running water and groundwater. earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle illustrates the circulation...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Running Water and Groundwater
![Page 2: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle
Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply
Processes involved in the cycle• Precipitation• Evaporation• Infiltration• Runoff• Transpiration
![Page 3: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The hydrologic cycle
![Page 4: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sources of Earth’s water
![Page 5: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Running water
Streamflow • Factors that determine velocity
• Gradient, or slope • Channel characteristics
• Shape• Size• Roughness
• Discharge – volume of water flowing in the stream (generally expresses as cubic feet per second)
![Page 6: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Running water
Upstream-downstream changes • Profile
• Cross-sectional view of a stream • From head (source) to mouth
• Profile is a smooth curve • Gradient decreases from the head to the mouth
• Factors that increase downstream • Velocity• Discharge
![Page 7: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Running water
Upstream-downstream changes • Profile
• Factors that increase downstream • Channel size
• Factors that decrease downstream• Gradient, or slope • Channel roughness
![Page 8: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Longitudinal profile of a stream
![Page 9: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Running water
Base level • Lowest point a stream can erode to • Two general types
• Ultimate – sea level• Temporary, or local
• Changing causes readjustment of the stream – deposition or erosion
![Page 10: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Adjustment of base level to changing conditions
![Page 11: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A waterfall is an example of a local base level
![Page 12: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Running water
The work of streams • Erosion• Transportation
• Transported material is called the stream's load• Dissolved load • Suspended load• Bed load
![Page 13: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Running water
The work of streams • Transportation
• Load is related to a stream's • Competence - maximum particle size• Capacity - maximum load
• Capacity is related to discharge
![Page 14: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Running water
The work of streams • Transportation
• Deposition• Caused by a decrease in velocity• Competence is reduced • Sediment begins to drop out
• Stream sediments • Known as alluvium• Well-sorted deposits
![Page 15: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Running water
The work of streams • Transportation
• Features produced by deposition • Deltas – exist in ocean or lakes• Natural levees - Form parallel to the stream
channel • Area behind the levees may contain back
swamps or yazoo tributaries
![Page 16: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Structure of a simple delta
![Page 17: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Running water
Stream valleys • Valley sides are shaped by
• Weathering • Overland flow• Mass Wasting
• Characteristics of narrow valleys • V-shaped• Downcutting toward base level
![Page 18: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Running water
Stream valleys • Characteristics of narrow valleys
• Features often include • Rapids• Waterfalls
• Characteristics of wide valleys • Stream is near base level
• Downward erosion is less dominant • Stream energy is directed from side to side
![Page 19: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A narrow V-shaped valley
![Page 20: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Continued erosion and deposition widens the valley
![Page 21: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The resulting wide stream valley is characterized by meandering on a
well-developed floodplain
![Page 22: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Erosion and deposition along a meandering stream
![Page 23: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A meander loop on the Colorado River
![Page 24: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Formation of a cutoff and oxbow lake
![Page 25: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Running water
Floods and flood control • Floods are the most common geologic hazard • Causes of floods
• Weather• Human interference with the stream system
![Page 26: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Running water
Floods and flood control • Engineering efforts
• Artificial levees• Flood-control dams• Channelization
• Nonstructural approach through sound floodplain management
![Page 27: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Satellite view of the Missouri River flowing into the Mississippi River
near St. Louis
![Page 28: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Same satellite view during flooding in 1993
![Page 29: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Running water
Drainage basins and patterns • A divide separates drainage basin• Types of drainage patterns
• Dendritic• Radial• Rectangular• Trellis
![Page 30: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The drainage basin of the Mississippi River
![Page 31: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Drainage patterns
![Page 32: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Largest freshwater reservoir for humans Geological roles
• As an erosional agent, dissolving by groundwater produces
• Sinkholes• Caverns
• An equalizer of stream flow
![Page 33: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Distribution and movement of groundwater • Distribution of groundwater
• Belt of soil moisture • Zone of aeration
• Unsaturated zone • Pore spaces in the material are filled mainly
with air
![Page 34: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Distribution and movement of groundwater • Distribution of groundwater
• Zone of saturation • All pore spaces in the material are filled with
water • Water within the pores is groundwater
• Water table – the upper limit of the zone of saturation
![Page 36: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Features associated with subsurface water
![Page 37: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Distribution and movement of groundwater • Distribution of groundwater
• Porosity • Percentage of pore spaces • Determines how much groundwater can be
stored • Permeability
• Ability to transmit water through connected pore spaces
• Aquitard – an impermeable layer of material • Aquifer – a permeable layer of material
![Page 38: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Features associated with groundwater• Springs
• Hot springs • Water is 6-9ºC warmer than the mean air
temperature of the locality • Heated by cooling of igneous rock
• Geysers • Intermittent hot springs • Water turns to steam and erupts
![Page 39: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Geologic work of groundwater • Groundwater is often mildly acidic
• Contains weak carbonic acid • Dissolves calcite in limestone
• Caverns • Formed by dissolving rock beneath Earth's
surface • Formed in the zone of saturation
![Page 40: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Geologic work of groundwater • Caverns
• Features found within caverns • Form in the zone of aeration • Composed of dripstone
• Calcite deposited as dripping water evaporates
• Common features include stalactites (hanging from the ceiling) and stalagmites (growing upward from the floor)
![Page 41: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Dripstone formations in Carlsbad Caverns National
Park
![Page 42: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Geologic work of groundwater • Karst topography
• Formed by dissolving rock at, or near, Earth's surface
• Common features • Sinkholes – surface depressions• Sinkholes form by dissolving bedrock and
cavern collapse• Caves and caverns
• Area lacks good surface drainage
![Page 43: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Development of karst topography
![Page 44: Running Water and Groundwater. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply Processes involved in the](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070400/56649f135503460f94c2808e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Infrared image of karst topography in central Florida