Russian Apartment Building Thermal Response Models for Retrofit Selection and

Verification

Peter ArmstrongPacific Northwest National Laboratory

2000 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in BuildingsAugust 20-25, 2000

Pacific Grove, CA

Enterprise Housing Divestiture Project Cities

Essential Program Elements

• Understand how (former) Soviet buildings are operated and determine as-found performance.

• Establish audit & metered data collection protocols to estimate and measure thermal performance by building.

• Select life-cycle cost-optimal packages of heating retrofits (requires appropriate thermal analysis).

• Establish effective, multi-tiered acceptance test protocols, verification & ongoing program evaluation.

Over half the 6-city stock is 5- and 9-story panel buildings

space/service water heat source Construction Type

Height (stories)

both gas SWH by gas both DH

Total Buildings

Total Apartments

Total Floor Area (m2)

2 family 343 783 193 1,319 1,980 89,100Wood 2 to 4 0 1,945 2,193 4,138 82,760 4,138,000Brick 2 to 4 75 831 2,958 3,864 77,280 3,864,000Brick 5 0 549 986 1,535 92,100 4,605,000Panel 5 0 276 2,450 2,726 163,560 8,178,000Brick 6 to 8 0 0 247 247 22,230 1,111,500Panel 6 to 8 0 0 0 0 0 0Brick 9 0 0 688 688 96,320 4,816,000Panel 9 0 0 1,698 1,698 237,720 11,886,000Brick 10 to 13 0 0 260 260 29,900 1,495,000Panel 10 to 13 0 0 94 94 10,810 540,500Brick 14 & over 0 0 28 28 4,480 224,000Panel 14 & over 0 0 42 42 6,720 336,000Subtotal 5 & over 0 825 6,493 7,318 663,840 33,192,000Total All 418 4,384 11,837 16,639 825,860 41,283,100

Panel Construction

• Uncertainty about panel composition and thermal properties

• Uncertainty about local standards conformance

• LCC of wall insulation retrofits are highly sensitive to existing wall conditions

• Input to RusFEDS retrofit evaluation program: wall U-value by building type and location

U-value of existing walls

• Panel wall thickness: 35cm = 14inch• Brick wall thickness: 65cm = 30inch• Huge wall mass requires long time (1-2

weeks) to perform ASTM test• Logistics of field testing in multiple

cities requires shorter (~3-day) test period

U-value Measurement

Transient U-value Test Conditions

• Huge wall mass plus short test duration created potentially large measurement errors

• ASTM (steady-state) model could not account for “storage effect”

• Simple Regression using conduction transfer function (CTF) model was sensitive to noise and bias errors in time-series (TX, TZ, flux) data

• Developed and applied constrained CTF model to derive final U values

• See Appendix A

U-value Analysis

All U-Values Without Air Films

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0.1 1 10 100U-Value (W/m2-K)

Re

lati

ve F

req

ue

ncy

Orenburg Panel (21)

Petrozavodsk Gable Panel (12)

Petrozavodsk Panel (7)

Ryazan Panel (12)

Zhukovskij Panel (32)

Orenburg Brick (4)

Petrozavodsk Brick (15)

Ryazan Brick (5)

Orenburg Floor (9)

Ryazan Floor (2)

Orenburg Attic (4)

Ryazan Attic (1)

U-value Results

  

Median (Wm-2K-1)

keff = tU (Wm-1K-1)

Standard Error

N

Handbook Material

Density (kg m-3)

k (Wm-1K-1)

Orenburg Panel 2.76 0.97 0.79 21 Concrete 1920 0.9-1.3 Petrozavodsk Gable 1.31 0.46 0.96 12 LDA concrete 1200 0.42-0.53 Petrozavodsk Panel 2.66 0.93 0.76 7 Concrete 1920 0.9-1.3 Ryazan Panel 3.81 1.33 1.14 12 Concrete 2080 1.0-1.9 Zhukovskij Panel 1.95 0.68 0.46 32 LDA concrete 1440 0.58-0.74 Orenburg Brick 4.27 2.78 0.48 4 Brick & mortar 2080-2160 1.2-1.5 Petrozavodsk Brick 4.74 3.08 1.12 4 Brick & mortar 2080-2160 1.2-1.5 Ryazan Brick 4.85 3.15 1.03 15 Brick & mortar 2080-2160 1.2-1.5 Orenburg Floor 3.24 See text 3.64 9 20-cm air gap See text Ryazan Floor 19.62 2.94 1.82 2 Concrete 2400 1.4-2.9 Orenburg Attic 22.64 3.40 6.06 4 Concrete 2400 1.4-2.9 Ryazan Attic 18.75 2.81 NA 1 Concrete 2400 1.4-2.9

Materials corresponding to measured conductivities

Demo Building at 22/1 Zubkova

Whole Building Thermal Performance

• Two identical 5-story, 60-unit buildings in Ryazan: Zubkova 22/1 and 24/3

• Measured hourly heating water, hot and cold service water (referenced to sewer T)

• Hourly gas and electric use and weather• Control of heat supply to 22/1 and 24/3 is

very different

Heat Input & Average Temperature in Zubkova 22/1

Heat Input & Average Temperature in Zubkova 24/3

Deviation of Simulated from Measured Heat Input

Thermal Parameters Derived from Model Coefficients:

Metabolic Heat Rate, Solar Gain Coefficient, Wind-Infiltration Coefficient, and UA

Bathroom Vent Riser Temperature Compared to Average Building

Temperature