rukwa investment profile
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RUKWA INVESTMENT PROFILETRANSCRIPT
RUKWA INVESTMENT PROFILE
A STATEMENT OF THE REGIONAL COMMISSIONER
Welcome to Rukwa Region,
Hon. Eng. Stella Martin Manyanya (MP)
Rukwa Region lies in the extreme south western part of Tanzania. The region has an area of
27,765 Km2 comprising three (3) Administrative Districts with four (4) Local Government
Authorities (LGAs). The administrative districts include Sumbawanga, Nkasi and Kalambo.
The Region has a population of 1,000,540 people according to the current NBS projection.
Rukwa is about 1200 km by road from the commercial and administrative centres of Dar es
Salaam and Dodoma respectively. Large part of the road infrastructure in the region is un-
tarmac. This nature of the road infrastructure has significantly slowdown development of
the region.
However, recent initiative by the government has led to the ongoing construction of the
tarmac roads from Tunduma to Sumbawanga, from Sumbawanga to Kasanga via Matai,
and from Sumbawanga to Mpanda in Katavi Region via Namanyere. Upon completion,
these roads will serve as reliable links to cities and towns in the country. Also Region will be
linked with Central and Southern African countries such as Democratic Republic of Congo,
Burundi, Rwanda Zambia, Mozambique, Malawi and South Africa.
Water supply system is developed for domestic and industrial use in urban areas. Most
residents of rural areas depend on water from wells. As for power supply, the region is not
connected to the National electricity grid system; but it is connected to the Zambian
Electricity Supply Company (ZESCO) following an agreement made between Ministry of
Energy and the Zambia Power Company. To complement that source of power, the
government has recently installed generators in Sumbawanga as an additional source of
power. There are a good number of modern communication and media companies
operating in the region, serving both local and international needs.
Ecologically, Rukwa Region consists of three (3) agro-climatic zones which include the Ufipa
plateau, the Rukwa valley and the Lake Tanganyika shores. These ecological zones are
favourable for development of agriculture, forestry, industry, tourist services and mining.
The Region is endowed with the high potential of mineral resources such as iron, silver, coal,
lead, limestone, mica, gemstone and the similar most of which are not yet exploited.
Prospecting of petroleum/gas is going on in Lake Tanganyika and Lake Rukwa.
In the year 2004, the economic growth rate of Rukwa Region, in terms of GDP, was 3.7%
which is equivalent to TZS. 369,993.00 per capita income and in the year 2007 per capita
income increased further to the rate equivalent to TZS. 486,832.00, projection for 2012 is TZS.
750,000.00.
In order to maintain and improve that growth target, the Region has planned to
concentrate on the following eight (8) priority areas namely Infrastructure, Agriculture,
Education, Staff development, Environment, Water, Health and HIV/AIDS and SACCOS. To
achieve targets in those areas, the Region will continue to perform various development
programmes which are in consistent with:
National Development Vision 2025;
National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP);
Ruling Party Election Manifesto 2010 and
National Development Plan 2015.
Apart from our own efforts, we also wish to invite/attract domestic and foreign investors for
the purpose of exploiting the region‟s opportunities on the basis of mutual benefits in various
areas. With that background in mind, let me ask you to pay particular attention to the
coming presentations, which will give you a clearer picture of the investment potentials in
Rukwa region.
We are looking forward to cooperate with you in making Rukwa Region a vibrant
investment location in Tanzania.
Welcome to Rukwa Region!
Hon. Eng. Stella Martin Manyanya (MP)
REGIONAL COMMISSIONER
RUKWA.
CHAPTER: 1
1.0 Rukwa Region In brief
1.1 The Region Background
Rukwa Region came into being in 1974 when part of Mbeya and Tabora Regions were
demarcated to form a new Region. The region is located in the South-Western part of
Tanzania between 05◦S - 09ºS and 30 – 330 E. The recent formation of Katavi region left
Rukwa Region with an area of 27,765 km2; Whilst 21,160 km2 is land area, the remaining
6,605 km2 are covered with water bodies. The Region is divided into three (3) Districts
namely Kalambo, Nkasi and Sumbawanga, four (4) Local Government Authorities (LGA),
namely Sumbawanga Municipal Council, Sumbawanga District Council, Kalambo District
Council and Nkasi District Council), 16 Divisions, 64 Wards and 282 Villages.
Table 1.1: Rukwa Region Administrative Distribution and Population by District (LGAs)
DISTRICT
LGAs
LAND
AREA
(SQ KM)
DIVs
WAR
DS
VILLA
GES
POPULATION
CENSUS
2002 2012 *
Sumbawanga
Sumbawan
ga MC
1,329 2 15 24 152,939 221,033
Sumbawan
ga DC
7,373 4 15 101
214,979 296,327
Kalambo Kalambo
DC
4,715 5 17 101 156, 770 220,423
Nkasi Nkasi DC 9,375 5 17 87 216,883 299,413
TOTAL 22,792 16
64 313 741,571
1,037,196
*Projection
1.2 Boundaries and Location
The Region borders with Zambia to the Southwest, the Democratic Republic of Congo
(DRC) to the West across Lake Tanganyika, Katavi Region in the North and Mbeya to the
Southeast. The highest point of the region is at Malonje in the Ufipa plateau at 2,461 meters
above sea level and the lowest point is lake Tanganyika at 773 meters above sea level.
MAP OF RUKWA REGION
1.3 Climate
The Region enjoys tropical climate with mean temperatures ranging between 13oC in some
places for the months of June and July to 27oC in the hottest months of October to
December. Rainfall has been reliable for many years, it ranges between 800 – 1300 mm per
annum. However, the region has in recent years, been receiving a bit low rainfalls due to
environmental destruction in some parts of the Region.
1.4 People and Culture
The major languages spoken in this region include Swahili, Fipa, Mambwe, Lungu,
Nyamwanga and English is also spoken by limited number of people. With exception of
English and Swahili, the other spoken languages are vernacular (specific to a particular
tribe).
The main staple foods are maize, rice and beans with exception of some parts of Lake
Tanganyika and Rukwa where cassava, fish and rice are the main source of food. Other
food crops widely available include groundnuts, finger millet, potatoes, sorghum, wheat
and sugarcane. Meat is easily available from the pastoral‟s community who traditionally
keep varieties of domestic animals such as cattle, goats, chicken, pigs, rabbits and pigeons.
1.5 Region Population
The Region had a population of 752,061 in 2002 and the forecast for 2011 was 1,037,196
according to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS).
Table 1.2: Rukwa Region Population projections and Growth rate by District /
LGAs District (LGAs) POPULATION (CENSUS 2002) POPULATION PROJECTION (2012) %
INCREASE
2002-2012
MALE FEMALE TOTAL MALE FEMALE TOTAL
SUMBAWANGA
MC
73,256 79,683 152,939 108,306 112,727 221,033 4.1
SUMBAWANGA DC 104,944 110,035 214,979 145,200 151,127 296,327
3.3
KALAMBO DC 76,817 79,953 156,770 108,007 112,416 220,423 4.1
NKASI DC 105,286 111,597 216,883 146,712 152,701 299,413 3.5
TOTAL
360,303 381,268 741,571 508,225 528,971 1,037,196
3.5
Source: NBS
Table 1.3: Rukwa Region Population & Population density by District / LGAs
District (LGAs)
LAND AREA
(SQ KM)
POPULATION
CENSUS
2002
2002
Population
Density
2012
PROJECTION
2012
Population
Density
Sumbawanga MC 1,329 152,939 115.1 221,033 166.3
Sumbawanga DC 7,373 214,979 29.2 296,327
40.2
Kalambo DC 4,715 156,770 33.2 220,423 46.7
Nkasi DC 9,375 216,883 23.1 299,413 32
TOTAL
22,792 741,571 32.5 1,037,196 45.5
Source: NBS.
1.5. Economy and Population
In 2002 the Regional GDP was 337,155 Mil TZS and Per capita income of 295,299 TZS areas in
2010 the GDP rose to 1,095,346 Mil TZS and Per Capita income of TZS 728,684 which
indicated Regional growth in Gross Domestic Product of 3.39%. This means the majority of
peoples‟ income is below the line of extreme poverty of one dollar per day taking into
account that an average household size is 5.1.
Table 1.4: Rukwa Region Share Contribution Regional to the Gross Domestic
Product and Per Capita Income since 1999 to 2010
Year GDP PER CAPITA INCOME
Tanzania
Mainland
Rukwa Region Tanzania
Mainland
Rukwa Region
1999 7,222,560 269,877 233,397 255,080
2000 8,152,790 295,030 255,575 270,511
2001 9,100,274 297,632 276,741 264,731
2002 10,444,507 337,155 310,991 295,299
2003 12,107,062 429,981 353,496 367,565
2004 13,971,592 483,240 396,154 398,486
2005 15,965,294 547,334 441,063 437,274
2006 17,941,268 611,089 478,100 469,246
2007 20,948,403 724,781 547,081 537,042
2008 24,781,679 871,896 627,787 623,288
2009 28,212,646 974,823 693,470 672,237
2010 32,293,479 1,095,346 770,464 728,684
2011 37,532,962 1,293,386 869,436 830,052
Chart 1: GDP TREND
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
GDP PER CAPITA
1.6 Age Dependency Ratio
The age dependency ratio is defined as the ratio of the youths less than 15 years of age
plus persons aged 65 years and above (dependants) to adults aged 15-64 years
(workforce). According to population and housing census (2002) in Rukwa Region the
overall dependency ratio was 1:1
This means that there were 100 people in 15-64 years group supporting 105 people in age
groups 0-14 and 65 and above. Age dependency ratio was high in rural areas than urban
areas
1.7. Ecological Zones
Rukwa region has three (3) agro-ecological zones. The features of the zones are shown in
the Table below:
Table 1.5: Agro-ecological zones of Rukwa Region
Zones Area
(sq
km)
General
Morphology
Altitude
range
(m)
Dominant
soil
Economic
activity
Rainfall
(mm)
Rukwa
Valley
6,500 Flat plains 810-
1200
Sandy Agric: Maize,
paddy,
Cassava,
Cattle, goats,
and Fishing.
800-
1000
Lake
Tanganyika
Shores
4,500 Steep hills
with
gentle
plateaux
and plains
772-
1631
Shallow,
scattered
clayey
lacustrines
Agriculture:
maize,
cassava, Oil
palm, paddy.
Fishing,
800-
1200
Ufipa
Plateau
11,800 Gentle
plain with
moderately
slopping
hills and
plateau
1000-
2461
Ferralitic Agriculture:
maize,
cassava,
groundnuts,
Millets, beans.
Cattle,
Goats. Fishing.
Mining: coal,
gemstones.
800-
1200
Source: BLARUP (1997)
CHAPTER: 2
2.0 OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVESTMENT
2.1.0 Investment Climate in Tanzania
2.1.1 Political Stability
Tanzania has experienced a long record of stability since independence in 1961. The
country has changed presidential post four times through democratic election. From 1995,
the country has held elections under a multi-party platform. The fourth President in the
history of the country, His Excellency, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete was elected in office in
December 2005 for a five year term and re-elected in October 2010 for another five year
term. The election process was deemed free and fair by the international observers.
Tanzania enjoys peaceful political environment which make it a centre of economic and
political stability in Sub Saharan Africa.
2.1.2 Investment Guarantee
Section 22 of the Tanzania Investment Act, 1997, guarantees investors against
nationalization and expropriation. Tanzania is a signatory of several multilateral and
bilateral agreements on protection and promotion of foreign investment. Among other
international agreements and membership, Tanzania is a member of Multilateral Investment
Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
(ICSID).
2.1.3 Transfer of Capital or Profits
The Investment Act, 1997, allows unconditional transferability through any authorized dealer
bank in freely convertible currency of:-
Net profits or dividends attributable to the investment;
Payments in respect of loan servicing where a foreign loan has been obtained;
Royalties, fees, and charges in respect of any technology transfer agreement registered
under this Act;
The remittance of proceeds (net of all taxes and other obligations) in the event of sale or
liquidation of the business enterprise or any interest attributable to the investment; and
Payments of emoluments and other benefits to foreign personnel employed in Tanzania in
connection with the business enterprise.
2.1.4 Settlement of disputes:
Where a dispute arises between a foreign investor and Tanzania Investment Center or the
Government in respect of a business enterprise, all efforts shall be made to settle the
dispute through negotiations for an amicable settlement. A dispute between a foreign
investor and the Center or the Government in respect of a business enterprise which is not
settled through negotiations may be submitted to arbitration in accordance with any of the
following methods as may be mutually agreed by the parties, that is to say:-
In accordance with arbitration laws of Tanzania for investors;
In accordance with the rules of procedure for arbitration of the International Center for
Settlement of Investment Disputes;
Within the framework of any bilateral or multilateral agreement on investment protection
agreed to by the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the Government of
the country the investor originates.
2.1.5 Trade Agreements
Tanzania is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), a market
of around 300 million people and the east African community (EAC) which is about 100
million people. Tanzania also enjoys access to various markets under different trade
preferences such access to the United States under AGOA, and the European Union under
Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), providing duty free and quota free market access.
Similarly, under the Special Preferential Tariff Agreement with China, over 400 goods
originating from Tanzania can be exported to China free of tariff.
2.1.6 Access to credit from domestic sources
Foreign investor may, in relation to the business enterprises which he/she operates obtain
credit from domestic bank and financial institutions up to the limit established by the Bank
of Tanzania (BoT). In consultation with the TIC having regard the amount of foreign capital
invested in the business enterprise may be increased.
Other sources of finance are banks which provide credits for various activities, the banks
which are active in the region are:
i) CRDB Bank Limited - branch in Sumbawanga town.
ii) National Microfinance Bank Limited (NMB)- Sumbawanga and Namanyere
iii) National Bank of Commerce (NBC) - branch in Sumbawanga town
iv) Tanzania Postal Bank Limited (TPBL) operating through the Tanzania Posts
Corporation in all major centres in the region where there are postal services.
Information on credits provided by the four banks show that these banks have not been
sufficiently used by the locals for development projects. Loans provided are of small
amounts mostly for employees to purchase home appliances and other individual needs.
2.1.7 Investment Incentives
Tanzania offers a well-balanced and competitive package of fiscal investments in
comparison with other African countries through various investment legislations such as
Tanzania Investment Act, of 1997, Export Processing Zones Act of 2002 Special Economic
Zones Act of 2006, the Mining Act of 1998 and the Petroleum (Exploration and Production)
Act 1981.
In addition, the Government has embarked on the implementation of a programme of
Business Environment Strengthening for Tanzania (BEST). The purpose of the programme,
whose implementation started in December 2003, is to reduce the burden of businesses by
eliminating as many procedural and administrative barriers as possible and to improve the
quality of services provided by the government to the private sector including commercial
dispute resolutions.
2.1.8 Presence of One Stop Centre for Investors
Tanzania Investment Centre was established in 1997 as the primary agency of the
government with objectives of coordinating, encouraging, promoting, facilitating investors
and advising the government on investment policy and related matters. The agency has
been instrumental in spearheading the reforms that aimed to improve investment
environment in Tanzania
In its efforts to assist investors to obtain relevant permits, approvals and Licenses required in
their business under one roof and within a short time, the Government has stationed
government officers at Tanzania Investment Centre office to facilitate investors to obtain
the required approvals. Stationed officers come from different Ministries and Government
institutions such as the Ministry of Labour and Youth Development, Ministry of Land and
Urban Settlement, Tanzania Revenue Authority, Department of Immigration Services,
Ministry of Industries, Trade and Marketing and Business Registration and Licensing Agency.
2.2.0 Why Invest In Rukwa Region
2.2.1 Agriculture
Majority of Rukwa population depends on agriculture where the mostly cultivated food
crops are maize, paddy, potatoes, beans and groundnuts. Major cash crops are maize,
paddy, beans, millet, sunflower, groundnuts, wheat and simsim. These seven (7) crops
contribute significantly to the income of the people as well as GDP. Farming activities are
being conducted through use of modern and traditional implements such as tractors, ox-
plough and hand hoes. But most it is family labour based which results into low yields per
area, hence the need for investors in agriculture sector.
2.2.2 Natural Resources
Rukwa enjoy a diversity of natural resources including; coal, iron, silver, limestone, mica,
gemstone, and a lot of building materials, fisheries, wildlife and forests most of which are yet
exploited. Natural resources in this region is seen as potential for income generation that will
improve the regional economy, provide employment, reduce poverty and improve
livelihood of people in Rukwa and contribute to the National economy as whole.
EMERALD COPPER COAL
Economic infrastructure
Infrastructure is one of the key investment drivers which Rukwa Region in collaboration with
TANROAD and the Ministry of Infrastructure is struggling to improve. There is a sustained
programme for building good quality road network to link the Region to other cities. Efforts
are also made to improve domestic airport linking the region to other cities in Tanzania.
Similarly, upon completion of Sumbawanga - Kasanga road which is the gateway to
Kasanga port the region will be well connected with Democratic Republic of Congo and
Zambia through marine transport.
2.2.4 Availability of Skilled Labour
Access to skilled labour is a key priority for companies competing in African economies. The
Government has made a long-term commitment to develop a pool of well-trained and
educated specialists. The Government has increased its education budget significantly
compared to the previous budgets. Thus Tanzania has to further improve human
capabilities and encourage technology transfer as a precondition for enhancing
productivity of investment and attaining the desired level of competitiveness.
2.2.5 Stable investment policy
The pro investment attitude by Government is clearly demonstrated by the innovative
investment legislation, the increasing number of foreign direct investments in the country
and economic and structural reforms that have led to substantial progress in establishing a
functioning market economy. Institutional support for priority investment projects is readily
available from the Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC) and other Government institutions.
TIC is the focal point for investors. It is a first point of call for potential investors. It is an
efficient and effective investment promotion agency, a “one stop facilitative centre for all
investors”, engaging in the business of marketing Tanzania as an investment destination. In
order to strengthen and expedite facilitation services, nine (9) senior officers from
Government or its executive agencies have been permanently stationed at TIC to serve
investors under the general direction of the TIC Executive Director.
Presently these officers include those from; Lands Department, Tanzania Revenue Authority
(TRA), Immigration Department, Labour Division, Directorate of Trade and Business
Registration & Licensing Agency (BRELA).
In response to Scholars and consultants recommendation, TIC is currently undertake
targeted promotion of investments internally and abroad based on thorough research.
Market research-driven investment promotion tends to be more efficient in cutting costs of
promotion and achieving more desirable investment outcomes.
2.2.6 Community Development
Community Development, gender and children policy (1996) focuses on creation of
conducive environment for women and men to perform their roles in community based on
their particular gender needs. Basically it aims at empowering people to realize their
capacity in identifying, analyzing and finding solution to their problems, using available
resources to generate and increase their income and raising their standard of living and
hence attaining sustainable development in their locality.
Based on that Rukwa Region aims at creation of equal opportunities and raised awareness
in community to identify and solve their problems through utilization of the available
resources to increase their income, eradicate poverty and hence raise their standard of
living. This gives and opportunity for investment in community development services such as
education, poverty reduction for women and youth; and empowerment of women and
youth through small loans.
2.2.7. Peace and stability
Whereby Tanzania is not completely free of ideological confrontations, ethnic problems
and labour disputes, it is a very peaceful country and is a centre of economic and political
stability in Sub Saharan Africa. Even, multi party democracy adopted in 1992 has not
disturbed the peaceful political climate of the country. The political scene is characterised
by parliamentary democracy and public consensus on key social and economic priorities.
For that reason Rukwa Region has got very important opportunity for creating conducive
environment for investment.
CHAPTER: 3
3.0 PRODUCTIVE SECTORS
The main productive sectors in the region are agriculture (including livestock, fisheries and
forestry), tourism and mining.
3.1. Crops
About 90% of the population in Rukwa Region earns their living from agricultural activities.
The area of arable land is 1,424,893 ha while the area under cultivation is only 447,079 ha
(appr. 32% of arable land). The crops produced includes the one below (see picture) and
the production trend for the last five years is shown in the Table below;
CROPS PICTURES
Agriculture in Rukwa region is dominated by small-scale subsistence farming, approximately
68 percent of the cultivated land is used by smallholder farmers who operate between 0.5
and 2.0 ha. The region has potential in animal power for agricultural operations, 75% of
tillage operations is done using animal power and weeding is done by hand hoe. The
region is estimated to have 66 tractors, 199 small tractors (power tiller) and 43,376 pairs of
animal draught power
Maize Sunflower Paddy
Table 3.1: Crop Production Trend
3.1.1. Markets for Crop
In 2010/2011and 2011/2012 we had a surplus of maize 494,019 tonnes and 720,306 tonnes
respectively) which part of it was purchased by the National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA)
at an average price of TZS 350 per kg and other buyers bought at prices ranging from TZS
250 to 300. The prices offered by other buyers do not meet the production costs.
Since November 2007, a grain milling factory under the name of Energy Milling Co. Ltd has
been in operation in Sumbawanga. It has a capacity of milling 50 tons of grains in 8 hours
which include a rice huller with capacity of 30 tons per 8 hours. This is another market for
crops of Rukwa.
Food Crops
2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012
Ha Tonnes Ha Tonnes Ha Tonnes Ha Tonnes
Maize 149,460.70 407,175.40 161,517.0
494,444.0
176,815.0
625,746.0 175,146.8 463,800
Rice 15,412.00 50,099.00 28,744.7
101,255.4
28,440.0
124,755.0 24,849.6 94,950.6
Fingermillet 25,830.30 28,952.77 21,629.0
51,461.0
23,274.0
57,353.0 21,384 28,823
Beans 70,068.60 102,561.60 43,881.0
48,782.6
47,623.0
69,426.0 54,067.6 76,277.6
Cassava 22,128.00 56,976.00 31,142.5
67,356.4
35,542.0
80,088.0 39,136 89,412
Sorghum 9,683.40 24,208.50 13,243.3
30,459.6
13,715.0
27,430.0 14,120 32,476
Wheat 1,311.00 2,613.00 5,449.0
11,051.0
2,629.0
5,479.0 3,339 7,765
S/Potatoes 21,314.60 87,069.00 27,343.0
107,596.2
29,691.0
120,751.6 31,445 128,346
Ir/Potatoes 17,697.00 88,957.00 18,113.7
65,942.8
15,995.0
61,867.0 16,150 64,179
Banana 48.00 768.00 85.0
1,097.0
997.0
15,952.0 1,033 14,320
Total 332,953.60 849,380.27 351,148.2
979,446.0
374,721.00
1,188,847.60 380,671 1,000,349.2
Cash Crops
Sunflower 42,891.80 73,658.20 43,117.0
51,261.4
52,677.0
77,217.0 59,282 76,267.2
Groundnuts 12,858.00 12,375.30 16,494.8
29,285.0
18,580.0
23,915.5 20,744 24,142
Sugar cane 1,159.00 20,097.00 2,377.0
45,870.0
37,506.0
2,679.0 3,395 50,138
Simsim - - 161.4
42.0
159.0
104.3 195 48.36
TOTAL 56,973.25 106,248.50 62,150.2
126,458.4
108,922.00
103,915.80 24,345 74,337.36
Still, there is a problem of market for maize, beans, rice and other food crops such as
cassava, and sweet potatoes. Problems facing the farmers in selling their produce include;
Few NFRA buying centres, Low prices offered by buyers and Poor condition of roads, thus,
making it difficult to transport their produce to local and external markets.
The main cash crops grown in Rukwa region are sunflower, groundnuts, simsim and
sugarcane (Refer table No 3.1 : Rukwa Region production trend).
3.1.2. Cooperative Societies
The Region has 90 cooperative societies; including 79 Savings and Credit Cooperative
Societies (SACCOS) and 11 other co-operative societies which have 10,938 members with
shares valued at TZS. 286,600,000 and TZS. 1,586,082,000 deposits which make a total capital
of TZS 1,872,682,000. In 2011/2012 these SACCOS provided loans of TZS. 5,662,891,000 out of
this amount a total of TZS 4,085,820,000 have been repaid which is equivalent to 72.2
percent of total loan.
3.1.3. Farm Inputs
Major inputs used by farmers are fertilizers like Di-Ammonium Phosphates (DAP), UREA, CAN,
Minjingu Rock Phosphates. Seeds include certified seeds of Maize hybrids and open
pollinated varieties, paddy, beans and sunflower. However, there are challenges of
availability of seeds, fertilizers and Agriculture Machinery in time due to the poor condition
of the Tunduma - Sumbawanga road and other roads within the region.
There are ongoing agricultural support programs such as ASDP/DADP, MIVARF former
AMSDP and the Rural Financial Support Program (RFSP) that assist villagers to establish
savings and credit cooperative societies (SACCOs) which is the nearest financial institution
to acquire loans for agriculture development such as buying farm inputs and small
machines.
3.1.4. Irrigation Schemes
The Region has a total of 73,245ha potential for irrigation, 2,908 ha are now irrigable using
modern irrigation infrastructure which is equivalent to four (4) percent of available irrigable
land. The region has a total of 27 irrigation schemes, among these 11 have been
developed for modern irrigation infrastructures and 16 are under tradition irrigation.
Table 4: Potential Areas for Irrigation by Districts
COUNCIL
S‟WANGA MC S‟WANGA DC
NKASI
DC
TOTAL
Potential area for irrigation
(Ha)
1,100 53,000 19,145 73,245
Ongoing irrigation scheme
coverage (Ha)
40 250 2,618
2908
3.1.5. Challenges for Increasing Crop Production in Rukwa Region.
Poor road infrastructure
Poor roads have been a major limitation for increased agricultural production and
development in the region. Only recently construction of tarmac road linking Rukwa and
Mbeya regions started, even though, the roads connecting districts in the region are yet
developed at tarmac level. Most of the roads in the region are seasonal earth roads which
limit transport and transportation within and to other regions.
Limited capital and access to financial services
Agricultural producers in the region lack capital assets necessary for production. They can
hardly afford to hire additional labour and to purchase inputs and labour saving equipment
such as tractors and animal drawn implements.
Financial institutions find it risky to lend to small-holder farmers and small scale agribusiness.
They charge high interest rates, currently ranging between 25 and 40 percent. Most
households can neither save nor access loans from commercial banks and financial
institutions.
Agro-processing and marketing of agricultural commodities
Agricultural performance is adversely affected by weak agro-industries, poor linkages within
the marketing, processing and production chains, poor market-orientation and inadequate
processing facilities leading to high levels of produce wastage. Given the high potentials in
the region, investment in agro-processing such as milling and packing maize, rice and
finger millet and on production of oil crops (sunflower, sesame, groundnuts and soybeans)
could boost the sector in the region.
Extension Services
The government‟s extension services workforce to support agriculture is 172 against the
requirement of 322. There is a shortage of 150 workers (47%). The shortage of transport
facilities especially motorcycles for extension services have a negative impact on their
performance.
3.2. Livestock
Livestock contributes about 20% to GDP in Rukwa region. Farmers keep an average of 12
heads of cattle per family. However, during the past 10 years, there has been a huge influx
of agro pastoralists from Tabora, Shinyanga, and Mwanza into the region in search for
pasture for their livestock. The migrant pastoralists keep an average of 100 to 300 heads of
cattle per family. The current total cattle population in Rukwa region is estimated to be
438,555. The areas suitable for grazing in each district are shown below;
Table 3.2: Area available for grazing in each district
LGAs
Area not
occupied
by
water
(ha)
Total area
for
agriculture
(ha)
Area
cultivated
(ha)
Area
occupied
by
tsetsefly
(ha)
Area for grazing
(ha)
Ha % Ha % Ha %
Nkasi DC 937,500 506,250 60,180 12 16,000 3 430,070
85
Sumbawanga
DC
1,708,800 838,600 189,081 23 2,952 4.0 646,567 77
Sumbawanga
MC
132,900 89,042 29,461 33 0 0 59,581 67
Total 2,779,200 1,433,892 278,722 68 18,952 7 1,136,218 76
The suitable areas for grazing if well developed can hold up to 537,536 head of cattle
equivalent to 376,275 Tropical Livestock Units (TLUs). The livestock population by type and
by district is shown in the table below.
Table 3.3: Livestock in Rukwa Region (2010/2011)
Council Cattle Goats Sheep Donke
y
Pigs Rabb
it
Chicke
n
Ducks Kang
a
Nkasi 136,345 47,336 6,803 1,487 5,920 0 11,6026 18,253 1,937
SBA DC
266,030 87,668 15,646 3,217 38,228 1,192 261,070 12,534 3,747
SBA MC 36,180 17,895 418 1,467 5,841 1,340 93,499 6191 288
Total
438,555 152,899 22,867 6,171 49,989 2,532 470,595 36,978 5,972
There are two ranches and one dairy farm in the Rukwa region. Dairy Farm at Malonje in
Sumbawanga Municipality is owned by Heritage Farm, Nkundi and Kalambo ranches are
owned by SAAFI and NARCO respectively. According to 2002/2003 sample census, Rukwa
region has only 1,103 improved dairy animals which is 0.27% of 399,025 dairy animals in the
country. The current data (2010/2011 reports) shows that Rukwa region has 5,416 dairy
cattle and 452 dairy goats.
As demand for heifers both for dairy and beef is high, private investors are encouraged to
give a hand in this area. The move to privatize small ranches to individuals or groups,
capable of running them commercially, will be a challenge for others to establish more in
their areas, and this will depend on the success of those who have been given the ranches.
Meanwhile, 14 small ranches are operating. These ranches resulted from split of Kalambo
Ranch. One important activity that can be undertaken to accelerate production of beef
and dairy animals is the production of heifers that could be sold to small-scale farmers.
Other livestock keeping systems such as „feedlot‟ are not practiced in Rukwa region. This
should be encouraged as well.
3.2.1. Markets for Livestock Products
Markets for livestock products are mainly the urban centres of the region and Kasesya on
the Zambian border. In the past about 80 head of cattle was slaughtered on the market
day at Kasesya and meat sold to Zambia. Business men buy hides and sell the same to
factories in Morogoro and Dar es Salaam.
A modern meat processing factory named Sumbawanga Agricultural and Animal Feeds
Industry (SAAFI) started operating in May 2007. It has a capacity of slaughtering more than
150 animals per day producing „prime cuts‟, carcasses and sausages. It provided
employment to about 350 people (300 at the factory and 50 people at the ranch owned
by the factory). Market for the factory‟s products include; Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar, the
tourist hotels in Bagamoyo (in Coast Region), countries bordering the region (Zambia and
DRC), Burundi, Rwanda, Comoro and the Gulf countries.
Investment in small, medium, and large processing industries will increase the value of
livestock products, thus, ensuring farmers with high prices for their animals. If milk and meat
are processed, they can be preserved for long periods while waiting for good markets in or
outside the region/country. Studies have shown that demands for livestock products will
increase extensively in the coming 10 to 15 years due to the increase in urbanization.
3.2.2. Support Services
Infrastructure networks like cattle dips, abattoirs, hide and skin plants, livestock markets,
veterinary centres, dams/charcols and clinics are among the livestock infrastructures
needed for sustainable livestock development in the region. Most of the existing
infrastructure networks in the region are old, not well developed and are not sufficient.
Veterinary clinics were closed down to give room for private sector which to date is very
premature especially in these periphery areas and cannot render the services required. The
region needs not less than 100 dips to serve around 5,000 head of cattle each. Currently, a
total of 35 out of 62 dips are working in the region, there is no veterinary center in the region
and there are 2 hides/skins bandas which are all operational. Other livestock service
infrastructures in the region are 37 slaughter slabs, 2 abattoirs, 7 primary livestock markets, 6
permanent crush, 2 charcol dams (under construction) and 3 veterinary clinics (under
construction).
There is no single holding ground in place in the region, therefore, animals bought from
primary markets are taken to slaughter houses without prior check ups and can result in
spreading of livestock diseases. Investors are encouraged to invest in such market
infrastructures eg. Primary and secondary holding grounds, stock routes and check points.
Livestock diseases pose another threat to the development of this sector in the region. Joint
efforts are needed between the private sector service providers and the governments by
supplying the necessary expertise with minimum facilities for effective disease diagnosis,
treatment and control.
3.2.3 Disease Free Zone Status
The livestock potential available in Rukwa and Tanzania in general, has not been
adequately harnessed both in terms of meeting increasing local demand for quality
livestock products as well as for the external markets. High prevalence of trade-sensitive
diseases and lack of a plan of action to facilitate compliance with internationally
accepted standards on safety of products are by far the major challenges facing the
livestock industry in the country. To address these constraints and thereby improve access
to regional and international markets for livestock products, the Government has recently
initiated measures aimed at legally designating Rukwa region as the first ever Disease Free
Zone (DZF) or Livestock Export Zone (LEZ) in the country in accordance with the provisions of
the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement. The
purpose of the initiative is to make Rukwa region free of specified diseases so that livestock
products, especially beef from the area will be of acceptable quality and safe for the local
and external lucrative markets. The practical implication of the establishment of the DFZ is
that increased investment, both public and private, will be required to ensure access to
quality support services for livestock production and welfare, processing and marketing of
livestock products. The DFZ status therefore, provides a very significant investment
opportunity in the region.
Deliberate efforts are needed to make livestock keepers acquire land and settle them for
better production and be able to meet the need of the livestock market.
3.2.4 Way Forward
Possible interventions includes demarcation and allocation of land for permanent grazing
for pastoralists and agro-pastoralists, improvement of natural pastures, production of
improved pasture seeds and management of noxious weeds in natural range and pasture.
More efforts are emphasized on the following:
Demarcation and development of land for livestock production
Rehabilitation and maintenance of livestock support infrastructures
Livestock harvesting
Improvement in livestock breeding
Establish reliable inputs distribution network
Strategic control of epidemics
Promotion of commercial livestock enterprises
Improvement of livestock extension services and
Need for demand-oriented participatory research and environment conservation.
3.2.5 Identified Opportunities for Investments
The identified Opportunities are such as:
Ranches for modern livestock keeping
Establishment of „zero grazing‟ and „feedlot‟ farms
Poultry farms
Modern abattoirs
Tanneries
Industries for processing of livestock by-products (horns, hoofs, leather, etc.)
Industries for animal feed.
3.3. Fisheries
The region is located between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Rukwa. There are other small
lakes and rivers all with reliable fish population. The variety of fish available in the region
includes Sardines, Tilapia, Nile perch, Mud fish, English fish, Luciolates, Strapessil “Migebuka”
and various ornamental fish species.
Statistics show that fish produced between 1997 and 2002 in Rukwa region totalled 102,260
tons worth TZS 3.453 billion. Most of the fish is caught in Nkasi district (99%). The fish industry
has not been fully exploited due to lack of modern fishing equipment, storage facilities,
transportation problems and poor extension service. There are hippos and crocodiles in the
region. Crocodile farming is conducted at Muze village near Lake Rukwa.
Lake Rukwa Lake Tanganyika
Ornamental Fish from Lake Tanganyika
The existence of Lakes and rivers in this region provides opportunity for investment in
Aquaculture including ornamental fish and Crocodile farming. Current challenges in this
area include use of obsolete fishing gears, lack of reliable fish market, technical know how
and insufficient capital for procurement of modern fishing equipment.
3.4 Natural Resources
3.4.1 Forestry
Natural forests reserves occupy about 1.4% of the region. The table shows the areas
covered by forests in every district.
Table 3.4: Area covered by Forests by District
Council Total land area (ha) Area covered by
forests reserves (ha)
Sumbawanga MC 132,900 334
Nkasi DC 937,500 3,367
Sumbawanga DC 1,208,800 22,334
Total 2,279,200 26,035
Forest products are harvested from the Miombo Woodlands, which are predominant in
Sumbawanga, and Nkasi districts and where commercially valuable timber such as Mninga
(Pterocarpus angolensis) and Mputu are found. Forest products include timber, fuel wood,
charcoal, honey and beeswax. Timber finds its market locally in the region‟s towns but the
bulk of it is exported to other regions, including; Tabora, Mwanza, Dodoma, Morogoro and
Dar es Salaam.
Of the 1.5 million hectares of the plateau, over 700,000 hectares of land are completely
deforested resulting in great shortage of wood for both construction and fuel. The situation
forces women to travel long distances searching for fuelwood. Efforts are being made to
set aside specific areas and hills for regeneration, protect water sources and encourage
Local Authorities to buy black wattle seeds for distribution and planting in the villages.
3.4.1. Beekeeping
Honey and beeswax have for a long time been produced by traditional beekeepers.
Reliable production data is hard to obtain in virtually all districts in the region. However, the
table below provides information on the total production and value for the period of five
years from 2005 to 2011.
Table 3.5: Honey and Beeswax Production (2005 - 2011)
Council Honey Beeswax
Production
(Tons)
Value (TZS.) Production
(Tons)
Value (TZS.)
Nkasi 17 85,000,000 1 1,238,400
Sumbawanga
Rural
0.17 645,380 0.14 98,900
Sumbawanga
Municipal
2.716 13,580,000 0 0
Total 19.886 992,253,380 1.14 1,337,300
Tanzania honey has proved to be among the best in the world and can comfortably
compete with honey from Australia, China, Mexico and Saudi Arabia if its potential can be
fully taped. The current production of honey country-wide is only about 3.5% of the
production potential. Given the good demand and market for these products, this sub-
sector should be developed and improved through the introduction of modern honey/wax
production.
3.4.2. Wildlife
The region has only two game reserves of Lwafi (2200 km sq.) and Uwanda (2200 km sq)
and one game controlled area of Kwela (500 km sq). Substantial revenues are earned from
local and tourist hunting in Lwafi game reserved area in the region.
3.4.3. Identified Opportunities for Investments
The Region has identified investment opportunities in this area which include; Plantations for
carbon trading, Soft wood plantations (pine), Modern beekeeping (honey and beeswax),
Wattle plantations, Wood industries (hard and soft wood) and Snake farms.
3.5. Tourism
The Government of Tanzania views tourism as a significant industry in terms of job creation,
poverty alleviation, and foreign exchange earnings. Most investors are competing for the
overdeveloped Northern Circuit and only a few have discovered the potentiality of the
South Western Tanzania. Rukwa Region has great potential for tourism. Despite its many
tourist attractions as seen in the table below, the tourism sector is still underdeveloped in
Rukwa region.
Table 3.6: Tourist Attractions and Locations
S/N Tourist Attraction Location (district)
1 Old Bismark Fort at Kasanga Sumbawanga Rural
2 The Kalambo falls Sumbawanga Rural
3 Hot springs at Kizombwe - Sumbawanga
Rural
Sumbawanga
4 Lake Rukwa scenery from the Ufipa
escarpment
Sumbawanga Rural /
Nkasi
5 Lake Tanganyika shore Nkasi
6 Red Columbus in Mbizi forest and Mbezi
Forest
Sumbawanga
Municipality
7 Game reserves (Uwanda na Lwafi) Nkasi na Sumbawanga
8 Game controlled areas ( Lake Kwela) -
Sumbawanga Rural.
Sumbawanga
9 Maporomoko ya Tembwa Nkasi
A tourist hotel is being constructed in Kipili area on an island called Mandakelenge in Lake
Tanganyika (Nkasi District). Information and statistics on other tourist attraction in Rukwa
region are limited.
3.5.2. Identified Opportunities for Investments
Accommodation facilities in all tourist places
Include other attractions (including eco-tourism) in the tour packages
Tour operating companies in Rukwa region
Banking institutions to provide more credit cards facilities
Improve existing facilities (hotels and lodges) to standards acceptable to tourists
Establish center for marketing of cultural products
Professional hunting is needed.
3.6. Mining
Due to its geological framework, Rukwa region is endowed with abundant mineral deposits
of different kinds including precious metals, base metals, gemstones, industrial minerals, and
building materials. Table below shows types of minerals and the locations in Rukwa region:
Table 3.7: Minerals of Rukwa and their locations
S/N Mineral Location District
1 Copper
Kasanga and Kapapa Sumbawanga Rural
2 Zinc Kasanga and Kirando areas on
the Lake Tanganyika shores
Sumbawanga Rural,
Nkasi.
3 Titanium and
Zirconium
Ntemba and Mkwamba areas
Nkasi
4 Emerald Mponda Village Sumbawanga MC
S/N Mineral Location District
5 Aquamarine Mlombo a few km East of Lake
Kwela
Sumbawanga Rural
6 Burma Ruby Katuka, Chala and Kantawa
Sumbawanga DC,
Nkasi
7 Zircon Nzombo located a few km north
of Matala Village
Nkasi
8 Piezoelectric
Quartz
Matala Village
Nkasi
9 Moonstone
Mkombe area located north of
Kabwe Village on the shores of
Lake Tanganyika
Nkasi
10 Green Tourmaline Chala, Swaila, Lyele, and
Tambaruka in Mkwamba ward.
Nkasi
11 Garnets Kantawa Nkasi
12 Amethyst Northeast of Kasu and north of
Lyazumbi
Nkasi
13 Coal Muze, Namwele and Nkomolo
areas
Sumbawanga DC
Sumbawanga MC
Nkasi
14 Kaolin Along the Sumbawanga -
Kasanga Road
Sumbawanga Rural
15 Limonite Mbuga/ Namwele located 19.3
Km from Sumbawanga town
Sumbawanga MC
Although sulphur is not being mentioned, there are indications of the mineral being
available in Sumbawanga Municipal area. Hard rocks and sand are plentiful for building
materials. Except for the quantity of coal which is estimated to be 18 million metric tons,
there is no information on approximate quantities of other various minerals in the region. The
mineral exploration and prospecting activities that have been done in the region is very
minimal. Large numbers of the mineral occurrences are still unevaluated.
3.6.1. Mineral Prospecting and Mining
There are about 33 Prospecting Licenses (PLs) held by different companies in the region but
only eleven PLs are working actively. There are 35 valid Primary Prospecting Licenses (PPLs)
for prospecting various types of minerals in Rukwa Region. Small scale mineral prospectors
help a lot to discover new occurrences of minerals and sometimes result into a mineral rush.
There are 215 valid Primary Mining Licenses (PML) for Small Scale Minerals in Rukwa Region.
There are different types of minerals (gemstones, coal and building materials).
Sumbawanga District has 96 PMLs and Nkasi District 21 PMLs. A large number of these
licenses are not active due to lack of capital.
Large scale coal mining has started in Sumbawanga Rural District. A company named
Upendo Group Ltd operating from Sumbawanga ventured in coal mining from 2004. The
firm has identified possible markets for a total of 6,000 tons per month but has not been able
to supply the same due to (i) inadequate operating equipment, and (ii) poor road
conditions making transportation of the coal to the markets very expensive.
3.6.2 Environmental Conservation
The Regional efforts for environmental protection include; Conservation of forest reserve
areas using villagers (who receive education through seminars) and through provision of
„firebreaks‟ in the forests; and tree planting campaign (Panda Miti Rukwa). This involves
specific areas allocated by councils for planting trees; Encouraging villagers to plant
woodlots and refrain from cutting trees in the forests reserves.
Tree planting campaign
Table 3.8: Number of trees planted in year 2010 – 2011
S/N Council Year Target Total tree
palnted
Survial in
%
1 Nkasi DC 2010/2011 1,500,000 1,344,671 79
2 Sumbawanga MC 2010/2011 1,000,000 734,138 81
3 Sumbawanga DC 2010/2011 1,000,000 455,292 82
TOTAL 3,500,000 2,534,101 81%
CHAPTER: 4
4. 0 SOCIAL SECTORS
4.1. Education
4.1.1. Pre Primary Education
There are 321 pre-primary school classes with 639 streams in Rukwa region with a total of
19,315 children (9,894 boys and 9,421 girls between 5 - 6).
4.1.2. Primary Education
The region has 356 Primary Schools out of which 352 are public primary schools and four (4)
are private schools with a total of 188,895 children (93,217 boys and 95,678 girls-aged
between 7-13 years). There are 3804 primary school teachers, this translates teacher to
students‟ ratio of 1:50. To meet the ideal ratio of 1:40, additional 918 teachers are required
in the region. Tables 4.1a&b shows the number of primary school classrooms, children and
teachers by districts.
Table 4.1a: Number of Classrooms and Children
Council Classrooms and
Streams
Number of Pupils
C/Rooms Streams Boys Girls Total
Nkasi 604 1161 22565 23860 46425
S‟wanga
MC
497 1086 20954 22492 43446
S‟wanga
DC
1320 2476 49698 49326 99024
Total 2421 4723 93217 95678 188895
Table 4.1b: Number of Teachers
Council Degree
Diploma Grade A (IIIA) Grade
B&C(IIIB/C
Total
M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T
Nkasi 8 1 9 14 2 16 577 296 873 12 4 16 611 303 914
S‟wanga
(M)
4 4 8 31 16 47 331 496 827 8 16 24 374 532 906
S‟wanga
(R)
16 0 16 34 4 38 1192 627 1819 93 18 111 1335 649 1984
Total 28 5 33 79 22 101 2100 1419 3519 113 38 151 2320 1480 3804
Source: Cluster of Social Services
Academic performance in primary schools is satisfactory. The rate of passing examination in
standard IV in 2011 was 77.78% which is lower compared to 91.68% in 2010. As for standard
VII the rate increased from 44.98 % in 2010 to 51.07 % in 2011.
4.1.3. Post Primary Vocational Training schools
There are four (4) Post Primary Vocational Training schools in the region, one (1) in Nkasi, two
(2) in Sumbawanga Rural and one (1) in Sumbawanga Municipal. The schools are
experiencing the following challenges:-
Shortage of teachers (requirement 68, available 19);
Shortage of classrooms rooms and
Outdated equipments/facilities.
The region lacks Vocational Training Centres (VETA).
4.1.4. Secondary Education
The region has a total of 80 secondary schools, among which 68 are public and 12 are
privately owned. Public secondary schools have a total of 27,477 students (16,696 boys and
10,781 girls) from Form I -V1. Distribution of secondary schools in each council is as seen in
table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Total number of secondary schools in each council
COUNCIL PUBLIC SCHOOL NON-GOVERN TOTAL
Nkasi 21 1 22
S‟wanga (M) 17 7 24
S‟wanga (R) 30 4 34
Total 68 12 80
Among these secondary schools, 70 of them provide „O‟ level Secondary Education and
the remaining 10 provide secondary education up to „A‟ level.
Table 4.3 shows the trend of pupils joining secondary schools from 2005 - 2010. Efforts are
directed to increase the number of secondary schools so as to be able to enroll all pupils
who pass their primary schools exams.
Classes at Chanji secondary school under construction 2012.
Table 4.3: Number of pupils joining secondary schools (2005 - 2011)
Year
Passed Selected to join secondary
school
%
Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
2005 4523 2596 7119 1914 1758 3672 51.58
2006 6940 4262 11202 5251 3626 8877 79.24
2007 7964 4337 12301 7964 4337 12301 100
2008 8984 5565 14549 6773 4363 11186 76.89
2009 7642 5038 12680 6498 4248 10746 84.75
2010 7219 4598 11817 7219 4598 11817 100
2011 8221 6391 14612 8221 6391 14612 100
4.1.5. Hostels
Among the eighty (80) secondary schools 39 have hostels for accommodation of the
distant students. However, many of them are of low standard. For those without hostels
students walk long distance of up to 9 km daily to schools. Therefore, there is a high
demand of boarding/hostel facilities.
4.1.6. Literacy Level
Literacy is the ability to read and write with an understanding of a short simple statement on
everyday life. According to population and housing census of 2002, there are 576,963 total
number of population in five year and above age group in the Region, out of whom
313,712 or 54% were literate. Among literates, 61 percent were males and 47 per cent
females. Table 4.4 shows the level of literacy in each council.
Table 4.4: Level of literacy in each Council
Council
Population Literate Literacy %
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Nkasi 81,565 84,130 165,697 46,505 36,671 83,175 57 44 50
S‟wanga
(M)
56,620 61,611 118,230 39,641 38,960 78,602 70 63 66
S‟wanga
(R)
142,341 150,695 293,036 85,382 66,549 151,935 60 44 52
Rukwa
Region
280,526 296,436 576,963 171,528 142,180 313,712 62.3 50.3 56
The level of literacy in the region was higher among males than among females. This high
level of illiteracy has also contributed to low development of the region. There are some
initiatives being taken to eradicate illiteracy. The initiatives taken include:-
Sensitization of Communities and parents towards education and understand the basic
rights to unschooled children.
Sensitization of parents having children not completing primary schools due to various
reasons e.g. pregnancy, to join a program known as Complimentary Basic Education in
Tanzania (COBET).
Mobilizing adults to join adult classes under a special programme known as Integrated
Community Based Adult Education (ICBAE).
4.1.7. Colleges/Universities
The region has four (4) Teachers‟ Training Colleges (TTC) - Sumbawanga, St.Aggrey, Rukwa
and St.Maurus Chemchem that produces Grade IIIA Teachers and Diploma Teachers.
Sumbawanga TTC also provides certificates in Domestic Science.
The region has One Open University Centre which came into operation since 21st
September 2000. To date, the centre has already awarded diploma and degrees to
candidates in different fields.
4.2. Health
The Health Sector in the region is still underdeveloped and it is characterized by high rates
of morbidity and mortality due to inadequate resources. Table 4.5 shows the number and
ownership of health facilities in the region
Table 4.5: Number and ownership of health facilities (2011-November)
DISTRICT Hospital Health Center Dispensary Health Facilities
Requirement
Govt V.A Total Govt V.A Total Govt V.A Pr Total DISP HC HOSP
S‟wanga
Municipa
l
1 1 2 1 2 3 18 4 6 28 3 3 1
S‟wanga
District
0 0 0 8 2 10 100 6 2 108 19 8 3
Nkasi 0 1 1 3 4 7 36 3 0 39 10 7 1
Total
Region
1 2 3 12 8 20 154 13 8 159 32 18 5
KEY: Govt = Government, V.A = Voluntary Agency, Pr = Privacy, Disp = Dispensary, HC =
Health Centre and Hosp = Hospital
Table 4.7: NUMBER OF THE BEDS AND OCCUPANCY RATE: HOSPITAL
HOSPITAL HEALTH CENTRE
S/NO No. Beds O/ Rate No. Beds O/ Rate 1 Sumbawanga MC 60 70% 14 80%
2 Nkasi DC 100 80% 130 80%
3 Sumbawanga DC - - 185 80%
4 Rukwa Regional Hospital 350 85% - -
TOTAL 510 78% 329 80%
In consideration of the population in the region, the number of health facilities serves the
population in ratios is as follows;
i. Dispensary population ratio 1:6000
ii. Health centre population ratio 1:54,000
iii. Hospital bed Per population ratio 1:2572
4.2.1. Common Diseases
The common diseases which cause higher morbidity and mortality rates includes: Malaria,
ARI, Pneumonia, Diarrhoea, Skin diseases, Intestinal worms, Minor surgical conditions, ill
defined symptoms (no diagnosis), Eye infection, HIV/AIDS/STI, Tuberculosis, Meningitis and
others. The maternal mortality rate is 128/100,000, infant mortality rate is 78/1000, the under
five mortality rate is 81/1000 and Severe malnutrition is 1.3%.
4.2.2. Health Staff
The region has acute shortage of trained medical staff, attributed to misconception which
existed for many years in the Region. The Doctor/Population ratio is 1:81,168 while the
Nurse/Population ratio is 1:3,022 (National Average - Doctor 1:25,000 and Nurse 1:5,000). The
table below shows the status of the health staff in the region.
Table 4.10: Trained health staff cadre situation in Rukwa Region
HEALTH STAFF SBA MC SBA DC NKASI DC TOTAL
Medical Doctor 6 0 3 9
Specialist Doctors 3 0 0 3
Dental Surgeons 2 0 0 2
Specialist Dental Surgeon 0 0 0 0
Pharmacists 2 1 1 4
Chemists 0 0 0 0
Assistant Medical Officers 24 7 10 41
Assistant Dental Officers 1 0 1 2
Dental Therapists 2 0 1 3
Clinical Officer 30 57 20 107
Assistant Clinical Officers 3 16 6 25
Assist. Nursing Officers 2 13 14 29
Nurse Tutor 0 0 3 3
Trained Nurse 49 6 3 58
Nurse Midwives 153 45 64 262
Public Health Nurse B 15 0 9 24
MCH Aides 4 8 3 15
Medical Laboratory Technician 7 2 1 10
Radiographers 4 0 0 4
Dental Technicians 1 0 1 2
Optometry technicians 2 0 0 2
Orthopedic Technicians 0 0 0 0
Physiotherapists 2 0 0 2
Chemical Lab. Technician 0 0 0 0
Health Officers 8 13 10 31
Pharmacy. Technician 4 1 1 6
TOTAL 324 169 151 644
The Life expectancy according to 2002 census was 55 years. However, in recent years this
has been reduced to about 45 years due to HIV/AIDS pandemic.
The health sector is seriously under funded despite the fact that it is a priority sector in the
Poverty Reduction Strategy and that a health population is a basic ingredient of economic
growth. The main sources of fund for health sector is from the government and basket funds
which are not adequate to support and sustain health services.
The Catholic Mission is assisting in establishment of a nursing college in Nkasi District,
however there are insufficient funds to finalize this program. The Region has established a
special fund to attract health personnel by paying them extra allowances to meet their
basic needs.
4.2.3. HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS infection in the Region has been rising steadily since 1994 up to September 2012
rate stood at 7%. However this went down to the current rate of 4.9% 2012 following the
measures taken to control new infection.
Current status of HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment
Cumulative HIV/AIDS cases reported in Rukwa up to September 2012 is 19,561.
The prevalence according to Tanzania HIV Indicator Survey. This dropped from 6% in
2003/2004 to 4.9% in 2011/2012.
The Region scaled up Care and Treatment services rode from 10,880 clients in 2007 to
27,196 in 2012 and those on ARV from 5,401 in 2007 to 10,306 Patients by September 2012.
The Overall prevalence on HIV infection in the Region is 4.9%
The Overall prevalence on PMTCT Services in the Region is 5.6%
In 2011 a total of 12,983 episodes of STI Syndromes were reported. The common reported STI
Syndrome is GDS, GUD, PID and UTI.
Major determinant of HIV/AIDS in the Region includes wife inheritance, alcoholism,
polygamy, early marriage, illiteracy, unsafe traditional practices, mobile population groups
and poverty especially among girls and women.
To reduce the burden on HIV/AIDS in the Region initiatives like Male Circumcision have
being made where 8,195 clients have been circumcised by September 2012.
CHAPTER: 5
5.0 INFRASTRUCTURE
5.1. Transport
Transport is an important sector in the whole process of development and poverty
alleviation. Its effectiveness, appropriateness and adequacy contribute a lot to the
successful implementation of socioeconomic activities. The impact of having a transport
system is lowering of domestic production cost through timely delivery, enhancing
economies of scale in the production process and creating economic opportunities. The
economic opportunities include ease of market access; strengthening of competition;
promotion of trade, tourism and foreign investment; contribution to government revenue
and generation of a large number of employment opportunities
There are three transport modes serving Rukwa region: (i) roads, (ii) marine, and (iii) air. The
transport system has failed to meet the demand of the region and has contributed a lot to
slow development in the region.
5.1.1. Road Transport
Road transport is the most used mode and accounts for more than 90% of goods and
passenger transport in the region. The region has a network of 3,093.4 km of roads of
different classes as shown in the table below.
Table 5.1: Road classes and lengths per district (km)
Council Tarmac Gravel Earth Total
Sumbawanga
Rural
0 318.7 685.3 1004
Nkasi 0 110.6 498.2 608.8
Sumbawanga
Municipal
12.6 40 217.4 270
TANROADS 0 1210.6 0 1210.6
Total 12.6 1679.9 1400.9 3093.4
Trunk and regional roads are managed by TANROADS and the remaining network is under
the LGAs. Currently total of 361.12 km of road are under construction at tarmac level.
The table below shows the road density in each district/Council. Sumbawanga Municipality
has the highest road density while Nkasi district has the lowest.
Table 5.2: Road density in the various districts:
District/Council
Land area (sq.
km)
Total road length
Road density
(km per 100
sq km)
Sumbawanga Rural 12,088 1,701.7
14.1
Nkasi 9,375 933
10.0
Sumbawanga
Municipal
1,329 317
23.9
Total 22,792 2,951.7
6.9
Out of the total road network of 2,951.7 km, only 22.5 km are paved and 320 km gravelled.
The rest are earth roads which are regularly maintained.
Passenger buses operating along the major routes of the region namely:
Sumbawanga - Tunduma - Mbeya
Sumbawanga - Kirando
Sumbawanga – Namanyere
Sumbawanga -Matai - Kasanga
Sumbawanga - Kaengesa - Mwimbi
Sumabwanga – Laela
Sumbawanga-Mpanda
All the trunk roads are passable throughout, same to the regional roads. Most of the district
and feeder roads are seasonal. The percentage of roads under the LGAs which are
seasonal are: Sumbawanga (R) 36%, Sumbawanga (U) 52% and Nkasi 66%.
The other notable road transport problem is lack of direct connectivity between
villages/important centres located along the Lake Tanganyika shores namely Kabwe,
Kirando and Kipili. At the moment, one has to travel via the Sumbawanga – Mpanda trunk
road to reach other villages. Alternatively, people use small boats to travel along the coast
line of the lake which is not safe and low cargo carrying capacity.
There is also shortage of road construction and maintenance equipment in the region
which has contributed to untimely maintenance resulting to deterioration of the roads. The
plant hire equipment unit in Mbeya City has not been able to meet the demand for Rukwa
region and it is strongly recommended to arrange for availability of the equipment in the
region through equipping the TANROADS Regional Office or establishment of an
independent equipment hire unit.
5.1.2. Marine Transport
Marine transport plays a significant role in serving the people living along the shores of Lake
Tanganyika and Lake Rukwa. Two commercial ships (Mwongozo and Liemba) operate on
Lake Tanganyika and serve the villages/centres of Kabwe, Korongwe, Ninde, Wampembe,
Kala, Kirando, Kipili and Kasanga, however they are not reliable. With exception of Kasanga
where there is a landing platform, ships are forced to anchor some distance from the shore
(about 1 to 1.5 nautical miles) and passengers are transported by small boats to the ships.
Marine services link the region with neighbouring Regions of Katavi and Kigoma as well as
neighbouring countries of Zambia, Congo DR and Burundi. Transportation within Lake
Rukwa is only by boats.
The Tanzania Ports Authority (TPA), responsible for the marine and lake ports, intends to
conduct a Strategic Port Master Plan study which will determine the short and long term
developmental requirements of all ports.
It is expected that implementation of projects identified in the Master Plan (including the
ports in lake Tanganyika) will commence and completed during the coming five years.
Meanwhile, TPA intends to carry out emergency maintenance of the Kasanga port to
improve its performance. Funds are being sought to improve the port facilities of the other
villages/centres, priority being Kipili and Kabwe.
5.1.4. Air Transport
There is only one public airport and four (4) private airstrips in the region. The public airport is
located in Sumbawanga Municipal Council. There are two commercial flights that serve the
region.
MV Liemba in Lake Tanganyika
According to Tanzania Airports Authority (TAA), Sumbawanga airport can be used for
commercial purposes (passengers and cargo) using the small aircrafts. However some
improvements need to be done on a few areas e.g. fire fighting facilities.
TAA is about to launch a study for the feasibility of the improvement of Sumbawanga
airport, including the preparation of bidding documents (if feasible). Such airport
improvement might be financed under a future IDA credit.
5.2. Telephone Communication
There are adequate telephone services in all urban centres in the region and most parts of
the rural areas. The table below shows the companies that provide telephone services, the
type of services provided the plans for expansion of their services in the region and
constraints
Table 5.3: Telephone Services in Rukwa region
Service
provider
Type of
service
provided
Areas covered at
present
Future expansion
program
TTCL
Landline
telephone
and
internet
Telephone and
internet services
in most parts of
the Region
Long term plans are to
rollout the TTCL Mobile
services in the region
and in particular
opening
up the rural areas with
the CDMA
Wireless network.
TIGO
Mobile
phone
Most parts of the
Region
To cover the whole
Region.
VODACOM
Mobile
phone
Most parts of the
Region.
To cover the whole
Region.
AIRTEL
Mobile
phone
Most parts of the
Region.
To cover the whole
Region.
5.3. Radio and Television stations
There are nine (9) Radio Stations which can be accessed in Rukwa Region. They are;-
TBC FM;
Radio Free Africa - RFA
Radio CHEMCHEM,
TBC Taifa,
Radio One
KISS FM,
Radio Maria
And other two (2) Radio Stations from DRC and Zambia
Television stations can be accessed by using Satellite dishes. Some of the local stations
which can be accessed include TBC1, ITV, Capital, Star TV, Channel 10, Channel 5 and
EATV, depending on the type of the antenna used. Other international world wide stations
such as CNN, BBC, CFI and other more can be accessed in Rukwa.
5.4. Energy
Electricity supplied by TANESCO is available in Sumbawanga Municipal Council and later in
Namanyere town in the near future. Household Budget Survey carried out in 2002 showed
that only 7% of the region‟s households use electricity supplied by TANESCO. The other
sources of electricity are hydropower supplied from Zambia and thermal electricity
generating stations. The Zambia source supply power to Sumbawanga Municipality while
Namanyere town is served by generators.
With the current developments in terms of industrial activities in the towns, demand for
electricity will increase. The Zambia electricity source does not provide stable power supply
in the region. TANESCO is sometimes forced to „ration‟ power supply to meet demands.
Studies have shown that several rivers within the region can provide water for hydro electric
schemes. These are;
a) Rungwa river - 20 to 50 MW
b) Msaidia river - 20 to 35 MW
c) Lukima river - 3 to 4 MW
d) Nzovwe river - 2 to 3 MW
TANESCO is now planning to electrify the western and north-western parts of Tanzania
through a program known as „North–West Grid Extension Program‟ which will cover parts of
Mwanza, Kagera, Shinyanga, Kigoma, Katavi, Rukwa and Mbeya regions. However, the
program is phased and scheduled to start from the North reaching Rukwa in years to come.
This is subject to availability of funding. Should several donors come forward to finance
separate phases of the project, Sumbawanga could be connected sooner. The other study
that could shed light on what needs to be done to provide reliable electricity to Rukwa is
the World Bank funded Power System Master Plan.
Other electricity supply sources which need to be looked at are thermal electricity using
coal which is abundant in the region and the use of wind power at Chala area.
Fossil fuels are imported and distributed throughout the region by fuel suppliers for various
uses including transportation and industrial activities. Fossil fuel such as kerosene is used for
provision of lighting mostly in the rural areas but also in the urban areas where same is used
for cooking as well. Introduction of alternative sources of energy for the rural communities is
being studied by the Ministry of Energy under its program „Development of Sustainable Solar
Market Packages‟ and could be implemented under the World Bank‟s new „Tanzania
Energy Development and Access Project (TEDAP)‟. A consultant has been commissioned
and has already visited some villages in Sumbawanga district to assess the viability of
introducing solar power in the region. Major source of energy used domestically in the
Region is firewood and charcoal.
5.5. Water
According to population and housing census (2002), 33 percent of the total private
households used protected wells as the main source of drinking water. While 29 percent of
the rural households used unprotected wells, 62 percent of the urban households used
protected wells as their main source of drinking water. However, 26 percent of the rural
households also used protected wells. Between 1980s and 1995/96 NORAD assisted Rukwa
Region in the water sector. By mid 90‟s the provision of water services reached 72%
coverage. In the year 2004 the coverage of water services dropped to 56% of the total
population served with water and 28.8 per cent of those who are served with safe and
clean water respectively due to drought. At present the water supply service level in the
villages is less than 50 percent. The table below illustrates further:
Table 5.4: Water Coverage
Location Coverage (%)
Sumbawanga Municipal (Rural) 41.8
Sumbawanga Municipal (Urban) 54
Sumbawanga (Rural) 45
Namanyere (Nkasi Urban) 16
Nkasi (Rural) 42
The Region has a total number of 313 villages and a population of over one million. Various
water schemes exist in these villages but many of them do not function due to various
reasons including; drying up of water sources, deterioration due to old age, lack of
sufficient funds for operation and maintenance etc. So far the region has 38 gravity
projects, 391 boreholes, 194 shallow wells, 1 pumped scheme and 21 protected springs
which are functioning as shown in the table below.
Table 5.5: Water schemes
DISTRICT TYPE OF WATER SCHEME TOTAL
SCHEMES
FUNCTIONING
WATER SCHEMES
NKASI (Rural) Gravity 7 6
Boreholes (Hand pump) 193 145
Boreholes (Diesel) 1 0
Shallow Wells 139 82
Protected Springs 2 2
SUMBAWANGA DC Gravity 28 21
Boreholes (Hand pump) 219 181
Shallow Wells 187 111
Protected Springs 11 8
SUMBAWANGA MC
(Rural)
Gravity 7 5
Boreholes (Hand pump) 38 33
Shallow Wells 3 1
Protected Springs 9 9
SUMBAWANGA MC Gravity 6 6
DISTRICT TYPE OF WATER SCHEME TOTAL
SCHEMES
FUNCTIONING
WATER SCHEMES
(Urban) Boreholes (Hand pump) 14 14
Boreholes (electric pump) 3 3
Protected Springs 2 2
NAMANYERE (Nkasi
Urban)
Boreholes (Hand pump) 11 11
Boreholes (electric pump) 4 4
Pumped scheme 1 1
Short term Water Supply Project for solving the current water Supply problems in
Sumbawanga Town is under construction. The expected completion date is 31st December
2012. The project will have a capacity to supply 10,000 m3 /day which is equivalent to
current water demand. The water demand estimates based on domestic, commercial,
institutional and industrial water requirements. The picture below shows the ongoing
activities:
Construction of 500m3 Tank at Lwiche well field
Medium term Water Supply Project intends to meet water supply demand for Sumbawanga
Town up to the year 2020. The project is expected to be implemented in 2013 – 2014 under
the support of European Union and Kfw at a cost of 35 Billion TZS. The scope of works
include drilling of 12 boreholes, construction of 6 storage tanks, construction of rising
pipeline, construction of distribution pipelines, upgrading of present water treatment plant,
construction of sludge digester and procurement of three cesspit emptier.
Under Rural water Supply and sanitation Programme (RWSSP) the Region intends to
implement 37 water projects up to 2015. Currently there are six projects which are under
construction where each Council implement two projects. The exploratory boreholes drilled
showed great success were others were artesian which proves the availability of potential
ground water sources.
5.6 Land
5.6.1 National Land Policy
National Land Policy (1995) stipulates that, all land in Tanzania shall be public land
vested to the President as a trustee on behalf of all citizens. This was meant to
regulate amount of land that any person or corporate body may occupy or use.
According to the policy land should be used productively and that any such use
complies with the principles of sustainable development. In all aspects it has to be
taken into account that an interest in, and has value and that value is taken into
consideration in a transaction affecting that interest. Whoever eg. Investor interested
to occupy land, has to pay full, fair and prompt compensation to any person whose
rights of occupancy or recognized long standing occupation or customary use of
land is revoked or otherwise interfered with or acquired under the land acquisition
Act.
5.6.2. Classification and Tenure of land
Public land in Tanzania shall be in the following categories:
(i) General land
(ii) Village land
(iii) Reserved land
The right to occupy land according to land Act (1999) shall be declared to be:
(i) A granted right of occupy
(ii) A derivative right
Non-citizens, including corporate body the majority of whose shareholders or owners
are non- citizen may only obtain a derivative right of occupancy for the purpose
of investment prescribed under the Tanzania Investment Act. 1997. Strictly or for
avoidance of doubt, a non-citizen shall not be allowed or granted land unless it is for
investment purposes under Tanzania Investment Act. 1997 Land to be designated for
Investment purposes shall be identified, gazette and allocated to the Tanzania
Investment Centre which shall create derivative rights to investors. At the expiry,
termination or extinction of the derivative right, reversion of interests or tights in and
over the land shall vest in Tanzania investment centre.
5.6.3. Ceiling on land occupancy
Regulations made under National land Act. 1999 Provide for an area of land that a
person can hold under a single right of occupancy or derivative right.
A granted right of occupancy shall be:
(i) Granted by the president
(ii) In a general or reserved land
(iii) Of a land which has been surveyed
(iv) For a period of 99 years
(v) At a premium and
(vi) For annual rent which may be revised from time to time
5.6.4. Lands utilization
The Region has great contribution to the development of the agricultural sector, and
promotion of urban economy. Ecologically Rukwa Region consists of 5 (five) agro
climatic zones which includes the Ufipa Plateau, Rukwa Valley. The Tanganyika
shores and escarpment, the Miombo woodlands of plateau. These ecological zones
are favorable for development of Agriculture, forest, Industry tourist services and
mining.
Despite of their significant contribution to development of Agriculture sector, high
cattle population against available land has been a threat to the regions
environment and social conflicts between farmers and livestock keepers. These has
lead to formation of local mediation “Tamko la Mtowisa 1998” (Mtowisa Accord
1998) for resolving between the two groups aiming at resolving conflicts between
pastoralists and farmers and also help the environment in the region. Efforts are
leveled to make Agriculturalists and livestock keepers acquire land and settle them
for better production and be able to meet the need of their markets.
Deliberate efforts are also focused to make our municipalities, towns and trade
centres to have conducive urban environment. These includes:-
(i) Make serviced land available for shelter and human settlements development.
(ii) Improve levels of the provision of infrastructure and social services for sustainable
human settlement development.
(iii) Facilitate the creation of employment opportunities and eradication of poverty
(iv) Promote a balanced development of a clearly defined hierarchy of settlements in
promoting human settlements development.
(v) Promote and include the participation of a private and popular sectors,
community based organization (CBO‟s cooperatives and communities in land use
planning.
(vi) Protect the environment of human settlement and ecosystems from pollution,
degradation and destruction in order to attain sustainable development.
(vii) Promote capacity building of all actors involved in land use planning and
(viii) Ensure planning legislations, building regulations, standards and other controls
are consistent with the capabilities, need and aspiration of various sections of the
population.
5.6.5 Regional Role
The role of region administration in land matters includes of the following:
(i) Capacity building and advise local authorities in exaction of comprehensive
policy with respect to the use and development of all land in the region.
(ii) Direct measures to ensure that National land Policy and National Human
Settlement policy take adequate account of their effects on land use and
(iii) Direct their incorporation into schemes in accordance with the provision of
urban planning act 2007.
Table: 5.6 Urban Development to October 2012
LGAs Planned
Plots
Surveyed
Plots
Title
Deeds
Surveyed
Farmers
Villages
with
surveyed
boundaries
Villages
Land
use
Plots for
Investment
Sumbawanga
DC
397 436 4 19 19 155 -
Sumbawanga
MC
5500 1500 1237 32 32 - 13
Nkasi DC 2327 587 30 3 3 82 10
Total 8224 2523 1271 54 54 20 23
Challenges:
1. Most of Local authorities have not designated enough land for investment
2. Still their unresolved conflicts between farmers & pastoralist
3. Inadequate fund allocated in LGAs budget Lack of sensitization
References
Rukwa Region Socio-Economic Profile - By NBS and Rukwa RegionalCommissioner‟s Office
(Second Edition -July 2002)
Sumbawanga Municipal Council Profile (June 2011 edition)
Suimbawanga District Council‟s Socio-Economic Development Profile (June 2011 edition)
Nkasi District Council Profile (June 2011 edition)
Opportunities for Mineral Resource development in Rukwa Region – Western Tanzania - By
Manase Mbasha ( August 2006)
The Contribution of Livestock to Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Alleviation of
Poverty - By R. Maengo Rukwa Regional Commissioners Office.
Identifying Solutions for Sustainable Shared Growth in Tanzania‟s Tourism Industry - Concept
Note
Regional and District Population Projections for period 2003 to 2025 - By NBS (June 2011
edition).
Rukwa Region Strategic Plan 2010/2011 - 2012/2013.
Annex
Annex 1: Map
Rukwa Region Map
