rust fungi - sewbrec fungi.pdf · which fungus grows inside host •this first infection produces...
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Rust fungi
Paul Smith
All photos copyright of Paul Smith
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Outline
• What are rust fungi?
• Life cycles of rust fungi
• Oddities – galls and parasites
• Finding and recording rust fungi
• A few common rusts to look out for
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What are rust fungi?
• Plant parasitic fungi with very specialised lifestyles
• Two big groups of fungi
– Ascomycetes – many moulds, plant parasites and decay fungi
– Basidiomycetes – mushrooms and toadstools, rusts and smuts
• Rusts are very unusual ‘basidios’
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What are rusts?
• The name comes from the colour of the spores
• Spores are generally all that is visible
• There is some mycelium (fungal tissue) in the host, to gather nutrients
• Most rusts can’t be grown away from their hosts, even under specialised conditions
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Puccinia glomerata on ragwort
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Puccinia coronata on Yorkshire fog
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Rust life cycles
• Initial infection is from a basidiospore, from which fungus grows inside host
• This first infection produces spermogonia with 0’s (spermatia) – often barely visible
• Two infections combine, and combination gives rise to new pustules containing I’s (aecia) – Like clusters of balls when developing
– Rupture to show spores, looking like volcanoes
– Usually early in the year
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Uromyces dactylidis I on Celandine
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Puccinia urticata I on Nettle
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Life cycles (cont)
• I’s generally infect the alternate host, a different species
• The new infection on the new host gives rise to new pustules containing II’s (uredinia) – Rustiest stage? Rust-coloured, powdery
– Spores usually spiky or warty
• II’s can infect new plants of the same species to make more II’s – Some species persist as II’s
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Puccinia calcitrapae II on Hardheads
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Puccinia hydrocotyles II on marsh pennywort
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Life cycles (cont)
• Same infection leads to IIIs, the “perfect” state
– IIIs are resting stage – overwinter, typically found late in year
– Spores usually smooth
– Can be 1, 2 or many-celled (taxonomy)
• When conditions right, IIIs germinate to form tiny fungus with basidia, makes IV’s (basidiospores)
– Short-lived
– Infect new hosts…
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Puccinia obscura III on Woodrush
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Puccinia cnici III on Spear Thistle
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Uromyces rumicis III on Sheep’s Sorrel
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Phragmidium violaceum III on Bramble
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Variants of life cycles
• Some rusts do all stages on one host – Puccinia punctiformis on Creeping Thistle
• A few species have only some stages – Trachyspora intrusa I, III on Lady’s-mantles
• Several species have only one spore stage – Uromyces muscari III on Bluebell
– Puccinia epilobii III on Willowherbs
– Chrysomyxa empetri II on Crowberry (IIIs known, but not in Britain)
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Trachyspora intrusa I on Lady’s-Mantle
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Oddities – galls and parasites
• A number of rusts cause reactions in their hosts leading to galls – some quite pronounced – Puccinia urticata I on Nettle
– Puccinia circaeae III on Enchanter’s Nightshade
• Several other fungi parasitise rusts – hyperparasites – Eudarluca caricis has cleistothecia in pustules
– Tuberculina persicina on surface
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Puccinia urticata I on Nettle
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Triphragmium ulmariae I on Meadowsweet
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Eudarluca caricis
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Tuberculina persicina
• Image removed for copyright reasons – available at http://tolweb.org/onlinecontributors/app;jsessionid=0A5424DA78FC660793DF56A1
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Finding and recording rusts
• Finding
– Learn which plants have rusts (and when!)
• Unexpected species do – ferns, conifers
– Look for yellowed or manky leaves, look at undersides…start in your garden!
– search pattern develops with experience
– Be prepared to spend time searching!
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Puccinia graminis on Mahonia
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Gymnosporangium cornutum on Juniper
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Recording
• ID – Most plants hosts have only 1 rust; at most a few – Ellis & Ellis Microfungi on land plants – Henderson Guide
http://www.aber.ac.uk/waxcap/downloads/ Henderson2004-BritishRustFungiHostPlantGuide.pdf
– Generally need to check spores under microscope
• Recording – Just like other groups, but also handy to have info on
hosts, spore stages and parasites if any – FRDBI
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Coleosporium tussilaginis I on Black Pine
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Coleosporium tussilaginis I on Black Pine
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A few spring rusts to look for…
• Uromyces muscari III on Bluebell
– Dark brown spores, a group of sori forming a patch on a leaf
• Puccinia punctiformis 0, I on Creeping Thistle
– Infected shoots spindly and covered with spores
– Smells of honey
• Puccinia lagenophorae I on Groundsel, Ragwort etc
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Puccinia punctiformis on Creeping Thistle
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Thank you! Puccinia chaerophylli on Sweet Cicely