run off
DESCRIPTION
presentation on run-offTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: RUN OFF](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071805/563dbbc6550346aa9ab02de6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SURFACE WATER
![Page 2: RUN OFF](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071805/563dbbc6550346aa9ab02de6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Surface runoff is the flow of water that occurs when excess storm water, melt water, or other sources flows over the earth's surface.
Surface runoff can be generated either by rainfall, snowfall or by the melting of snow, or glaciers.
This is a major component of the water cycle or the hydrological cycle.
Runoff
![Page 3: RUN OFF](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071805/563dbbc6550346aa9ab02de6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: RUN OFF](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071805/563dbbc6550346aa9ab02de6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: RUN OFF](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071805/563dbbc6550346aa9ab02de6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Effects of surface runoffErosion and deposition
4 types of soil erosion by water:
•Splash erosion•Sheet erosion•Rill erosion •Gully erosion
![Page 6: RUN OFF](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071805/563dbbc6550346aa9ab02de6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Splash erosion Is the result of mechanical collision of raindrops with the soil surface: soil particles which are dislodged by the impact then move with the surface runoff.
Sheet erosion Is the overland transport of sediment by runoff without a well defined channel. Soil surface roughness causes may cause runoff to become concentrated into narrower flow paths
![Page 7: RUN OFF](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071805/563dbbc6550346aa9ab02de6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Is the small but well-defined channels which are formed. These channels can be as small as one centimeter wide or as large as several meters. If runoff continue to incise and enlarge rills, they may eventually grow to become gullies. Gully erosion can transport large amounts of eroded material in a small time period.
Rill erosion
![Page 8: RUN OFF](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071805/563dbbc6550346aa9ab02de6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Land use development controls aimed at minimizing impervious surfaces in urban areas
Erosion controls for farms and construction sites
Flood control and retrofit programs, such as green infrastructure
Chemical use and handling controls in agriculture, landscape maintenance, industrial use, etc.
Mitigation and treatment
![Page 9: RUN OFF](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071805/563dbbc6550346aa9ab02de6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The measurement of runoff, in the field, is generally carried out using current meters and calibrated or rated channel cross sections, flumes or standardized weirs, together with water level readings, often by automatic recorders, to give a continuous height record which can be correlated to flow.
Runoff was measured from small (1.0-6.1 m2 ) plots encompassing sections of terrace risers and beds (Artificial Boundary Erosion Plots).
Measurement and mathematical modeling
![Page 10: RUN OFF](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071805/563dbbc6550346aa9ab02de6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
THANK YOU POH
PAUL JOHN C. LULUmabadBSCE 5-2