rui chen, phd assistant professor information systems and operations management miller college of...
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Rui Chen, PhDRui Chen, PhD
Assistant ProfessorAssistant ProfessorInformation Systems and Operations ManagementInformation Systems and Operations Management
Miller College of BusinessMiller College of BusinessBall State UniversityBall State University
Co-authors: Dr Raj Sharman, Raghav H Rao, and Shambhu J Upadhyaya
Research motivation◦ Response information system interoperability◦ Standard - data model
Research question◦ What is the data model design methodology◦ What are the key data elements to be contained in an
emergency data model
Fire incident scenario◦ $14.6 billion loss in 2007
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Community Data Standards Focus Objectives
Emergency Medical Service
EMS Data Dictionary (v. 2.2.1)Within-Domain Interoperability
Enable the efficient sharing of EMS information on personnel, patients, situations, assessments, medical history, and medical devices.
Health Care HL7 Messaging ProtocolWithin-Domain Interoperability
Enable the efficient sharing of medical data among all healthcare systems.
Public HealthPHIN Vocabulary Standards and Specifications
Within-Domain Interoperability
Enable and foster the use and exchange of consistent information among public health partners.
TransportationVehicular Emergency Incident Data Exchange Format Standard
Within-Domain Interoperability
Enable the automatic distribution of vehicular emergency incident data between the Telematics Service Providers and emergency personnel
TransportationIEEE Std. 1512 Standards
Traffic Management StandardWithin-Domain Interoperability
Enable the sharing of traffic and incident information among agencies
Public Safety Traffic Incident Management Message Sets
Enable the sharing of transportation safety information among agencies and the public.
Justice Global Justice XML Data ModelWithin-Domain Interoperability
Enable the sharing of criminal justice information among law enforcement
Homeland Security and
Justice
National Information Exchange Model (NIEM)
Mixture of Within- and
Cross-Domain Interoperability
Enable the nationwide sharing of information on justice, emergency management, geospatial and infrastructure protection, immigration etc.
9-1-1 ServiceE9-1-1 Standards
Standards for Automatic Location Identification (ALI) & GIS Mapping
Within-Domain Interoperability
Enable the automatic sharing of ALI data between Service Providers and 9-1-1 Data Base
Standards for Local Exchange Carriers, ALI Service Providers & 9-1-1 Jurisdictions
Enable the efficient sharing of number pooling, database communication, and general message exchanges among Service Providers and 9-1-1
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Activity theory◦ Psychological meta-theory
◦ Key tenets Subject, object, tool, rule,
community, division of labor
◦ Development First, second, and third
generation activity theory
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Small Time Window(Mini-Second)
Small Time Window(Mini-Second)
Offsite (EOC)
Managerial
Offsite (EOC)
Managerial
Onsite (ICP)Operational
Onsite (ICP)Operational
Large Time Window (Many-Second)
Large Time Window (Many-Second)
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Shared Objectsinquiry, request &
command
Shared Objectsinquiry, request &
command
Community fire, police, & EMS
Division of Labor task assignment
Division of Labor collaboration
Object global situational awareness,
strategic response management
Instrumentdispatch channels
Rule manual
Instrument field note
Ruleregulation
Communitylocal & state
Subject supervisor
Object Awareness of local
situation, tactical operation
Subject first
responder
Environment social setting
Environment natural setting
Timeline(de) activation
Timelinealarm, respond
Communication activity during onsite response
(Mini-second)
Dynamics ofInteractions
Communication activity during offsite response
(Many-second)
Technical issues&
Social issues
Technical issues&
Social issues
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Preplanning State
Incident liability, equipment damage, loss estimate, etc
Critique, after-action-report, case archiveRecommended improvement
Building property use, structure (e.g., floor map), etc
Revised response plan
Recovery StateResponse State
Performance record
Mini-Second
Many-Second
Performance record
Corrective action
Solid line: typical communication during the response statesDotted line: response cycle with reinforcing feedbacks for corrective actions
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Inspired by Cybernetics Research
Illustrative Issue
Potential Contradiction New Data Type
Fire, Police, Emergency
Medical Service,
Hazardous Material Team
Response agencies often compete for the incident commander position. Most of the time, the fulfillment of this position is determined by the incident type. For example, if there is a criminal aspect to an incident, law enforcement agencies are in charge of the scene; in all other fire related incidents, fire chief is in charge.
Incident category
Emergency Managers
Information sharing in emergency management should be controlled to ensure that information is distributed among authorized personnel only.
Information sensitivity level and personnel security
clearance level
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Semiotics literature
Signs for emergency management◦ Sign-based language◦ Non-sign-based one
Symbol design foundation◦ ANSI Z535.2 and ISO3864-2002
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Documents•fire incident response technical data forms; fire incident response dispatch forms; field notes; chronological logs; fire response plans
Experts• Responders in western New York
Systems• fire incident messaging systems
Data Collection
Data Analysis
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Define, type, and structure identified components
Object-oriented structure
Model Specification Model ValidationData Analysis
National Information Exchange Model (NIEM)
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Request for Comment Distribution
Feedback Synthesize and Model Updates
Data ModelFinalization
Overview Diagram
Spreadsheet Specification◦ Data type◦ Code list◦ Symbol collection
XML Schema◦ Data type◦ Data property
“ASTESF” approach:
Activity theory and semiotics augmented by timeline, environment, state, and feedback perspectives
“ASTESF” approach:
Activity theory and semiotics augmented by timeline, environment, state, and feedback perspectives
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Principle Brief Explanation Data Model Support
Risk Orientation
Responders adopt sound risk management principles in assigning tasks and resources
Data elements capture the fire hazard and environment threat
FlexibilityResponders use creative and innovative approaches in solving disaster challenges
Data elements capture the dynamic associations among individual, organization, and incident management
Integration
Responders ensure the unity of efforts among all levels of management under collaboration and coordination
Data elements capture the structure and division of labor of incident management system that need to be integrated
ResilienceResponders strive for the success despite of the failures and constraints
Data elements capture the reinforcing feedback and corrective actions in incident response operations
The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and Emergency Management Institute (EMI) -2007
Contribution to theory◦ Data model development - ASTESF approach
Uses multiple activity systems (i.e., mini- and many-second response); captures activities with the temporal sequence of development, connectivity between multiple states, and internal reinforcing feedbacks (within- and between-state), and endorses semiotic designs for better conveying notations.
Implication to practice◦ Reduction of communication interoperability barrier
Extension of scope◦ National standards◦ Other incidents such as flood
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