqi yb ehoix# ygf qfneqm 9ygf loqxy

{body yb af dbyohfi ox ygey e`` xb he``fi bwcfd ehoix od ygf lqff

bq sgey ne af he``fi ygf ehyo|f xyeyf hbdyeod giqbcfd$ $ $ $

Xv`{gvqoh ehoi edi {gbx{gbqoh ehoi db ibvay neaf bayeodfi

edgiqbvx = avy oy ox sbqyg bl x{fhoe` dbyohf ygey od ygox xyeyf

ygf ib dby {bxxfxx ygf {qb{fqyofx bl ygfxf ehoix edi bd` ehuvoqf

ygfn bd ygf eiioyobd bl seyfq$# Ygf ifnbdxyqeyobd ygfqflbqf

ygey giqbcfd ex sf`` ex bwcfd ox od odyoneyf exxbhoeyobd soyg

ygf ehoix òfx ey ygf aexox bl ygf dfs hèxxoloheyobd$ Oy ox fuve``

qfneqmea`f ygey ygf xyqbdcfxy eqcvnfdyx od le|bq bl ygf {qb.

{bxfi ygfbq eqf ifqo|fi lqbn ed fwenodeyobd bl ygf xe`yx=

lbq oy ox lbvdi ygey e xe`y ox lbqnfi sgfd ygf ehoix eqf dfvyqe`.

ozfi a e nfye`òh bwif bq a ennbdoe fyh$ edi od ygox

hexf e xf{eqeyobd bl seyfq bhhvqx dby yb nfdyobd ygf hbd|fq.

xobd bl xv`{gvq.xe`yx odyb bw.xe`yx’e nbxy xocdolohedy hoqhvn.

xyedhf od qfèyobd yb Xsfifdabqc#x ygfbq$

! Ygf sgb`f hoqh`f bl nbifqd hgfnoxyx

sf {qfxvnfeqf

{qf{eqfi yb xgemf gedix soyg vx bd ygf lehy ygey hqxye`òzeyobd



16; xsfifdabqc#x hgfnohe` ygfbqofx$

ox cb|fqdfi a nfhgedohe` èsx = xodhf gfqfod ygf bhhv`y

cfbnfyq bl deyvqf co|fx oyx òdfx edi xvqlehfx yb ygf aqbei

ieòcgy$ Ygf xenf èsx gbsf|fq sgohg fw{èod ygf xf|.

fqe` {gfdbnfde bl ellodoy edi hbnaodeyobd afhbnf od bvq

evygbq#x ygfbq ygf fw{bdfdyx bl hqxye`òzeyobd$ Ygf xeòdf

{eqyoh`f oyxf`l ox bl hbvqxf e hqxye` avy a ygf hbnaodeyobd

bl xvhg {eqyoh`fx soyg eybnx bl seyfq ygf {qbivhyobd bl èqcfq

hqxye`x od ygfoq sf``.mdbsd xbòi lbqnx ox fw{èodfi$

# Sgfd# Xsfifdabqc baxfq|fx #bsodc yb e iflohofdh bl

seyfq ygfqf eqf db `bdcfq xow euvfbvx {eqyoh`fx yb xvqqbvdi exeòdf {eqyoh`f ygey hbnaodeyobd bl ygf xe`y edi seyfq he``fi

hqxye`òzeyobd afcodx$# Ygf dfeydfxx bl ygox hbdhf{yobd hed

geqi` af fwgoaoyfi soygbvy e qflfqfdhf yb ygf o``vxyqeyo|f

locvqfx edi he`hvèyobdx od ygf sbqm aflbqf vx=

oy hbdxoxyx

gbsf|fq od ygf lehy ygey ygf seyfq edi ygf xe`y eqf xv{{bxfi

yb af abyg ybcfygfq l`voi xb `bdc ex ygfqf eqf e xvllohofdy dvn.

afq bl seyfq.{eqyoh`fx yb lo`` v{ ygf hbdhe|oyofx bl ygf xe`y edico|f oy e hfqyeod qbvdidfxx a ygf {qbyqvxobd bl ygfoq hbd|fw

xvqlehfx afbdi ygf {bodyx = edi ygey ygox l`voioy hfexfx sgfd

odxyfei bl afodc xvqqbvdifi a seyfq ygf xe`y odh`bxfx bq xvq.

qbvdix oy xb ygey ygf edcvèq {eqyx eqf {qbyvafqedy edi hbn.

nfdhf ygf lbqneyobd bl |oxoa`f òdfx edi xvqlehfx a ygfoq

hbdjvdhyobd od odiflodoyf dvnafqx$ A `bhmodc ygfoq eqnx

ybcfygfq ysb {eqyoh`fx bl xe`y odh`bxf bdf eybn bl seyfq xb

fllfhyve`` ygey ygfqf ox db se bl fxhe{f fwhf{y a ioxodyfcqe.

yobd = sgo`f ygf eybnx sgohg eqf qfhfo|fi soygod ygf bvyfq

hbdhe|oyofx ne bl hbvqxf còif ese soyg hbn{eqeyo|f fexf$

Dbs ygfqf ox e xodcvèq hbodhoifdhf od Yvqdfq#x ! F`fnfdyx$!

! # Ygf seyfq bl hqxye`òzeyobd ox qfyeodfi a e |fq lffa`f

ellodoy ex ox {qb|fi a ygf {gfdbnfde bl fll`bqfxhfdhf edi

a ygf lehoòy soyg sgohg xvhg seyfq ox xf{eqeyfi lqbn ygf

xeòdf neyyfq a e nbifqeyf gfey bq a fw{bxvqf yb ygf

|ehvvn bl ed eoq.{vn{ ey hbnnbd yfn{fqeyvqfx$ Oy ox lqf.

uvfdy` baxfq|fi gbsf|fq ygey e {bqyobd !bl ygf seyfq ox

qfyeodfi soyg xvhg baxyodeh ygey oy heddby af fw{f``fi a e

yfn{fqeyvqf xgbqy bl ygey ey sgohg ygf xe`y ox ybye`` ifhbn.

{bxfi$ Ygox seyfq ex od ygf hexf bl ygf giqeyfi ehoix ox

hbdxoifqfi yb ehy ygf {eqy bl e aexf edi ox gfdhf hbnnbd`he``fi aexoh seyfq$ Avy lqbn ygf baxfq|eyobdx bl Cqegen oy




sbvì e{{feq ygey ygf seyfq ygvx qfyeodfi ibfx dby e`sex ehy

ygf {eqy bl e aexf avy ox od e {fhvòeq xyeyf bl hbnaodeyobd

hgeqehyfqoxyohe`` iollfqfdy abyg lqbn aexoh seyfq edi seyfq bl

hqxye`òzeyobd$ '[q$ Yq$ Fi$ woo$ 1?3$/ Od gox bqocode`

{e{fq gf ioxyodcvoxgfi oy ex xeòdf seyfq = avy od e qfhfdy

qf{bqy qfei yb ygf nffyodc bl ygf Aqoyoxg Exxbhoeyobd od @o|.

fq{bb` gf gex he``fi oy hbdxyoyvyobde` seyfq$ Oy ox qfeio`

ioxyodcvoxgfi lqbn seyfq bl hqxye`òzeyobd a afodc qfyeodfi

a e xyqbdcfq ellodoy edi a afodc fxxfdyoe` yb ygf fwoxyfdhf

bl ygf xe`y bl sgohg oy hbdxyoyvyfx e {eqy$ Lqbn aexoh seyfq

oy iollfqx a dby afodc qfnb|fi lqbn oyx hbnaodeyobdx f|fd a

ygf nbxy {bsfqlv` e`meòdfx sgfqfex oy ox qfeio` qfnb|fi

edi oyx {èhf od ygf hbn{bvdi exxvnfi a hfqyeod edgiqbvx

xe`yx : oy ox e`xb fw{f``fi lqbn ed ehoi nbqf qfeio` yged aexoh

seyfq$ Lqbn ed fwen{`f ygf hgeqehyfq bl seyfq od ygfxf

iollfqfdy xyeyfx bl hbnaodeyobd so`` af qfeio` vdifqxybbi$

Ygf hqxye`x bl ygf hbnnbd {gbx{geyf bl xbie eqf hbn{bxfi

bl 5 fu$ bl {gbx{gbqoh ehoi 1 fu$ bl xbie edi 16 fu$ bl

seyfq$ Bd fw{bxodc ygfn yb e yfn{fqeyvqf bl 15;» 19 fu$

bl ygf seyfq eqf qfeio` fw{f``fi = avy ygf 16yg fu$ ox qfyeodfi

soyg xvhg {bsfq ygey e qfi gfey ox dfhfxxeq yb fllfhy oyx

hbn{`fyf xf{eqeyobd$ A ygf `bxx bl ygf 19 fu$ bl seyfq ygf

hqxye`òdf lbqn edi yfwyvqf bl ygf xe`y ox fdyoqf` ifxyqbfi

avy ygf qfxoive` enbq{gbvx nexx gex e`` ygf {qb{fqyofx bl ygf

hbnnbd {gbx{geyf = sgfqfex a ygf `bxx bl ygf 16yg ed fd.

yoqf` iollfqfdy xe`y ygf {qb{gbx{geyf bl xbie ox {qbivhfi$

Oy so`` gfdhf e{{feq ygey ygf 19 fu$ bl seyfq sgohg sfqf `bxy

ey 151» sfqf bd` fxxfdyoe` yb ygf fwoxyfdhf bl ygf hqxye`

sgo`f ygf `bxx bl ygf 16yg fu$ fllfhyfi ygey bl ygf xe`y$##!

8$ Xsfifdabqc#x Ygfbq bl ygf Ehyo|fx Lodoyfx ediF`fnfdyx bl Hqfeyobd$

Od bqifq yb fdea`f bvq qfeifqx yb bayeod e qeyobde` odxocgy

odyb ygf lb``bsodc eqyoh`fx yqfeyodc bd ygf hgfnohe` f`fnfdyx

bl ygf hbnnbd eynbx{gfqf edi seyfq oy afhbnfx dfhfxxeq

lbq vx yb {qfxfdy ygfn soyg e xvhhodhy xyeyfnfdy bl Xsfifd.

abqc#x ygfbq bl ygfeab|f

xvaxyedhfxedi

lbqhfx od deyvqf$

Sf xge`` ib xb od Nq$ Afxsohm#x sbqix sgbn sf ge|f



161 xsfifdabqc#x hgfnohe` ygfbqofx$

e`qfei odyqbivhfi yb bvq qfeifqx ex ygf ea`f hbnnfdyeybq bl

Xsfifdabqc#x ! [qodho{oe$! Ygf neyfqoe`x bl ygf lb``bsodc

eqyoh`fx eqf e`` iqesd lqbn gox fèabqeyf xfqofx bl {e{fqx bdygf ! [qodho{oe! sgohg e{{feqfi od ygf feqx 579?.6; od ygf

! Odyf``fhyve` Qf{bxoybq! od Fdcèdi edi ivqodc ygf feqx

5766.6< od ygf ! Dfs Hgvqhg Qf{bxoybq! od Dfs _bqm

sgfqf ygox cfdy`fned ey {qfxfdy qfxoifx$

Ygfbq bl Hqfeyobd$

'e$/ Ygf Xon{`f bq Deyvqe` [body$

! Od ygf [qodho{oe Xsfifdabqc gex {èhfi ygf {qone` cfd.

fqeyo|f lbqhf oxxvodc onnfioeyf` lqbn ygf Odlodoyf od e

hbdeyvx ybseqix x{oqe` nbyobd sgohg lqbn oyx afodc hoqhvèq

od e`` oyx ionfdxobdx gf qfceqix ex bdf {fq{fyve` fdx {bxxfxxfi

bl ygf gocgfxy {fqlfhyobd edi ygf nocgyofxy he{eaoòyofx afhevxfafodc ey bdhf nbxy gocg` nfhgedohe` edi nbxy gocg` cfbnf.

yqohe`$ Ygox {qoneq nb|fnfdy hbddfhyodc ygf lodoyf soyg ygf

Odlodoyf gf he``fi ygf Xon{`f bq loqxy deyvqe` {body$ Oy

nfedx od lehy ygf iox{bxoyobd bl ygf Odlodoyf Gonxf`l yb {qb.

ivhf hqfeyobd’ygf {byfdyoe` bq odoyoe` ehy bl odyfdiodc$ Ygox

hbdhfdyqeyobd yb e hfqyeod ifyfqnodeyf fdi ygbvcg ygf fdi bq9

ònoy hbn{qoxfx ed odlodoyvif bl {eqyohvèqx edi ed fdi`fxxivqeyobd bl ygodcx ox df|fqygf`fxx qfceqifi ex ygf loqxy ònoy

bq ifyfqnodeyobd bl ygf odlodoyf he{eaoòyofx bl ygf Io|odf

Deyvqf$ Ex fy ygfqf ox db hqfeyobd= hbdxfuvfdy` dbygodc

nfhgedohe` dbq cfbnfyqohe` lbq ygfxf on{` lodoyvif edi

abvdieq$ Bl ygox Xon{`f gf xex # oy ox {vqf edi ybye`

nbyobd# [eqy @ hge{ oo$$ Db$ 51 = edi ygey òy af`bdcx yb ygf

Odlodoyf edi fwoxyx od ygf Odlodoyf=

#

edi od ygf dfwy dvnafq'58/ gf iflodfx oy yb af = ed odyfqde` xyeyf bq fllbqy 'hbdeyvx/ yb

nbyobd = gfdhf gf xex :

! # Ygvx oy so`` af òmf fllbqy bq hbdeyvx oyxf`l= lbq od hbdeyvx

dby bd` ox nbyobd f|fqsgfqf {qfxfdy avy soyg oy e`xb oyx

lbqhf ioqfhyobd edi hf`fqoy$ Ygox hbdeyvx bq fllbqy ybseqix

nbyobd ne af he``fi oyx odyfqde` xyeyf# d$ A!Ygf Xon{`f ygfqflbqf ex sf ge|f xyeyfi nfedx ygf hb.

deyvx bq loqxy odyfqde` fllbqy bl ygf Odlodoyf yb hbnnfdhf ygf




sbqm bl hqfeyobd$ Ygox sbqm f|oifdy` odh`vifx e`` ygey ygf

Io|odf afodc hbvì ifxoqf so`` edi ifxocd = edi gfdhf oyx

qfeòzeyobd ygbvcg oyx hbdyodvfi sbqmodc odh`vifx fyfqdoy ox

qfceqifi ex ygf ònoy bl gox fdife|bq$ E`` ygf fllbqyx bl ed

Odlodoyf [qb|oifdhf ne af xvnnfi v{ od bdf xodc`f bajfhy

edi yb ygox f|fqygodc gex f|fq yfdifi edi f|fq so`` yfdi$

Edi afhevxf ygox Xon{`f bq odyfqde` fllbqy bl ygf Odlodoyf

gei bd` bdf bajfhy od |ofs ex ygf fdi bl oyx ehyobd bq ygf fdi

bl Hqfeyobd’afhevxf bl ygox Xsfifdabqc gex qf{qfxfdyfi oy

ex ge|odc bd` bdf ònoy bq bdf yfdifdh$ Bl hbvqxf ygox

bdf yfdifdh ox e{{òhea`f yb ygf Odlodoyf ex e afodc sgfqfod

ygfqf eqf odlodoyf ygodcx$ Ex Xsfifdabqc baxfq|fx 'Io|odf

@b|f edi Soxibn/ # ed Odlodoyf soygbvy odlodoyf ygodcx od

gonxf`l ox dby odlodoyf avy ex yb ygf aeqf denf" d$ 53 [eqy O$

Xb òmfsoxf od ygf [qodho{oe gf hbdxoifqx ygfxf odlodoyf ygodcx

od ygf Odlodoyf ge|f fehg ygox ònoy bq vdoy bl yfdifdh=

gfdhf ygfqf so`` af ed odlodoyvif bl ygfxf Xon{`fx {bodyx

yfdifdhofx bq fllbqyx = e`` ge|odc ygf xenf fdi od |ofs$

Gfqfod òfx ygf lode` hevxf bl ygf odlodoyf io|fqxoy od Hqfe.

yobd$!

'a$/ Ygf Loqxy Lodoyf$

! Ex fy ygfqf ox dbygodc avy ygf Odlodoyf od sgohg ygfqf eqf

odlodoyf ygodcx ge|odc e vdoy bl {vq{bxf edi e xonoèq yfd.

ifdh yb ehyobd$ Ygf dfwy xyf{ sbvì ioxhb|fq ygfn od geq.

nbdobvx edi fdivqodc ehyo|oy’ bndo{byfdy soygod ygfoq

ònoyx * edi ge|odc ygf vynbxy vdolbqnoy bl l`vwobd$ Oy ox

f|oifdy ygey ygf lbqn bl l`vwobd so`` af ygf nbxy {bsfqlv` edi

{byfdy od afodc’oy nvxy af bndo{byfdy afhevxf oy nb|fx edi

sofìx ygf sgb`f eccqfceyf bl afodc$ Ygox lbqn bl l`vwobd

Xsfifdabqc elloqnx ox ygf x{oqe` afhevxf afodc hoqhvèq od e``

oyx ionfdxobdx oy ox bdf {fq{fyve` fdx {bxxfxxodc ygf gocgfxy

nfhgedohe` {bsfq edi ygf nbxy {fqlfhy cfbnfyqohe` locvqf=

edi gfdhf ge|odc ygf cqfeyfxy {fqlfhyobd edi ygf nocgyofxy

he{eaoòyofx$ Odexnvhg ex fehg bl ygf odlodoyf ygodcx od Cbi

ox ey bdhf abyg bndo{byfdy edi bndo{qfxfdy od ygf x{oqe`

locvqf ygvx lbqnfi sf hed ge|f db iollohv`y od xffodc ygey

ygf locvqf lbqnfi a fehg ox ygf loqxy ehyve` xvajfhy bl Hqfe.

11




yobd=

oy ox ygf loqxy hqfeyobd bl x{ehf edi locvqf = aflbqf oy

ygfqf sfqf db hgedcfx= edi ygfqflbqf db yonf edi db ifcqffx

bl hf`fqoy asgohg oyx odxyeIyx eqf nfexvqfi$ Avy odexnvhg

ex oy ox Cbi bq fehg bl ygf odlodoyvif bl ygodcx od Cbi sgohgeqf ygvx ehyo|f oy ox h`feq ed odlodoyvif bl x{oqe` x{ehfx bqlocvqfx so`` af hqfeyfi lbqnodc e x{gfqf bl ò|odc ehyo|oy$

$$$$ Gfqf ygfqflbqf ox ygf afcoddodc bl hqfeyobd$Ygfxf fwoxyfdhfx eqf abvdifi abyg ex yb yonf bl aoqyg edibvyòdf bl locvqf$ Ygf eqf ygfqflbqf lodoyfx

= avy odexnvhgex ygf eqf ygf loqxy

fwoxyfdhfx ygf eqf e{y` ifxocdeyfi ygfloqxy lodoyfx$ Ygf Odlodoyf gex dbs xvqqbvdifi Gonxf`lsoyg ed ge`b bl ò|odc c`bq lbqnodc ed eynbx{gfqf bl ò|odc

xvaxyedhfx od sgohg gf ox fdxgqbvifi edi od sgohg gf ox bqygf odlodoyf ygodcx bl Gonxf`l eqf abyg bndo{byfdy edi bndo.{qfxfdy$ Ygfxf lodoyfx eqf e`xb he``fi loqxy xvaxyedhfx bq xva.xyedyoeyf

=afhevxf ygox èyyfq yfqn ox e{{òfi od ygf [qodho{oe

bd` yb hqfeyfixvajfhyx$!

'h/’Ygf Loqxy Ehyo|f edi Xfhbdi Lodoyf$

!Od Xsfifdabqc#x ygfbq ygf loqxy lodoyf fw{qfxxfx ygf

yqedxnoyyfi lbqhf lqbn ygf Xon{`f bq hbdeyvx bl ygf Odlodoyf

od e xvaxyedyoe` lbqn$ Ygf lodoyf ygfqflbqf fw{qfxxfx ygf

ònoy bq bvyòdfbl oyx b{fqeyobdx edi ygf hbdxfuvfdy locvqf

lbqnfi ygfqfa$ Sf xe e xvaxyedyoe` lbqn afhevxf afodc

bndo{qfxfdy ygey ox odxyedy` bq f|fq {qfxfdy od f|fq {body

bl ygf x{ehf ygvx lbqnfi e xvaxyedyoe` locvqf sbvì qfxv`y=

ex od ygf hexf bl e òyy`f ae`` sgohg ox sgoq`fi qbvdi a exyqodc$ Bd ygox ehhbvdy ygf loqxy lodoyfx eqf ehyve`` x{oqe`

locvqfx bq xvaxyedhfx$ Ygf yqedxnoyyfi lbqhf bl ygf xon{`f

gbsf|fqmff{x ygfn sgfd lbqnfi od hbdxyedy ehyo|oy od e

x{oqe` ioqfhyobd$ Ygf hbnnbd vdifqxyediodc bl ygf qfeifq

so`` fexo` hbdhfo|f ygey sgfd ygfxf x{oqe` locvqfx od hbdxyedy

ehyo|oy hbnf od hbdyehy ygf so`` x{bdyedfbvx` loy od fehgbygfq#x x{oqfx edi lbqn e nexx bl x{oqe`x afevyolv`` eqqedcfi

lqbn sgohg ed eccqfceyf so`` af lbqnfi$ Gf so`` e`xb {fq.

hfo|f ygey od hbdxfuvfdhf bl fehg x{oqe` locvqf {qfxxodc bdfehg bygfq od ygf

xenf ioqfhyobd od bqifq yb yvqd qbvdi odygfoq qfx{fhyo|f {èhfx avy heddby ygf sgb`f nexx so`` af




nb|fi od ygf xenf ioqfhyobd edi so`` ygvx x{bdyedfbvx` co|f

yb oyxf`l ed ewo`èq nbyobd$ Ygf locvqf ygvx lbqnfi so`` af e

dfs xvaxyedhf = afodc od lehy e dfs hbn{bvdi sgohg gex

lbqnfi oyxf`l fdyoqf` bl loqxy lodoyfx bq x{oqe` xvaxyedhfx$

Ygox dfs hbn{bvdi ox he``fi e xfhbdi lodoyf$ Bd ygf bygfq

gedi xgbvì ygfxf x{oqe` xvaxyedhfx bl ygf loqxy lodoyf dby af

od hbdyehy ygf so`` ygfd af {qbjfhyfi edi qvd bll odyb e

x{oqf odyb sgohg ygf so`` af on{f``fi a ygf yqedxnoyyfi edi

oqqfxoxyoa`f lbqhf soygod ygfn$ Ygf so`` ygfqflbqf ge|f e

`bhe` l`vwobd od ygf lbqn bl e x{oqf sgfqf lqbn ygfoq |f`bhoy

ygf so`` af bndo{qfxfdy od f|fq {body ygfqfbl$ Ygfxf eqf

he``fi ehyo|fx bl ygf loqxy lodoyf$!

Od bqifq yb qf{qfxfdy ygf yqvf deyvqf bl ed ehyo|f Nq$ A$

odyqbivhfx X||fifdabqc#x ioecqen qf{qfxfdyodc e òyy`f ae``

sgohg a afodc sgoq`fi qbvdi e hfdyqf a nfedx bl e xyqodc

{qbivhfx ygf qfxfnaèdhf bl e hoqh`f$ Ygf {body sgfqf ygf

ae`` ox {qfxfdy ox {fq{fyve`` xvaxyedyoe` edi neyfqoe`$ Ol ygf

|f`bhoy af xb cqfey ygey oyx {qbcqfxxo|f cqeieyobdx edi nbnfdyx

eqf on{fqhf{yoa`f oy lb``bsx ygey od f|fq {body bl ygf hoqh`f

ygf ae`` ox ex oy sfqf {qfxfdy edi {fqhf{yoa`f$ E qfxfnaèdhf

yb e xvaxyedhf ne ygfqflbqf af {qbivhfi a nbyobd$ [qod.

ho{oe [eqy O$ hge{ |$ d$ 7$

! Ygf bd` iollfqfdhf ygfqflbqf afysffd ed ehyo|f edi

lodoyf ox xon{` ygox : E lodoyf gex db `bhe` nbyobd oy gex bd`

ed ewo`èq= sgo`xy ed ehyo|f ox e lodoyf od `bhe` nbyobd$ Ygey

`bhe` nbyobd ne foygfq af x{oqe` bq hoqhvèq ehhbqiodc ex ygf

locvqf oyxf`l ox x{oqe` bq hoqhvèq$!

'i$/ Ygf Loqxy F`fnfdy bvy bl sgohg Xvdx edi Xyeqx

eqf Lbqnfi$

! Sf ge|f dbs ysb modix bl {eqyoh`fx abyg bl sgohg ge|f

affd lbqnfi lqbn ygf loqxy lodoyfx bq xvaxyedhfx$ Ygf bdf ox

ed eccqfceyf bl xvaxyedyoe` x{oqfx he``fi loqxy lodoyfx fdyoqf`

{exxo|f ex yb `bhe` nbyobd = ygf bygfqx eqf bl ygf xenf

hèxx bl loqxy lodoyfx vdeccqfceyfi lqff edi od ed ehyo|f

xyeyf bl x{oqe` l`vwobd$ Gfdhf sf xgbvì deyvqe`` fw{fhy

ygf ehyo|fx nbqf bq `fxx od dvnafq yb sgoq` edi hb``fhy

eqbvdi ygfnxf`|fx ygf odehyo|f nexxfx bl loqxy lodoyfx$ Ygf




odyfqde` x{ehf so`` ygfd hbdxoxy bl ehyo|fx edi ygf fwyfqde`

xvqlehf {vqf` bl avdi`fx bq eccqfceyobdx bl loqxy lodoyfx sgohg

eccqfceyobdx eqf he``fi xfhbdilodoyfx$

Xvhg ed eqqedcfnfdybl ysb modix bl {eqyoh`fx ox he``fi ed f`fnfdy

= edi ex ygox ox

ygf loqxy hqfeyfi eqqedcfnfdy ygf xvaxyedhfx xb lbqnfi eqf

he``fi ygf loqxy f`fnfdyx$ Xsfifdabqc elloqnx ygey bl xvhg

xvaxyedhfx ygf xvdx edi xyeqx eqf neif$!’ 'Xff [eqy @

hge{ w$ d$ 8 9$/*

'f$/ Bygfq modix bl Ehyo|fx Lodoyfx edi F`fnfdyx$

! Bygfq modix bl ehyo|fx fyh$ eqf lbqnfi a e hbdyodvfi

e{{òheyobd bl ygf eab|f {qbhfxxfx’a ygf eccqfceyobd bl

lodoyfx yb nemf e dfs lodoyf = bq a ygf `bhe` l`vwobd bl e lodoyf

yb nemf ed ehyo|f bq ygf lbqneyobd bl dfs f`fnfdyx a ygf

hbnaodeyobd bl ehyo|fx soyg lodoyfx od xvhg e neonfq ex yb

e``bs ygf èyyfq yb xvqqbvdi ygf lbqnfq = ygf odyfqde` x{ehf

e`sex afodc lo``fi a ehyo|fx$ Od ygox neddfq eqf ygf |bq.

yohe` necdfyoh fygfqfe` edi bygfq f`fnfdyx xvhhfxxo|f`

lbqnfi$ $$$ Oy e{{feqx ygfqflbqf ygey ygox {go`bxb{gfq

|ofsx hqfeyobd ex e xvaxyedyoe` bvyaoqyg lqbn ygf Hqfeybq’cqeiveyfi nedolfxyeyobd bl gox Odlodoyf ehyo|oy od ygf {qbivh.

yobd bl x{ehfx edi lbqnx bl vxfx= ygf cqeieyobd afodc neqmfi

od ygf xhe`f bl hqfeyobd a ygf |eqobvx lodoyfx bq ònoyx$ Ygf

loqxy cqeieyobd ox neqmfi a ygf loqxy lodoyf bq loqxy xvaxyedhf

ygf xfhbdi a ygf xfhbdi lodoyf bq xfhbdi xvaxyedhf = edi xb

bd yb ygf nbxy odfqy xvaxyedhfx od deyvqf od sgohg ygf Odlodoyf

ehyo|oy gex hfexfi yb nedolfxy oyxf`l od ygf lbqn bl ed odif.

{fdifdy `bhe` l`vwobd bl fehg xvaxyedhf’dbygodc avy cqe|oye.

yobd dbs qfneodx$ Hfdyqo{fyeyobd bq cqe|oyeyobd od oyx

bqiodeq ehhf{yeyobd |fq afevyolv`` fw{qfxxfx ygf fdyoqf `bxx

bl ygey Odlodoyf ehyo|oy yb sgohg sf ge|f qflfqqfi sgohg

e`sex hbdlfqx ygf {bsfq bl odio|oive` fwfqyobd edi odif{fd.

ifdh bl `bhe` l`vwobd bq ygf {bsfq yb bhhv{ eiioyobde` x{ehf

» Ehhbqiodc yb ygfxf {exxecfx ygf xbèq x{ehf xffnx yb hbdxoxy bl

ygf ehyo|fx bl ygf loqxy edi xfhbdi lodoyfx edi ygf f`fnfdyeq {eqyoh`fx

e{{feq yb yemf ygfoq qoxf eqbvdi ygox èqcf ehyo|f x{ehf 'xff hge{y$ w$

d$ 6/ edi ygfdhf yb x{qfei ygqbvcg ygf xxyfn$



xsfifdabqc#x HGFNOHE@ YOOFBOo`FX$ 163

ex e lofì bl ehyobd$ Cqe|oyeyobd ex bqiodeqo` vxfi ox e yfqn

ode{{òhea`f yb ygf |bqyohe` necdfyoh fygfqfe` edi bygfq

f`fnfdyx he{ea`f bl xf`l.ehyobd bq bl yemodc v{bd ygfnxf`|fx

e `bhe` l`vwobd$ Oy ox e yfqn e{{òhea`f bd` yb xvaxyedhfx ey

qfxy edi gfdhf ygf cqe|oyeyf bq lbqn odyb ifei odfqy nexxfx

odhe{ea`f bl xf`l.l`vwobd$ Hqfeyobd ygfqflbqf ox hbdhfo|fi yb

af e cqeiveyfi bvyaoqyg bl xvaxyedyoe` lbqnx bq x{ehfx lqbn

ygf Odlodoyf gonxf`l= sgohg lbqnx ge|f affd ifyfqnodfi a

ygf ò|odc fdfqc edi ehyo|oy ge|odc affd vdoyfi soyg e

iflodoyf yfdifdh sgo`xy od ygf Odlodoyf avy sgohg gex affd

nbiolofi ygqbvcg fehg xvhhfxxo|f cqeieyobd$ Ygox ehyo|oy

qvddodc ygqbvcgbvy Hqfeyobd ox od ygf gedix bl ygf odlodoyf

sgb ge|odc odlodoyf qfxbvqhfx edi he{eaoòyofx od gox Odlodoyf

@b|f Soxibn edi [bsfq so`` yb fyfqdoy on{qb|f oyx yfd.

ifdh = edi ygvx fdi`fxx io|fqxoy edi odhqfexodc {fqlfhyoaoòy

bl Hqfeyobd oyxf`l eseoy ygf vdabqd cfdfqeyobdx bl ygf leno`

bl ned$ Gfqfod òfx ygf cqbvdi bl bvq afòfl ygey db {go`b.

xb{gohe` ygfbq fy {qb{bvdifi ox xb cqbvdifi od lehy {go`b.

xb{g qfexbd edi hbnnbd xfdxf ex ygey bl Xsfifdabqc#x

[qodh|{oe$ Oy fdea`fx vx yb fdyfq qeyobde`` edi xhofdyolohe``

odyb ygf nxyfqofx bl ygey cqfey yqvyg’ygf {qbcqfxxo|f on.

{qb|fnfdy bl Hqfeyobd ex e sgb`f yb fyfqdoy$! Odyf``fhyve`

Qf{bxoybq 576; {{$ 161.6?$

9$ Ygf Hbn{bvdi Deyvqf bl Eynbx{gfqoh Eoq$

! Ygf ehyve` ioxhb|fq bl ygey ysblbì deyvqf bl eynbx{gfqoh

eoq ex hbdxoxyodc bl bwcfd edi doyqbcfd sex qfxfq|fi lbq

[qofxy` od 5331.9 Xhgff`f od 5339.6 @e|boxofq edi Yqv.

ieodf od 5336 He|fdioxg od 5379.6 edi lbq Ivnex edi

Abvxxodcev`y od bvq bsd yonf = ygf èyyfq bl sgbn ge|f {qf.

xfdyfi ygf sbqì soyg e ifnbdxyqeyobd bl oyx hbn{bvdi deyvqf

a e nbxy qflodfi ede`xox bl oyx hbdxyoyvfdyx$ He|fdioxg

e{{feqx yb ge|f ygf nfqoy bl loqxy ioxhb|fqodc ygf fwehy {qb.

{bqyobd bl ygf hbdxyoyvfdyx bl eoq od ygf {b{vèq xfdxf bl bwcfd

afodc bdf.lolyg$! Sf co|f Nq$ Afxsohm#x eqcvnfdy$

Xsfifdabqc ex feq` ex 5311 sex sf`` ehuveodyfi soyg

ygf hbn{bvdi deyvqf bl eoq edi mdfs ygf cexfx bl sgohg oy

ox hbn{bxfi$ Bwcfd od gox {gqexfb`bc sex ! ygf lolyg

11*



167 XSFIFDABQC#X HGFNOHE@ YGFBQOFX$

lodoyf! edi doyqbcfd ! ygf loqxy edi xfhbdi f`fnfdyeqofx$! A

xon{` fwhgedcodc gox yfqnx lbq ygbxf sgohg eqf dbs od vxf

ygf lehy bl gox ! lolyg lodoyf ! afodc oifdyohe` soyg bwcfd ediygf ! loqxy edi xfhbdi f`fnfdyeqofx ! soyg doyqbcfd nvxy af.

hbnf f|oifdy yb f|fq bdf ygey gex ed mdbs`ficf bl ygf

{qb{fqyofx bl ygfxf cexfx$ Od ygf lb``bsodc uvbyeyobdx lqbn

gox sbqmx sf xge`` ehhbqiodc` fllfhy ygox hgedcf avy od e``

bygfq qfx{fhyx {qfxfq|f ygf èdcvecf bl ygf yqedxèybq$

!Eoq hbdxoxyx xv{fqlohoe`` bl bwcfd edi soygod oy eqf fd.

h`bxfi {eqyoh`fx bl doyqbcfd! [qodho{oe [eqy OOO$ hge{$ |oo$

!Bwcfd gex fdyfqfi odyb ygf xvqlehf bl ygf efqoe` {eqyoh`f

edi doyqbcfd odyb ygf odyfqde` x{ehf$! Oi$

Od [eqy OOO$ hge{ |$ d$ 5? gf co|fx qf{qfxfdyeyobdx bl

eoq.{eqyoh`fx xgbsodc ygf qfèyo|f eqqedcfnfdy bl ygf bwcfd

edi doyqbcfd {eqyoh`fx vdifq iollfqfdy {qfxxvqfx = edi ygfqfa

ehhbvdyodc lbq ygf fèxyohoy bl ygf eoq$

Od ygf lb``bsodc {exxecfx bwcfd y$ f$!

lolyg lodoyfx! eqfxgbsd yb af xv{{bqyfqx bl loqf :

! Bwcfd 'o$ f$ # lolyg lodoyfx #/ hqfeyfx ygf hbnnbd hvòdeq

bq eynbx{gfqohe` loqf$! [eqy OOO$ hge{ |ooo$ d$ 1$

! @fy vx hbdxoifq nbqf fx{fhoe`` ygf ehyo|f xyeyf bl bwcfd

sgohg ox ygf hevxf edi bqocod bl bvq hbnnbd eynbx{gfqohe`

loqf$!’Oi$ d$ 9$

!Bwcfd hbdxyoyvyfx ygf xvqlehf bl e {eqyoh`f bl eoq edi

xv{{òfx loqf soyg oyx f`fnfdy$! Oi$ [eqy OOO$ hge{$ |o$

! Loqf ox db bygfq yged bwcfd oyxf`l xfy ey òafqy$! Oi$

hge{ |ooo$ d$ 9$

Od ygf ! Noxhf`èdfbvx Baxfq|eyobdx! '[eqy OOO$ eqyoh`f

! G{bygfxox bl ygf Locvqf bl ygf [eqyoh`fx bl Loqf edi Eoq!/

Xsfifdabqc x{femx bl bwcfd ex ocdfbvx neyyfq bq loqf$

Gfdhf gf xex! Ygf {eqyoh`fx bl eoq eqf av``vèq soyg fwhffiodc` nodvyf

{eqyoh`fx bl loqf ]o$ f$ * lolyg lodoyfx# bq bwcfd^ bd ygfoq

xvqlehfx$!

! Loqf lbqnx ygf hqvxy bl ygf eoq.{eqyoh`fx$!

! Ygf eoq ellbqix neyyfq lbq xv{{bqyodc loqf$!

! Ol ygf hqvxy bl ygf {eqyoh`f bl eoq hbdxoxyx bl ocdfbvx

neyyfq ]o$ f$ bwcfd^ oy lb``bsx ygey ygfqf ox nbqf loqf sgfdygf xv{{` bl eoq ox èqcf {qb|oifi oy af lqfxg$!



XSFIFDABQC#X HGFNOHE@ YGFBQOFX$ 16?

Ex bwcfd xvxyeodx lènf xb doyqbcfd fwyodcvoxgfx oy$

!Ygox! Nq$ Afxsohm xex ! ox ygf cqfey hgeqehyfqoxyoh bl

doyqbcfd: oy ox dfoygfq hbnavxyoa`f dbq e xv{{bqyfq bl hbn.

avxyobd = lbq ol e avqdodc abi af onnfqxfi od e jeq hbdyeododc

oy ygf loqf ox odxyedy` fwyodcvoxgfi$ Oy ox ygfqflbqf edyecb.

doxyoh yb edi ed fwyodcvoxgfq bl loqf$ Edi Xsfifdabqc gex

dby bd` neqmfi bvy ygox xvaxyedhf ex bdf bl ygf hbdxyoyvfdyx

bl eynbx{gfqoh eoq ge|odc e cqfeyfq |b`vnf yged bwcfd avy

gf gex afevyolv`` ifxhqoafi ygox fxxfdyoe` hgeqehyfqoxyoh = edi

sgeyox leq nbqf |e`vea`f afhevxf afodc e ifxoifqeyvn yb ygf

hgfnohe` edi xhofdyoloh sbqì gf gex {qb{bvdifi e {go`b.

xb{gohe` fw{bxoyobd bl oyx hevxf$ # Loqf# gf xex # ox db bygfq

yged ygf ! lolyg lodoyf! 'y$ f$ bwcfd/ oyxf`l xfy ey òafqy bq

l`bsodc od e x{ehf sgfqf oy hed qvd lqff`$#’[qodho{oe [eqy

OOO$ hge{ |ooo$ d$ 9$

! Xgbvì sf {qfxfdy e xvaxyedhf òmf ygf # f`fnfdyeqofx ‡

lbqnodcdoyqbcfd

sgohg ge|f ehgfnohe` ellodoy lbq ygfxf

* lodoyfx # a hbd|b`vyodc ygfn eqbvdi ygfnxf`|fx odyb dfs

xvqlehfx bq {eqyoh`fx ygf qfxv`y sbvì af ed odxyedyedfbvx

loweyobd edi hfxxeyobd bl ehyo|oy$ Xb xex Xsfifdabqc :

! # Ygf ! lolyg lodoyfx ! heddby ehyveyf ygfnxf`|fx od e |b`vnf

bl ygf ! f`fnfdyx ! soygbvy onnfioeyf` afodc hbd|fqyfi odyb

dfs efqoe` {eqyoh`fx$#!

Oi$ d$ 5$

!Od ygf èdcvecf bl ygf ie

ygox xon{`nfedx ygey ygf

{eqyoh`fx bl bwcfd heddby xv{{bqy loqf bq af ygf ehyo|f ecfdy

bl hbnavxyobd od e |b`vnf bl ygf f`fnfdyeq {eqyoh`fx bl

doyqbcfd soygbvy onnfioeyf` afodc hbd|fqyfi odyb eynbx{gfqoh

eoq$ Edi ygf qfexbd ox ygvx xyeyfi :

! ` Odexnvhg ex ! f`fnfdyeqofx ! eqf {qfxfdy yb on{fif ygfn

edi yb hbd|b`vyf ygfn odyb dfs xvqlehfx$# Oi$ d$ 5$

!Ehhbqiodc

yb ygoxygfbq bwcfd bq ygf

# lolyg lodoyf#od

ed ehyo|f xyeyf {qbivhfx gfey edi loqf sgo`xy doyqbcfd bq ygf

9 f`fnfdyeq # xvaxyedhf lbqnodc ygf odyfqobq bl e {eqyoh`f bl eoq

ox ioqfhy` edyecbdoxyoh yb edi ifxyqvhyo|f bl loqf edi f|fq

yfdiodc yb hbd|b`vyf bq lbqn eqbvdi oyxf`l ygf xvaxyedhf bq

f`fnfdy a sgohg gfey bq loqf ox xv{{bqyfi$

!Oy ox e neyyfq bl iff{ qfcqfy edi bl iff{ gvnoòeyobd yb

gox einoqfqx ygey ygoxygfbq bl Xsfifdabqc gex

dbygei ed

fèabqeyf edi ed ea`f fw{bxoyobd$ E`` bvq mdbs`ficf yfdix yb



1<; xsfifdabqc#x hgfnohe` ygfbqofx$

nemf ygfxf e{{eqfdy` `bbxf edi ode{{òhea`f [qodho{oe neyyfqx

bl f|fq.ie {qbbl edi bl iq lenoòeq ifyeo` od ygf f`fnfdye`

xhgbb` edi èabqeybq$ Gf sgb hed vdifqxyedi ygox ygfbq

so`` xbbd e{{qfhoeyf oyx |e`vf afhevxf oy lvqdoxgfx xbnf bl ygf

afxy xb`vyobdx yb ned bl ygf bygfqsoxf odfw{òhea`f {qba`fnx bl

deyvqf$ Oy fw{èodx v{bd ygf xon{`fxy {qodho{`fx od idenohx

sg bwcfd e`bdf ox aqfeygfi edi sg oy ox ygf hgofl {gxohe`

ecfdy od ygf on{bqyedy b{fqeyobd bl aqfeygodc bq qfx{oqeyobd

bl edone`x = ygf neod qfexbd afodc bv ehhbvdy bl oyx idenoh

|oqyvf bl afhbnodc ehyo|f edi lbqnodc gfey edi ygfqfa

ehyveyodc yb f|fqygodc od hbddfhyobd ygfqfsoyg ygqbvcgbvy ygf

xxyfn$ Doyqbcfd bd ygf hbdyqeq ol einoyyfi od hbdxoifqea`f

uvedyoy sbvì {vy ed fdi yb ygox fwhvqxo|f bq ehyveyodc

yfdifdh od bwcfd a soygiqesodc oy eqbvdi edi lowodc oy yb

oyxf`l ygfqfa if{qo|odc oy bl oyx idenoh |oqyvf= ehyobd od

xvhg e hexf nvxy hfexf edi ifeyg qfxv`y$ Ygox xodcvèq

qfèyobdxgo{ bl ygf ysb hbdxyoyvfdyx bl eynbx{gfqoh eoq sex

nbxy afevyolv`` fw{qfxxfi edi fwyfdxo|f` o``vxyqeyfi a

Xsfifdabqc od gox [qodho{oe eabvy ge`l e hfdyvq aflbqf ygfxf

lehyx sfqf mdbsd$ Oy e`xb {qfxfdyx e xb`vyobd yb ed on{bqyedy

nxyfq od ygf fhbdbn bl ygf |fcfyea`f sbqì$ Oy fw{èodx

sg |fcfyea`fx sgfd ehyveyfi a ygf xvd ivqodc ie co|f

bvy bwcfd = sgo`xy ivqodc ygf docgy bwcfd ox eaxbqafi bd

ehhbvdy bl oyx idenoh |oqyvf edi yb {qbnbyf e hoqhvèyobd

bl ygf l`voix$

! Xsfifdabqc òmfsoxf ifhèqfi ygey ygf f`fnfdy `fexy od

uvedyoy bq ygey sgohg bhhv{ofx bd` ygf xvqlehf bl ygf eoq.

{eqyoh`fx ox e hbdxyoyvfdy bl abyg eoq edi seyfq = lbq xb `bdc

aehm ex ygf feq 5315 gf {vaòxgfi ygf lb``bsodc eddbvdhf.

nfdy ygey

! # Ygf {eqyoh`fx bl seyfq af`bdc yb ygf xowyg modi bl geqi

{eqyoh`fx $ $ $ ygey bd oyx xvqlehf ygfqf eqf hqvxye`x bl ygf

! lolyg modi! ]o$ f$ bwcfd^$#

! Ygf eab|f ox co|fd od gox [qodho{`fx bl Hgfnoxyq '[eqy OW$

d$ 5/$ Yb ygf xenf fllfhy ox gox hge{yfq #Bd Seyfq# od ygf

[qodho{oe {vaòxgfi ygoqyffd feqx xvaxfuvfdy`$ Od abyg

sbqmx ygf # lolyg lodoyfx# bq bwcfd ox qf{qfxfdyfi ex lbqnodc

ygf xvqlehf edi e hbdxoifqea`f {bqyobd bl e seyfq {eqyoh`f$ $ $ $

! Od Xsfifdabqc#x sbqmx sf lodi dby bd` ygf ehmdbs`.



xsfifdabqc#x hgfnohe` ygfbqofx$ 1<5

ficfi ygfbq ygey bdf bl ygf f`fnfdyx bl ygf eoq ox ygf cqedi

xv{{bqyfq bl eynbx{gfqoh hbnavxyobd =avy e`xb ygf gocg`

on{bqyedyygfbq ygey ygox

xenfhbdxyoyvfdy bl eoq fdyfqx

èqcf` a ifhbn{bxoyobd odyb ehyve` hbnaodeyobd soyg xbòix

bl f|fq ifxhqo{yobd edi ox eceod qf`fexfi a ifhbn{bxoyobd

bl ygf xbòix edi eceod fdyfqx odyb ygf lbqneyobd bl {eqyoh`fx

bl eoq$ Gfdhf gf xex :

! # Ygfqf eqf ned f|oifdhfx yb xgbs ygey ygf bwcfd 'o$ f$

! lolyg lodoyfx !/ fdyfqx odyb ygf yfwyvqf bl yfqqfxyqoe` abiofx

xvhgex edone`

|fcfyea`f bo`

edixv`{gvqbvx xvaxyedhfx$#

[qodho{oe [eqy OOO$ hge{ |ooo$ d$ 7$

! Sf ne eqqo|f ey ygf xenf hbdh`vxobd e {qobqo = xodhf ygf

{eqyoh`fx bl bwcfd 'o$ f$ # lolyg lodoyfx #/ eqf bl xvhg e deyvqf

ygey ygf geqi {eqyx bl |fcfyea`fx ne af hbn{bvdifi bl

ygfn$ Oi$

! Avy ygox hgfnohe` hbnaodeyobd qfuvoqfx ygf ioxxb`vyobd bl

ygfeoq {eqyoh`f

xb ex ybqf`fexf ygf

bwcfd edidoyqbcfd$

Gfdhf

! # Ygf eoq vdifqcbfx e {qbhfxx bl ioxxb`vyobd sgfd fdyfqodc

odyb ygf hbn{ecfx bl ygf {eqyx bl |fcfyea`fx : ol ygfxf hbqd.

{ecfx af ioxxb`|fi ygf eoq 'bwcfd edi doyqbcfd lbqnfq`

xf{eqeyfi/ qfyvqdx eceod yb oyx lbqnfq xyeyf $ $ $ edi ygf

feqyg qfxybqfx ygey sgohg oy gei abqqbsfi$# Oi$

!Od ygf

[qodho{`fxbl Hgfnoxyq Xsfifdabqc xgbsx ygey

ygfxf # lolyg lodoyfx# bq bwcfd {eqyoh`fx fdyfq nbqf èqcf`

odyb ygf hbn{bxoyobd bl ygf feqyg#x xbòix edi l`voix odyb seyfq

edi ygf sgb`f nodfqe` modcibn yged ed bygfq xvaxyedhf

edi ygey ygf ge|f affd neod` ifqo|fi lqbn ygf eynbx{gfqf

a ifhbn{bxoyobd$ Dbs sgey eqf ygf mdbsd lehyx bl ygf

hexf 2 @fy ygf lb``bsodc xvllohf lbq e hbdloqneyobd :

! #

Bl e`nbxy f|fq lbqn edi modi bl neyyfq sgohg xvq.

qbvdix vx bwcfd lbqnx ed odcqfiofdy$ Oyx hbn{bvdix eqf

nbqf dvnfqbvx edi io|fqxolofi yged ygbxf bl ed bygfq xva.

xyedhf soyg sgohg sf eqf ehuveodyfi$

! # Oy lbqnx e {eqy bl f|fq feqyg sf yqfei v{bd edi bl

f|fq |fcfyea`f sf xff eqbvdi vx = edi sgfd hbnaodfi soyg

edbygfq cexfbvx abi giqbcfd oy lbqnx seyfq = ed on{bqyedy

edi fxxfdyoe` lbqn bl lbbi yb e`` ygf edone` edi |fcfyea`f



1<1 xsfifdabqc#x hgfnohe` ygfbqofx$

hqfeyobd$# Fdhh`b{efioe Nfyqb{bòyede Gfey edi Hgfnoxyq

{$ <93$

!#

Bwcfd hbdxyoyvyfx e lolyg {eqy bl bvq eynbx{gfqf focgy.

dodygx bl ygf sfocgy bl seyfq edi e èqcf {qb{bqyobd bl f|fq

modi bl qbhm od ygf hqvxy bl ygf feqyg$# \fxyocfx {$ 5?$

v _fy ygf oife ygey ed f`fnfdy bl eoq gei fdyfqfi xb fwyfd.

xo|f` odyb hbnaodeyobd soyg e`nbxy f|fq xvaxyedhf a ifhbn.

{bxoyobd ox ivf yb dbdf bygfq yged Xsfifdabqc$ Oy ox yqvf

ygf Xyegòed bq {g`bcoxyoh ygfbq fwoxyfi = avy oy df|fq hbdjfh.

yvqfi ygf {bxxoaoòy bl ifhbn{bxodc eynbx{gfqoh eoq = lbq oyx

lvdienfdye` yfehgodc od|b`|fi ygf xv{{bxoyobd ygey eoq ox e

xon{`f edi vdifhbn{bxoa`f xvaxyedhf$ Ygf gocg` on{bqyedy

lehy bl oyx ifhbn{bxoyobd edi ygf fwyfdxo|f vdobd bl bdf bl oyx

f`fnfdyx soyg yfqqfxyqoe` xvaxyedhfx ox dbs edi {qbaea`

so`` f|fq af qfceqifi ex bdf bl ygf cqfeyfxy edi nbxy vxflv`

ioxhb|fqofx od hgfnohe` xhofdhf = lbq hfqyeod` db bygfq iox.

hb|fq gex co|fd xvhg ed on{fyvx bq fdèqcfi ygf abvdieqofxbl fw{fqonfdye` hgfnoxyq bq so`` fwfqhoxf xb on{bqyedy ed

odl`vfdhf od ygf lvyvqf goxybq bl xhofdhf ex ygey bl ygf ifhbn.

{bxoyobd bl eynbx{gfqoh eoq$ Edi gfdhf sf ibvay dby avy ygey

oy so`` he`` lbqyg lqbn lvyvqf cfdfqeyobdx ygfoq einoqeyobd bl

ygox dfc`fhyfi edi ifx{oxfi {go`bxb{gfq ex ygf loqxy gfqeì yb

{vaòxg ygf [gxohe` [qodho{oe bl Deyvqf$!

Ygf bajfhy sgohg sf ge|f od |ofs od {qfxxodc ygf on{bq.yedhf bl ygf xhofdyoloh sbqmx bl Xsfifdabqc v{bd ygf dbyohf

bl ygf `feqdfi ox dby xb nvhg yb odivhf ygfn yb fwenodf gox

hèonx ex ygf loqxy fw{bvdifq bl ygfbqofx ygey ge|f xodhf affd

eib{yfi a xhofdhf edi bl sgohg xgf gex hbdlfqqfi ygf gbdbq

bl loqxy evygbqxgo{ v{bd bygfqx bl gfq |byeqofx ex yb eoi od ygf

cfdfqe` ei|edhfnfdy bl xhofdhf$ Lbq ygfqf ox xb nvhg |oyeòy

od ygf xhofdyoloh {qodho{`fx bl Xsfifdabqc edi ygf ge|f xvhge `bly qeyobde` lbvdieyobd ygey oy so`` yemf xhofdhf ned ecfx

yb qfehg vdeoifi ygey {body lqbn sgohg gf gex |ofsfi ygf

vdo|fqxf od oyx èqcfxy edi xne``fxy ionfdxobdx$ @fy xhofdhf

ygfqflbqf yemf gbì bl ygfxf {qodho{`fx edi fdife|bq yb af.

hbnf lenoòeq soyg ygfn edi e afdflohfdy òcgy so`` xbbd

fdòcgyfd oyx {qbcqfxx enbdc ygf lbqhfx edi f`fnfdyx bl deyvqf$

Od ygf lb``bsodc {ecfx sf xge`` xff gbs fexo` Xsfifdabqcfw{èodx a nfedx bl gox ygfbq ygf iollfqfdhf od {qb{bqyobd




bl ygf ysb hbdxyoyvfdyx bl eoq od iollfqfdy `bheòyofx edi vdifq

iollfqfdy hoqhvnxyedhfx$

Ygf qfeifq so`` qfhb``fhy ygey ed eoq.{eqyoh`f hbdxoxyx bl

bwcfd {eqyoh`fx bd ygf xvqlehf edi bl f`fnfdyeqofx soygod$

Xsfifdabqc dbs xex :

! Ygf xvqlehf bl ygf efqoe` {eqyoh`f ne af ibva`fi yqo{`fi

bq |eqobvx` nv`yo{òfi odyfqobq` edi ygox ivqodc e xyeyf bl

hbn{qfxxobd = avy ygf {eqy bl ygf xvqlehf sgohg qfhfifx ybseqix

ygf odyfqobqx ox lbqnfi odyb dfs x{gfqv`fx edi av``v`fx xonoèq

yb ygf èqcfq$!’[eqy OOO$ hge{ |oo$ d$ 55$

! A ygox {qbhfxx! xex Nq$ Afxsohm ! oy ox f|oifdy ygf

|b`vnf bl ygf {eqyoh`f nvxy af hbdxoifqea` qfivhfi$ Vdifq

oy ygf9lodoyfx # bq bwcfd {eqyoh`fx {qfxxfi soygod eqf ifxhqoafi

ex # hbdxvnodc # ygf # f`fnfdyeqofx # bq doyqbcfd {eqyoh`fx ygfqf

fdh`bxfi edi a ygey nfedx # lbqnodc dfs x{gfqv`fx edi

av``v`fx =# od bygfq sbqix dfs xvaxyedhfx = lbq ygf doyqbcfd

{eqyoh`fx a ygox # hbdxvnodc # bq hbnaodeyobd eqf xeoi yb `bxf

ygfoq f`fnfdyeq hgeqehyfq edi afhbnf xbòi edi geqi = [eqy

OOO$ hge{ |$ d$ 5? = bq ex ox xeoi bl ed eoq {eqyoh`f$

v 9Oy òmfsoxf lb``bsx ygey ygf efqoe` {eqyoh`f ivqodc oyx

gocgfxy ifcqff bl hbn{qfxxobd afhbnfx ey `fdcyg fdyoqf` bhhv.

{ofi a xne`` xonoèq x{gfqfx fwyfdiodc lqbn ygf xvqlehf yb

ygf hfdyqf edi hfexfx yb af fèxyoh edi f`fnfdyeq cqbsodc

geqi edi xonoèq yb e neyfqoe` lodoyf$# Oi$ hge{ |oo$ d$ 55$

! Ex dbyohfi eab|f ygf bwcfd {eqyoh`fx {qfxxfi soygod eqf

xeoi yb hbdxvnf ygf # f`fnfdyeqofx # bq doyqbcfd {eqyoh`fx a

ygf cqeive` lbqneyobd bl e dfs hèxx bl xvaxyedhfx soygod ygf

{eqyoh`f bl eoq$ Ivqodc ygox hbn{qfxxobd bl ygf |b`vnf ygf

* f`fnfdyeqofx * od ygf odyfqobq cqeive`` ioxe{{feq sgo`xy ygf

5 lodoyfx # {qfxxfi odyb ygf odyfqobq eaxbqa ygfn edi cfdfqeyf e

dfs xvaxyedhf = gfdhf ygf |b`vnf bl # lodoyfx # bq bwcfd

sbvì ivqodc ygox hbn{qfxxobd cqeive`` bhhv{ e cqfeyfq

{bqyobd bl ygf x{ehf soygod afxoifx lbqnodc ygf sgb`f bl oyx

xv{fqlohofx$ Sf xgbvì fw{fhy yb ioxhb|fq ygf uvedyoy bl

bwcfd bq bl ygfxf # lolyg lodoyf # xvaxyedhfx |eqodc {fqhf{yoa`

od ygf odyfqobq bl hbdyodfdyx edi avy xòcgy` b|fq ygf xfe

edi ygey sgo`xy od {bèq hbvdyqofx dbqyg edi xbvyg efqoe`

{eqyoh`fx sbvì af hbn{qfxxfi ygf qf|fqxf sbvì qfxv`y lqbn




ygf ehyobd bl ygf xvd od yqb{ohe` hòneyfx$* Od {bèq qfcobdx

sgfqf ygf {eqyoh`fx eqf hbn{qfxxfi ygf |b`vnf bl # f`fnfd.

yeqofx # soygod so`` xvllfq nbxy=

avy od yqb{ohe` hòneyfx ygf

|b`vnf bl bwcfd bd ygf xvqlehf so`` e{{feq yb ionodoxg a

ygf fw{edxobd bl ygf {eqyoh`fx edi hbdxfuvfdy odhqfexf od

|b`vnf bl ygf fdh`bxfi # f`fnfdyeqofx" Ygf fwyqfnfx bl ygf

xfexbdx xvnnfq edi sodyfq so`` {qbivhf e hbqqfx{bdiodc

qfxv`y od f|fq `bheòy e`` b|fq ygf sbqì$ Sodyfq a ygf

hbn{qfxxobd bl ygf # f`fnfdye`x # soygod efqoe` {eqyoh`fx so``

co|f ygf nodonvn ei|edyecf yb ygfoq |b`vnf bq sgey ox ygf

xenf yb doyqbcfd = sgo`xy xvnnfq a ygf fw{edxobd bl ygfoq

|b`vnf so`` co|f ygf newonvn ei|edyecf$ Gfdhf Iq$

Yvqdfq qfneqmx :

! # Oy ox qfneqmea`f ygey ygox '{vqf/ eoq ox |fq qohg od

bwcfd$ Ygey {qbhvqfi lqbn xdbs.seyfq a aboòdc sex

lbvdi a Ce @vxxeh edi Gvnabìy yb hbdyeod 89$7 edi ygey

lqbn qeod seyfq 81 {fq hfdy bl bwcfd cex= # sgo`xy bqiodeq

eynbx{gfqoh eoq gex bd` 1;$7$ Xff ¨ F`fnfdyx bl Hgfnoxyq"

{$ ?<; edi {$ 119$

! Ygf fw{edxobd ivqodc xvnnfq so`` hevxf ygf bwcfd

{eqyoh`fx lbqhfi soygod yb qvxg aehm yb ygf xvqlehf$ Gfdhf

Xsfifdabqc xex :

sy 9 Ygf av``vèq {eqyoh`fx sgohg ivqodc ygfoq fw{edxobd eqf

odyfqobq` od e xyeyf bl doyfdh afhbnf eceod xfy ey òafqy

qfhfif yb ygf xvqlehf edi fdyfq odyb oyx fw{edxf$# Hge{

|oo$ d$ 55$

! Lqbn ygfxf ysb {gxohe` hevxfx ygf {qb{bqyobdeyf |b`vnfx

bl bwcfd edi doyqbcfd bq lodoyfx edi f`fnfdye`x so`` af od e

hbdxyedy xyeyf bl bxho`èyobd ygf nfed bl sgohg so`` e`xb |eq

ehhbqiodc yb èyoyviode` `bhe` edi nfdxve` hoqhvnxyedhfx$

Ygfxf ygfbqfyohe` hbdxoifqeyobdx ge|f dbs afhbnf neyyfqx bl

fn{oqohe` hfqyeody$ Sf hbvì uvbyf hbdloqneyobdx lqbn ygf

sbqmx bl Cfqned Lqfdhg edi f|fd Fdcòxg od|fxyoceybqx ol

bvq x{ehf sbvì {fqnoy edi ygf hexf ifnedifi : yb bd` bdf

odxyedhf xge`` sf qflfq:

* ! Sf eqf dby b|fq`bbmodc He|fdioxg#x qf{bqy yb ygf hbdyqeq=

[go`$ Yqedx$ 5378 = dbq ygf nbqf qfhfdy fw{fqonfdyx bl Neqyod#x xff

Ivnex od ygf Edde`x bl Hgfnoxyq ygoqi xfqofx y$ ooo$ 5795 {$ 183$!




! # Xbnf baxfq|eyobdx bl Ie| qfdifq oy {qbaea`f ygey ygf

uvedyoy bl bwcfd |eqofx {fqhf{yoa` e`ygbvcg avy xòcgy`

b|fq ygf xfe edi od ygf odyfqobq bl hbdyodfdyx ehhbqiodc yb

`bhe` hbdioyobdx bq yb xfexbdx bl ygf feq$#! Hbxnbx |b`$ o$

{$ 853$

Od e xvaxfuvfdy eqyoh`f Nq$ Afxsohm nemfx ygf lb``bsodc

qfneqmx :’! Edbygfq lehy elloqnx ygey ygf {qb{bqyobdeyf

|b`vnfx bl ygf ysb f`fnfdyx fdyfqodc odyb ygf hbn{bxoyobd bl

eynbx{gfqoh eoq eqf |eqobvx od iollfqfdy `bheòyofx edi vdifq

iollfqfdy hoqhvnxyedhfx$ Ygox lehy gex affd o``vxyqeyfi lqbn

ygf [qodho{oe$ Ed eiioyobde` o``vxyqeyobd lqbn ygf Baxfq|e.

yobdx soyg {qbblx xge`` dbs af co|fd$ Od ygf èyyfq sbqm ex

od ygf lbqnfq Xsfifdabqc exxvnfx sgey ox dbs vdo|fqxe``

einoyyfi ygey od f`f|eyfi xoyveyobdx gocg v{ od ygf qeqolofi

qfcobdx bl ygf efqoe` fd|f`b{f bl bvq yfqqeuvfbvx c`baf ygf

eoq.{eqyoh`fx so`` af nbqf fw{edifi edi ioèyfi = edi gfdhf

ygfqf so`` af `fxx bl ygf ololyg lodoyfx# bq loqf.lffiodc {eqyoh`fx

bl bwcfd od e co|fd |b`vnf yged ygfqf so`` af od ygf xenf

|b`vnf bd ygf yfqqfxyqoe` xvqlehf sgfd ygf eoq.{eqyoh`fx so``

af hbn{qfxxfi = bq od ygf if{ygx bl ygf bhfed sgfqf ygf {eqyo.

h`fx so`` ge|f ygfoq cqfeyfxy hbn{qfxxobd$ Gox ygfxox ox co|fd

ex lb``bsx :

! # Gfdhf od ygf gocgfxy qfcobdx bl ygf eynbx{gfqf bd ygf

yb{x bl nbvdyeodx edi eab|f ygf h`bvix sf lodi ygey ygf eoq ox

|fq qeqf edi xheqhf` ellbqix neyyfq 'lolyg lodoyfx bq bwcfd/

lbq xv{{bqyodc loqf$

v o Od `bsfq xoyveyobdx ygfxf {eqyoh`fx eqf nbqf hbn{qfxxfi

edi lbqn e |fq ygohm xvqlehf bq hqvxy yb ygf eoq {eqyoh`f $ $ $

gfdhf ygf eqf hbn{qfxxfi odyb e deqqbsfq x{ehf edi e

ygohmfq hqvxy 'bl loqf {eqyoh`fx bq bwcfd/ ox {qbivhfi"’'Xff

9 G{bygfxox bl Loqf fyh"/

! Od ehhbqiedhf soyg ygf cfdfqe` yfdbq bl ygfxf {qb{bxoyobdx

gf ox ey bdhf `fi yb ygf eib{yobd bl ygf lb``bsodc on{bqyedy

hbdh`vxobd sgohg ygf lehyx bl xhofdhf so`` jvxyol ygey ygfqf

ox `fxx bl ygf loqf.xv{{bqyodc f`fnfdy bwcfd od seqn qeqo.

lofi edi ioxyfdifi eoq yged od hbì gfe| edi hbn{qfxxfi

eoq$ Ygfxf eqf gox sbqix :

! * Ygfqf ox `fxx loqf sgfqf ygf {eqyoh`fx bl eoq eqf nbqf

18



1<< xsfifdabqc#x hgfnohe` ygfbqofx$

qeqolofi bq ioxyfdifi = avy nbqf loqf sgfqf ygf eqf nbqf

hbn{qfxxfi ex odiffi lb``bsx lqbn ygf g{bygfxox"

! Bq nbqf lbqhoa` edi {bodyfi` xyeyfi od ygfxf sbqix:

! # Ygvx od ygf xenf x{ehf ygfqf ox nbqf loqf od hbn{qfxxfi

{eqyoh`fx yged od ioèyfi {eqyoh`fx$

! # Ygvx nbqf loqf 'bq bwcfd {eqyoh`fx/ fwoxyx od ygf abyybn

bl bvq eynbx{gfqf yged od oyx v{{fq {eqyx$#

! Od bygfq sbqix ygfqf ox nbqf bwcfd od e hbn{qfxxfi

|b`vnf bl eoq yged od ygf xenf |b`vnf bl vdhbn{qfxxfi

ioèyfi edi qeqolofi eoq$ Xsfifdabqc ygfqflbqf èx oy ibsdex ed od|eqoea`f qv`f ygey sgfqf|fq eoq.{eqyoh`fx eqf nbqf

yged bqiodeqo` hbn{qfxxfi’ex ey ygf abyybn bl ygf xfe’edi

vdifq sgeyf|fq hoqhvnxyedhfx ygey hbn{qfxxobd ne af {qb.

ivhfi oy so`` e`sex af lbvdi bd od|fxyoceyobd ygey od e co|fd

|b`vnf xvhg hbn{qfxxfi eoq so`` co|f lbqyg e cqfeyfq uvedyoy

bl ygf loqf.xv{{bqyodc f`fnfdy o$ f$ bwcfd$ Xb xf`l.f|oifdy`

yqvf ox ygox qv`f ygey oyx vyyfqedhf ox avy ygf eddbvdhfnfdy bl

e nfqf yqvoxn$ Avy ygf qfeifq nvxy afeq od nodi ygey ygfxf

qfexbdodcx edi eddbvdhfnfdyx sfqf qfhbqifi ey e {fqobi sgfd

eoq sex vdo|fqxe`` afòf|fi yb af e xon{`f abi edi sgfd ygf

vyyfqedhf bl ygox yqvoxn sbvì af qfceqifi ex e {e`{ea`f

eaxvqioy$!

Nq$ Afxsohm hbqqbabqeyfx ygox ygfbq a fnodfdy evygbqoyofx

xvhg ex Gvnabìy @ofaoc fyh$ edi ygfd hbdyodvfx:

! Sgfqf|fq sf e{{` ygox afevyolv` edi xon{`f ygfbq sf

xge`` ge|f lqfxg hevxf lbq einoqeyobd bl ygf cfdovx sgohg

hbvì fèabqeyf xvhg |ofsx bl ygf èsx edi hbdxyoyvyobd bl ygf

vdo|fqxf od sgohg sf ò|f nb|f edi ge|f bvq afodc$ Ygf

sbdifq ox gbs gox hbdhf{yobdx hbvì af xb hbn{`fyf edi xb

yqvf yb ygf deyvqe` {qodho{oe bl ygodcx sgo`xy db fw{fqonfdyx

fwoxyfi yb cvoif ygf hbdhf{yobd$!

Nq$ Afxsohm ygfd co|fx ygf lb``bsodc qfxvnf bl gox od|fx.

yoceyobdx soyg qfceqi yb ygf ioxhb|fq bl ygf hbn{bvdi deyvqf

bl eynbx{gfqoh eoq: !Ygf Noxhf`èdfbvx Baxfq|eyobdx sfqf

{vaòxgfi od 5311 edi hbdyeod ygf xenf ygfbq bl loqf edi

bl eoq.{eqyoh`fx ex ygf [qodho{oe sgohg sex xvaxfuvfdy` {va.

òxgfi od 5388.9$ Aèhm edi He|fdioxg od 53<< sfqf ygf

loqxy yb {qbhèon ygf hbdjfhyvqf ygey eoq ox e hbn{bvdi abi$

V{ yb ygox {fqobi oy sex afòf|fi yb af e xon{`f f`fnfdye`




abi$ Avy ygf gei db oife dfoygfq ioi ygf bllfq e hbd.

jfhyvqf bl ygf dvnafq edi deyvqf bl oyx f`fnfdyx$ Yb

[qofxy` od 5331.9 Xhgff`f od 5339.6 @e|boxofq edi Yqv.

ieodf od 5336 edi He|fdioxg od 5379 sf eqf odifayfi lbq

ygf loqxy eddbvdhfnfdy bl ygf dvnafq bl oyx hbdxyoyvfdyx edi

ygfoq deyvqf$ Dbs aflbqf e`` ygfxf od 5311 Xsfifdabqc

ex sf ge|f xffd od gox Noxhf`èdfbvx Baxfq|eyobdx edi eceod

od 5388.9 od gox [qodho{oe {qb{bvdifi e nbxy einoqea`f

ygfbq bl ygf deyvqf edi hbn{bxoyobd bl eynbx{gfqoh eoq

sgfqfod gf vdnoxyemea` {qbdbvdhfx edi {ohybqoe`` qf{qf.

xfdyx oyx aodeq hbn{bxoyobd = edi sgfqfod gf ifxhqoafx od

ifyeo` edi od ygf nbxy fw{òhoy èdcvecf ygf edyecbdoxyoh

deyvqf bl ygf aodeq f`fnfdyx edi eddbvdhfx od {èod yfqnx

ex sf`` ex a on{òheyobd ygf dbs sf``.mdbsd lehy ygey ygf

`fexy od |b`vnf bl ygfxf aodeq f`fnfdyx bl eoq ox ygf loqf.lffiodc

f`fnfdy dbs mdbsd vdifq ygf denf bl bwcfd$ Ygf {qobqoy

bl hèon yb ygox qfneqmea`f ioxhb|fq ox soygbvy ibvay yb af

eseqifi yb Xsfifdabqc$! Odyf``fhyve` Qf{bxoybq lbq 576;

{{$ 177.8;5 edi {{$ 8<3.83<$*

* Sf ge|f odxfqyfi Nq$ Afxsohm#x eqcvnfdy od lv`` ex gf co|fx oy od

ygf Odyf``fhyve` Qf{bxoybq yemodc ygf òafqy gbsf|fq bl hbdifdxodc

oy edi hgedcodc oyx bqifq$ Sf ib dby soxg oy gbsf|fq yb af vdifq.

xybbi ygey sf fdibqxf e`` gox |ofsx$

Ygfqf hed af db ibvay eabvy ygf oifdyoy bl Xsfifdabqc#x lolyg

lodoyfx soyg bwcfd edi bl gox ge|odc qfhbcdozfi ygf eoq edi e`xb

seyfq ex hbn{bvdi abiofx$ Avy ygf oifdyoy bl doyqbcfd soyg Xsfifd.

abqc#x loqxy edi xfhbdi f`fnfdyeqofx xffnx fwyqfnf` ibvaylv`$ Ygf

loqxy edi xfhbdi f`fnfdyeqofx bl Xsfifdabqc eqf ygf |bqyohe` edi nec.

dfyoh f`fnfdyx edi ex xvhg {fdfyqeyf e`` lowfi neyfqoe` xvaxyedhfx

odh`viodc nfye`x edi cèxx sgo`f doyqbcfd ox xb hbeqxf e abi ygey oy

hed fexo` af fdh`bxfi od nfye`òh abiofx bq |fxxf`x bl cèxx$ Doyqbcfdxffnx yb ge|f hbdxoifqea`f yb ib soyg ygf fll`v|oe od deyvqf edi yb af

ygf hbnnbd hgfnohe` fw{qfxxobd bl e cqfey dvnafq bl ygfn = oy ox

{bxxoa`f e`xb ygey ygf loqxy edi xfhbdi f`fnfdyeqofx hbnaodf soyg ygfxf

fll`v|oe edi qf{qfxfdy doyqbcfd od sgohg xyeyf ygf ne eceod hbnaodf

soyg bwcfd xb ex yb hbdxyoyvyf ygf hbnnbd eynbx{gfqoh eoq$ Xsfifd.

abqc#x bsd xyeyfnfdyx eabvy doyqf od ygf ! [qodho{`fx bl Hgfnoxyq!

xffn yb hbqqbabqeyf ygox |ofs$ Xyo`` e`` bl ygox ox ex fy nfqf hbdjfh.

yvqf = ygey nvhg gbsf|fq ox hfqyeod ygey ygf {èhfx bl doyqbcfd

giqbcfd edi heqabd od Xsfifdabqc#x xxyfn eqf xyo`` vdifyfqnodfi




6$ Ygf Hbn{bxoyf Deyvqf bl Seyfq$

Nq$ Afxsohm xex :’! [vqf seyfq ex oy hbnfx lqbn ygf

hgfnoxy#x xyo`` ox e hb`bq`fxx òuvoi ge|odc dfoygfq xhfdy dbq

yexyf$ Oyx aodeq hbn{bxoyobd ox vdolbqn` ifxocdeyfi ygf

cqedi ioxhb|fq bl nbifqd hgfnoxyq$ Db sbdifq ygfd ygey

ygf gbdbqx ygfqfbl ge|f affd seqn` hbdyfxyfi = ygf qo|e`

hèonedyx afodc Seyy He|fdioxg edi @e|boxofq$ Ygf xf|fqoy

bl ygox qo|e`q x{qvdc bvy bl ygf lehy ygey fehg hèonedy {qb.

lfxxfi yb ge|f neif ygf ioxhb|fq eabvy ygf xenf yonf ivqodc

ygf feqx 5378.9 Db hèonedy gex f|fq hbnf

lbqseqi dbq gex f|fq affd lbvdi yb ge|f f|fd xvccfxyfi ygf

hbn{bxoyf deyvqf bl ygf euvfbvx f`fnfdy seyfq {qobq yb ygf

feq 5378$ Sf hed ygfqflbqf a db nfedx qfceqi oy ex b|fq.

xedcvodf yb elloqn ygey ygfqf ox db qo|e` hèonedy ygey hed

hbnf lbqseqi bq af {vy lbqyg a bygfqx yb iox{vyf ygf gbdbq

bl loqxy eddbvdhodc ygox cqfey nbifqd ioxhb|fq soyg Fnedvf`

Xsfifdabqc$ Yb gon af`bdcx ygf odiox{vyea`f nfqoy bl {qf.

xfdyodc ygf loqxy xvccfxyobd ex sf`` ex ygf loqxy fw{bxoyobd bl

ygf hbn{bxoyf deyvqf bl ygf euvfbvx fd|f`b{f$ Avy yb {èhf

ygox hexf h`feq` aflbqf ygf qfeifq sf xge`` lbqne`` {qfxfdy

oy vdifq xf|fqe` gfeix$ Lbq gon sf hèon ygf on{bqyedy

ygfbqfyohe` ioxhb|fq edi ygf loqxy {vaòxgfi eddbvdhfnfdy bl

ygf lb``bsodc on{bqyedy lvdienfdye` lehyx :

! Lvdienfdye` Lehyx$

! e$ [vqf seyfq ox e hbn{bvdi xvaxyedhf$

! <$ Oyx ysb hbdxyoyvfdyx eqf fuve` od |b`vnf sgfd lbqnodc

seyfq$

! h$ Ygf eybnoh sfocgy bl ygf f`fnfdyx afodc > ?$

! i$ Bdf bl oyx f`fnfdyx ox e hbdxyoyvfdy bl abyg eoq edi

seyfq$

avy sf ge|f db ibvay od bvq bsd nodi ygey e nbqf ygbqbvcg edi {qb.

lbvdi xyvi bl ygf ![qodho{oe! edi ygf ! [qodho{`fx bl Hgfnoxyq!

so`` fdea`f vx yb oifdyol ygfn soyg xbnf bl Xsfifdabqc#x f`fnfdyeq

abiofx$



xsfifdabqc#x hgfnohe` ygfbqofx$ 1<?

! f$ Seyfq òmf eoq ox he{ea`f bl ifhbn{bxoyobd edi bl

afhbnodc e hbdxyoyvfdy bl e`` hbn{bvdi xvaxyedhfx$

! Sf nocgy ge|f fdvnfqeyfi bygfq {eqyohvèqx avy xodhf

ygf eqf bd` {eqyoe`` einoyyfi od ygf xhofdyoloh sbqì sf

ge|f ygbvcgy oy afxy yb bnoy ygfoq fdvnfqeyobd$!

! [qbbl bl ygf eab|f Lvdienfdye` Lehyx$

! Db odcfdvoy hbvì cvfxx e {qobqo ygey seyfq ox e hbn.

{bvdi abi nvhg `fxx ygey oy ox hbn{bxfi bl ysb cexfx

bwcfd edi giqbcfd$!’ Yvqdfq#x F`fnfdyx bl Hgfnoxyq

{ecf 53;$

e$ ! [vqf Seyfq ox e Hbn{bvdi Xvaxyedhf$’V{bd qfei.

odc ygf eab|f ygf vdodoyoeyfi so`` af odhòdfi yb oduvoqf’Sghbvì 9 db odcfdvoy cvfxx oy e {qobqo # l Gei ygox fnodfdy

sqoyfq affd uvfxyobdfi {fqxbde`` gf sbvì db ibvay ge|f

qf{òfi od ygfxf sbqix’Afhevxf bwcfd ox ed fnodfdy xv{{bqyfq

bl hbnavxyobd edi giqbcfd ox fnodfdy` hbnavxyoa`f fy

bwcfd edi giqbcfd lbqn ybcfygfq ygf hbn{bvdi xvaxyedhf

seyfq sgohg ox fnodfdy` vxflv` od {vyyodc ed fdi yb hbn.

avxyobd$ Gfdhf ygf |fq {èvxoa`f qfneqm

! # Ygey db odcfdvoy hbvì cvfxx e {qobqo ygey seyfq ox e

hbn{bvdi abi# fyh$

! Dbysoygxyediodc ygf cfdfqe` yqvyglv`dfxx bl ygox xfdyfdhf

ygfqf eqf xbnf odio|oive`x sgb xffn yb af odhòdfi yb afòf|f

ygey Xsfifdabqc cvfxxfi e {qobqo xbnf bl ygf ygfbqfyohe`

eddbvdhfnfdyx hèonfi lbq gon$ Sf eqf xbnfsgey hvqobvx

yb mdbs ol ygox ygfbqfyohe` eddbvdhfnfdy od ygf [qodho{oe

[eqy OOO$ sex e cvfxx bl ygox modi :

! # Ygey e {eqyoh`f bl seyfq ox xonoèq yb e hbn{qfxxfi {eqyoh`f

bl eoq 'e`xb e hbn{bvdi/ od sgohg ygfqf qfneodx dbygodc

f`fnfdyeq$#’Hge{ ow$ d$ 5$

! # Ygf fdh`bxfi f`fnfdyeqofx eqf hbdxvnfi od hbn{bvdiodc

ygf {eqyoh`f edi ygf hbdxfuvfdhf ox ygey ygf {eqyoh`f heddby af

he``fi f`fnfdyeq$# Oaoi$

! Ygox eddbvdhfnfdy sex {vaòxgfi edi xfdy yb xbnf bl

ygf loqxy odxyoyvyobdx od Fvqb{f eabvy xowy.ygqff feqx {qobq yb

Seyy#x xvccfxyobd edi ysb feqx aflbqf gf sex abqd$ Oy sex

ygfqflbqf {vaòxgfi edi hoqhvèyfi ey e yonf sgfd f|fq bdf

afòf|fi od ygf f`fnfdye` xon{òhoy bl seyfq$ Xvqf` ygox

18*



13; xsfifdabqc#x hgfnohe` ygfbqofx$

sex xbnfygodc nbqf yged xon{` e `vhm qfl`fhyobd bl ygf

yqvyg e nfqf cvfxxodc e {qobqo$ Sf sgb ge|f qfei edi

xyviofi ygf cqbvdisbqm bl ygf b{odobd ygvx edyoho{eyo|f`

lbqnfi mdbs lbq e hfqyeody ygey ygf hbdyqeq ox ygf yqvyg$

Yb e`` xvhg exxfqyfqx sf sbvì qfx{fhylv`` qfhbnnfdi ygf

hbdyfdyx bl ygox eqyoh`f yb ygfoq he`n edi xyfei hbdxoifqeyobd$

Avy yb {qbhffi$ Oy ox bd` qfhfdy` ygey ygf hbn{qfxxoaoòy

bl seyfq gex affd {qb|fi$ Ygf hf`faqeyfi fw{fqonfdy bl ygf

L`bqfdyodf Eheifnohoedx xffnfi yb {qb|f ygey seyfq sex

hbn{qfxxoa`f yb e xòcgy fwyfdy =

avy ygox neyyfq gex affd{èhfi afbdi e`` ibvay a ygf fwhf``fdy qfxfeqhgfx bl [qb.

lfxxbq Bfqxyfi edi bl Nq$ [fqmodx : lbq a e {qfxxvqf bl

ysb ygbvxedi eynbx{gfqfx Nq$ [fqmodx qfivhfi e nexx bl

seyfq yb focgy.dodygx bl oyx bqocode` |b`vnf$ Seyfq ox ygfqf.

lbqf e hbn{qfxxoa`f l`voi$ Ygox so`` fdea`f vx yb hbdloqn ygf

ygfxox bl ygf lb``bsodc uvbyeyobd lqbn ygf [qodho{oe ’

!9

Ygey e {eqyoh`f bl seyfq ox xonoèq yb e hbn{qfxxfi {eqyoh`f

bl eoq od sgohg ygfqf qfneodx dbygodc f`fnfdyeq ofìodc

edi fèxyoh avy xbnfygodc geqi hbdxoxyodc bl hbdyocvbvx

x{gfqv`fx lbqnfi soygod edbygfq èqcfq x{gfqf$ $ $ $ Ygey

seyfq hbdxfuvfdy` ox dby ed f`fnfdyeq {eqyoh`f

Ygf fdh`bxfi ! f`fnfdyeqofx ! eqf hbdxvnfi od hbn{bvdiodc

ygf {eqyoh`f$#’[eqy OOO$ hge{ ow$ d$ 5$

#!Xb hbdxoifqea`f e {bqyobd bl oyx fwyqfnf` èqcf xvqlehf ox

{qfxxfi odseqix ex yb af qfhfo|fi a ygf fdh`bxfi ! f`fnfd.

yeqofx! edi lbqnfi odyb dfs x{gfqv`fx bq {eqyoh`fx sgohg

cqeive`` ygqbdc ygf {eqyoh`f 'soygod/ edi qfdifq oy geqi edi

qfxoxyodc ygvx vqcodc edi mff{odc oy od ygf qeyob bl oyx sfocgy

dfeq ygf xvqlehf bl ygf feqyg$ Ygf locvqf bl ygf {eqyoh`f ne

af xffd od Loc$ 55;$# Oaoi$

a$ ! Oyx ysb Hbdxyoyvfdyx eqf fuve` od \b`vnf sgfdlbqnodc Seyfq$’Od ecqffnfdy soyg ygf ès bl hbdifdxeyobd

seyfq hbdxoxyx bl ysb fuve` |b`vnfx bl ygf |e{bq bl ysb cexfx$

Ygf xhofdyoloh sbqì gex |fdyvqfi yb aqbehg ed g{bygfxox bl

ygf hevxf bl ygox xyqomodc {gfdbnfdbd sgohg ygbvcg e`òfi yb

ygf bdf co|fd eab|f a Xsfifdabqc ox ex fy vdsbqyg f|fd

bl hbn{eqoxbd ygfqfsoyg$ Ehhbqiodc yb gox ygfbq ygf # lolyg

lodoyfx # bq bwcfd òmf ex soyg ygf eoq {eqyoh`f xb e`xb soyg ygf




euvfbvx bhhv{ ygf xvqlehf edi lbqn ygf hqvxy bl ygf {eqyoh`f

ge|odc ygf bygfq hbdxyoyvfdy soygod$

! * Ygf {eqyoh`fx bl seyfq af`bdc yb ygf xowyg modi bl geqi

{eqyoh`fx $$$$ ygey bd oyx xvqlehf ygfqf eqf hqvxye`x bl

ygf lolyg modi$#’[eqy OW$ d$ 5$

! Ygf eab|f sex co|fd od 5315 od gox [qodho{`fx bl Hgfnoxyq

Ygey ygf ysb |b`vnfx hbdxyoyvyodc e seyfq {eqyoh`f eqf fuve`

ehhbqiodc yb ygox ygfbq ox fw{qfxx` elloqnfi ygbvcg lbq ygf

xemf bl hbd|fdofdhf od o``vxyqeyobd ygf odyfqde` x{ehf bl e

{eqyoh`f ox x{bmfd bl ex e he|oy ex od ygf lb``bsodc uvbyeyobd

lqbn ygox sbqm :

! # Ex od [èyf OO$ Loc$ 5 sgfqf oy ne af xffd =

!# 5$ Ygey e {eqyoh`f bl seyfq ox qbvdi$

!#1$ Ygey bd oyx xvqlehf ygfqf eqf hqvxye`x bl ygf lolyg modi

'bwcfd/$

v# 8$ Od ygf noii`f bl ygf {eqyoh`f bl seyfq ygfqf ox e he|oy

ygf x{ehf od sgohg ox fuve` yb ygf x{ehf bl oyx hqvxye`x bq bl

oyx xv{fqlohoe` {eqyx"’[eqy OW$ d$ 5$

! # Ehhbqiodc yb ygf ygfbq bl seyfq d$ 5 ygf odyfqde` he|oy

bl ygf {eqyoh`f ox ge`l bl ygf x{ehf$#’D$ 9$

!$ $ $ $ Ygf neddfq od sgohg Xsfifdabqc {qb|fx ygey

ygf ysb |b`vnfx bl neyyfq fdyfqodc odyb ygf hbn{bxoyobd bl e

seyfq {eqyoh`f eqf fuve` ox ex lb``bsx :

! ' Ol ygf odyfqde` he|oy af fuve` yb ygf x{ehf sgohg ygf

hqvxye`x bhhv{ edi ygf ioenfyfq bl ygf 'sgb`f seyfq/ {eq.

yoh`f af 5; oy lb``bsx ygey ygf ioenfyfq bl ygf he|oy so`` af

|fq dfeq` 7 = lbq 7 w 7 w 7 > 651 = edi 5; w 5; w 5; >

5;;;$#’D$ 5$

! Od ygox hbn{vyeyobd 651 qf{qfxfdyx ygf |b`vnf bl ygf

odyfqde` x{ehf edi 5;;; ygf x{ehf bl ygf sgb`f {eqyoh`f

gfdhf 6;; .l. 6;; > 5;;; bq ygf |b`vnf bl ygf odyfqde`

x{ehf - ygf |b`vnf bl ygf fwyfqde` x{ehf > ygf sgb`f x{ehf

bl ygf {eqyoh`f$ Ygvx Xsfifdabqc {qb|fx gonxf`l yb ge|f

lbqnfi e hbdhf{yobd bl ygf hbn{bvdi deyvqf bl seyfq oyx

ysblbì hbn{bxoyobd ygf fuveòy bl ygf |b`vnfx hbdxyoyvyodc

oy ygf oifdyoy bl bdf bl oyx f`fnfdyx soyg bdf bl ygf f`fnfdyx

bl eoq edi bygfq {eqyohvèqx sgohg sf heddby dbs fdv.

nfqeyf$!

h$ ! Ygf eybnoh sfocgy bl seyfq > ?$ Ygf {qb{bqyobdx




dfhfxxeq lbq lbqnodc seyfq od 5;; {eqyx bl oyx hbdxyoyvfdyx

eqf ex lb``bsx :

Asfocgy$

Anfexvqf$

Bwcfd 77$? bq 7 $ $ 88$89 bq 5 |b`vnf$

Giqbcfd 55$5 bq 5 $ $ <;$CB bq 1 !

Nowfi 5;;$; ? $ $ 5;;$;; 8 !

Hbnaodfi lbqnodc seyfq 5;;$; ? $ $ ;<$CB 1 !

! Gfdhf ygf cexfx sgfd hbnaodfi yb lbqn seyfq eqf

qfivhfi yb ygf bqocode` av`m bl giqbcfd ygf fdyoqf av`m bl

bwcfd ge|odc hbn{`fyf` ioxe{{feqfi$ Oy so`` nemf db

iollfqfdhf od ygf {qfxfdy hbn{vyeyobd sgfygfq sf odlfq ygey

ygf bwcfd gex eaxbqafi ygf bygfq cex bq bdf.ge`l ygf av`m

bl giqbcfd gex eaxbqafi ygf bwcfd$ Bl ygox sf eqf hfqyeod

ygf sgb`f av`m bl bwcfd òex ioxe{{feqfi yb xvhg e ifcqff bl

dohfy ygey ygf fwehy av`m bl giqbcfd ox df|fq od ygf `fexy

ioxyvqafi ivqodc ygf hbnaodeyobd = ygf bqocode` av`m bl ygf

giqbcfd afodc <<$<< aflbqf hbnaodeyobd sgo`xy ygf av`m bl

ygf qfxv`yedy nexx elyfq hbnaodeyobd ox e`xb fwehy` <U$<<$

Od ecqffnfdy soyg ygox lehy bl ioxe{{feqedhf Xsfifdabqc

xex od ygf xfhbdi |b`vnf bl gox [qodho{oe

! # Ygf fdh`bxfi ! f`fnfdyeqofx! eqf hbdxvnfi od hbn{bvdi.

odc ygf {eqyoh`f bl seyfq$#’[eqy OOO$ hge{ ow$ d$ 5$

! # Xb hbdxoifqea`f e {bqyobd bl oyx fwyqfnf` èqcf xvqlehf ox

{qfxxfi odseqix ex yb af qfhfo|fi a ygf fdh`bxfi ! f`fnfd.

yeqofx$#! Oaoi$

! Oy ne af xffd lqbn ygf eab|f yea`f edi odiffi ox dbs

cfdfqe`` einoyyfi ygey seyfq ox hbdxyoyvyfi bl {qfhoxf` ysb

|b`vnfx bl giqbcfd hbnaodfi soyg bdf |b`vnf bl bwcfd bq

a sfocgy focgy bvy bl dodf {eqyx eqf bwcfd edi ygf qfneododc

{eqy ox giqbcfd = bq ehhbqiodc yb ygf eybnoh ygfbq bl bdf

eybn bl fehg bl ygfxf f`fnfdyx$ Ygf eybn bl seyfq ygfqflbqf

v{bd ygf giqbcfd xhe`f ox > ?$ Ygox ox ygf oifdyohe` dvnafq

co|fd a Xsfifdabqc od 5315 od gox # [qodho{`fx bl Hgfnoxyq#

ex ygf fuvo|e`fdy bl seyfq = oy sex hfqyeod` co|fd ey e yonf

sgfd seyfq sex afòf|fi e xon{`f vdhbn{bvdifi xvaxyedhf

edi eabvy xowy.ygqff feqx aflbqf ygf eybnoh sfocgy bl seyfq

sex mdbsd yb af qf{qfxfdyfi od ygf xhe`f bl eybnoh sfocgyx

a ygf dvnafq ?$ Sf eqf {qf{eqfi yb hbnaey ygf oife ygey




ygox fuvo|e`fdy sex exxvnfi a gon ex e qedibn avy `vhm.

cvfxx e {qobqo$ A e {qbhfxx bl qfexbdodc ygf fdyoqfy bl

sgohg sf heddby {qfyfdi yb fdvnfqeyf avy sgohg ne af

lbvdi od ygf eab|f.denfi sbqm gf eqqo|fi ey ygf on{bqyedy

hbdh`vxobd ygey ygf fuvo|e`fdy bl e {eqyoh`f bl seyfq > ?$

Ygfqf sbvì af db {evhoy bl nfedx yb eqqo|f ey ygox qfxv`y

ehhbqiodc yb ygf òdf bl od|fxyoceyobd f|oifdy` eib{yfi a

gon edi od|fqxf` odyqbivhfi od gox sbqm bd Hgfnoxyq$

Ygfqf sbvì af db fdi yb ygf odxyedhfx od|oyodc gon yb ygf

eib{yobd bl ygox fuvo|e`fdy lbq seyfq$ Odiffi ygf òdf bl

od|fxyoceyobd ox xb {fhvòeq xb xyqohy` lbvdifi v{bd cfbnfyqo.

he` ieye ygey sf heddby qfe`` ifyfhy ygf xòcgyfxy {bxxoaoòy

bl gox eib{yobd bl ed bygfq fuvo|e`fdy$ Sf so`` fdyfq odyb e

aqofl ioxhvxxobd bl ygf qfexbdx sgohg ifyfqnodfi ygf eib{yobd

bl ygox fuvo|e`fdy soyg e |ofs yb xfy ey qfxy ygf oife bl

cvfxxodc$

! Ygf giqbcfd xhe`f gex ygox xvaxyedhf ex ygf aexox bl

nfexvqfnfdy afhevxf oy ox ygf òcgyfxy bl e`` mdbsd xva.

xyedhfx$ Oyx fuvo|e`fdy ox ygfqflbqf 5$ Xodhf ygf {qb{bqyobde`

dvnafqx nfqf` fw{qfxx ygf qfèyo|f uvedyoyofx bl iollfqfdy

xvaxyedhfx sgohg hbnaodf ybcfygfq oy ox od oyxf`l onneyfqoe`

sgey locvqfx eqf fn{`bfi yb fw{qfxx ygfn$ Ygf bd` fxxfd.

yoe` {body ox ygey ygf qfèyobd xgbvì af xyqohy` baxfq|fi$

Iollfqfdy hgfnoxyx ge|f eib{yfi e xfqofx bl ygfoq bsd sgohg

sex hbdxoifqfi a ygfn ex nbqf xon{`f yged ed bygfq$ Lbq

fwen{`f Iq$ Ygbnxbd nemfx bwcfd 5 ex ygf aexox bl gox

xfqofx$ Iq$ Sb`èxybd lowfx bwcfd ey 5;$ Ygf hf`faqeyfi

Afqzfòvx gex bwcfd ey 5;;$ Sgo`xy xf|fqe` bygfq hgfnoxyx

ex Ie`ybd Ie| Yvqdfq Gfdq edi bygfqx ge|f bwcfd ey

7 =hbdxfuvfdy` giqbcfd so`` af co|fd od ygox xhe`f ey 5$

Ed bdf bl ygfxf xhe`fx ne fexo` af qfivhfi yb ygf bygfqx

a ed ba|obvx odhqfexf bq ionodvyobd bl ygf hbqqfx{bdiodc

fuvo|e`fdyx ex ygf hexf ne af$

!Dbs od [eqy OW$ d$ 9 [qodho{`fx bl Hgfnoxyq sgfqf

Xsfifdabqc loqxy co|fx gox sfocgy bl ygf seyfq {eqyoh`f gf

exxvnfx ygf |b`vnf bl lolyg lodoyfx bq bwcfd > 5 sgohg ox

ygf xenf ex Iq$ Ygbnxbd#x xhe`f bl fuvo|e`fdyx$ Ygox |b`vnf

gf qfceqix ex bhhv{odc ge`l ygf x{ehf bl ygf {eqyoh`f bl

seyfq$ Gfdhf gf xex




! # @fy ygf neyyfq od ygf {eqyoh`f bl seyfq > 5"

! # Ygf odyfqde` he|oy ox ge`l bl ygf x{ehf"

! Xsfifdabqc nvxy hfqyeod` af hbdxoifqfi ex ge|odceib{yfi e xonoèq xhe`f yb ygey bl Iq$ Ygbnxbd od sgohg

bwcfd > 5 lbq sf ge|f e`qfei od e lbqnfq eqyoh`f {qb|fi

ygf oifdyoy bl gox # lolyg lodoyfx # soyg bwcfd= avy ygf qfexbd

sgohg odivhfi gon yb eib{y ygf qeyob bq xhe`f dbs od cfdfqe`

vxf loqxy xvccfxyfi a Ie`ybd sf so`` fdife|bq yb fw{èod$

Od ygox xfhyobd Xsfifdabqc ox eyyfn{yodc yb fxyoneyf ygf hbn.

{eqeyo|f sfocgyx bl e seyfq {eqyoh`f edi ygf xeòdf {eqyoh`fx

lo`òdc ygf odyfqxyoyoe` x{ehfx bl seyfq$ Gf ygfqf if|f`b{x e

xyeyfnfdy od|b`|odc gox nfygbi bl od|fxyoceyobd gox xhe`f bl

fuvo|e`fdyx edi ygf cqbvdi.sbqm bl ygf sgb`f xv{fqxyqvhyvqf

bl gox [qodho{`fx bl Hgfnoxyq$ Ol ygf qfeifq hed bd` nexyfq

ygox {eqecqe{g gf ne cb xyfeio` e`bdc soyg oyx evygbq

ygqbvcg ygf fdyoqf sbqm soygbvy nvhg iollohv`y edi ibvay$

! #

Ifnbdxyqeyobd$’@fy ygf neyyfq 'lolyg lodoyfx bq bwcfd/od ygf {eqyoh`f bl seyfq > 5$ Ehhbqiodc yb ygf ygfbq bl

seyfq d$ 5 ygf odyfqde` he|oy bl ygf {eqyoh`f ox ge`l bl ygf

x{ehf =hbdxfuvfdy` ol oy af lo``fi soyg ygf xenf neyyfq 'bq ygf

sgb`f {eqyoh`f af bwcfd/ ygf sfocgy bl ygf {eqyoh`f so`` > 1$

Xodhf ygfd ygf sfocgyx eqf ex ygf x{ehfx |oz$ 8 : 5 :: 1 : £

ygf sfocgy bl ygf odyfqxyoyoe` neyyfq hbn{eqfi soyg ygf sfocgy

bl e {eqyoh`f bl seyfq exxvnfi ex fuve` yb 5 so`` af ex £ yb

5 bq ex 1 yb 8$

! Òl eceod ygf nbqf xvay`f geqi neyyfq bl ygf lbvqyg modi

'bq eybnx bl e {eqyoh`f bl bwcfd/ odxodveyf oyxf`l odyb ygf

odyfqxyohfx bl ygox neyyfq O neodyeod ygey ygox odyfqxyoyoe` xva.

xyedhf bq bdf hvaf soyg ysb yqoedc`fx so`` ygfd sfocg yb e

{eqyoh`f bl seyfq ex 5; yb ?$

! #

Ifnbdxyqeyobd$’@fy ygf elbqfxeoi neyyfq af ex 1 yb 8 =

e`xb `fy ygf odyfqde` he|oyofx bl fehg bl ygfxf {eqyoh`fx 'he``fi

! lolyg lodoyfx ! bq bwcfd/ bhhv{odc ge`l ygf x{ehf òmf ygf

he|oy od ygf {eqyoh`f bl seyfq af lo``fi v{ = od sgohg hexf ygf

sfocgy so`` af ibva`f ygf lbqfcbodc bq ex 9 yb 8$ Dbs xodhf

ygf qeyob bl ygf sfocgyx ox ehhbqiodc yb ygf qeyob bl ygf x{ehfx

oy so`` af ex 8 : 5 : : 9 : £ = yb sgohg ol ygf 1 af eiifi oy

afhbnfx 1 - j > Te

edi ygvx sgfd hbn{eqfi soyg ygf sfocgybl ygf {eqyoh`f bl seyfq yemfd ex 8 oy so`` af .T ox yb 8 ex

5; ox yb ?$#



xsfifdfbqc#x hgfnohe` ygfbqofx$ 136

! Dbs ox oy dby f|oifdy ygey Xsfifvabqc#x eib{yobd bl ?

ex ed fuvo|e`fdy lbq seyfq od ygf xhe`f bl eybnoh sfocgyx

bqocodeyfx od e dvnfqohe` dfhfxxoy 2 Xyqohy` x{femodc ygf

dvnafq sex dby xf`fhyfi avy lbqhfi v{bd gox eib{yobd$ Oy

ybbm v{ ygf {bxoyobd od gox xhe`f ex ed fuvo|e`fdy bl seyfq

oqqfx{fhyo|f bl f|fqygodc avy eqoygnfyohe` dfhfxxoy$ Hbd.

jfhyvqf edi `vhm cvfxxodc hed è db hèon yb ygf ioxhb|fq

bl ygox on{bqyedy ygfbqfyohe` {qodho{`f od Xsfifvabqc#x xxyfn

bl hgfnoxyq’ygf hed hèon db lenoòeq ehuveodyedhfxgo{

soyg cfbnfyqohe` {qb{bqyobdx dbq yemf ed {eqy od ygf {qehyo.

he` if|f`b{nfdyx bl ygf cbìfd qv`f bl ygqff$ Ygf eab|f

uvbyeyobd ox he``fi a ygf evygbq e # ifnbdxyqeyobd=

J

edi oy ox

yqv` xvhg$ Lbq od ygox ifnbdxyqeyobd ygf |b`vnf bl ygf

9

lolyg lodoyfx # bq bwcfd bhhv{odc bd` ge`l ygf x{ehf od e

seyfq {eqyoh`f ox yemfd ex ygf aexox bl gox hbn{vyeyobd : edi

elyfq e xfqofx bl qfexbdodcx’ybb ba|obvx` yqvf yb af ibvayfi

’ox odivhfi yb eib{y ygf qfxv`y ygey sgfd ygf odyfqxyoyoe`

x{ehfx afysffd {eqyoh`fx bl seyfq eqf lo``fi v{ soyg {eqyoh`fx

bl bwcfd edi ygf xne``fq eybnx bl sgohg ygf lbqnfq eqf

hbn{bvdifi ygfd ygox xbòi odyfqxyoyoe` xvaxyedhf so`` sfocg

yb e {eqyoh`f bl seyfq ex .8U ox yb £ bq ex 5; ox yb ? = gfdhf oy

ox h`feq ygf bd` ysb sgb`f dvnafqx sgohg hbvì ge|f affd

eib{yfi ex fuvo|e`fdyx eqf f|oifdy` 5; lbq ygf odyfqxyoyoe`

xvaxyedhf edi ? lbq seyfq$ @fy vx dby af noxvdifqxybbi

sf ib dby xe ygey db bygfq dvnafqx hbvì ge|f affd eib{yfi

ex hbqqfx{bdiodc fuvo|e`fdyx lbq ygey sbvì af exxfqyodc sgey

sf mdbs yb af dby yqvf = avy sf ib xe ygey db bygfq dvnafqx

yged ? lbq seyfq edi 5; lbq xe`y hed {bxxoa` af cby bvy bl ygf

hbn{vyfi ifnbdxyqeyobd co|fd a Xsfifdabqc$ Ygfxf fuvo|e.

`fdyx eqf ygfqflbqf exxvnfi a gon dby ex nfqf hbdjfhyvqe`

bq f|fd hbd|fdofdy {qb{bqyobdxsgohg ne bq ne dby af

xvaxfuvfdy` hbdloqnfi avy ex qfe` qeyobx eqoygnfyohe``

bqocodeyodc od ygf cfbnfyqohe` xyqvhyvqf bl e seyfq {eqyoh`f

edi aexfi nbxy fwyfdxo|f` v{bd fw{fqonfdye` ifnbdxyqeyobd$

! Ygf qfexbd sg ygf # f`fnfdyeqofx # bhhv{odc ygf odyfqobq

bl e {eqyoh`f bl seyfq eqf dby qflfqqfi yb edi ehhbvdyfi lbq od

ygf hbn{vyeyobd ox afhevxf ygfoq ifdxoy ox ybb odxocdolohedy

yb lbqn ed oyfn$Xsfifdabqc xex

:

99 9 Ygf fdh`bxfi v f`fnfdyeqofx ! eqf hbdxvnfi od hbn.

{bvdiodc ygf {eqyoh`f bl seyfq$#




! Ygox ox ba|obvx` hbqqfhy = lbq sf ge|f e`qfei xgbsd ygey

ygox ox fuve`` yqvf bl bwcfd edi giqbcfd sgfd lbqnodc bq

hbn{bvdiodc seyfq$$ $ $

Ex sf {qbhffi sf xge`` ge|fned b{{bqyvdoyofx bl nemodc oy nedolfxy ygey ygox fuvo|e`fdy

bl seyfq sex fwyfdxo|f` hbdloqnfi a oyx vdibvayfi ioxhb|fqfq

lqbn f|oifdhf eqoxodc bvy bl fwyfdxo|f fw{fqonfdyx bl deyobde`

on{bqyedhf od gox hbvdyq edi lenoòeq` mdbsd yb gon a

qfexbd bl gox {bxoyobd$!

i$ !Bdf bl oyx f`fnfdyx ox e hbdxyoyvfdy bl abyg eoq

edi seyfq$ Sf nfedygf # lolyg lodoyfx # bq bwcfdoh {eqyoh`fx$

Avy ex sf ge|f xvllohofdy` {qb|fi ygox {body od bvq eqyoh`f bd

Eoq edi odioqfhy` e`xb od ygf {qfxfdy {e{fq sf iffn oy

vddfhfxxeq yb eii lvqygfq {qbbl$

f$ !Seyfq òmf eoq ox he{ea`f bl ifhbn{bxoyobd edi

bl afhbnodc e hbdxyoyvfdy bl e`` hbn{bvdi xvaxyedhfx$

Ygox yqvyg sex eddbvdhfi ex e {qodho{ovn a Xsfifdabqc

ge`lehfdyvq aflbqf oyx ehmdbs`ficfi ioxhb|fq

Gf xex od gox [qodho{oe [eqy OOO$ hge{$ ow$ :

! # Sf heddby hbdxoifq ygf euvfbvx {eqyoh`f ex ed bygfq yged

e hfqyeod geqi abi qfdifqfi l`voi a ed fwyqfnf` xne``

ifcqff bl gfey$#’d$ 1$

! = Ygf euvfbvx |b`vnf ox {fqlfhy` xonoèq yb ygey bl e

nodfqe` bl ed godi nf`yfi odyb e |b`vnf bq òuvoi$#’d$ 9$

!$ $ $

Soygqfceqi yb oyx ioxxb`vyobd edi vdobd soyg

bygfq xvaxyedhfx gf xex od ygf xenf {èhf

! # Oddvnfqea`f ygfqflbqf sbvì af bvq qfneqmx bd ygf

xvajfhy bl seyfq sfqf sf yb fdyfq odyb e`` oyx {gfdbnfde$

Sf xgbvì ge|f yb xgbs lbq odxyedhf od sgey neddfq edi a

sgey hevxfx ygf hbddfhyobdx bl oyx {eqyoh`fx hbvì af qfxb`|fi

od sgey neddfq elyfq ygf ioxxb`vyobd ygf fdh`bxfi x{gfqv`fx

bhhv{ofi ygfodyfqxyohfx afysffd bygfq edi euvfbvx {eqyoh`fx

od sgey neddfq sfqf gfdhf bqocodeyfi dfs yfqqfxyqoe` edi

xeòdf {eqyx = sgey sfqf ygf locvqfx bl ygfxf {eqyx edi ygfoq

nbyobdx afysffd ygf euvfbvx {eqyoh`fx =od sgey neddfq ygfxf

{eqyoh`fx hbd|f ygfn ygqbvcg ygf loaqfx xyfnx edi {bqfx

bl |fcfyea`fx = gbs oy ox ygf iox{bxf ygfn odyb ygf |fcfyea`f

lbqn# fyh$

!Nbxy bl ygfxf

{eqyohvèqx ge|f affd fw{èodfi od gox

[qodho{`fx bl Hgfnoxyq edi ge|f e hgeqn bl xvhg cfdvodf




xon{òhoy eabvy ygfn ygey sf xge`` ifòcgy bvqxf`|fx od xbnf

bl bvq xvaxfuvfdy eqyoh`fx a he{yo|eyodc ygf qfeifq#x eyyfdyobd

soyg ygfoq fw{bxoyobd edi o``vxyqeyobd a e|eqofy

bl odyfqfxy.

odc edi lenoòeq {gfdbnfde$ Od Xsfifdabqc#x ie ygf eab|f

{eqyohvèqx sbvì e{{feq edbne`bvx = edi gbsf|fq afevyolv`

edi yqvf ygf ne dbs xffn ygf sbvì ygfd af xo`fdy`

qfceqifi ex afodc abyg `feqdfi odcfdobvx edi qoiohv`bvx$

Sgey sbvì af nbqf eaxvqi yged yb {qbhèon ygf ioxxb`vyobd

bl ed f`fnfdye` xvaxyedhf odyb oyx {eqyx 2 Bq ygey seyfq a

ioxxb`vyobd lbqnx xe`y edi afhbnfx e {eqy bl ygf geqi xbòiqbhm bq e {eqy bl ygf feqyg#x nodfqe`x |fcfyea`fx edi edone`x 2

_fy dbygodc ox nbqf yqvf yged ygey xvhg ox ygf hexf$ $ $ $! *

* Ygf xenf qfneqm ygey sf neif ey ygf h`bxf bl ygf èxy eqyoh`f sf

ge|f yb qf{fey gfqf |oz$ ygey sf ib dby hbdxoifq Nq$ Afxsohm#x eqcv.

nfdyx ex fwgevxyodc ygf xvajfhy$ Ygf xenf f`fnfdyeqofx ygey Nq$

Afxsohm od ygf hexf bl ygf eoq he``fi doyqbcfd locvqf eceod od Xsfifd.abqc#x ygfbq bl ygf seyfq edi Nq$ Afxsohm e``bsx vx dbs yb odlfq

ygey ygf eqf oifdyohe` soyg bq lbqn giqbcfd$ Ygfqf ne af e hbd.

dfhyobd afysffd doyqbcfd giqbcfd edi Xsfifdabqc#x f`fnfdyeqofx

avy ygfqf ox uvoyf e goeyvx afysffd ygf f`fnfdyeqofx hbn{bxodc ygf

|bqyohe` edi necdfyoh f`fnfdyx edi ygf hgfnohe` abiofx bl giqbcfd

edi doyqbcfd sgohg goeyvx Nq$ Afxsohm gex dby fy ehhbvdyfi lbq$

Lqbn ygf lehy ygey abyg cexfx bwcfd edi giqbcfd eqf he{ea`f bl

exxvnodc ygf xbòi xge{f ex od seyfq edi eceod bl fw{ediodc od ygf

cexfbvx xyeyf oy xffnx ex ol abyg sfqf lodoyfx he{ea`f bl afodc fw{edifi

a f`fnfdyeqofx odyb ygf cexfbvx xyeyf edi a ygf soygiqese` bl ygfxf

f`fnfdyeqofx bl afodc hbn{qfxxfi odyb ygf xbòi xyeyf$ Ygf oifdyoy

bl Xsfifdabqc#x lolyg lodoyfx soyg bwcfd gbsf|fq sf ygodm Nq$ Afx.

sohm gex hbdloqnfi a gox eqyoh`f bd seyfq e`xb ygf lehy ygey abyg ygf

eoq edi seyfq eqf hbn{bvdi abiofx$

19



O\$

XSFIFDABQC#X NECDFYOH YGFBQOFX$

5$ Ygf @es bl Necdfyoh Odyfdxoy$

Bl e`` ygf èsx bl necdfyoxn ygey bl oyx odyfdxoy odhqfexodc

ybseqix ygf {b`fx ox bd ehhbvdy bl ygf {qehyohe` vxfx bl ygf

necdfyoh dffi`f od de|oceyobd vduvfxyobdea` ygf nbxy on.

{bqyedy$ Ygf |fq fwoxyfdhf bl oyx |eqoeyobd sex xheqhf`

mdbsd od ygf xhofdyoloh sbqì yo`` ygf yonf bl Gvnabìy sgb

sex ygf loqxy yb aqodc oy odyb dbyohf =

bd sgohg xvajfhy gf xex od

gox Qfèyobd Goxybqouvf '{$ <56/ : !Ygf baxfq|eyobdx bd ygf

|eqoeyobd bl yfqqfxyqoe` necdfyoxn yb sgohg O ge|f if|byfi

nxf`l lbq ygoqy.ysb feqx a nfedx bl odxyqvnfdyx sgohg

einoy bl hbn{eqoxbd soyg bdf edbygfq od Enfqohe Fvqb{f

edi Exoe fnaqehf ed eqfe fwyfdiodc b|fq 577 ifcqffx bl

`bdcoyvif lqbn ygf lqbdyofq bl Hgodfxf Izbvdceqof yb ygf sfxy

bl ygf Xbvyg Xfe aeygodc ygf hbexyx bl Nfwohb edi [fqv ediqfehgodc lqbn <;» dbqyg èyoyvif yb 51» xbvyg èyoyvif$ O

qfceqi ygf ioxhb|fq bl ygf ès bl ygf ifhqfnfdy bl ygf nec.

dfyoh lbqhf lqbn ygf {b`f yb ygf fuveybq ex ygf nbxy on{bqyedy

qfxv`y bl n Enfqohed |becf$!

Od e dbyf yb Hbxnbx \b`$ O$ {$ 53? 'Abdd#x fioyobd/ gf

eiix :! Ygf loqxy qfhbcdoyobd bl ygf ès af`bdcx afbdi e``

uvfxyobd yb @enevbd ygf hbn{edobd bl @e [fqbvxf '5373/ =

avy `bdc ioxqfceqifi bq lbqcbyyfd ygf mdbs`ficf bl ygf ès

ygey ygf odyfdxoy bl ygf necdfyoh lbqhf bl ygf feqyg |eqofi

soyg ygf èyoyvif ioi dby O hbdhfo|f ehuvoqf ed fwoxyfdhf od

xhofdhf vdyo` ygf {vaòheyobd bl n baxfq|eyobdx lqbn 53?7 yb

57;9$!

!Dbs! Nq$ Afxsohm baxfq|fx !ygf {vaòheyobd bl ygf

|fq xenf ès eddbvdhfi od dfeq` ygf xenf yfqnx ybbm{èhf od Xsfifdabqc#x [qodho{oe od 5388 afodc xowy.lo|f feqx

'137/



xsfifdabqc#x necdfyoh ygfbqofx$ 13?

od {qobqoy bl {vaòheyobd ygoqy.xow feqx aflbqf Gvnabìy

sex abqd edi loly.ysb feqx aflbqf ygf yonf bl @e [fqbvxf#x

fw{fioyobd sgohg sex hbnnfdhfi od 5376$ Avy `fy ygf qfeifq

jvicf lbq gonxf`l$ Ygf lb``bsodc ox Gvnabìy#x eddbvdhf.

nfdy bl ygox ès :

! # Ygey ygf odyfdxoy bl ygf necdfyoh lbqhf bl ygf feqyg |eqofi

soyg ygf èyoyvif$# Hbxnbx \b`$ O$ {$ 57; dbyf$

! # Ygf ès bl ygf ifhqfnfdy bl necdfyoh lbqhf lqbn ygf {b`f

yb ygf fuveybq$#’{$ 57;$

! # Ygf ès ygey ygf odyfdxoy bl ygf lbqhf odhqfexfx 'od

cfdfqe`/ soyg ygf necdfyoh èyoyvif$#’{$ 53?$

! # Ygf odyfdxoy bl ygf ybye` lbqhf odhqfexfx lqbn ygf fuveybq

ybseqix ygf {b`f$#’{$ 53?$

! Gfqf e`xb ox Xsfifdabqc#x eddbvdhfnfdy :

! # Ygfqf ox ygfqflbqf ed ehyobd v{bd ygf {eqyoh`fx bl ygox

f`fnfdy ehhbqiodc yb ygf eqhx od ioxyedhfx lqbn ygf {b`fx"

[qodho{oe [eqy OO$ hge{ w|$ d$ 7$

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qfèyo|f ygey ygf ifhòdeyobdx bq x{oqe` sodiodcx bl ygf

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e ionodoxgfi x{oqeòy$

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`bsodc :

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yobd$!

Gf ygfqflbqf ex gf baxfq|fx xon{` xyeyfi e hbqqfèyo|f

16



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Cevxx od edbygfq lbqn ygvx :

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yobdx bdf bl sgohg W ehyx od ygf ioqfhyobd bl ygf cfbcqe{gohe`



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w|$ |b`$ oo$ Sgey hbvì af nbqf f|oifdy` oifdyohe` yged ygf

lb``bsodc 2


Oy ox h`feq ygey ygf mdbs`ficf bl_ bd !Sf ygvx bayeod ygf xoyveyobd bl ygfygf sgb`f feqyg

hbnaodfisoyg

ygf{eqyoh`fx 'bq ifhòdeyobd/

od f|fq {èhfmdbs`ficf bl W ey e`` {bodyx bl e òdf {qb|oifi ygfqf af co|fd ygf ioxyedhfx bqqvddodc lqbn bdf xoif bl ygf feqyg yb eqhx 'bl èyoyvif bq _/ lqbn ygf {b`fx

ygf bygfq ox xv`òhofdy lbq ygf lbvdieyobd edi ygf edc`fx 'bq W/ lbqnfi a fehgbl ygf hbn{`fyf ygfbq bl ygf necdfyoxn soyg e co|fd nfqoioed$’[eqy OO$ hge{bl ygf feqyg$’{$ 1;<$ w|$ d$ 7$

! Xsfifdabqc od gox lbqnvè elloqnx ygey sf bayeod ygf

ifhòdeyobd bl ygf feqyg#x necdfyoxn hod f|fq {èhf# {qb|oifi

sf ge|f e yqocbdbnfyqohe` |e`vf bl ygf eqhx bl èyoyvif edi

edc`fx bl `bdcoyvif sgohg ygf ysb necdfyoh {b`fx nemf soygygf feqyg#x {b`fx edi e co|fd nfqoioed = lbq ygfd sf hed bayeod

ygf |e`vf bl ygf necdfyoh lbqhf lbq ygf sgb`f feqyg qf{qf.

xfdyfi a \ ex oy b{fqeyfx od ygf ysblbì ioqfhyobd bl èyoyvif

edi `bdcoyvif ey ygf {èhf bl baxfq|eyobd$ Ygf {qfhoxf |e`vf

bl ygox lbqhf od fehg ioqfhyobd Cevxx qf{qfxfdyx a _ edi W=

ygf mdbs`ficf bl sgohg abyg gf edi Xsfifdabqc elloqn ox

xvllohofdy lbq e hbn{`fyf ygfbq bl yfqqfxyqoe` necdfyoxn$ Ygf{qodho{`f exxvnfi a fehg ox ygfqflbqf soygbvy ibvay xyqohy`

oifdyohe`$ Gfdhf ygf |e`vfx bl ygf èyvx he`hvò edi edcv`vx

he`hvò co|fd od Xsfifdabqc#x nfygbi \b`$ OO$ {{$ 5<;.<5 eqf

oifdyohe` soyg ygf |e`vfx bl W edi _ od Cevxx#x nfygbi$ Lbq

od abyg ygf xon{` nfed ygf |e`vf bl \ bq ygf sgb`f feqyg#x

necdfyoh lbqhf od ygf ysblbì ioqfhyobd bl èyoyvif edi `bdco.

yvif$ Dbs od e`` ygf cqfey nexx bl he`hvèyobdx lqbn {$ 5<<yb {$ 116 \b`$ OO$ ex sf`` ex od e`` ygf ioecqenx {$ 8<7 ygf

xoifx a h edi c h od Xsfifdabqc#x nfygbi eqf fuvo|e`fdy

|e`vfx lbq _ od ygf ysb gfnox{gfqfx ex co|fd od f|fq hexf a

Cevxx#x nfygbi$ Ygf sgb`f bl Xsfifdabqc#x qfneqmx lqbn

{$ 567 yb 5<5 eqf fw{èdeybq bl ygf hbqqfhyobdx yb af neif

lbq ygf qbyvdioy bl ygf feqyg od èyoyvif edi `bdcoyvif edi

ygf cqeive` |eqoeyobd bl ygf necdfyoh lbqhf od ygox ysblbì

ioqfhyobd = od bygfq sbqix yb bayeod ygf h`feq bq dfy |e`vfx bl



xsfifdabqc#x necdfyoh ygfbqofx$ 1?8

ygf xoifx eqoi evc`fx od Xsfifdabqc#x lbqnvè bq bl W edi _od ygf [qblfxxbq#x lbqnvè$

! Avy ygfqf ox dby bd` ed oifdyoy od {qodho{`f’sgohg ox avy

e xon{`f {qodho{`f od nfhgedohx’sf e`xb lodi v{bd xyqohy od.

|fxyoceyobd ygey oy {fq|eifx e`` gox nfygbix edi ox ygf lvdie.

nfdye` hbdioyobd bl e`` gox {qba`fnx edi xb`vyobdx$ Od f|fq

odxyedhf co|fd od ygf [qblfxxbq#x {qblbvdi fxxe yb od|fxyoceyf

xbnf x{fhoe` lfeyvqf bl ygf yfqqfxyqoe` necdfyoh lbqhfx ygf

lb``bsodc qfneqm bl ygf Xsfioxg {go`bxb{gfq qfhfo|fx e

xodcvèq lv`lo`nfdy:

! # Ygey sf hed lodi db bygfq {qb{bqyobd yged ygf bdf fwoxy.

odc afysffd ygf ioxyedhfx edi edc`fx$#’{$ 59?$

! Ygf lb``bsodc ox ed odxyedhf enbdcxy ned bl e xyqomodc

oifdyoy od lvdienfdye` {qba`fnx :


Sf nvxy hbdxoifq ygf {qba`fn od e`` @fy ygf {èhf bl baxfq|eyobd af od h

oyx cfdfqeòy$ Sf xf`fhy lbq ygf {vq. 'loc$ 7?/$ @fy ygf nfqoioed bl ygox {èhf{bxf ygf ioxyedhf q 'bq Xsfifdabqc#x af od«"«=ygf necdfyoh dbqyg {b`f od <=

</ lqbn ygf hfdyqf bl ygf feqyg ygf necdfyoh xbvyg {b`f od c= ioxyedhf

edc`f v 'bq Xsfifdabqc#x ae/ sgohg q lqbn bdf {b`f yb ygf {èhf bl baxfq.

nemfx soyg ygf dbqygfqd {eqy bl ygf |eyobd af af ,h$’[eqy OO$ hge{ w|$

feqyg#x ewox edi ygf edc`f Q sgohg e d$ 7$

{èdf {exxodc ygqbvcg q edi ygf ewox bl

ygf feqyg nemfx soyg e loqxy nfqoioed$

{$ 1;1$

! Dbs ygf xenf ioecqen so`` qf{qfxfdy ygf hbdioyobdx bl

abyg$ Odiffi ygf [qblfxxbq#x hbdioyobdx ex co|fd eab|f qf.

lfqqodc ex ygf ib edi ex gonxf`l xyeyfx yb ygf {qba`fn bl

necdfyoh ioxyqoavyobd od oyx soifxy cfdfqeòy fnabi bd`

ygf |e`vfx bl ygf edc`fx edi xoifx yb sgohg sf ge|f xb blyfd

qflfqqfi ex ygf lvdienfdye` hbdioyobdx bl Xsfifdabqc#x

nfygbi lbq ygf dbqygfqd gfnox{gfqf bd`$ Sf heddby lvqygfq

ede`zf ygf eab|f uvbyeyobdx lqbn ygf sedy bl e ioecqen ex

ygf nfedx bl o``vxyqeyodc bvq qfneqmx avy sf ey bdhf qflfq

ygf qfeifq yb loc$ 7? od ygf [qodho{oe$ Od lehy ygfqf ox dby bdf

fxxfdyoe` lfeyvqf od ygf Cevxxoed ygfbq edi nfygbi qfx{fhy.

odc ifhòdeyobd avy hed af lbvdi od ifyeo` edi fwyfdxo|f`

hbdloqnfi edi o``vxyqeyfi abyg a eqcvnfdy edi fw{fqonfdy od

ygf {qblbvdi sbqm bl ygf Xsfioxg {go`bxb{gfq Fnedvf`

Xsfifdabqc$ Edi ygox sbqm '[qodho{oe/ xb lv`` bl qfxfeqhg

edi xv{fqeabvdiovc od cfqnx bl {go`bxb{gohe` ioxhb|fq sex{vaòxgfi yb ygf sbqì hbdyeododc ygf lvdienfdye` {qodho{ovn

16*



1?9 xsfifdabqc#x necdfyoh ygfbqofx$

bl ygf Cevxxoed ygfbq bl yfqqfxyqoe` necdfyoxn edi bl ygf

nfygbi lbq hbn{vyodc necdfyoh ifhòdeyobd bdf gvdiqfi edi

lbvq feqx aflbqf ygf sbqm hbdyeododc ygf èyyfq henf odyb

afoIc %

!Odyf``fhyve` Qf{bxoybq lbq 576; {{$ 158.15<$

Sf xge`` h`bxf gfqf bvq fwyqehyx lqbn Nq$ Afxsohm#x od.

yfqfxyodc xfqofx bl {e{fqx bd Xsfifdabqc#x {qodho{`fx bl

necdfyoxn = avy od ibodc xb sf nvxy ioqfhy ygf eyyfdyobd bl

bvq qfeifqx yb bdf eiioyobde` {e{fq bl Nq$ Afxsohm od ygf

Odyf``fhyve` Qf{bxoybq {{$ 15<.11; od sgohg gf xgbsx ygey

Xsfifdabqc dby bd` edyoho{eyfi od lv`` e`` ygf nbifqdygfbqofx eabvy necdfyoxn avy e`xb ygey ! gox nfygbi on{qb|fi

ox ygf bd` bdf he{ea`f bl hbn{vyodc necdfyoh ifhòdeyobd lbq

e`` {èhfx edi yonfx’{exy {qfxfdy edi yb hbnf$!



\$

XSFIFDABQC#X EXYQBDBNOHE@ YGFBQOFX$

5$ Odyqbivhybq Dbyfx$

Aflbqf fdyfqodc v{bd e ioxhvxxobd od ifyeo` bl ygf exyqb.

dbnohe` ygfbqofx {qbnv`ceyfi a Xsfifdabqc edi aflbqf hbn.

{eqodc ygfn soyg ygbxf ygey ge|f xodhf affd eib{yfi a

xhofdhf sf ygodm oy afxy yb co|f yb bvq qfeifqx ed odxocgy odyb

ygf cqbvdix bd sgohg ygf sgb`f bl Xsfifdabqc#x exyqbdbnohe`

xxyfn ox aexfi vxodc gox bsd sbqix lbq ygox {vq{bxf$

Gfxex :

! Ygf necdfyoh x{gfqf soyg oyx |bqyoh`fx ox e y{f edi xne``

flloc bl ygf xyeqq gfe|fd = ygfqf ox ygf xenf modi bl nbyobd

od xne`` ygodcx ex od cqfey = lbq ygf xenf f`fnfdy sgohg ox

nb|fi od e |bqyohe` ioqfhyobd ox od abyg$! [qodho{oe [eqy OO$

hge{$ 5 d$ 11$

Od bqifq yb vdifqxyedi Xsfifdabqc#x xxyfn bl ygf xyeqq

gfe|fdx sf nvxy ygfqflbqf ge|f ed oife bl gox ygfbq bl ygf

necdfy$ Ygox ygfbq sf xge`` {qfxfdy lbq ygf xemf bl hbd.

|fdofdy qflfqfdhf od ygf lb``bsodc dvnafqx :

5$ Ygf necdfyoh f`fnfdy odexnvhg ex oy ox nbxy xva.

yo`f edi {qobq {fqnfeyfx soyg e hvqqfdy {fqlfhy` vdodyfq.

qv{yfi ygf odyfqxyohfx bl f|fq xvhhffiodc edi cqbxxfq f`fnfdy$

Ygvx oy ox he{ea`f bl l`bsodc lqff` dby bd` ygqbvcg |b`vnfx

bl ygf f`fnfdyx xvhg ex eoq edi fygfq avy e`xb ygqbvcg seyfq

edi neyyfq = ex od òmf neddfq ygqbvcg geqi abiofx sgfygfq

bl sbbi bq bl xybdf$ Oy {qfxfdyx yb bvq |ofs oyx {gfdbnfde

edi deyvqe` nfhgedoxn nbqf fx{fhoe`` od ygf hexf bl necdfyx

e`ygbvcg oy ehyx òmfsoxf v{bd ygf {eqyoh`fx bl fygfq eoq edi

bygfq f`fnfdyx sgohg soygbvy ed bqifq` xfuvfdhf edi xfqofx

bl xne``fq edi cqfeyfq {eqyoh`fx hbvì dby xvaxoxy$ [qodho{oe

[eqy$ OO$ hge{ |ooo$ d$ 5 = hge{ w|$ d$ 5$

'1?6/



1?< xsfifdabqc#x exyqbdbnohe` ygfbqofx$

1$ F|fq {eqyoh`f bl ygox f`fnfdy x{bdyedfbvx` fdife|bqx

yb fdyfq odyb e |bqyohe` nbyobd ol ygfqf af bd` ed ehyo|f

hfdyqf qbvdi sgohg ygf hed cqeyf$ Ygfqf ne af ex nedx{oqe` cqeyobdx bq |bqyoh`fx ex ygfqf eqf hfdyqfx bl nbyobd

=

edi ygf |bqyoh`fx ne af hbdjbodfi bdf soyg edbygfq od e

neddfq hbdlbqnea`f yb ygfoq locvqf edi nbyobd$ Ol ygf |bq.

yoh`fx eqf hbdjbodfi ex yb ygfoq x{oqfx edi ex yb ygf geqnbd

bl ygfoq nbyobdx ygf eqf e`xb ex oy sfqf deyvqe`` hb`òceyfi

a ygfoq hbdjvdhyobdx = edi yfdi yb qfneod od ygey xyeyf bl hbd.

jvdhyobd$\bqyoh`fx

bqx{oqe` cqeyobdx bl ygox modi ge|f

ecqfeyfq yfdifdh yb hbdjvdhyobd edi hb`òceyobd soyg fehg

bygfq ygf dfeqfq ygf eqf yb ygf hfdyqf bq ygf cqfeyfq ygf

hvq|eyvqf bl ygf x{oqfx a sgohg ygf eqf hbdjbodfi$ Oaoi$

hge{$ 5 dbx$ 5 3.?$

8$ Ygfqf eqf hbq{vxh`fx xb xne`` ex yb fnedeyf edi fwge`f

lqbn geqi abiofx od ygf lbqn bl fll`v|oe = bl ygox modi eqf ygf

xne``fxy hbq{vxh`fxbq fll`v|oe {qbhffiodc

lqbn necdfyx edioqbd$ Hbq{vxh`fx bl f|fq lbqn eqf necdfyoh

={qb|oifi ygf

f`fnfdyeq necdfyoh {eqyoh`fx hed {exx ygqbvcg ygfoq {bqfx

edi ygf hbddfhyo|fx bl ygfoq xyqvhyvqf edi ib dby b{fd soif

fdbvcg lbq {eqyoh`fx bl e cqbxxfq f`fnfdy$ Hbq{vxh`fx bl ygox

modi bq fll`v|oe sgfd lqff heddby af uvofxhfdy = avy cqeyf

hbdyodve`` qbvdi ygfoq hfdyqf hbdlbqnea` yb ygf xoyveyobd bl

ygf f`fnfdyeq {eqyoh`fx$ Ygfhbdxyoyvyf ygfqflbqf ehyo|f

hfdyqfx edi lbqn eqbvdi ygfnxf`|fx x{oqe` cqeyobdx bq |bq.

yoh`fx$ Oaoi$ hge{$ 5 dbx$ 5; 55$

9$ Ehhbqiodc` xvhg ex ox ygf dvnafq bl necdfyoh fll`v|oe

xvhg ox ygf dvnafq bl |bqyoh`fx lbqnfi qbvdi ygf necdfy$ Ygf

cqfeyfq ygf uvedyoy bl ygfxf fll`v|oe qbvdi e necdfy ygf

cqfeyfq ox ygf dvnafq bl hfdyqfx edi |bqyoh`fx = e`xb ygf nbqf

dfeq` edi h`bxf` ne ygf af hbdjbodfi edihb`òceyfi

aygfoq odyfqobq x{oqfx edi |ohf |fqxe$ Ygf hb`òceyobd bl ygf

fll`v|oe bq |bqyoh`fx ox h`bxfq ey e `fxx yged ey e cqfeyfq ioxyedhf

lqbn ygf nexx = edi h`bxfxy ey oyx hbdlodfx bq abvdieqofx bq

dfeqfxy yb ygf nexx$ Ygf |bqyoh`fx xvqqbvdi ygox nexx a e

hbdyodve`` hbddfhyfi òdf lqbn bdf {bèq se`` yb ygf bygfq

edi ygvx hbddfhy edi fdh`bxf fehg se`` edi {b`f a nfedx bl

e modi bl x{gfqf$ Aygox

x{gfqfygfqflbqf ox lbqnfi

elocvqf xonoèq yb ygf b|e` hbdlbqnea` yb sgbxf hvq|eyvqf bq



1?7 XSFIFDABQC#X EXYQBDBNOHE@ YGFBQOFX$

ygf {eqyoh`fx bl ygox f`fnfdy ox ey ygf xbvyg {b`f edi gfdhf oy

yfdix yb ygf dbqyg = dby òmf e xyqfen edi ybqqfdy avy òmf e

yqeduvo` edi yehoy hvqqfdy sgohg cqeive`` edi soygbvy edxfdxoa`f nbyobd {vqxvfx oyx hbvqxf lqbn bdf ge|fd yb edbygfq$

’Oaoi$ [eqy OO$ hge{$ w|— dbx$ 1.9$

?$ E`` ygodcx eqf xonoèq bdf yb ygf bygfq = afhevxf od xne``

ygodcx ex sf`` ex od èqcf deyvqf {qfxfq|fx ygf cqfeyfxy xono.

èqoy yb gfqxf`l$ Ygvx od ygf necdfy edi oyx x{gfqf ygfqf ox

e y{f edi flloc bl ygf gfe|fd = e nvdiedf xxyfn od nodoe.

yvqf edi ehhbnnbieyfi yb bvq xfdxfx$ Od ygf x{gfqf bl ygfnecdfy eqf x{oqe` cqeyobdx bq |bqyoh`fx =

od òmf neddfq od ygf

xoifqfe` gfe|fdx ygfqf eqf x{oqe` cqeyobdx edi |bqyohfx$ Od f|fq

|bqyoh`f qbvdi ygf necdfy ygfqf ox ed ehyo|f hfdyqf = od f|fq |bq.

yfw od ygf gfe|fd ygfqf ox e`xb ed ehyo|f hfdyqf$ Od f|fq |bqyoh`f

qbvdi ygf necdfy ygf nbyobd ox uvohmfq dfeq ygf hfdyqf yged

oy ox ey e ioxyedhf lqbn oy = ygf xenf ox ygf hexf od f|fq |bqyfw

od ygf gfe|fd$ Od f|fq |bqyoh`f qbvdi ygf necdfy ygf x{oqe`

cqeyobd ox bl cqfeyfq hvq|eyvqf od {qb{bqyobd yb oyx dfeqdfxx

yb ygf hfdyqf = ygf xenf ox ygf hexf od f|fq |bqyfw od ygf

gfe|fd$ Od f|fq |bqyoh`f qbvdi ygf necdfy ygfqf eqf od e``

{qbaeaoòy hbq{vxh`fx l`vfdy qbvdi ygf hfdyqf edi qf|b`|odc

qbvdi ed ewox = xvhg e`xb ox ygf hexf soyg f|fq |bqyfw od ygf

gfe|fd$ Ygf |bqyoh`fx qbvdi ygf necdfy nvyve`` hb`òceyf

ygfnxf`|fx a nfedx bl ygfoq x{oqe` nbyobdx edi ygvx hb`ò.

ceyfi lbqn e èqcfq x{gfqf = ygf xenf ox ygf hexf od ygf

xoifqfe` gfe|fd’dby yb nfdyobd bygfq {bodyx bl ecqffnfdy bl

sgohg sf xge`` x{fem od ygf xfuvf`$ [qodho{oe [eqy OOO$

hge{$ 5 Odyqbivhyobd$

Sf xge`` dbs od|fxyoceyf ygf fwyfdy yb sgohg ygf exyqbdbn.

ohe` ygfbqofx ei|bheyfi a Xsfifdabqc ge|f affd hbdloqnfi

a nbifqd xhofdhf yemodc Nq$ Afxsohm lbq bvq cvoif$

1$ Ygf Hbxnohe` Xyqvhyvqf bl ygf Xyeqq Gfe|fdx$

! Bdf |bqyfw bq xbèq xxyfn soyg oyx ehyo|f hfdyqf hbdxyo.

yvyfx bdf gfe|fd bl oyxf`l bq bdf nvdiedf xxyfn= xf|fqe`

|bqyohfx soyg ygfoq hfdyqfx lbqn ybcfygfq e hfqyeod xoifqfe`

x{gfqf$ E x{gfqf hbdxoxyodc bl ned |bqyohfx bl ygf xenf

modi gex oyx bsd {qb{fq locvqf$!’ [qodho{oe [eqy OOO$

hge{ o$ d$ 9$



xsfifdabqc#x exyqbdbnohe` ygfbqofx$ 1??

! Ygf sgb`f |oxoa`f xoifqfe` gfe|fd ox bdf èqcf x{gfqf edi

oyx xvdx bq xyeqx ybcfygfq soyg ygfoq |bqyohfx eqf {eqyx bl e

x{gfqf hbddfhyfi bdf soyg ygfbygfq od ygf

neddfq sf ge|fnfdyobdfi$! Oaoi$ d$ 6$

! Ygfqf ne af oddvnfqea`f x{gfqfx bq xoifqfe` gfe|fdx od

ygf lodoyf vdo|fqxf$ Ygf sgb`f xoifqfe` gfe|fd ox {fqge{x avy

e {body od qfx{fhy yb ygf vdo|fqxf$ Ygf xoifqfe` gfe|fd xyv.

{fdibvx ex oy ox lbqnx {fqge{x avy e xodc`f x{gfqf bl sgohg

bvq xbèq |bqyfw hbdxyoyvyfx bd` e {eqy$ [bxxoa` ygfqf ne

af oddvnfqea`f bygfq x{gfqfx edi oddvnfqea`f bygfq gfe|fdxxonoèq yb ygbxf sf afgbì = xb ned odiffi edi xb nocgy

ygey bvq bsd ne af qfx{fhyo|f` bd` e {body$! Oaoi$ d$ 55$

! A ygf jbody èabqx bl ygf ysb Gfqxhgf`#x edi ygf Feq` bl

Qbxxf! xex Nq$ Afxsohm !ygf gfe|fdx ge|f affd cevcfi

eab|f af`bs bd e`` xoifx soyg ygfoq cocedyoh yf`fxhb{fx = edi

ygf qfxv`y gex affd ygey ygfxf ygfbqfyohe` xvccfxyobdx xb `blyo`

edi xvaònf` f`f|eyodc ge|f dbs yb af qfceqifi ex neyyfqxbl lehy$!

Ygf goxybq bl ygox ioxhb|fq ex qfhbqifi a xhofdhf ox ex

lb``bsx :

! Ygf odcfdobvx Nq$ Noyhgf`` nbqf yged loly feqx ecb

xyeqyfi ygf oife bl ygf xyeqx afodc lbqnfi odyb cqbv{x bq xx.

yfnx sgohg eqf fdyoqf` ifyehgfi lqbn bdf edbygfq edi ge|f

db onnfioeyf hbddfhyobd$! Iohm#x Xoifqfe` Gfe|fdx {$ 15;$! Ygf dfwy bajfhy e``vifi yb sex ygf xxyfneyoh eqqedcf.

nfdy bl ygf xyeqx$ Oy sex ed Fdcòxgned denfi Noyhgf``

sgb loqxy baxfq|fi ygox xxyfneyoh eqqedcfnfdy$! [qbl$ Do.

hgb`#x @fi$ bd Exyqbd$ xff Nedhgfxyfq Cveqioed Ne 56 5793$

! Nq$ Gfqxhgf` on{qb|fi bd Noyhgf``#x oife bl ygf lowfi

xyeqx afodc hb``fhyfi odyb cqbv{x$! Fdhh`b{efioe Aqoyeddohe

\b`$ OO$ [eqy oo$ {$ 931 Exyqbdbn$! Edbygfq ibhyqodf {vaòxgfi ey \fdohf od ygf feq 53<8

a N$ Abxhb|ohg xeoi yb ge|f affd loqxy ygbvcgy bl a Nq$

Noyhgf``! fyh$’ _bvdc#x Fxxe bd ygf [bsfq edi Nfhgedoxn bl

Deyvqf {$ <9$

! Oy sbvì e{{feq lqbn ygf eab|f uvbyeyobdx! xex Nq$

Afxsohm ! ygey Noyhgf`` sex ygf loqxy od ygf goxybq bl g.

{bygfxox yb {qb{bxf e yqvf hbdhf{yobd bl ygf hbxnohe` xyqvhyvqf

bl ygf xyeqq gfe|fdx$ Gf xvccfxyfi ygey cqe|oyeyobd nocgy



8;; xsfifdabqc#x exyqbdbnohe` ygfbqofx$

hevxf ygf xyeqx yb h`vxyfq ybcfygfq odyb ioxyodhy xxyfnx = ygey

ex {èdfyx eqf {eqyx bl xbèq xxyfnx xb eqf xbèq xxyfnx {eqyx

bl sgey ne af he``fi xyeq xxyfnx$ Noyhgf``#x {qb{bxoyobd

co|fd od 53<3 '[go`$ Yqedx$ 53<3 edi 5378/ hbdyeodx ehhbqi.

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{qbhfxx od yqocbdbnfyq ygvx :

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zbdfx ygfoq ioxqv{yobd edi v`yoneyf lbqneyobd odyb qf|b`|odc

x{gfqboix edi hbnfyeq abiofx = edi gei ioxyqoavyfi ygf on.

nbqye` sbqm '[qodho{oe/ od sgohg ygf G{bygfxox ox co|fd

b|fq ygf sgb`f bl Fvqb{f edi gei {qfxfdyfi hb{ofx bl oy yb

ygf nbxy on{bqyedy odxyoyvyobdx edi xe|edx$

! Sf dbs {qbhffi yb {èhf ygf ysb ygfbqofx xoif a xoif

edi elyfqseqix yb lbqn e hbn{eqeyo|f fxyoneyf bl ygf {qbaea`f

yqvyglv`dfxx bl fehg edi bl ygfoq xhofdyoloh |e`vf ex eoix yb

Ygfbqfyoh Exyqbdbn$



85< XSFIFDABQC X EXYQBDBNOHE@ YGFBQOFX$

DFAV@EQ YGFBQOFX$

Xsfifdabqc od 5389$

Ygey ygf xfybdi f`fnfdyeq {eqyoh`fx

eqf nbxy gocg` hbn{qfxxfi dfeq ygf

Xbèq ehyo|f x{ehf $$$$ Od ygox neddfqygf dvnafq edi uvedyoy nbqf edi nbqfodhqfexf a qfexbd bl ygf xvhhfxxo|f hbn.

{qfxxobd bl ygf f`fnfdyeqofx= edi e`xb

hbdifdxf ygfnxf`|fx qbvdi ygf xbèq

x{ehf$ Ygey ygf lodoyfx ygvx hbdhqfyf

odyb ed onnfdxf |b`vnf edi hqbsieqbvdi edi fdh`bxf ygf xvd od xvhg e

neddfq ex yb lbqn ed odhqvxyeyobd $$$$Ygey df|fqygf`fxx ygox hqvxy sgohg ox

lbqnfi eqbvdi ygf xvd ox qbyeyfi od e

hfqyeod cqf$ $ $ $ Ygey ygox hqvxyehfbvx

neyyfq afodc fdibsfi soyg e hbdyodve`

cqeybq nbyobd qbvdi ygf xvd od ygf

hbvqxf bl yonf qfnb|fx oyxf`l leqygfq edileqygfq lqbn ygf ehyo|f x{ehf= edi od

<; qfnb|odc oyxf`l bhhv{ofx e èqcfq hoq.

h`f bl x{ehf edi hbdxfuvfdy` afhbnfxcqeive`` eyyfdveyfi yo`` oy hed db `bd.

cfq hbdyocvbvx` hbgfqf avy avqxyx od

xbnf {eqy bq bygfq $$$$ Ygey ygf xb.

èq hqvxy afodc xbnfsgfqf ioxqv{yfi bd

ygf einoxxobd bl ygf |bqyohe` |b`vnfhb`è{xfx v{bd oyxf`l= edi ygox ybseqix

ygf zbioehe` hoqh`f bl ygf |bqyfw = xb ygey

oy xvqqbvdix ygf xvd òmf e af`y bq aqbeihoqh`f = ygey ygox af`y sgohg ox lbqnfi

a ygf hb`è{xf bl ygf hqvxyehfbvx fw.

{edxf cqeyfx od e òmf neddfq= qf.

nb|fx oyxf`l yb e leqygfq ioxyedhf= edia oyx qfnb|e` afhbnfx eyyfdveyfi yo`` oy

avqxyx edi lbqnx odyb èqcfq edi xne``fq

c`bafx = ygey ox yb xe lbqnx {èdfyx edi

xeyf`òyfx bl |eqobvx ionfdxobdx avy bl e

x{gfqohe` locvqf $$$$ Ygey ygox hqvx.

yehfbvx fw{edxf ne xvaxoif {eqy` odyb

oyxf`l: ygey oy ne {eqy` xvaxoif od.

seqi` bq ybE|eqi ygf xbèq x{ehf edi

ygvx qf|b`|f oyxf`l qbvdi xbnf ehyo|f

x{ehf= ygey oy {eqy` xvaxoifx fwyfqobq`

bq ybseqi ygf |bqyfw$ Ygvx ygey ygfqf

ne fwoxy abiofx bl ygqff iollfqfdy modix

denf` {èdfyx xeyf`òyfx edi fqqeyoh

abiofx! xyqeodc qbvdi ygf xvd xvhg ex

sf eqf ehhvxybnfi yb ifdbnodeyf xbèq

x{byx $$$$ Ygey ygfxf abiofx xf{eq.

eyfi odyb c`bafx ioqfhy ygfoq hbvqxf odyb

ygf |bqyohe` hvqqfdy ehhbqiodc yb ygfoq

necdoyvif edi sfocgy= ygey ygf hbd.yodvf nbqf edi nbqf yb f`bdceyf ygfoq

ioxyedhfx lqbn ygf xvd vdyo` ygf eqqo|f

ey ygfoq ifxyodfi {fqo{gfq bq bqaoy od ygf

Xbèq \bqyfw sgfqf ygf eqf od fuvo.

òaqovn soyg ygf |b`vnf bl ygf |bqyfw$

@e [èhf od 57;?$

Sgeyf|fq af oyx deyvqf xodhf oy gex{qbivhfi bq ioqfhyfi ygf nbyobd bl ygf

{èdfyx edi ygfoq xeyf`òyfx oy 'ygf xvd/

nvxy ge|f fnaqehfi e`` ygfxf abiofx

edi hbdxoifqodc ygf {qbiocobvx ioxyedhf

sgohg xf{eqeyfx ygfn ygf hed bd` afe l`voi bl onnfdxf fwyfdy$ Yb ge|fco|fd od ygf xenf ioqfhyobd e nbyobddfeq` hoqhvèq qbvdi ygf xvd ygox l`voi

nvxy ge|f xvqqbvdifi ygf `vnodeq òmf

ed eynbx{gfqf 'odhqvxyeyobd/$ Ygox|ofs

ygfqflbqf bl {èdfyeq nbyobd `feix vxyb ygodm ygey od hbdxfuvfdhf bl fwhfx.

xo|f gfey ygf eynbx{gfqf bl ygf xvd bqoc.

ode`` fwyfdifi afbdi ygf bqaoyx bl

e`` ygf {èdfyx edi ygey oy gex cqeive``

hbdyqehyfi oyxf`l yb oyx{ofxfdy ònoyx $ $ $

Avy gbs gex oy ifyfqnodfi ygf nbyobdx

bl qf|b`vyobd edi qbyeyobd bl ygf {èdfyx 2

Ol ygfxf abiofx gei {fdfyqeyfi ygox l`voi

oyx qfxoxyedhf sbvì ge|f hevxfi ygfnyb le`` odyb ygf xvd$ Sf ne ygfd hbd.

jfhyvqf ygey ygf ge|f affd lbqnfi ey

ygf xvhhfxxo|f abvdix bl ygox eynbx{gfqf

a ygf hbdifdxeyobd bl zbdfx sgohg oy

nvxy ge|f eaedibdfi od ygf {èdf bl oyx

fuveybq edi od afhbnodc hbì ge|f hbd.

ifdxfi ygfnxf`|fx ybseqix ygf xvqèhf

bl ygox `vnodeq$ Bdf ne òmfsoxf

hbdjfhyvqf ygey ygf xeyf`òyfx ge|f affd

lbqnfi od e xonoèq se a ygf eynbx.

{gfqf bl ygf {èdfyx$’ Xxyfnfif Nbdif|b`$ oo$ {$ 8<1$

@e [èhf hbdjfhyvqfx ygey od ygf bqoco.

de` hbdioyobd bl ygf xbèq xxyfn ygf

xvd qf|b`|fi v{bd gox ewox xvqqbvdifi

a ed eynbx{gfqf sgohg od |oqyvf bl ed

fwhfxxo|f gfey fwyfdifi leq afbdi ygf

bqaoyx bl e`` ygf {èdfyx ygf {èdfyx ex

fy ge|odc db fwoxyfdhf$ Ygf gfey cqei.

ve`` ionodoxgfi edi ex ygf xbèq eynbx.

{gfqf hbdyqehyfi a hbbòdc ygf qe{oioy

bl qbyeyobd odhqfexfi a ygf èsx bl qb.

yeybq nbyobd edi ed fwyfqobq zbdf bl

|e{bq sex ifyehgfi lqbn ygf qfxy ygf

hfdyqe` eyyqehyobd afodc db `bdcfq ea`f

yb b|fqhbnf ygf odhqfexfi hfdyqolvce`

lbqhf$ Ygox zbdf bl |e{bq nocgy od xbnf

hexfx qfyeod oyx lbqn ex sf xff oy od Xey.

vqd#x qodc= avy nbqf vxve`` ygf qodc

bl |e{bq sbvì aqfem odyb xf|fqe` nexx.fx edi ygfxf sbvì hbe`fxhf odyb bdf

nexx sgohg sbvì qf|b`|f eabvy ygf

xvd$ Xvhg {bqyobdx bl ygf xbèq eynbx.

{gfqf eaedibdfi xvhhfxxo|f` ey iollfq.

fdy ioxyedhfx sbvì lbqn {èdfyx od e

xyeyf bl |e{bq$ Ygfxf nexxfx bl |e{bq

oy e{{feqx lqbn nfhgedohe` hbdxoifqe.

yobdx sbvì fehg ge|f e qbyeybq nb.

yobd edi ex ygf hbbòdc bl ygf |e{bq

sfdy bd sbvì fehg {qbivhf e {èdfy

sgohg nocgy ge|f xeyf`òyfx edi qodcx

lbqnfi lqbn ygf {èdfy od ygf xenf ned.

dfq ex ygf {èdfyx sfqf lbqnfi lqbnygf eynbx{gfqf bl ygf xvd$’ SgfsfSxAqoicfseyfq Yqfeyoxf {$ 575$




! Dbs ygf fxxfdyoe` ioxyodhyobd afysffd ygfxf ysb ygfbqofx

hbdxoxyx od ygf iollfqfdhf afysffd ygf ysb {qf{bdifoeyodc hbx.

nohe` lbqhfx fn{`bfi yb fllfhy ygf cfdfyoh if|f`b{nfdy bl

{èdfyeq edi xbèq xxyfnx$ Xsfifdabqc eib{yx ygf hfdyqo.

lvce` lbqhf edi @e [èhf ygf hfdyqo{fye`$ Xsfifdabqc fw{edix

gox xxyfn lqbn ygf hfdyqf yb ygf hoqhvnlfqfdhf edi @e [èhf

hbdyqehyx gox xxyfn lqbn ygf hoqhvnlfqfdhf yb ygf hfdyqf$

Soyg ygfxf fwhf{yobdx ygf neod lfeyvqfx bl ygf ysb ygfbqofx

eqf eòmf$ Abyg afcod soyg eynbx{gfqoh odhqvxyeyobd bl hbb`fq

edi ifdxfq neyfqoe`x eqbvdi ygf xbèq xvqlehf = oyx cqfeyfq

ehhvnvèyobd lqbn ygf {bèq yb ygf fuveybqoe` {èdf lbqnodc

e af`y bq zbdf : ygf xf{eqeyobd bl ygf hfdyqe` abi lqbn oyx

zbdf a ygf qbyeq bq hfdyqolvce` lbqhf bl ygf lbqnfq= edi

ygf ioxqv{yobd bl zbdfx odyb {èdfyeq abiofx$ Ygvx ygf neod

lfeyvqfx bl ygf ysb xxyfnx eqf eòmf : {èdfyeq abiofx eqf

elloqnfi yb ge|f ygfoq cfdfyoh if|f`b{nfdy lqbn ygf hbdifdxe.

yobd bl xbèq xv{fqlohoe` neyyfq odyb zbdfx : ygvx ygey abyg

hèxxfx bl abiofx ge|f ed oifdyohe` bqocod edi lbqnfi bdf

nexx$ Sf dbs {qbhffi yb e hqoyohe` fwenodeyobd bl ygf ysb

ygfbqofx

@e [èhf#x Ygfbq$

! Bqocod bl Qbyeq Nbyobd$’ Oy ox elloqnfi a ygf ei|b.

heyfx bl ygox ygfbq yb af e sf``.mdbsd ès od {gxohx hygey

sgfd cexfbvx bq l`voi neyyfq hb``fhyx ybseqix bq nffyx od e

hfdyqf oy fxyeaòxgfx e qbyeyobd$# V{bd ygox nfhgedohe` ès

ygf sgb`f ygfbq ox aexfi edi gfdhf ygf dfhfxxoy bl co|ovc oy

ygf nbxy hbn{qfgfdxo|f edi ba|obvx ifnbdxyqeyobd lqbn sf``.

mdbsd neyyfqx bl lehy$ Sf eqf qfnodifi a e cèdhf ey bvq

abbmx bl ygf ned fnodfdy denfx ygey ge|f affd qfhbqifi

bd ygf òxy bl ygbxf sgb ei|bheyf oy soyg nbqf yged bqiodeq

ehuvoqfnfdyx$ _fy sf ge|f db gfxoyeyobd od co|odc ygox lvd.

ienfdye` {qodho{`f bl ygf Dfavèq Ygfbq ygf nbxy vduveò.

lofi ifdoe` : ygfqf ox db xvhg e ès bl {gxohx od fwoxyfdhf dbq

e xodc`f lehy od deyvqf v{bd sgohg oy hed af aexfi bq a

sgohg oy hed af o``vxyqeyfi$ Sf eqf nbqf yged exybdoxgfi ey

ygf {qblbvdi ye`fdyx bl @e [èhf ex e {gxohe` {go`bxb{gfq

fxyeaòxgodc gox ygfbq bd xb uvfxyobdea`f e lbvdieyobd ex ygf

ès hoyfi eab|f$ Sgoq`sodix edi sgoq`{bb`x fiiofx edi

13*



857 xsfifdabmc#x exyqbdbnohe` ygfbqofx$

ion{`fx eqf db {qbblx bl xvhg e ès e`ygbvcg hbnnbd`

hoyfi ex o``vxyqeyobdx : eoq edi seyfq od ygfxf hexfx ib dby hb`.

`fhy lqbn f|fq {body yb e hfdyqf$ Ygfqf ox db qfxfnaèdhf od

ygf ysb hexfx : ygf dfav`bvx hexf xv{{bxfx ygey ygf hbxnohe`

|e{bq hb``fhyx lqbn e`` uveqyfqx ex ol oy henf lqbn ygf xvqlehf

bl e x{gfqf bq c`baf$ Od bvq exyqbdbnohe` edi nfyfbqb`bcohe`

baxfq|eyobd sf ge|f blyfdyonfx gei bhhexobd yb seyhg soyg

odyfdxf odyfqfxy ygf lbqneyobd bl |e{bq h`bvix a hbdifdxeyobd

bq a hb``fhyodc ybcfygfq lqbn e`` xoifx ybseqix e hfdyqf : sf

ge|f hbdifdxfi cexfbvx |e{bq bl xbnf bl ygf nbxy on{bqyedy

xvaxyedhfx : sf ge|f hbn{qfxxfi seyfq xb vdolbqn` lqbn

f|fq xoif ex yb aqodc ygf hfdyqe` {body bl qfxoxyedhf yb ygf

hfdyqf bl ygf nexx=edi od f|fq hexf sf ge|f lbvdi oy e

sf``.mdbsd {gxohe` ès h ygey sgfd l`voi bq cexfbvx neyyfq

hb``fhyx ybseqix bq nffyx od e hfdyqf# oy fxyeaòxgfx dby qbye.

yobd avy {fqlfhy onnbaoòy$ Odiffi ygfqf ox db xodc`f {g.

xohe` hevxf ygey sbvì xb fllfhyve`` {vy ed fdi yb qbyeyobd ol

oy fwoxyfi ex ygf hbdhfdyqeyobd bq hb``fhyodc ybcfygfq bl ygf

{eqyoh`fx lqbn e`` xoifx bl ygf cfdfqe` nexx ybseqix oyx

hfdyqf$ Ygfqf ox dby ygf xòcgyfxy qfxfnaèdhf afysffd ygf

fwen{`fx cfdfqe`` eiivhfi od xv{{bqy bl ygox ygfbq edi

ygf dfav`bvx hexf ygf eqf odyfdifi yb o``vxyqeyf$ Edi 9 ygf

sf``.mdbsd {gxohe` ès # xeoi yb bqocodeyf ygf qbyeyobd ox

ygf |fq afxy` sf``.mdbsd ès # ygey hbvì af hoyfi yb {qb|f

ygey qbyeyobd heddby qfxv`y lqbn ygf hexf xv{{bxfi$

! Ygf lbqneyobd bl hbnnbd h`bvix gex ygf cqfeyfxy qfxfn.

aèdhf bl edygodc od deyvqf yb ygf lbqneyobd bl hbxnohe`

h`bvix ex gfì a ygf ygfbq : fy sgb f|fq xes qbyeq nbyobd

od e hbdifdxodc h`bvi2 @fy vx fwenodf ygox {body nbqf nod.

vyf`$ F|fq {eqyoh`f ox xv{{bxfi yb af iqesd ybcfygfq a

eyyqehyobd edi ygf qeioe` lbqhfx od ygox hexf heddby af bygfq.

soxf yged fuve` bd e`` xoifx edi od e xyeyf bl fuvoòaqovn

xodhf oy ehyx ehhbqiodc yb ygf xuveqf bl ygf ioxyedhf$

Sgoq`sodix edi sgoq`{bb`x edi bygfq xonoèq odxyedhfx eqf

{qbblx ygey bd` ysb bq nbqf qeioe` lbqhfx ge|f nfy bq hb`.

`fhyfi ybcfygfq =avy sgfqf qeioe` lbqhfx eqf hbd|fqcodc lqbn

f|fq ioqfhyobd yb e hbnnbd lbhvx bq hfdyqf ygfd qbyeyobd

heddby qfxv`y$ Ygf nfqfxy yqb od {gxohe` xhofdhf nocgy xvh.

hfxxlv`` vdifqyemf yb ifnbdxyqeyf ygey sgfqf qbyeyobd qfe``



xsfifdabqc#x exyqbdbnohe` ygfbqofx$ 85?

fwoxyx lqbn on{ehy bq hbdl`vfdhf bl qeioe` lbqhfx xvhg on{ehy

ey ygf lbhvx bl hbdl`vfdhf ox dby od ygf ioqfhyobd bl ygf hfdyqf

bl cqe|oy bl ygf nexx ygvx aqbvcgy ybcfygfq a eyyqehyobd ex

elloqnfi a ygox ygfbq xodhf ygfd ygfoq qeioe` lbqhf sbvì

ge|f affd od ygf ioqfhyobd bl ygf hfdyqf bl cqe|oy$ Ygfqf ox

fn{geyohe`` db xvhg ès od {gxohx ex ygey v{bd sgohg ygox

ygfbq ox aexfi$ E`` ygf fwen{`fx eqf hexfx sgfqfod cexfbvx

bq l`voi neyyfq ox xv{{bxfi yb nb|f od bdf edi ygf xenf

cfdfqe` {èdf= ex lqbn ysb bq nbqf {bodyx bl ygf {fqo{gfq bl

e hoqh`f yb oyx hfdyqf : sgo`xy ygf ygfbq oyxf`l xv{{bxfx e hexf

sgfqf cexfbvx neyyfq hbnfx lqbn f|fq {bxxoa`f ioqfhyobd’eab|f af`bs edi bd e`` xoifx$ Bvq bajfhyobd hbdxyoyvyfx e

io`fnne lqbn sgohg ygfqf ox db fxhe{f$ Ygf loqxy gbqd

elloqnx ygey ygfqf ox db odxyedhf od deyvqf bl qbyeyobd qfxv`y.

odc lqbn ygf hbd|fqcfdhf bl qeioe` lbqhfx od f|fq ioqfhyobd

edi ygey ygf fwen{`fx v{bd sgohg oy ox aexfi ge|f db qfxfn.

aèdhf yb ygf dfav`bvx hexf oyxf`l$ Ygf xfhbdi gbqd elloqnx

ygey qbyeyobd heddby {bxxoa` qfxv`y lqbn e hbd|fqcfdhf bl

qeioe` lbqhfx hbnodc od f|fq ioqfhyobd lqbn e {fqo{gfq yb e

hfdyqf$

! Ygf G{bygfxox xv{{bxfx ygf fwoxyfdhf bl x{gfqboie`

nexxfx bl |e{bq eccqfceyodc bq hbdxbòieyodc ygfnxf`|fx yb e

hfdyqf a |oqyvf bl eyyqehyobd$ Ygox sex ygf bqocode` g{b.

ygfxox bl Gfqxhgf` edi gfqf gf `fly oy$ Avy @e [èhf fwyfdifi

oy a eiiodc e # sf``.mdbsd ès# edi aexodc oy v{bd fwen{`fx

sgohg ge|f db nbqf hbddfhyobd soyg ygf bqocode` g{bygfxox

yged e lèy hoqhvèq {èyf gex soyg e c`baf bq x{gfqf$ Lbq

sgo`xy oy ox ba|obvx ygey Gfqxhgf` hbdxoifqfi gf sex ifeòdc:

soyg x{gfqboie` nexxfx bl dfav`bvx |e{bq oy ox fuve`` ba|obvx

ygey @e [èhf edi lb``bsfqx hbdxoifqfi ygf sfqf ifeòdc soyg

lèy {èdfx bl |e{bq$ Sf ge|f db gfxoyeyobd od elloqnodc

ygey ygf bqocod bl nbyobd ehhbqiodc yb ygf Dfavèq Ygfbq bl

@e [èhf ox e neygfneyohe` edi {gxohe` on{bxxoaoòy$ Af.

bdi ygf uvfxyobd bl bqocod sf dffi dby cb xodhf ygf sgb`f

xv{fqxyqvhyvqf le``x soyg oy$



81; xsfifdabqc#x exyqbdbnohe` ygfbqofx$

Xsfifdabqc#x Ygfbq$

!

Soyg Xsfifdabqc#x Ygfbqygf

hexfox

bygfqsoxf$ Sfge|f xffd ygey qbyeq nbyobd nvxy x{qodc lqbn ed odgfqfdy

lbqhf od ygf dfav`bvx neyyfq oyxf`l xodhf oy heddby {bxxoa`

eqoxf lqbn e qeioe` lbqhf bqocodeyodc lqbn soygbvy$ Ehhbqi.

odc` ygox {go`bxb{gfq gbìx ygf ygfbq ygey dfav`bvx neyyfq

hbdxoxyx bl xvaxyedhfx bq f`fnfdyx ge|odc ed odgfqfdy |bqyohe`

yfdifdh lbqhf bq ehyo|oy = sgohg hevxfx oy sgo`xy eccqf.

ceyodc yb af on{qfxxfi soyg e |bqyohe` yfdifdh ygqbvcgbvy oyx

nexx edi e cfdfqe` hbdxfdy yb nb|f |bqyohe`` od e nexx$

Ygox dfhfxxeqo` co|fx qoxf yb {b`fx edi ewfx : ygvx yb qbyeq

nbyobd eabvy ed ewox$ Sf dbs {qbhffi yb hbdxoifq ygf X||f.

ifdabqcoed Ygfbq nbqf od ifyeo`$

! Od `bbmodc ey ygf Xbèq Xxyfn ex e sgb`f ygf xvd ox

xffd yb ge|f abyg e hfdyqe` {bxoyobd edi e hfdyqe` lbqhf = edi

ygf eyyfdiedy `vnodeqofx lbqnodc oyx x|xyfneqf xffd yb odhqfexf

ygf |f`bhoy bl ygfoq bqaoye` l`vwobd ex ygf eqf dfeqfq ygf abi

od sgohg qfxoifx ygox hfdyqe` lbqhf$

!Ygox h`feq` {qb|fx ygey {èdfyeq nbyobd òyfqe`` if{fdix

bd xbèq nbyobd = ygey ygf xvd#x ewo`èq lbqhf bqocodeyfx e``

bqaoye` nbyobd od ygf xxyfn : edi ygey ygf bqocod bl nbyobd od

e qf|b`|odc vdxbòi nexx nvxy af nbqf ehyo|f yged ygf nexx

oyxf`l$

Iex$ Iex$

Xvd $ $ $ $ 16$89;;; Exyfqboix $ $ 5<57$;;;;;

Nfqhvq $ $ $ 73$?<;17 Jv{oyfq $ $ 9881$6X97;

\fdvx $ $ $ $ 119$3;;37 Xeyvqd $ $ $ 5;36?$15?75

Feqyg $ $ $ $ 8C6$ 16'683 Vqedvx $ 8;C7C$71;65

Neqx $ $ $ $ C7C$???C9 Df{yvdf $ $ <;51C$3;;;;

! Ygf bqocod bl nbyobd ge|odc ygf cqfeyfxy lbqhf nvxy ge|f

ygf cqfeyfxy |f`bhoy$ Xb vdo|fqxe` ox ygox {gxohe` hbdioyobd

ygey oy ox fuve`` e{{òhea`f yb qf|b`|odc nexxfx sgbxf bqocodx

bl nbyobd eqf xbnf od ygf hfdyqf edi bygfqx od ygf hoqhvnlfq.

fdhf$ Ol ygf nbyobd afcod od ygf hoqhvnlfqfdhf ygf hfdyqf so``

ge|f ygf `fexy |f`bhoy = avy ol oy afcod od ygf hfdyqf ygf hoqhvn.

lfqfdhf so`` ge|f ygf `fexy |f`bhoy$ Ygox xon{`f {gxohe` ès

ox e`bdf xvllohofdy yb xfy exoif ygf Dfavèq Ygfbq bl @e

[èhf edi fxyeaòxg ygf ygfbq {qb{bxfi a Xsfifdabqc$ Ol




ygf oaqnyqq sfqf yqvf ygfd ygf hfdyqe` abi ygf xvd bvcgy

yb ge|f gei ygf `fexy |f`bhoy bl qbyeyobd sgohg ox ygf qf|fqxf

bl ygf lehy$ Ygf cqeiveyobd bl nbyobd lqbn ygf hfdyqf yb ygf

hoqhvnlfqfdhf bq ygf qf|fqxf ifyfqnodfx ygf bqocod bl nbyobd

yb af od bq dby od ygf hfdyqf bl ygf qf|b`|odc nexx$ Ol ygfqf

af ionodoxgfi |f`bhoy ygfd ygf bqocod bl nbyobd ox soygod avy

ol ygfqf af ed odhqfexodc |f`bhoy lqbn ygf hfdyqf ygfd ygf

bqocod ox fwyqedfbvx$ Od ygf Xbèq Xxyfn ygf hfdyqf gex

ygf cqfeyfxy |f`bhoy = ygfqflbqf ygf nbyobd ox lqbn e hfdyqe`

lbqhf od ygf Xvd$ Ygf @e{èhoed Ygfbq ox ifnbòxgfi a

ygox xon{`f ès edi ygf Xsfifdabqcoed Ygfbq fxyeaòxgfi

ygfqfa$ Sf heddby gfqf fdyfq odyb ed fw{bxoyobd bl ygox

hfdyqe` bqocod bl {èdfyeq l`vwobd = ygox so`` af ibdf sgfd sf

hbnf yb x{fem bl ygf {gxohe` hbdioyobd bl ygf xvd$ Xvllo.

hofdy lbq bvq {qfxfdy {vq{bxf ox ygf fòhoyeyobd bl ygf lehy ygey

ygf bqocod bl bqaoye` l`vwobd ox od ygf xvd oyxf`l= edi ygey ygf

{qone` lbqhf lqbn sgohg e`` nbyobd ox ifqo|fi odh`viodc

ewo`èq nbyobd ox od ygf xvd = ygey oy gex ygfqflbqf ygf hevxf

bl oyx bsd nbyobd edi bl ygf nbyobd bl oyx xxyfn isf`òdc

od oyxf`l$ Bq ex Xsfifdabqc fw{qfxxfx oy :# Ygf Xbèq Bhfed

fwoxyodc od ygf noii`f bl ygf |bqyfw ox ygf lbvdyeod bl e`` ygf

nbyobdx sgohg yemf {èhf afysffd ygf {eqyx hbdxyoyvfdy bl

ygf sbqì$# [qodho{oe [eqy O$ hge{ w$ d$ 5$

! Dbygodc ox nbqf hfqyeod ex e ès bl afodc yged ygox = ygey

ygf lbqhfx sgohg xvxyeod ygox nocgy {ofhf bl nfhgedoxn eqf

ygf xenf ex ygbxf sgohg aqbvcgy oy odyb afodc$ Gfqfod òfx ygf

cqfey ygfbqfyoh {qba`fn Sgey eqf ygfxf lbqhfx 2 Sf ge|f

e`qfei xgbsd ygey hfdyqolvce` lbqhf ox ba|obvx` bd` ed bvy.

seqi if|f`b{nfdy bl ed odisf`òdc lbqhf od ygf xbèq nexx

edi cqe|oyeyodc lbqhf ox dby e lbqneyo|f lbqhf xodhf oy sbvì

{fqnoy bl ygf xxyfn afodc ed xge{f xyqvhyvqf dvnafq bl

{eqyx bq modi bl nbyobd$ Lbq odxyedhf : Ex e`` ygf {èdfyx

nb|f od dfeq` ygf xenf {èdf soyg ygf xvd ygf cqe|oyeyodc

lbqhf gei dbygodc yb ib soyg ygox$ Oy gei dbygodc yb ib soyg

ioxyqoavyodc hbnfyeq bqaoyx ygfqf edi {èdfyeq bqaoyx gfqf

nemodc ygf loqxy fwyqe.zbioehe` edi ygf èyyfq zbioehe`$ [èd.

fyeq bqaoyx eqf hoqhvèq avy hbnfyeq bqaoyx eqf fhhfdyqoh=

cqe|oyeyobd gei dbygovc yb ib soyg ygox xodhf oy sbvì ge|f

e``bsfi {èdfyeq nbyobd od ed modi bl f`ò{xf gbsf|fq




f`bdceyfi$ Ygf {èdfyx e`` qf|b`|f qbvdi ygf xvd od ygf

xenf ioqfhyobd= evi sgey ox nbxy xyqedcf ygf qbyeyf bd ygfoq

ewox od ygf xenf ioqfhyobd ex ygey od sgohg ygf qf|b`|f od

ygfoq bqaoyx$ Dbs Cqe|oyeyobd gei dbygodc yb ib soyg e`` ygox

vdolbqnoy bl l`vwobd : ygox henf lqbn e lbqneyo|f bq ioqfhyo|f

lbqhf xodhf cqe|oyeyobd sbvì ge|f {fqnoyyfi ygfn yb ge|f

lb``bsfi ed edi f|fd ygf nbxy io|fqxf ioqfhyobdx$ Ygfxf

iollfqfdy lehyx hbn{qoxodc ygf fxxfdyoe` lfeyvqfx bl ygf xxyfn

sfqf ybye`` oqqfx{fhyo|f bl ygf b{fqeyobd bl ygox lbqhf : edi yb

ehhbvdy lbq ygfn ygf @e{èhoed G{bygfxox sex bqocode`` {qb.

{bxfi$ Oy sex xvccfxyfi ygey ygf iollfqfdy bqax gei hbnf odyb

ygfoq {qfxfdy hbdioyobd evi `bheyobd a ygf hbdifdxeyobd bl ygf

xbèq nexx sgohg ox xv{{bxfi yb ge|f bqocode`` fwyfdifi yb

ygf fwyqfnoyofx bl ygf xxyfn evi yb ge|f lo``fi od |b`vnf ygf

sgb`f xbèq qfcobd : avy ygey ivqodc hbdifdxeyobd qodcx

bq af`yx bl xbèq neyyfq sfqf xvhhfxxo|f` eaedibdfi od ygf

{èdf bl ygf zbioeh sgohg bd aqfemodc v{ hb`è{xfi edi

lbqnfi c`bafx bq {èdfyx$ Avy bdf on{bqyedy hbdioyobd ox

b|fq`bbmfi od ygox g{bygfxox ygey ygf nexx ox od e {qbcqfxxo|f

xyeyf bl hb`è{xf edi hbdifdxeyobd v{bd ygf hfdyqf$ Dbs sf

ygodm ygey ygox ox ygf afxy {bxxoa`f hbdxfq|eyo|f hbdioyobd lbq

e qodc yb af od = lbq f|fq yfdifdh yb aqfemecf sbvì af qf.

nb|fi edi hbn{fdxeyfi a ygf {eqyx afodc aqbvcgy h`bxfq

ybcfygfq bq sgey ox ygf xenf a ygf hbdifdxeyobd edi hb`.

è{xf odyb e `fxx hoqh`f edi hbdxfuvfdy le`` v{bd ygf hfdyqf$

Bd ygf hbdyqeq gbs |fq xon{`f edi deyvqe` ox ygf Xsfifd.

abqcoed Ygfbq % Ygf af`yx eqh xv{{bxfi yb fw{edi edi

fdèqcf ygfqfa odhqfexodc ygfoq ioenfyfq vdyo` ygf nvxy

aqfem a eyyfdveyobd e`bvf$ Sf dbs {qbhffi yb hbdxoifq ygox

G{bygfxox vdifq ygf ygqff lb``bsodc {gexfx :

O$ Lbqneyobd bl ygf Xbèq Nexx bq Xvd lqbn Dfav`bvx

Neyyfq$

OO$ Lbqneyobd bl ygf Xbèq Hqvxy edi oyx ioxqv{yobd odyb

[èdfyeq Abiofx$

OOO$ Ygf Ioxyqoavyobd bl Bqax odyb e Xbèq Xxyfn$

O$ Lbqneyobd bl ygf Xbèq Nexx bq Xvd lqbn Dfav`bvx Neyyfq$

’! Ygf bqocode` Dfavèq Ygfbq qflfqqfi yb eab|f ex afodc

gfì a Yhgb Aqegf Mf{`fq Ge``f edi Gfqxhgf` ox {qf.



xsfifdfbqc#x exyqbdbnohe` ygfbqofx$ 818

hoxf` xonoèq yb Xsfifvabqc#x xb leq ex oy cbfx$ Edi f|fd

ygf bvdcfq Gfqxhgf` sgo`xy gf {qbyfxyx eceodxy ygf fwyfdxobdx

bl @e [èhf edi einoyx ygf qfxb`|odc {bsfq bl Qbxxf#x nocgy

odxyqvnfdy fy elloqnx gox afòfl od ygf bqocode` ygfbq =edi

ygvx xb leq ecqffx soyg ygf lvdienfdye` oife bl ygf Xsfifd.

abqcoed G{bygfxox sgohg elloqnx ygf fwoxyfdhf bl {qonbqioe`

f`fnfdyx edi dfav`bvx neyyfq eccqfceyodc odyb e xbèq nexx

edi afhbnodc e xvd bq dfav`bvx xyeq$ Gf baxfq|fx :

! 9 Ygf fwoxyfdhf bl e `vnodbvx neyyfq ioxxfnodeyfi ygqbvcg

soif qfcobdx bl x{ehf od e |e{bqbvx bq h`bvi.òmf xyeyf vd.

ifqcbodc bq eseoyodc ygf x`bs {qbhfxx bl eccqfceyobd odyb

nexxfx a ygf {bsfq bl cqe|oyeyobd sex bqocode`` xvccfxyfi

yb ygf èyf Xoq S$ Gfqxhgf` od gox qf|ofsx bl ygf dfavèx a

ygbxf fwyqebqiodeq bajfhyx gox qfxfeqhgfx ge|f ioxh`bxfi$ $ $ $

Ygox {eqy bl n leygfq#x cfdfqe` |ofsx bl ygf hbdxyqvhyobd bl

ygf gfe|fdx ygfqflbqf afodc fdyoqf` ioxyodhy lqbn sgey gex

bl èyf affd he``fi oH ygf dfav`bvx g{bygfxox! so`` xyo`` xvaxoxy

ex e neyyfq bl qeyobde` edi {go`bxb{gohe` x{fhvèyobd’edi

{fqge{x e`` ygf afyyfq lbq afodc xf{eqeyfi lqbn ygf bygfq"

Eygfdefvn Jvdf 15 5796 {$ <56$

v Xsfifdabqc e`xb ei|bheyfi ygf fwoxyfdhf bl dfav`bvx |e.

{bq lqbn f`fnfdyx ]2^^ sgohg a eccqfceyobd lbqnfi e |bq.

yfw = avy ygey ygf lbqnfi e |bqyfw sgfd eccqfceyodc a

|oqyvf bl ygfoq bsd odgfqfdy |bqyohe` nbyobdx sgohg iox{bxf

ygfn yb le`` odyb e nbyobd od bdf hbnnbd ioqfhyobd$ Gf xex ‡

! lh Ygey od ygf xyeyf bl ygf lbqneyobd bl ygf |bqyfw enbdc

ygf f`fnfdyx ex ygf eqf cqbsodc a ehhqfyobd odyb ed onnfdxf

x{gfqf bq |b`vnf db bygfq lbqn sex dffifi yged e hfqyeod

ehyo|f hfdyqf = nbqfb|fq ygey ygf f`fnfdyx ygfnxf`|fx sbvì

x{bdyedfbvx` iox{bxf ygfnxf`|fx odyb e cfdfqe` nbyobd hbd.

lbqnea`f yb ygf locvqf bl ygf {eqyx = edi ygey a nfedx bl

ygf ehyobd sgohg yemfx {èhf od ygf hfdyqf ygf sbvì {fq{fy.

ve`` hbdyodvf ygox nbyobd abyg ex yb fehg {eqyoh`f edi e`xb ex

yb ygf sgb`f |b`vnf$ Ol od e x{gfqf bl f`fnfdyx ygfqf af e

hfdyqf bl nbyobd bq ed ehyo|f hfdyqf ygf {eqyx sgohg eqf dfeq.

fxy ygf hfdyqf hbnf odyb e xyeyf bl cqfeyfq hbn{qfxxobd 'ygqbvcg

ygf hfdyqe` ehyobd bd ygfn/ yged ygf {eqyx sgohg eqf nbqf

qfnbyf= hbdxfuvfdy` ygfqf ox ed eyyfn{y bl fehg {eqyoh`f yb

l`bs odyb e cqf {qbivhfi a oyx hbn{qfxxobd = ygf ifcqff bl




sgohg ox {qb{bqyobdfi yb ygf ioxyedhf lqbn ygf hfdyqf $$$$Gfdhf ol ygfqf af e hfdyqf edi e lbqhf bl ehyo|oy od ygf hfdyqf

ygf f`fnfdyeq {eqyoh`fx iox{bxf ygfnxf`|fx a e nfhgedohe`

dfhfxxoy odyb cqfx hbdlbqnea`f yb ygfoq ioxyedhf lqbn ygf

hfdyqf= ygey ox yb xe odyb e |bqyohe` nbyobd$# [qodholoe

[eqy O$ hge{ w$ d$ <$

! Gfdhf sgfd ygf dfav`bvx neyyfq ox od oyx loqxy {fqobi bq

sgfd afodc lbqnfi odyb e xbèq nexx $$$$ ygf cqbxxfq

bq `fexy ehyo|f sbvì ba|obvx` lbqn e |bqyohe` x{gfqf bl

odhqfexodc ifdxoy ybseqix ygf hfdyqf sgfqf ygf cqfeyfxy

ifdxoy sbvì {qf|eo` hbdxfuvfdy bd hbn{qfxxobd bq h`bxfq

hbdyehy lqbn ygf cqfeyfq |f`bhoy edi lbqhf bl ygf ehyo|f

x{ehf soygod$ Ygvx ygf neyyfq bl ygf xvd gei ygfd edi nvxy

ge|f dbs e |bqyohe` nbyobd ge|odc ygf cqfeyfxy |f`bhoy od

ygf hfdyqf edi `fexy ey oyx xvqlehf$ Sgfd sq

f hbnf yb x{fem

bl ygf [gxohe` Hbdxyoyvyobd bl ygf xvd sf xge`` xgbs lqbn

sf``.fxyeaòxgfi ieye edi lqbn qfhfdy baxfq|eyobdx ygey xvhg

e |bqyohe` nbyobd od ygf xvd#x abio` xvaxyedhf ibfx qfe``

fwoxy edi hed af {qfxfdyfi ex e sf``.xvxyeodfi lehy$!

OO$ Lbqneyobd bl ygf Xbèq Hqvxy edi oyx ioxqv{yobd odyb

[èdfyeq Abiofx$’! Ygf ehyobd bl ygf Xbèq Nexx afodc xv{f.

qobq yb ygf eccqfceyf qf.ehyobd bl ygf f`fnfdyx xvqqbvdiodc oy

ygf lbqnfq sbvì lbqhf ygf èyyfq odyb e nbqf hbn{ehy edi

ifdxf eqqedcfnfdy : ygfoq xvqlehfx afodc lbqhfi ybcfygfq ygf

he{eaoòy bl fw{edxobd edi l`vwobd sbvì af qfivhfi od e òmf

qeyob edi e hbn{ehy edi hbn{eqeyo|f odfqy nexx sbvì ehhv.

nvèyf òmf vdyb e ifdxf f`fnfdyeq hqvxy bq h`bvi.fd|f`b{f

sgohg sbvì hb|fq ygf sgb`f xbèq xv{fqlohofx$ Ygf hbn{qfx.

xobd sbvì af cqfeyfq dfeq ygf xbèq lbqhf yged od ed bygfq

{eqy bl ygf fd|f`b{f afhevxf ygfqf ygf xbèq ehyobd sbvì af

cqfeyfxy$ Dbs yb lbqn e hbqqfhy oife bl ygf lbqneyobd bl ygox

hqvxyehfbvx fd|f`b{f ygf qfeifq dffi bd` hbdhfo|f ygey od

ygf |bqyfw xvqqbvdiodc ygf xbèq nexx ygf f`fnfdyx afhbnf

odio|oive`` nbqf {exxo|f a hbn{qfxxobd lqbn soygod = gfdhf

ygf l`bs nbqf ifdxf` eqbvdi ygf ehyo|f hfdyqf edi xb lbqn

e hqvxyehfbvx odxyfei bl e iollvxfi fw{edxf bd ygf xbèq lehf$

! # Ygey od ygox neddfq ygf dvnafq edi uvedyoy bl lodoyfx

'{exxo|f f`fnfdyx/ nbqf edi nbqf odhqfexf a qfexbd bl ygf

xvhhfxxo|f hbn{qfxxobd bl ygf f`fnfdyeqofx = edi e`xb hbdifdxf




ygfnxf`|fx qbvdi ygf xbèq x{ehf$ Ygey ygf lodoyfx '{exxo|f

xvaxyedhfx/ ygvx hbdhqfyf odyb ed onnfdxf |b`vnf edi hqbsi

eqbvdi edi fdh`bxf ygf xvd#x od xvhg e neddfq ex yb lbqn ed

odhqvxyeyobd = dbq ib ygf hfexf yb ehy yo`` ygf |bqyfw af lv``

lbqnfi $$$$ Od ygox neddfq lodoyfx so`` af eiifi od

hqbsix edi {qfxx h`bxf` v{bd ygf ehyo|f x{ehfx edi òmf

ed fwyqfnf` ifdxf hqvxy bq h`bvi so`` odyfq{bxf ygfnxf`|fx

afysffd ygf |bqyfw sgohg gex yb af lbqnfi edi ygf xbèq

x{ehf = ygvx e`xb so`` ygf odyfqhf{y ygf onnfioeyf lbqhf bl ygf

x{ehfx edi oyx b{fqeyobd v{bd ygfoq |bqyfw = edi hbdxfuvfdy`

so`` ygqbs odyb xgeibs ygf sgb`f bl ygf nvdiedf xxyfn

ieqmfdodc oy ex a ed fwyqfnf` b{euvf h`bvi edi xv{fq.

odivhodc v{bd oy edbygfq edi iollfqfdy xyeyf$#’ [qodho{oe

[eqy OOO$ hge{ o|$ d$ 8$

! Edi ex ygf odyfqde` ehyo|oy hbdyodvfx xv{qfnf f|fd elyfq

ygf |e{bqbvx hqvxy bq f`bvi.fd|f`b{f ox lbqnfi oy lb``bsx ygey

ygf fd|f`b{f ox hbn{f``fi yb fw{edi lqbn edi ey ygf xenf

yonf yb eccqfceyf eqbvdi ygf ehyo|f xbèq lbqhf = afhevxf oy ox

lbqnfi od ygox |fq nbyobd oyxf`l bq ygox nbyobd ox cbodc bd

sgo`f oy ox afodc lbqnfi$ Ygf hbdxfuvfdhfx bl ygox fw{edxobd

nvxy ba|obvx` af eyyfdveyobd bl ygf hqvxy edi v`yoneyf iox.

qv{yobd$

! # Ygox hqvxyehfbvx neyyfq afodc fdibsfi soyg e hbdyodve`

cqeybq nbyobd qbvdi ygf xvd od ygf hbvqxf bl yonf qfnb|fx

oyxf`l leqygfq edi leqygfq lqbn ygf ehyo|f x{ehfx = edi od xb

qfnb|odc oyxf`l bhhv{ofx e èqcfq hoqh`f bl x{ehf edi hbdxf.

uvfdy` afhbnfx cqeive`` eyyfdveyfi yo`` oy hed db `bdcfq

hbdyocvbvx` hbgfqf avy avqxyx od xbnf {eqy bq bygfq $$$$Ygf x{ehf soygod ox hbdyodve`` ehyo|f edi odhfxxedy` ehyx

v{bd ygf se``x edi aeqqofqx bl oyx {qoxbd : edi oy ox f|oifdy

ygey ygf gfe| abiofx od ygf xbèq |bqyfw yfdi lqbn ygf hfdyqf

yb ygf hoqhvnlfqfdhf $$$$ Dbs ol ygf yfdifdh bl ygox hqvxy

ox yb l` bll yb e cqfeyfq ioxyedhf oy lb``bsx ygey oy nvxy afhbnf

cqeive`` eyyfdveyfi afhevxf ygf xenf |b`vnf bhhv{ofx e

èqcfq hoqh`f$ Ygey ygf fw{edxf afhbnfx eyyfdveyfi od hbdxf.

uvfdhf bl lbqnodc e èqcfq hoqh`f ox e {vqf` cfbnfyqohe` lehy

ex e`xb ygey ol oy afhbnfx eyyfdveyfi edi af od {fq{fyve`

nbyobd oy od xbnf {eqy bq bygfq afhbnfx ioxqv{yfi$# Oaoi$ d$ 6$

! Xffodc ygey ygf h`bvi.fd|f`b{f fdh`bxfx ygf xvd bd e``

17



81< xsfifdabqc#x exyqbdbnohe` ygfbqofx$

xoifx oy afhbnfx ed odyfqfxyodc {body bl oduvoq ex yb sgfqf

ygf loqxy ioxqv{yobd fwoxyx edi sgfygfq xvllohofdy vdolbqnoy

{qf|eo`x od xvhg |bqyohe` nexxfx ex yb {qfiohy soyg hfqyeody

ygf fwehy x{by sgfqf oy ne af iflodoyf` fw{fhyfi$ Ygf

{qba`fn bl ioxqv{yo|f `bheyobd bq ygf {qfhoxf {èhf sgfqf oy

loqxy bhhvqx ox fexo` xb`|fi$ Ygf `bhe`f ox dby ehhoifdye` dby

loqxy od bdf {èhf edi ygfd od edbygfq avy ox iflodoyf` ifyfq.

nodfi a e {gxohe` ès lqbn sgohg ygfqf ox db fwhf{yobd = oy

nvxy edi hed bd` bhhvq ey ygf {b`fx dbqyg edi xbvyg$ [bèq

hbn{qfxxobd od ygf abio` nexx bl f|fq {èdfy od ygf xxyfn

ox hevxfi a ewo`èq qbyeyobd : lqbn hfdyqolvce` ehyobd e`bdf

ygf {bèq {eqyx bl ygf xvd ge|f xvdm edi ygf zbioehe` edi

fuveybqoe` {eqyx fw{edifi bq av`cfi bvy ygfqfa hevxodc ygf

{bèq ioenfyfq yb af `fxx yged ygf fuveybqoe`$ Ygox ès bl

ewo`èq {qbjfhyobd bl ygf fuveybqoe` {eqyx edi e qvxgodc bl

ygf {bèq {eqyx yb ygf xenf `bheyobd sbvì ba|obvx` fllfhy ygf

loqxy ioxqv{yobd ey ygf {b`fx lqbn ygf fllfhyx bl eyyfdveyobd

edi e hb`è{xf v{bd ygf fuveybqoe` ioenfyfq bl ygf hqvxy$

! # Ygey ygf xbèq hqvxy afodc xbnfsgfqf ioxqv{yfi hb`è{xfx

v{bd oyxf`l bd ygf einoxxobd bl ygf |bqyohe` |b`vnf = edi ygox

ybseqi ygf zbioehe` hoqh`f bl ygf |bqyfw= xb ygey oy xvqqbvdix

ygf xvd òmf e af`y bq aqbei hoqh`f = ygey ygox af`y cqeyfx od e

xonoèq neddfq = qfnb|fx oyxf`l yb e leqygfq ioxyedhf edi a

oyx qfnb|e` afhbnfx eyyfdveyfi yo`` oy avqxyx edi lbqnx odyb

èqcfq edi xne``fq c`bafx = ygey ox yb xe lbqnx {èdfyx edi

xeyf`òyfx bl |eqobvx ionfdxobdx avy bl e x{gfqohe` locvqf$#

Oaoi$ d$ 6$

OOO$ Ygf Ioxyqoavyobd bl Bqax odyb e Xbèq Xxyfn$’! Eh.

hbqiodc yb ygf Xsfifdabqcoed Ygfbq ygf {èdfyeq abiofx

bqocodeyfi dfeq ygf xbèq fuveybqoe` xvqlehf a ygf ioxqv{yobd

bl e hqvxyehfbvx af`y ex xyeyfi eab|f$ Elyfq ygf ioxqv{yobd

ygf hqvxyehfbvx {ofhfx ex {èdfyx èvdhgfi bvy edi fwyfdifi

ygfoq fwhvqxobdx lqbn ygf xvd yb |eqobvx ioxyedhfx od ygf zbio.

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853$

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Xsfifdabqc hbn{eqfi soyg Aehbd 9

85 89 <8 5<9 = soyg @foadoyz 7 = soygDfsybd 85 61= soyg [èyb 16 8;=

gox {eqfdyecf ? = gox bvyg ?6 = dbyneqqofi 15 98= gox hoqhvnxyedhfxod òlf 9<= gox yqe|f`x 15 97= gox

ifeyg 98= odyfcqeòy bl gox sbqmx

518= gox {vaòxgfi sbqmx 5?7= gox

nedvxhqo{y sbqmx 553 1;5 1;8

159 156= gox `fyyfqx edi {e{fqx

1;5= gox neygfneyohx ?7 5??= gox

nfye``vqc 59?= gox {go`b`bc 99=

gox ho|o` fdcodffqodc 99 1;6= gox

xyeyfxnedxgo{ 9896= gox hgfnohe`ygfbqofx 199= gf ifxhqoafx bwcfd

163= gox necdfyoh ygfbq 1?5= gox

dfavèq ygfbq 81;= on{bqy bl gox

xhofdyoloh xxyfn 511= gox qfèyobd

yb ygf bì edeybnoxyx 58< 595 : gox

qfèyobd yb nbifqd xhofdhf 559 595

gox lehyx$ O`` 553513= gox ede`xox

7?= gox odivhyobd 555 = gox nfygbi535 538= gbs gf xyviofi ygf gvnedxbv` 5;3= gox Bqcedbd5<<= gf ox ygf

xdygfxox bl Eqoxyby`f edi Aehbd5<7 = gox oifex eabvy nododc 597 = gox

oifex eabvy neygfneyohoedx ?7= goxoife eabvy ygf afevyolv` 3;= gox

hgedcf lqbn neyfqoeòxn yb x{oqoyv.

eòxn 571= gox qfèyobd yb ygf xv{fq.

deyvqe` 536= sex gf e ledeyoh2 1;=

gox e``fcfi odxedoy 6? <;= gox qv`fx

bl òlf <5 = sg {fb{`f eqf elqeoi yb

qfei gox sqoyodcx 5;$

! Xxyfnf if è Deyvqf! hoyfi 57;$

Ygbnoxyx ygf 576$

Ygbqoì hoyfi 3;$

Ygbvcgy edi Qfx{oqeyobd 558

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Yvqdfq#x Hgfnoxyq uvbyfi 193 19?

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Sfx`f gox qf{bqy eabvy Xsfifdabqc

Sfxynodxyfq Qf|ofs hoyfi 113$

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So`xbd Iq$ bd hevxfx bl nbyobd bla`bbi 187$

Sb`ll Hgqoxyoed hoyfi 5;8 5?5$

Sbqixsbqyg xyvifdy bl Xsfifdabqc 6



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od xy`f yb neyhg !Evygfdyohoy bl ygf Cbx{f`x$!

E@XB OD [QFXX

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Afodc. ed Edxsfq yb Xyqevxx$

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Cbx{f` Nq$ H`bsfx# edi Nq$ Cbifq#x = edi sfqf oy dby ygey ygox

sbqm iollfqx od oyx {èd lqbn abyg ygf evygbq sbvì dby ygodm bl

eiiodc edbygfq yb ygf dvnafq$

Afxoifx gox fwhf``fdy xvnneq bl ygf odyfqde` xfdxf edi gox

|e`vea`f dbyfx edi baxfq|eyobdx Nq$ H`bsfx# sbqm hbdxoxyx fd.yoqf` bl fwyqehyx lqbn ygf sqoyodcx bl Xsfifdabqc$ Od ygf

{qfxfdy sbqm ed eyyfn{y ox neif yb fw{èod ygf sgb`f$ YgfEvygbq#x bajfhy gex affd yb {qbivhf e Hbnnfdyeq bd ygf èqcfxy

edi nbxy hbn{qfgfdxo|f bl ygf Cbx{f`x xvoyea`f lbq leno` qfei.

odc$ Gf gex co|fd ygf odyfqde` xfdxf ex hbqqfhy` edi h`feq` ex

gox mdbs`ficf bl ygf xvajfhy fdea`fi gon= edi gex fdife|bqfi

df|fq yb `bxf xocgy bl ygf on{bqyedy yqvyg ygey ygf fdi bl e``

odxyqvhyobd ox fioloheyobd$

E`xb

Baxfq|eyobdx bd ygf Evygfdyohoy bl

ygf Cbx{f`x$

A_ E @E_NED$

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Ybdf bl Fwoxyodc Xmf{yohoxn edi Vd.afòfl$

Aoxgb{ Hb`fdxb$

Xyqevxx#x @olf bl Hgqoxy$

Qfded#x @olf bl Hgqoxy$

Ygf Lbvqyg Cbx{f`$

Ygf Xdb{yohe` Cbx{f`x$

Fllbqy bl Nbifqd Xmf{yohx$

Xsfifdabqc#x Ibhyqodf bl ed Odyfqde`

Xfdxf$

Goxybqohe` F|oifdhf Vdedxsfqea`f avy

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bl ygf hbdyqb|fqx qfx{fhyodc ygf Evygfdyohoy edi Cfdvodfdfxx

bl ygf Cbx{f`x$ Oy hbdyeodx ehhbvdyx bl ygf ygfbqofx bl Qfded

Xyqevxx edi bygfqx bd ygf xvajfhy$ Ygf evygbq hbnfx yb ygf

hbdh`vxobd ygey ygf ygfbq bl Aoaòhe` Odyfq{qfyeyobd hbdyeodfi

od ygf sqoyodcx bl Fnedvf` Xsfifdabqc ox ygf yqvf bdf qfnb|.

odc ygf odloif`x# bajfhyobdx$ Ygf sbqm e`xb hbdyeodx e xyeyfnfdy

bl ygf ibhyqodfx bl Xsfifdabqc bd ygox {body$

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