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UNIVERSITI UTARA

MALAYSIA

COLLAGE OF LAW, GOVERNMENT AND

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FPP 2623NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC

CONFLICTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

 

1994RWANDA

GENOCIDE:

A Power Struggle

PRESENTED ON:

10th SEPTEMBER 2009

1994RWANDA GENOCIDE

INTRODUCTIONGenocide in international law: the crime of destroying, or

committing conspiracy to destroy, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group

The Genocide in Rwanda was a Power Struggle

Creation of a state sparks ethnic tensions

Video 1 crisis in Rwanda (0:00-1:04)Definition100 days800 000Killing TutsiPrimitive weaponsMilitia, armed forces and civilian

people

BACKGROUND OF RWANDA

Rwanda located in central Africa

Population 7 million people.

Three ethnic groups Hutus, Tutsis and Twa.

THE PEOPLE Hutus- 80% -Migrated from southern Africa -farmers and laborers.Tutsis- 20%-Migrated from Northern

Africa (Egypt)-Before colonial: privileged

class with control of cattle and arms

-Most of the land was ruled by a

Tutsi king, the Mwami, - Some Hutu areas were

independent.Twa-1% -Mixed economy

THE SOSIOLOGY

Focusing on the Hutu & Tutsi

The two ethnic groups are actually very similar

- same language - Inhabit the same areas - follow the same traditions

Physically; Tutsis are taller & thinner than Hutus,

with some saying their origins lie in Northern Africa.

CAUSES OF THE GENOCIDEpre- colonial

Hutus - the nativesTutsis - the settlers

The Tutsis established a monarchy (mwami)

:land lords, own cattle, During the monarch - Oppressiveness of

Hutus and perpetuated until colonial era

Colonial Era

After World War I, The League of

Nations mandated Rwanda and

Burundi to Belgium

Colonial era

Divide and rule: Tutsis - aristocrats - higher class Hutus - lower class – discriminated

Tribal Card System: Discrimination: - education - government job

TRIBAL CARD

CIVIL WARBelgians in the 1950s

encouraged the growth of democratic political institutions.

Resisted by the Tutsi traditionalists

Threat to Tutsi rule.Sparked a revolt in

November 1959, three years before independence.

Resulting in the overthrow of the Tutsi monarchy.

Post-ColonialTwo years after the overthrowing the Tutsi king: Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement

(PARMEHUTU) won UN-supervised referendum (election).

The PARMEHUTU formed governmentWas granted internal autonomy by Belgium on

January 1, 1962 June 1962 UN General Assembly resolution

terminated the Belgian trusteeship and granted full independence to Rwanda (and Burundi) effective July 1, 1962

Gregoire Kayibanda, leader of the PARMEHUTU Party, became Rwanda's first elected president

Unhappy by the political conditions The Tutsi guerrilla attacked Rwanda

from Burundi in 1963Anti-Tutsi backlash: about 14,000

Tutsis killed by the Hutu Government

Despite the progress made by the PARMEHUTU government:

inefficiency and corruption began festering government ministries in the mid-1960s

As a result of the inefficiency:

Coup d’état:On July 5, 1973, a coup d'état under the

leadership of Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana, dissolved the National Assembly

PARMEHUTU Party abolished & all political activity ceased

Elections:Mej Jen Habyarimana won as president in

December 1978 elections and was re-elected in 1983 and again in 1988 (democratic election)

Responding to public pressure for political reform, President Habyarimana announced in July 1990 his intention to transform Rwanda's one-party state into a multi-party democracy.

In 1975, Mej Jen Habyarimana formed

:National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND)

:goals - to promote peace, unity, and national development.

The movement was organized from the "hillside" to the national level and included elected and appointed officials

Former President Mej Jen Juvanel Habyarimana

The RPF 1990 invasion

In the early 1990s, Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF)

A Tutsi rebellion against Habyarimana's government began

Launched from Uganda

RPF reached Kigali CURRENT PRESIDENT OF RWANDA

PAUL KAGAME(FORMER RPF COMMANDER)

Goal: resolve the problems of some 500,000 Tutsi refugees living in Diaspora around the world.

The French and Zairian/Congolese (now Democratic Republic of the

Congo) militaries intervened on behalf of Habyarimana's government forces.

A ceasefire was officially reached in 1993 through the Arusha Accords

ARUSHA ACCORD 1993The Arusha Accords (also the Arusha Peace Agreement, or the Arusha negotiations) Signed in Arusha, Tanzania on August

4, 1993, By the government of Rwanda and the

rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)

Contains of Arusha Accord

The Accords also negotiated points for lasting peace:

-The rule of law - Repatriation of refugees both from fighting and from power sharing agreements - Merging of government and rebels armies

The Arusha Accords established a Broad-Based Transitional Government (BBTG)Included the insurgent Rwandese Patriotic Front

(primarily Tutsi) with the five political parties that had composed a temporary government since April 1992 in anticipation of general elections.

Arusha Accord

Negotiation for a sharing of power between the rebels and the Rwanda government

The talks produced an agreement that favored the Rwandese Patriotic Front because of disagreements within the government side

The Arusha Accords stripped many powers from the office of the President, transferring them to the transitional government

ASSASINATION & GENOCIDEOn April 6, 1994, When

Habyarimana's plane was shot down, it was the final nail in the coffin.

The death of the Hutu leader sparked

instantaneous and catastrophic violence against the Tutsis

Video 2 - Crisis in Rwanda (2:36-4:41)

• 1950’s ending reign by UN (school and politics)• 1975 habryamana – productive country• Rich and poor (inbalance of power and wealth)• Tutsi access decrease• 600 000 run away• 1990 RPF attack until kigali• 1993 un peace keepers• Plane attack• genocide

OTHER CAUSES THAT LED TO THE GENOCIDE

Drop Coffee production

Dependant on coffee production

• Since the 1980s, farm sizes and food production have been decreasing,

• Due in part to the resettlement of displaced people.

• Thus despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, requiring food imports

The instability of the economy in that country leads to genocide

Through the 1980’s they experienced a series of severe environmental changes that affected their ability to export mass quantities of coffee.

Plus, the international price of coffee fell in the mid to late 1980’s the country felt the strain of having to compete in the market.

Disruption in Agriculture The escalation of the Rwandan civil war in April

1994 resulted in the death of one million people and the displacement of another two million.

Agriculture, was acutely affected as civil disruptions peaked in the middle of a major growing season.

Agriculture in pre-war Rwanda exhibited all the characteristics and problems of small farm agriculture.

The disruption of agriculture putting a strain upon the production and distribution of food for the population as well as the country’s export.

Social Causes Ethnic discrimination Rwanda and its economy were overwhelmed

by ethnic strife between : the Hutu (about 80 percent of the

population) and : the Tutsi (10–15 percent of the population). During colonial times political power and

administrative authority had rested with the minority Tutsi. (Hutu was discriminated)

Starting in the immediate post-independence period (1959), the Hutu gained political dominance.

(Tutsi were discriminated)

7TH APRIL 1994The Genocide

The unfolding events

PropagandaA private radio station owned by members of Habyarimana's inner circle, the Radio Télévision Libre des Milles Collines

Slogans: "fill the half-empty graves”By the 3rd day, the broadcasts became more virulent and began targeting individuals who were named as "enemies" or "traitors" who "deserved to die"

Among those so labeled were Lando Ndasingwa,

The then Minister of Labor and Social Affairs, who was one of the first killed once the massacres began (along with his mother, his wife and his children)

Monique Mujawamariya, a human rights activist, who narrowly escaped with her life.

The west labeled it as the “Hate Radio”(video-help us president: 0:17-0:53)

On the 1st day, the genocide was only taking place in Kigali

The radio broadcast triggered the man slaughter in the interiors of Rwanda

The Broadcasts were entirely manned by the government officials

To mobilize the unemployed youths of Rwanda in to Interahamwe Militia

AUDIO paying tribute (0:00-0:28)

Is it possible to carry out a mass murder in the 20th

century like the 1994 Rwanda Genocide?

Where were every one else?Where was the International

Law?Was The World Asleep…..??

Video 4: crisis in Rwanda (6:15-6:30)The evacuation of whiteHumanitarian speech

The United Nations

United Nations (UN) was not able to act, as its member states was not responding well

Due to various political and military interests

The United States

The most powerful member of the UN turned away from the conflict

Because of the previous experience in the Mogadishu, Somalia

Political pressure on the Clinton administration

Video 3: crisis in Rwanda (4:41-6:10)Turn awaymogadishu

Though fully briefed on the unfolding crisis,

The Clinton Administration took no action to halt the growing violence, and instead began to lobby for the withdrawal of the UN force in Rwanda.

The genocide unfolded, the US made an “informed decision” in choosing not to act to stop the genocide in Rwanda.

FORMER PRESIDENTBILL CLINTON

The Clinton Administration also refused to name the unfolding as genocide.

It blocked international intervention in Rwanda claiming that there was no domestic constituency nor compelling foreign policy interest to support US action on this crisis.

Republic of France

The French ignored the problem & assisted the Interahamwe

:Military training (accused by

Rwanda) :Diplomatic cover

This further delayed help to Rwanda

Current President of Rwanda(million voice audio)

You kept quiet... When these victims

wanted your help to survive, you kept quiet…

~PAUL KAGAMEThe Former commander of

RPF

Apologies After the genocide, there were

many organizations, governments and leaders of the world apologizing

For not doing anything and not doing enough to help the

victims of the genocide

President Bill ClintonFormer President of USA

“all over the world there were people like me sitting in offices, day after day after day, who did not fully appreciate the depth and the speed with which you were being engulfed by this unimaginable terror.”

help us president (audio: 8:51-9.05)

Kofi Annan Former UN Secretary General

“Now we know that what we did was not merely enough,

not enough to save Rwanda from itself not enough to uphold the ideals for

which the United Nations exists”

(crisis in Rwanda audio: 9:16-9:29 )

“The world is too dangerous to live in,

not because of the people who do evil,

But because of the people who sit and

let it happen”

~Albert Einstein

EFFECTS OF THE GENOCIDEThe current government prohibits

discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, race or religion

The government has also passed laws prohibiting emphasis on Hutu or Tutsi identity in most types of political activity

A series of massive population displacements

A nagging Hutu extremist insurgencyRwandan involvement in the First and

Second Congo Wars in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo

Social Effects of the Genocide

The genocide in overall has tarnished the moral of the community

The Tutsi lost not only their lives, families and property

Also their dignity, social organization and the will to live

Sexual abuseA lot of Tutsi women were

raped, tortured, mutilated and killed.

There were eradicated to prevent the birth of new generation

Many women raped by men knew they where HIV positive and were sadistically trying to transmit the virus to Tutsi women and Tutsi families

Women as a “sexual weapon” (Medium of propaganda)

• Victims of sexual abuse during the genocide have suffered persistent with health problem such as

• Syphilis ,Gonorrhea and HIV/AIDS

• A survey of 304 women taken soon after the genocide shows 35% said

: They been pregnant after being raped

• Almost all of the women and girls who survive in genocide are the victims of rape.

The Innocent victims

The children born of rape, “children of hate” are estimated around 2000 and 5000

Social pressure for womenShamed by societySocial degradation tough to be brought upon to

the family and community Blame is shifted from rapist to victims.

Orphans

- 1995 , 12000 children were crowded in to 56 centers has a temporary orphanage .

- Children got psycho social trauma - Unaccompanied children: 400000 unaccompanied children

found in Rwanda- Children in detention: 1995- 1400 children in some form of

detention (what forms?)

Child Soldier

Themselves to combat units during the war.Children and youth are used as -porters, spies, and cooks; once they are trained, they will actively participate as soldiersAfter genocide- 5,000 children under 18 were members of the Rwandan Patriotic Army .

Economic Effects of the Genocide

in mid 1989 coffee prizes dropped to 50%

-Its make the coffee production decrease

-Earning of government was decline from 144 million in 1985 to 30 million in1993.

It also made every family in Rwanda suffer a substantial income.

In the same time school fee, health care and even water price increased:

- it made the Rwandans become extremely poor

- in 1989 small farmers were producing cash crops for export that they could no longer feed themselves.

- Many families were died because of hunger

Rwanda today

Democratic Multi party state

Led by Paul KagamePower sharing

Deeply effected by the power struggle

The nation building of Rwanda has just began

CONCLUSIONMoving back to our theme

Rwanda Genocide: A Power struggle

Before the colonization - lived together

During colonization – discrimination

Social system – caste systemAfter colonization – fight over

powerEnded becoming genocide

THANK YOU audio paying tribute (0:00-0:28)

1994 RWANDA GENOCIDE : A POWER STRUGGLE