rural demographics

8/3/2019 Rural Demographics

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Defining RuralDefining Rural


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CensusCensus

Basic Unit of rural areas is revenueBasic Unit of rural areas is revenuevillage, might comprise of severalvillage, might comprise of severalhamlets demarcated by physicalhamlets demarcated by physicalboundaries.boundaries.

Any habitation with a populationAny habitation with a populationdensity of less than 400 per sq.km,density of less than 400 per sq.km,75% of the male working population75% of the male working population

is engaged in agriculture and thereis engaged in agriculture and thereexists no municipality or board.exists no municipality or board.


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RBI and NABARDRBI and NABARD

Locations withLocations with

populations uptopopulations upto

10,000 will be10,000 will beconsidered as ruralconsidered as rural

and 10,000and 10,000--1,00,0001,00,000

as semi urbanas semi urban

PlanningPlanningCommissionCommission

Towns withTowns with

population uptopopulation upto15,000 will be15,000 will be

considered as ruralconsidered as rural


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FMCG companiesFMCG companies

The rural marketsThe rural marketscan be defined ascan be defined asall locations havingall locations having

population uptopopulation upto20,000 irrespective20,000 irrespectiveof their status asof their status asvillages or towns.villages or towns.

Consumer DurablesConsumer Durables

The rural marketsThe rural marketscan be defined ascan be defined asall locations havingall locations having

population up topopulation up to50,00050,000


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National Commission on agricultureNational Commission on agriculture

Rural marketing is a process whichRural marketing is a process whichstarts with a decision to produce astarts with a decision to produce asaleable farm commodity and itsaleable farm commodity and it

involves all the aspects of marketinvolves all the aspects of marketstructure or system, both functionalstructure or system, both functionaland institutional based on technical andand institutional based on technical andeconomic considerations and includeeconomic considerations and includepre and post harvest operationspre and post harvest operationsassembling, grading, storage,assembling, grading, storage,transportation and distribution.transportation and distribution.


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ThompsonThompson

The study of rural marketingThe study of rural marketingcomprises all the operations andcomprises all the operations andagencies conducting them, involvedagencies conducting them, involved

in the movement of farm producedin the movement of farm producedfood, raw materials and theirfood, raw materials and theirderivatives such as textiles, from thederivatives such as textiles, from thefarms to the final consumers and thefarms to the final consumers and theeffects of such operations oneffects of such operations onproducers, middleman andproducers, middleman andconsumers.consumers.


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Urban

U

r

b

a

n

Rural

R

ur

a

l

Production

M

a

r

k

et

Brandedconsumables anddurables (Organized)

Farm and non farmgoods and services(Unorganized sector)

Agri produce, rawmaterials, art andhandicraft etc


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Corporate rural marketingCorporate rural marketing

Rural marketing can be defined as aRural marketing can be defined as afunction that manages all activitiesfunction that manages all activitiesinvolved in assessing, stimulating andinvolved in assessing, stimulating andconverting the purchasing power of ruralconverting the purchasing power of rural

consumers into an effective demand forconsumers into an effective demand forspecific products and services and movingspecific products and services and movingthem to the people of rural areas to createthem to the people of rural areas to createsatisfaction and a better standard of livingsatisfaction and a better standard of living

and thereby achieving organizational goaland thereby achieving organizational goal


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Evolution of rural marketingEvolution of rural marketing

Phase I (Before 1960s)Phase I (Before 1960s)

Phase II (1960Phase II (1960--1990)1990)

Phase III (1990 to presentPhase III (1990 to present))


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Phase I (before 1960)Phase I (before 1960)

Marketing synonymous withMarketing synonymous withAgricultural marketing only.Agricultural marketing only.

Marketing evolved keeping in mindsMarketing evolved keeping in mindsthe urban consumerthe urban consumer

Limited use of technologicalLimited use of technologicaladvancements in farmingadvancements in farming


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Phase II (1960Phase II (1960--90)90) Marketing of agricultural inputs started.Marketing of agricultural inputs started.

The phase was marked by increase inThe phase was marked by increase inagricultural output.agricultural output.

Characterized by green revolution, whiteCharacterized by green revolution, white

revolution and KVIC.revolution and KVIC. This period saw the emergence of M&M,This period saw the emergence of M&M,

Eicher, Escorts, Sriram fertilisers andEicher, Escorts, Sriram fertilisers andIFFCO.IFFCO.

Apart from these govt started variousApart from these govt started variousfairs, melas and exhibition to promote thefairs, melas and exhibition to promote therural crafts.rural crafts.


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Phase III (1990 onwards)Phase III (1990 onwards)

Marketing of consumables and durables.Marketing of consumables and durables.

As per census 2001, 72.2% population stillAs per census 2001, 72.2% population stilllives in rural areas.lives in rural areas.

From 1990 onwards 15 good rainfallsFrom 1990 onwards 15 good rainfalls(leaving 02,03)(leaving 02,03)

Govt expenditure was increased fromGovt expenditure was increased from30,000 to 90,000 Cr from 830,000 to 90,000 Cr from 8thth to 10to 10thth fivefiveyear plan.year plan.

LPG processLPG process

Rural markets as compulsion and choice.Rural markets as compulsion and choice.


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Some FiguresSome Figures Rise in rural income as per NCAER reportRise in rural income as per NCAER report

1998 the percentage of consuming class1998 the percentage of consuming classhousehold i.e. annual income 45,001 tohousehold i.e. annual income 45,001 to2,15,000 in rural India and urban India are2,15,000 in rural India and urban India areequal.equal.

With same income the disposable surplusWith same income the disposable surplusin rural areas more.in rural areas more.

HUL earns more than 50% of its totalHUL earns more than 50% of its totalrevenue from this market.revenue from this market.

Same is with organistions making drySame is with organistions making drycells, wristwatches, cassette recorders,cells, wristwatches, cassette recorders,soaps, tea & many other productsoaps, tea & many other productcategories.categories.


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There are 42,000 rural haats asThere are 42,000 rural haats ascompared to total 35,000 retailcompared to total 35,000 retailchains in U.S.A.chains in U.S.A.

50% of BSNL mobile connections in50% of BSNL mobile connections invillages.villages.

There are 80 million Kisan CreditThere are 80 million Kisan Creditcards which is more compared tocards which is more compared tocredit and debit cards in urban India.credit and debit cards in urban India.

Electricity consumption has gone upElectricity consumption has gone upmany folds in rural areas.many folds in rural areas.


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Constitution ofRural MarketsConstitution ofRural Markets

Consumer Markets (Individuals &Consumer Markets (Individuals &Households)Households)

Institutional market (Agriculture &Institutional market (Agriculture &allied, poultry, fishing, cottage,allied, poultry, fishing, cottage,schools etc).schools etc).

Services Market (Consumer &Services Market (Consumer &institutional).institutional).


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Consumer MarketConsumer Market

Products Required:Products Required:

Consumables: Food products,Consumables: Food products,toiletries, cosmetics, textiles,toiletries, cosmetics, textiles,

garments and footwear.garments and footwear. Durables: Watches, Bicycle, TelevisionDurables: Watches, Bicycle, Television

sets, Radio, Home appliances, 2 & 4sets, Radio, Home appliances, 2 & 4

Wheelers.Wheelers.


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Institutional marketsInstitutional markets

ProductsProducts

Consumables: Agri inputs, animalConsumables: Agri inputs, animalfeed, petrol, diesel and engine oils.feed, petrol, diesel and engine oils.

Durables: Agri implements likeDurables: Agri implements likeTractors, threshers, pump sets,Tractors, threshers, pump sets,harvesters etcharvesters etc


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ServicesServices

BankingBanking

InsuranceInsurance

CreditCredit HealthcareHealthcare

PowerPower

CommunicationCommunication EducationEducation


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Size of rural marketSize of rural market

Total size of ruralTotal size of rural

markets is 1,23,000markets is 1,23,000Cr.Cr.

Size of FMCG marketSize of FMCG marketwas 41,500 Cr in 98was 41,500 Cr in 98--

99.99. Out of 87.4 Cr unitsOut of 87.4 Cr units

of Durables assetsof Durables assetssold till 98sold till 98--99 rural99 rural

market accounts formarket accounts for54%.54%.

Annual Size (2002)Annual Size (2002)

FMCGFMCG 65,000 Cr65,000 Cr

Agri InputsAgri Inputs 45,000 Cr45,000 Cr

2/42/4wheelerswheelers

8000 Cr8000 Cr

DurablesDurables 5000 Cr5000 Cr


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Rural DemographyRural Demography

Demography is the scientific study of human

population dynamics. It encompasses the

study of the size, structure and distribution

of populations, and how populations changeover time due to births, deaths, migration

and ageing. Demographic analysis can relate

to whole societies or to groups defined bycriteria such as education, nationality,

religion and ethnicity.


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Population and its DistributionPopulation and its Distribution

19911991 20012001(in Mn)(in Mn)

TotalTotal

populapopulationtion

848.3848.3 1026.91026.9

RuralRuralpopulapopula

tiontion

628.8628.8 741.6741.6

PercenPercentagetage

74.374.3 72.272.2

Distribution ofDistribution ofpopulation by age grouppopulation by age group(1991)(1991)

AgeAge RuralRural UrbanUrban

00--0404 1313 1111

0505--1414 2626 2323

1515--1919 99 1010

2020--3434 2323 2828

3535--5454 1919 2020

55+55+ 1010 0808


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EducationEducation

Rural literacyRural literacy 19811981 19911991 20012001% of literates% of literates 3636 4545 5959

Education LevelEducation Level RuralRural UrbanUrban

Below PrimaryBelow Primary 29.229.2 18.418.4

Primary But below middlePrimary But below middle 31.631.6 23.923.9

Middle but below MatriculationMiddle but below Matriculation 21.021.0 20.820.8

Matriculation but below GraduateMatriculation but below Graduate 15.515.5 26.126.1

Graduate and aboveGraduate and above 2.72.7 10.810.8


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Rural Housing PatternRural Housing Pattern

House TypeHouse Type 19811981 19911991 20012001PuccaPucca 2222 3131 4141

SemiSemi-- PuccaPucca 3737 3636 3636

KucchaKuccha 4141 3333 2323

Of the total 125 million rural house


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Occupational PatternOccupational Pattern

Heads occupationHeads occupation UrbanUrban RuralRural

HousewifeHousewife 0.840.84 1.011.01

CultivatorCultivator 3.453.45 40.8640.86

Wage EarnerWage Earner 20.9320.93 35.2835.28

Salary EarnerSalary Earner 40.7240.72 11.2811.28

ProfessionalProfessional 3.593.59 0.730.73

ArtisanArtisan 6.906.90 3.413.41Petty ShopkeeperPetty Shopkeeper 16.0516.05 4.974.97

BusinessmanBusinessman 3.683.68 0.460.46

OthersOthers 3.853.85 1.981.98


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Income generationIncome generation

Sources Of IncomeSources Of Income Proportion to total ruralProportion to total ruralincomeincome

AgricultureAgriculture 5959

Agricultural WagesAgricultural Wages 1616

Business and CraftsBusiness and Crafts 99

NonNon--agricultural wagesagricultural wages 77

SalariesSalaries 33

CurrentTransfersCurrentTransfers 22

OthersOthers 44


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LanddistributionLanddistributionSize (In hectares)Size (In hectares) Proportion ofProportion of

holdings (%)holdings (%)Proportion of areaProportion of areaCultivated (%)Cultivated (%)

Marginal (up to 1 )Marginal (up to 1 ) 56.556.5 12.212.2Small (1Small (1--2)2) 1818 14.114.1

Semi medium (2Semi medium (2--4)4) 1414 21.221.2Medium (4Medium (4--10)10) 9.19.1 29.729.7Large (above 10)Large (above 10) 2.42.4 22.822.8

There were 71 million holdings in year 1970-71which increased to 89 million in 1980-81 and 98million in 1985-86. Now the number has exceeded100 million


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Land Use patternLand Use pattern

Of the total 175Of the total 175--80 million hectares80 million hectarescultivable land nearly 70% iscultivable land nearly 70% isoccupied by food crops andoccupied by food crops andremaining by non food crops.remaining by non food crops.

Nearly half of the food crop producedNearly half of the food crop producedis retained for self consumption.is retained for self consumption.

While almost the entire non foodWhile almost the entire non food

crop like sugarcane, cotton iscrop like sugarcane, cotton ismarketed.marketed.


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Nearly 65Nearly 65--70 % of area covered by food70 % of area covered by foodcrop is under HYV seeds .crop is under HYV seeds .

In wheat and rice it is 87 and 64%In wheat and rice it is 87 and 64%respectively.respectively. For non food crops it is 40For non food crops it is 40--50%50% Till 99Till 99--2000 India created an irrigation2000 India created an irrigation

potential of 94.07 million hectares of landpotential of 94.07 million hectares of land(approx 50%).(approx 50%). Nearly 80% of wheat is irrigated whileNearly 80% of wheat is irrigated while

corresponding figures for rice is 45%.corresponding figures for rice is 45%. Still 60% of farmers are dependent onStill 60% of farmers are dependent on

rainfall.rainfall. Wherever irrigation facilities are availableWherever irrigation facilities are available

technology adoption is also higher.technology adoption is also higher.


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R

ural InfrastructureR

ural Infrastructure


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Post OfficesPost Offices

India has 1,55,279 post offices (MarchIndia has 1,55,279 post offices (March2002) of which 1,38,756 are in rural areas2002) of which 1,38,756 are in rural areas

Country divided into 22 postal circles andCountry divided into 22 postal circles and

further into divisionsfurther into divisions They are categorized as Head, sub andThey are categorized as Head, sub and

branch post office.branch post office.

Gramin Dak Sewa Branch in rural areas.Gramin Dak Sewa Branch in rural areas.

On an Avg a post office serves an area ofOn an Avg a post office serves an area of21.17 sq km and a population of 6,61421.17 sq km and a population of 6,614personspersons


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Postal Life Insurance started in1884

Rural Postal Life Insurancestarted in 1995


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MobilePostmanSchemeMobilePostmanScheme

Started in 2002 as pilot project covering 10,000villages.

WLL phones for this scheme were provided by

BSNL.


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Gramin Suvidha Kendra started in 2006,Gramin Suvidha Kendra started in 2006,an initiative of MCX.an initiative of MCX.

Started from Jalgaon (Maharastra)Started from Jalgaon (Maharastra)extended to Itarsi (M.P), Unjha (Gujarat),extended to Itarsi (M.P), Unjha (Gujarat),

Amravati (Maharastra).Amravati (Maharastra).

Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala & TamilnaduGujarat, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamilnadustarted Geniestarted Genie--Ease Ticket services inEase Ticket services inurban and rural areas.urban and rural areas.


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RadioRadio

From Six radio stations at the time ofFrom Six radio stations at the time ofindependence now All India Radioindependence now All India Radiohas 208 radio stations (149 Mw, 55has 208 radio stations (149 Mw, 55Sw & 123 Fm)Sw & 123 Fm)

Provide coverage to 98.8% of theProvide coverage to 98.8% of thepopulation.population.


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Press & Print MediaPress & Print Media

Total Number of newspaper andTotal Number of newspaper andperiodicals published in India isperiodicals published in India is49,145 (2000) in 101 languages.49,145 (2000) in 101 languages.

Only 15% of the copies of newspaperOnly 15% of the copies of newspaperreach rural.reach rural.


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Telecom ServicesTelecom Services

By 2004, 80% villages are connected through 5.2 lakhBy 2004, 80% villages are connected through 5.2 lakh

Village Public Telephone. (VPT) & 1.23 crore telephoneVillage Public Telephone. (VPT) & 1.23 crore telephoneconnections given in rural areas.connections given in rural areas.

TeleTele--density (phones per 100)density (phones per 100)

0202--0303 0303--0404 % Increase% IncreaseUrbanUrban 14.3214.32 20.920.9 45%45%

RuralRural 1.491.49 1.551.55 4%4%

AllAll 5.115.11 7.027.02 27%27%

The rural tele-density in India has increased from two percent to nearly eight per cent during the year 2008.


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Rural Health servicesRural Health services

Community Health Center

PHC PHC PHCPHC

SCSC SC SCSC SC

4 medical specialists, 21paramedical and otherstaff, Has X-ray, OT, Laborroom

1 Medical and 14Paramedicalofficers

1 male and 1 femaleworker


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Public DistributionServicesPublic DistributionServices

For providing essential commoditiesFor providing essential commoditiesalso known as Fair Price Shops oralso known as Fair Price Shops orRation Shops.Ration Shops.

Commodities distributed are wheat,Commodities distributed are wheat,

rice, sugar, edible oil and Kerosene.rice, sugar, edible oil and Kerosene. Total 4.76 lakh FPS (LargestTotal 4.76 lakh FPS (Largest

distribution network of its kind in thedistribution network of its kind in theworld) of which 3.8 lakh in rural areasworld) of which 3.8 lakh in rural areas

1 FPS caters to 1,000 population1 FPS caters to 1,000 population

16 crores families purchase every year16 crores families purchase every year


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ANTYODAYA ANNA YOJANA (AAY)

1. The Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) was launched in Dec.

2000 for one crore poorest of the poor families.

2. AAY contemplates identification of poorest of the poor

families from amongst the BPL families covered under TPDS

within the States/ UTs and providing them foodgrains at a

highly subsidized rate of R 2 per kg. for wheat and R 3 per

kg for rice. The scale of issue, which was initially 25 kg per

family per month, has been increased to 35 kg per family per

month with effect from 1st April, 2002.

3. The AAY Scheme has been expanded thrice by addition of 50Lakh BPL households each time at the risk of hunger - first

in 2003-2004, second w.e.f 3rd August, 2004 and third in

2005-06, thus increasing its coverage to estimated 2.5 crore

households.


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The present Central Issue Price (CIP) of food grains beingsupplied under TPDS is as under: -

(Figure in Rs. per kg.)Commodity APL BPL AAY

Rice 8.30 5.65 3.00

Wheat 6.10 4.15 2.00


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AgriAgri--infrastructureinfrastructure

Role of

Mandis,

FCI, and warehousing

Role of

Mandis,

FCI, and warehousingfacilities.facilities.

Agricultural areas with populationAgricultural areas with populationmore than 10,000 have a Mandi.more than 10,000 have a Mandi.

Apart from Mandis coApart from Mandis co--operatives alsooperatives alsohelp medium and small sizedhelp medium and small sizedenterprises like rice mill, oil mills etcenterprises like rice mill, oil mills etcin procurement of food grains.in procurement of food grains.

There are 4,13,738 coThere are 4,13,738 co--operativesoperativessocieties in Indiasocieties in India


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HaatsHaats

Total haatsTotal haats 47,00047,000

Avg No ofAvg No of

visitorsvisitors

4,5804,580

Avg No ofAvg No of

villages cateredvillages catered

by haatby haat

1414

No of stallsNo of stalls 314314

Avg salesAvg sales 2.23 lakhs2.23 lakhs

AgriAgri--ProductsProducts 39.539.5Forest productsForest products 2.12.1

Handlooms &Handlooms &

handicrafthandicraft

8.48.4

Processed foodProcessed food 13.213.2

Fish, meat &Fish, meat &

poultrypoultry

3.23.2

ManufacturedManufactured

goodsgoods

24.324.3

ServicesServices 3.33.3

OthersOthers 6.06.0


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MelasMelas

Total MelasTotal Melas 25,000 (50025,000 (500

major)major)

Avg No ofAvg No of

visitorsvisitors

7.6 lakhs7.6 lakhs

No of outletsNo of outlets 854854

Avg salesAvg sales 243 lakhs243 lakhs

AgriAgri--ProductsProducts 5.65.6

Forest productsForest products 0.10.1



15.615.6


EntertainmentEntertainment 4.04.0

ManufacturedManufacturedgoodsgoods

42.542.5


OthersOthers 9.09.0


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8.48.4

Processed foodProcessed food 13.213.2Fish, meat &Fish, meat &

poultrypoultry

3.23.2


goodsgoods

24.324.3


OthersOthers 6.06.0





15.615.6


EntertainmentEntertainment 4.04.0


goodsgoods

42.542.5


OthersOthers 9.09.0

Haats Melas


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Commercial InfrastructureCommercial Infrastructure

Regional rural banks were set up under anR

egional rural banks were set up under anact of parliament in 1976.act of parliament in 1976.

Objective of promoting agriculture, tradeObjective of promoting agriculture, trade& commerce & industry by extending& commerce & industry by extendingcredits particularly to small & marginalcredits particularly to small & marginalfarmers and small entrepreneurs.farmers and small entrepreneurs.

The min paid up capital is 25 lakh Rs andThe min paid up capital is 25 lakh Rs andmax of 100 Lakh is contributed by Central,max of 100 Lakh is contributed by Central,State and sponsoring commercial banks.State and sponsoring commercial banks.

As on 31As on 31stst March 2003 there were 14,777March 2003 there were 14,777RRBs respectively.RRBs respectively.


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CoCo--operative Banksoperative Banks

There is a three tier structure of CoThere is a three tier structure of Co--operative banks in India.operative banks in India.

The apex is State CoThe apex is State Co--operative Banks (30operative Banks (30with 847 branches).with 847 branches).

The intermediate District Central CoThe intermediate District Central Co--operative (DCCBs, 366, with 12,652operative (DCCBs, 366, with 12,652branches).branches).

The Primary Agricultural CoThe Primary Agricultural Co--operativeoperative

Society (PACs with 98,247 branches).Society (PACs with 98,247 branches). This structure ensures flow of short termThis structure ensures flow of short term

credit fir production purposes.credit fir production purposes.


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For providing long term investment creditFor providing long term investment creditat state level we have State coat state level we have State co--operativeoperativeagricultural and rural development Banksagricultural and rural development Banks(SCARDB, 20 in number) and at the(SCARDB, 20 in number) and at theprimary level Primary coprimary level Primary co--operativeoperative

agricultural and rural development banksagricultural and rural development banks(PCARDB, 768 in number).(PCARDB, 768 in number).


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Some Government PoliciesSome Government Policies

PradhanMantri Gramodaya YojanaPradhanMantri Gramodaya Yojana

(PMGY): announced in 2001(PMGY): announced in 2001--02 with a02 with abudget of Rs 5,000 Cr of which 50% of thebudget of Rs 5,000 Cr of which 50% of thefund Was reserved for village roads thefund Was reserved for village roads theremainder for rural housing, drinkingremainder for rural housing, drinking

water & sanitation.water & sanitation. PradhanMantri Gramin Sadak Yojana:PradhanMantri Gramin Sadak Yojana:

launched in 2000, a 100% centrallylaunched in 2000, a 100% centrallysponsored scheme to connect all thesponsored scheme to connect all the

unconnected (1.6 lakh) rural habitationsunconnected (1.6 lakh) rural habitationsby the end of 2007 with investment ofby the end of 2007 with investment of60,000 Cr.60,000 Cr.


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Employment OpportunitiesEmployment Opportunities

Pradhan mantri rozgar Yojana:For promoting selfPradhan mantri rozgar Yojana:For promoting selfemployment among the educated ruralemployment among the educated rural

unemployed youths with the provision of skillunemployed youths with the provision of skillbased training and access to subsidized credit.based training and access to subsidized credit.

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY):Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY):

started in 1999 for self employment of rural poorstarted in 1999 for self employment of rural poorafter restructuring of Integrated ruralafter restructuring of Integrated ruraldevelopment Programme (IRDP), and allieddevelopment Programme (IRDP), and alliedProgramme like Training of rural youth for selfProgramme like Training of rural youth for self

employment (TRYSE

M), Development of womenemployment (T

RYSE

M), Development of womenand children in rural areas (DWCRA), Supply ofand children in rural areas (DWCRA), Supply of

toolkits in rural areas (SITRA) and Ganga Kalyantoolkits in rural areas (SITRA) and Ganga KalyanYojana (GKY)Yojana (GKY)


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Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

Centrally sponsored scheme with a totalCentrally sponsored scheme with a total

outlay of 10,000 Cr with an objective tooutlay of 10,000 Cr with an objective toensure food security and employment.ensure food security and employment.

Under this scheme 50 lakh tonnes of foodUnder this scheme 50 lakh tonnes of foodgrains worth 5000 Cr were distributedgrains worth 5000 Cr were distributed

along with wages of 5000 Cr.along with wages of 5000 Cr. About 100 Cr man days of employment isAbout 100 Cr man days of employment is

generated in rural areas under thisgenerated in rural areas under thisscheme.scheme.

Every worker under this scheme isEvery worker under this scheme isprovided with 5 Kgs of food grain as partprovided with 5 Kgs of food grain as partof wagesof wages


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Rural housingRural housing

As pr the census 1991 ,1.4 Cr ruralAs pr the census 1991 ,1.4 Cr ruralhousehold are without shelter or inhousehold are without shelter or inunserviceable houses.unserviceable houses.

In 1998 the Housing for All initiativeIn 1998 the Housing for All initiativeresulted in formation of 20 lakh additionalresulted in formation of 20 lakh additionalunits (13 lakh rural)units (13 lakh rural)

By the year 2002By the year 2002--03 a total of 93 lakh03 a total of 93 lakh

houses with an expense of 16,000C

r hadhouses with an expense of 16,000C

r hadbeen built under the Indira Awas Yojana.been built under the Indira Awas Yojana.


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The 73The 73rdrd AmendmentAmendment

It was passed by Lok Sabha and RajyaIt was passed by Lok Sabha and RajyaSabha on 22Sabha on 22ndnd and 23and 23rdrd Dec 1992Dec 1992respectively and it provides constitutionalrespectively and it provides constitutionalstatus to the Panchayats.status to the Panchayats.

Panchayats will be formed in every village,Panchayats will be formed in every village,members elected through elections for a 5members elected through elections for a 5year period with reservation for SC, ST asyear period with reservation for SC, ST asper population and reservation for womenper population and reservation for women

on rotation basis.on rotation basis.


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D d R l U bD d R l U b


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Demand: Rural vs. UrbanDemand: Rural vs. Urban

FeaturesFeatures RuralRural UrbanUrban

Demand PatternDemand Pattern SeasonalSeasonal UniformUniform

SpreadSpread Widely spreadWidely spread ConcentratedConcentrated

Literacy levelLiteracy level LowLow HighHigh

Sources of supplySources of supply InadequateInadequate AdequateAdequate

Physical facilitiesPhysical facilities PoorPoor GoodGood

Product knowledgeProduct knowledge LessLess MoreMore

Product awarenessProduct awareness LessLess MoreMore

Sources of informationSources of information WOMWOM Various mediaVarious media

SupplySupply UncertainUncertain CertainCertain

After sales servicesAfter sales services InadequateInadequate AdequateAdequateSavings patternSavings pattern ConventionalConventional Various optionsVarious options

Guidance on usageGuidance on usage NeededNeeded Not neededNot needed

Per capita incomePer capita income LessLess HighHigh

C

onsumer protectionC

onsumer protectionR

arely availableR

arely available Easily availableEasily available


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Transition ofRural EconomyTransition ofRural Economy

Food Grain crop Non food grain/Cash cropFood Grain crop Non food grain/Cash crop

On land activities Off land activities likeOn land activities Off land activities like

livestock and fisherieslivestock and fisheries

Farm activities Manufacturing & servicesFarm activities Manufacturing & services

rural demographics

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