russian revolution. economic background political background the revolutions of 1917 the aftermath
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RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
Economic BackgroundPolitical BackgroundThe Revolutions of 1917The Aftermath
Economic Background
Mongols’ controlEarly industryLack of capital
Industrial Growth
Political Background
Alexander II—freed serfs and allowed for elected local governments
Murdered
Alexander III—reactionaryNicholas II—continued father’s programs
Marxists Exploited Situation
Socialist Revolutionary Party
PeasantsSome socialistsSome liberals
Social Democratic PartyBolsheviks
Lenin-controlledMensheviks
Party democracy
Revolution of 1905Bloody Sunday (1/9/1905)
1,000’s of workersLed by Father GaponPetition for:
8-hr dayBetter wagesBill of rightsEducation
"Oh Sire, we working men and inhabitants of St. Petersburg, our wives, our children and our parents, helpless and aged women and men, have come to You our ruler, in search of justice and protection. We are beggars, we are oppressed and overburdened with work, we are insulted, we are not looked on as human beings but as slaves. The moment has come for us when death would be better than the prolongation of our intolerable sufferings. We are seeking here our last salvation. Do not refuse to help Your people. Destroy the wall between Yourself and Your people."
Approximately 100 killedStrikes, mutinies, violenceLed to October
Manifesto
"The present ruler has lost absolutely the affection of the Russian people, and whatever the future may have in store for the dynasty, the present tsar will never again be safe in the midst of his people."
The American consul in Odessa
October Manifesto (1905)
Freedom of conscience, speech, assembly & pressAll laws approved by Duma (consultive body)Soviets developed
Committees of workersLenin did NOT make them, just used them
So a constitution is granted. Freedom of assembly is granted but the assemblies are surrounded by the military. Freedom of speech is granted, but the censorship exists as before. Freedom of knowledge is granted, but the universities are occupied by troops. Inviolability of the person (freedom from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment) is granted, but the prisons are overflowing with the incarcerated . . . . A constitution is given, but the autocracy remains. Everything is given— and nothing is given.” Leon Trotsky
WWI (1914)
Nicholas entered WWIBolsheviks gradually took control of Petrograd Soviet
German army at Petrograd in 1917Petrograd asked Soviet to protect it
The Revolutions of 1917
First RevolutionKornilov InsurrectionSecond Revolution
The Romanovs
Rasputin
Starets = Holy manPresented to Alexandra in 1905“Healed” the tsarevich, Alexis
Rasputin"The tsar's ministers … have been turned into marionettes, marionettes whose threads have been taken firmly in hand by Rasputin and the Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna — the evil genius of Russia and the tsaritsa ... who has remained a German on the Russian throne and alien to the country and its people." Duma member, 1916
RasputinMurdered December 17, 1916I write and leave behind me this letter at St. Petersburg. I feel that I shall leave life before January 1st.
… If I am killed by common assassins, and especially by my brothers the Russian peasants, you, Tsar of Russia, have nothing to fear, remain on your throne and govern, and you, Russian Tsar, will have nothing to fear for your children, they will reign for hundreds of years in Russia.
But if I am murdered by boyars, nobles, and if they shed my blood, their hands will remain soiled with my blood.…
Brothers will kill brothers, and they will kill each other and hate each other…. Tsar of the land of Russia, if you hear the sound of the bell which will tell you that Grigory has been killed, you must know this: if it was your relations who have wrought my death then no one of your family, that is to say, none of your children or relations will remain alive for more than two years. They will be killed by the Russian people...I shall be killed. I am no longer among the living.
Grigory Rasputin in a letter to the Tsarina Alexandra, 7 Dec 1916
First Revolution
February/March, 1917Nicholas abdicated in favor of his brother, Michael on March 2nd
In agreement with the Imperial Duma We have thought it well to renounce the Throne of the Russian Empire and to lay down the supreme power. As We do not wish to part from Our beloved son, We transmit the succession to Our brother, the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich…. We direct Our brother to conduct the affairs of state in full and inviolable union with the representatives of the people … –Nicholas’ abdication
The next day . . .A heavy burden has been laid on me by my brother's will in transferring to me the imperial throne of All Russia at a time of unprecedented war and unrest among the people…. I have taken the hard decision to accept supreme power only in the event that it shall be the will of our great people, who in nationwide voting must elect their representatives to a Constituent Assembly…
–Michael’s response
Provisional Government
Prince George LvovAlexander Kerensky
Royal family arrestedSummer, 1917 deported to Yekaterinburg
Kornilov Insurrection
August/September, 1917General at frontSaw chaos of Russian war effortLed right-wing coup in PetrogradRevolt stopped with Bolsheviks’ aid
Kerensky lost statusHadn’t:
Dealt with land reformGotten Russia out of WWI
Needed Western money
STATUS
Second RevolutionOctober/November,1917Lenin and Bolsheviks
April 3, 1917Lenin and other revolutionaries arrivedGerman sealed train from Switzerland to Russia
Took advantage of chaos in Russia“Peace, land, and bread”
November 6-7, 1917Kerensky ordered the arrest of BolsheviksAurora in Petrograd harborTook:
Telephone exchangesBankRailway stationsElectric plants
Kerensky fledEventually to the USDied in 1970 in NYC
January, 1918Constituent Assembly
Long-awaitedElected by the people
Bolshevik candidates—9 million votesSR candidates (Kerensky’s party)—21 million votes
2nd day of meetingSurrounded and broken up by soldiers of the people’s commissarsLenin decided it should NOT exist because it would be . . . “compromising with the malignant bourgeoisie”
March, 1918—Communist Party created
Dictatorship of the proletariat was established
The Aftermath
Civil War
Mid-1918 to end of 1919Reds—BolsheviksWhites—anti-Bolsheviks
Pro-tsarAllies from WWI
Why Bolsheviks WonHeld critical industrial areas“Patriots” because didn’t depend on foreignersSuperior capacity for organizationPeasants fear of White restoration (loss of land) more
than they hated Bolsheviks
The entire royal family was murdered
July 16, 1918
Taken in 1920
Used in 1924
LeninWithdrew from WWI
Treaty of Brest-LitovskDecember 20, 1917
Created NEPPropaganda
Where’s Waldo? (Trotsky)
Died January 21, 1924Assassination attempt in 1918Strokes in 1922/23Semi-paralyzedUnable to speak or write
Warned comrades to depose Stalin as Party Secretary
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION