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Thyroid Anatomy Illustration

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck just below the Adams apple. The gland wrapsaround the windpipe (trachea) and has a shape that is similar to a butterfly formed by two wings (lobes) and attached by amiddle part (isthmus).

The thyroid gland works like a tiny factory that uses iodine (mostly from the diet in foods such as seafood and salt) to produce thyroid hormones. These hormones help to regulate the body's metabolism and effects processes, such as growthand other important functions of the body.

The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), representing 99.9% and 0.1% of

thyroid hormones respectively. The hormone with the most biological power is actually T3. Once released from the thyroidgland into the blood, a large amount of T4 is converted to T3 - the active hormone that affects the metabolism of cellsthroughout our body.

Thyroid Conditions

y Thyroiditis : Inflammation of the thyroid gland which can release an excess of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream, resulting in a temporary hyperthyroid state. Once the thyroid gland is depleted of thyroid hormones, thepatient commonly goes through a hypothyroid (low thyroid) phase.

y Thyroid Nodule : The term "thyroid nodule" refers to any abnormal growth that forms a lump in the thyroidgland. A thyroid nodule can occur in any part of the gland. Some nodules can be felt quite easily, while otherscan be hidden deep in the thyroid tissue or located very low in the gland where they are difficult to feel.

y H yperthyroidism Slideshow : Watch this slideshow on hyperthyroidism - a condition in which an overactivethyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones. Learn causes, symptoms and treatment forhyperthyroidism.

y H yperthyroidism : H yperthyroidism is a condition in which an overactive thyroid gland is producing an excessiveamount of thyroid hormones that circulate in the blood.

y H ypothyroidism : H ypothyroidism is a condition characterized by abnormally low thyroid hormone production.y Thyroid Cancer : There are 4 major types of thyroid cancer -- papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. The

most common symptom of thyroid cancer is a lump, or nodule, that can be felt in the neck.

Thyroid Tests

y Thyroid Blood Tests : Blood testing is now commonly available to determine the adequacy of the levels of thyroidhormones. These blood tests can define whether the thyroid gland's hormone production is normal, overactive,or underactive.


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y Retinal Detachment : A retinal detachment is a separation of the retina from its attachments to itsunderlying tissue within the eye. M ost retinal detachments are a result of a retinal break, hole, or tear.

y Keratoconus : Normally, the cornea has a round shape, like a Ping-Pong ball. Sometimes, however, thestructure of the cornea is just not strong enough to hold this round shape. Keratoconus occurs causingthe cornea to bulge outward like a cone, causing distorted vision . Also called conical cornea.

y Chalazion ( Eyelid Cyst) : A chalazion is a tiny lump of the upper or lower eyelid caused by inflammationof a gland of the lid. It may be soft and fluid-filled or firmer.

y U veitis (Inflammation of the Eye) : Inflammation of the uvea, the part of the eye that collectively refersto the iris, the choroid of the eye, and the ciliary body.

y Blepharitis : Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelids and occurs in two forms, anterior (outside of the eyelid) and posterior (inner eyelid).

y Sty (Stye, H ordeolum) : A sty (sometimes spelled stye) is a tender, painful red bump located at the baseof an eyelash or inside the eyelid.

E ye Tests

y Tonometry : A standard eye test that determines the fluid pressure inside the eye by measuring thetone or firmness of its surface.

y E lectroretinography ( ERG ): A test used to detect abnormal function of the retina (the light-detectingportion of the eye) in which the electrical potentials generated by the retina are measured whenstimulated by light.

y Visual

Field Test : A visual field test is a method of measuring an individual's entire scope of vision, thatis their central and peripheral (side) vision.

E ye Care Procedures and Treatment

y Eye Care : Information on eye care tips and eye health, disorders and treatment with OTC eye-careproducts, and when to see an ophthalmologist about an eye infection or condition.

y Cataract Surgery : Removal of the clouded lens (the cataract) in its entirety by surgery, usually followedby replacement of the lens with an intraocular lens (IOL) made of plastic, silicone, acrylic or othermaterial.

y LASIK Eye Surgery : Abbreviation standing for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, a kind of laser eyesurgery designed to change the shape of the cornea to eliminate or reduce the need for glasses and

contact lenses in cases of severe myopia (nearsightedness).


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E ye Anatomy Detail llustration

The eye is our organ of sight. The eye has a number of components which include but are not limitedto the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, macula, optic nerve, choroid and vitreous.

y C ornea: clear front window of the eye that transmits and focuses light into the eye.y Iris: colored part of the eye that helps regulate the amount of light that entersy P upil: dark aperture in the iris that determines how much light is let into the eyey L ens: transparent structure inside the eye that focuses light rays onto the retinay R etina: nerve layer that lines the back of the eye, senses light, and creates electrical impulses

that travel through the optic nerve to the brainy M acula: small central area in the retina that contains special light-sensitive cells and allows us

to see fine details clearlyy

Optic nerve: connects the eye to the brain and carries the electrical impulses formed by theretina to the visual cortex of the brainy V itreous: clear, jelly-like substance that fills the middle of the eye


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H eart Anatomy Illustration

The muscle that pumps blood received from veins into arteries throughout the body. I t is positioned inthe chest behind the sternum (breastbone; in front of the trachea, esophagus, and aorta; and above thediaphragm muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities. The normal heart is about the sizeof a closed fist, and weighs about 10.5 ounces. I t is cone-shaped, with the point of the cone pointingdown to the left. Two-thirds of the heart lies in the left side of the chest with the balance in the rightchest.

H eart Conditions

y H eart Disease (Coronary Artery Disease) Slideshow : Watch this slideshow on heart disease(coronary artery disease) and learn about causes like high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, high blood

pressure, and obesity. Symptoms of heart disease include chest pain and shortness of breath.Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention information is included.

y H eart Attack : A heart attack (also known as a myocardial infarction) is the death of heart muscle fromthe sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot.

y Congestive H eart F ailure : Inability of the heart to keep up with the demands on it and, specifically,failure of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency. When this occurs, the heart is unable toprovide adequate blood flow to other organs such as the brain, liver and kidneys.

y H eart Rhythm Disorders (Abnormal H eart Rhythms) : Abnormal rhythm of the heartbeat due toirregularities in transmission of the electrical signals that normally control heart rate and rhythm (alsoknown as arrhythmias).

y Angina : Angina is chest discomfort that occurs when there is a decreased blood oxygen supply to anarea of the heart muscle. In most cases, the lack of blood supply is due to a narrowing of the coronary

arteries as a result of arteriosclerosis.y Sudden Cardiac Arrest : A medical emergency with absent or inadequate contraction of the left

ventricle of the heart that immediately causes bodywide circulatory failure.

H eart Tests

y E lectrocardiogram ( ECG or EKG ): The electrocardiogram ( ECG or EKG ) is a noninvasive test that is usedto reflect underlying heart conditions by measuring the electrical activity of the heart.

y Chest X- Ray: A chest X-ray is a radiology test that involves exposing the chest briefly to radiation toproduce an image of the chest and the internal organs of the chest.


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y CT Coronary Angiogram : CT coronary angiogram is a noninvasive test of the heart. The procedure usesan intravenous dye and CT scanning to image the coronary arteries. CT coronary angiogram is a majortool in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.

y Triglyceride Test (Triglycerides) : Triglycerides are chemical compounds digested by the body to provideit with the energy for metabolism. A triglyceride test is a simple blood test to measure the level of triglycerides in the blood.

y Exercise Stress Test : The exercise stress test is a test used to provide information about how the heartresponds to exertion. It usually involves walking on a treadmill or pedaling a stationary bike atincreasing levels of difficulty, while your electrocardiogram , heart rate and blood pressure are

monitored.

H eart Procedures and Treatment

y Angioplasty and Stents : Angioplasty is a non-surgical procedure that relieves narrowing andobstruction of the arteries to the muscle of the heart (coronary arteries) while a stent is a tubedesigned to be inserted into a vessel or passageway to keep it open.

y H eart Transplant : A surgical procedure in which a diseased heart is replaced with a healthy heart froma deceased person.

y Coronary Artery Bypass G raft Surgery (CAB G ): A form of bypass surgery that can create new routesaround narrowed and blocked coronary arteries, permitting increased blood flow to deliver oxygenand nutrients to the heart muscle.

H eart Detail Illustration

H eart Detail: The heart is composed of specialized cardiac muscle, and it is four-chambered, with aright atrium and ventricle, and an anatomically separate left atrium and ventricle. The blood flowsfrom the systemic veins into the right atrium, thence to the right ventricle, from which it is pumped tothe lungs, then returned into the left atrium, thence to the left ventricle, from which it is driven into thesystemic arteries.

The heart is thus functionally composed of two hearts: the right heart and the left heart. The right heartconsists of the right atrium, which receives deoxygenated blood from the body, and the right ventriclewhich pumps it to the lungs under low pressure; and the left heart, consisting of the left atrium, whichreceives oxygenated blood from the lung, and the left ventricle, which pumps it out to the body under

high pressure.


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H eart Catheter Illustration

H eart Catheter: C atheter procedures are much easier than surgery on patients because they involveonly a needle puncture in the skin where the catheter is inserted into a vein or an artery. Doctors don'thave to surgically open the chest or operate directly on the heart to repair the defect. This means thatrecovery can be much easier and quicker.

The use of catheter procedures has grown a lot in the past 20 years. They have become the preferredway to repair many simple heart defects, such as:

y Atrial septal defect. The doctor inserts the catheter through a vein and threads it up into theheart to the septum. The catheter has a tiny umbrella-like device folded up inside it. When thecatheter reaches the septum, the device is pushed out of the catheter and positioned so that it

plugs the hole between the atria. The device is secured in place and the catheter is thenwithdrawn from the body.

y P ulmonary valve stenosis. The doctor inserts the catheter through a vein and threads it into theheart to the pulmonary valve. A tiny balloon at the end of the catheter is quickly inflated to

push apart the leaflets, or "doors," of the valve. The balloon is then deflated and the catheter iswithdrawn. P rocedures like this can be used to repair any narrowed valve in the heart.

Doctors often use an echocardiogram or a transesophageal (trans-e-SOF-ah-ge-al) echocardiogram(TEE) as well as an angiogram to guide them in threading the catheter and doing the repair. A TEE is aspecial type of echocardiogram that takes pictures of the back of the heart through the esophagus (thetube leading from the mouth to the stomach). TEE also is often used to define complex heart defects.

C atheter procedures also are sometimes used during surgery to help repair complex defects


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Aorta Illustration

The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aorta begins at the top of the left ventricle, the heart'smuscular pumping chamber. The heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta through theaortic valve. Three leaflets on the aortic valve open and close with each heartbeat to allow one-wayflow of blood.

The aorta is a tube about a foot long and just over an inch in diameter. The aorta is divided into four sections:

y The ascending aorta rises up from the heart and is about 2 inches long. The coronary arteries branch off the ascending aorta to supply the heart with blood.

y The aortic arch curves over the heart, giving rise to branches that bring blood to the head, neck,and arms.

y The descending thoracic aorta travels down through the chest. I ts small branches supply bloodto the ribs and some chest structures.

y The abdominal aorta begins at the diaphragm, splitting to become the paired iliac arteries in thelower abdomen. M ost of the major organs receive blood from branches of the abdominal aorta.

L ike all arteries, the aorta's wall has several layers:

y The intima, the innermost layer, provides a smooth surface for blood to flow across.y The media, the middle layer with muscle and elastic fibers, allows the aorta to expand and

contract with each heartbeat.y The adventitia, the outer layer, provides additional support and structure to the aorta.


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Carotid Arteries Disease Illustration

Carotid Arteries Disease: Also called carotid artery stenosis, the term refers to the narrowing of the carotidarteries. This narrowing is usually caused by the buildup of fatty substances and cholesterol deposits, calledplaque. Carotid artery occlusion refers to complete blockage of the artery. When the carotid arteries areobstructed, you are at an increased risk for a stroke, the third leading cause of death in the U .S.

P ericardial P ericardial Sac Illustration

P ericardial sac: A conical sac of fibrous tissue which surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels. Also called the pericardium .

The pericardium has outer and inner coats. The outer coat is tough and thickened, loosely cloaks theheart, and is attached to the central part of the diaphragm and the back of the sternum (breastbone).


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The inner coat is double with one layer closely adherent to the heart while the other lines the inner surface of the outer coat with the intervening space being filled with fluid.

This small amount of fluid, the pericardial fluid, acts as a lubricant to allow normal heart movementwithin the chest .

The word "pericardium" means around the heart. The outer layer of the pericardium is called the parietal pericardium . The inner part of the pericardium that closely envelops the heart is called thevisceral pericardium or epicardium .

B alloon Angioplasty Illustration

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