Russian & Ottoman Empires 1450s to 1700s

History of Russia timeline

Volga Bulgaria 7th-13th c. Kievan Rus 9th-12th c. Novgorod Republic 12th -14th c. Mongol Invasion 1220-1240’s Golden Horde 1240’s -1480’s Muscovy 1340-1547 Khanate of Kazan 1438-1552 Tsardom of Russia 1547-1721 Russian Empire 1721-1917

1240-1480 Mongol Rule

A Mongol kingdom centered around Moscow had begun.

Ivan III, the Great (1462-1505) In the 15th C, grand

princes of Moscow continued to increase land, population, and wealth

Laid foundations of Russian national state

Fall of Constantinople and emergence of New Rome and seat of Orthodox Christianity

Proclaimed his absolute sovereignty over all Russian princes and nobles

Refused further tribute to the Mongols

Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

Ivan III (r. 1462-1505), Ivan the Great Divided Russia into

khanates and hordes Created Manor system Expanded military

control Forced lesser princes to

accept him and his successors as unquestioned rulers

Emerged as autocratic ruler

Russian Boyars

Ivan IV (r. 1533-1584), Ivan the Terrible

Subordinated nobles, exiling and executing many

Oversaw conquest of Tartary and Siberia and

Saw transformation of Russia into a multiethnic state.

Time of Troubles (1598-1613)

Russian Inquisition left thousands dead Ivan IV murdered his son and daughter-in-law

who was carrying his grandson No true successor to crown Internal chaos attracts Polish-Lithuanian

intervention and installment of “tsars” Vast lands acquired under Ivan III lost

Romanov Dynasty(1613-1917) Restored peace and

reclaimed lost lands from Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth and Sweden

Boyars cooperated with the first Romanovs

Enserfed of peasants Great burden of taxation

placed on peasants All segments of population

were subject to military and special taxes Romanov Family

Crest

The Tsars power becomes absolutist

Councils of Russian nobles were eliminated

Trained bureaucrats came from “lower classes” in the government and military instead of nobles being officials

The secret police & the Tsar’s special forces suppressed rebellion.

Peter I, the Great (r. 1682-1725) Consolidated autocracy in

Russia and brought country into European state system

Largest state in the world from Baltic to Pacific Ocean

Window to the sea and the Great Northern War

New Capital, St. Petersburg, a window opened to Europe to replace the cultural center of Moscow

New Openness to the West 1689-1725 Tsar Peter the Great

Forced Westernization

Modernized the army, built a navy, and continued expansion

Instituted an educational system

Offered freedom for women

• Organized and modernized trade and commerce.

• Pushed for Western dress, architecture, science &

• Shaved BEARDS!

Russian Empire

Peter I took the title of emperor and tsar and the Russian Tsardom officially became the Russian Empire in 1721

Government organized on Western models Died in 1725 and led to succession battle that

would eventually end with a German Princess who married the German heir to the Russian throne, Catherine II aka The Great

Russia Under Peter I

However, Russia remained a traditional

agricultural society.Nobles continued to control the

lower classes.– Serfdom was expanded and rural

peasants suffered– Little freedom was offered to the lower

classesSocial unrest and revolt was

common

The Pendulum of Russian History

Pro-WestFor Progress & ChangeEncourage New Ideas,Technologies, etc.

Anti-WestIsolationistXenophobic

Ultra-Conservative

Most Tsars Russian

Orthodox Church Military Boyars peasants

A few Tsars Intellectual elites Merchants/

businessmen Young members of

the middle class.

REFORM-MINDEDLEADER DEMAGOGUE

The Ottoman Empire

Where did the Ottomans come from?

Name came from “Osman,” a leader of a western Anatolian nomadic group who began expansionistic moves in the 14th century.

Gradually these nomads took over Anatolia and became the border between Islam and Byzantine Christian

The Conquest of Constantinople = the Imperial phase of the Ottomans– Constantinople was

renamed Istanbul– Mehmet II cleaned

up the city and began many building mosques, markets, water fountains, baths, and other public facilities

Hagia Sophia (1453 becomes a mosque)

Suleiman the Magnificent:(1520-1566)

Millet system (non-Muslims formed small communities and were allowed to keep their faith (Jewish or Christian) as long as they paid the jitza (a tax)

Local officials were replaced by Ottoman government officials

Ottoman Economic/Political

System

Devshirme– Christian youths

captured(sometimes given) by the Ottoman agents and recruited for the Imperial civil service and standing armyConverted to IslamThe brightest 10% entered the Palace

school and were trained for civil service

The others were sent to Turkish farms and were trained for toughness = Janissaries

Janissaries were the elite army corps who were absolutely loyal to the Sultan

Ottoman Economic/Political

System

The Harem– Sacred place, sanctuary, place of honor, respect, and religious purity

– Private quarters of the family – not visited by non-family members (female visitors were allowed, but not common)

– Boys remained with their mothers in the harem until the ages of 10-11

Topkapi Palace