ryan's fifth draft aug 10 sweden workshop with tech … · 2017‐08‐22 2 behavioural...
TRANSCRIPT
2017‐08‐22
1
Integrating Innovative Health Interventions with Behavioral Theory:
Examples from Physical Activity Promotion
Ryan E. Rhodes, Ph.D
Behavioural Medicine Laboratory
School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education
University of Victoria, Canada
Outline1) Physical Activity Benefits 2) Are We Active?3) State of Interventions
General researchTechnology research
4) What Does Theory Add?Overview of physical activity correlates
5) Key Developments In Physical Activity PromotionIntention‐Behavior GapAffect vs. Instrumental AttitudesMotivation vs. Regulation Reflective vs. Reflexive Determinants
6) Future Directions
Where Am I Located?
Victoria, BC Canada
2017‐08‐22
2
Behavioural Medicine Laboratory
Complement of approximately 15 research administrators, coordinators and trainees who work on multiple behavioural science projects applied to
physical activity
Behavioural Medicine Laboratory
• Targeted Populations Research (older adults, cancer survivors, cardiac rehab, new parents, dog owners, families, youth, youth with ADHD, etc.)
2017‐08‐22
3
• Physical Activity Theory Research (social cognition, personality, person‐environment interactions, intention‐behaviour gap)
Behavioural Medicine Laboratory
Physical Activity Benefits
Benefits of physical activity are well established….
2017‐08‐22
4
Risk Reduction from Physical Activity
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Premature All‐Cause
Mortality
Cardiovascular
Disease
Stroke Hypertension Colon Cancer Breast Cancer Type 2 Diabetes
Warburton, D. E. R., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. (2006). Prescribing exercise as preventive therapy. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174, 961‐974.
Benefits for the Workplace• Reduced sickness absence
• Increased staff retention
• Increased work performance
• Reduced job stress
• Reduced health care costs for employers
Conn, V. S., Hafdahl, A. R., Cooper, P. S., Brown, L. M., & Lusk, S. L. (2009). Meta‐analysis of workplace physical activity interventions. American Journal of Preventitive Medicine, 37, 330‐339.
Conference Board of Canada (2014). Moving ahead: The economic impact of reducing physical inactivity and sedentary behavior.
Cognitive Benefits
o Improved cognitive functioning & delayed onset of cognitive decline/dementia among older adults
o Improved classroom concentration/behavior, memory, and no decrease in academic performance in children
o Changes in brain structure
(Paterson & Warburton, 2010; Chodzko‐Zajko et al, 2009, Heyn et al., 2004, Colcombe & Kramer, 2003; Kramer et al., 2005; Lees & Hopkins, 2013)
2017‐08‐22
5
Benefits of family‐based physical activity
Physical activity with your
kids
Fun family experience
Improved communication
Learn rules of fair play
Physical skill‐building
Rhodes, R.E., & Lim, C. (in‐press). Promoting Parent and Child Physical Activity Together: Elicitation of Potential Intervention Targets and Preferences. Health Education & Behavior.
Increased family‐
functioning
How Much Physical Activity?
• Adults are recommended at least 150 minutes of moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity aerobic physical activity per week, in bouts of 10 minutes or more.
• Children over 5 are recommended at least 60 minutes of moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity aerobic physical activity per day, in bouts of 10 minutes or more.
• Add muscle and bone strengthening activities using major muscle groups, at least 2 days per week.
(Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, 2011)
Figure 1: Dose‐response relationship between physical activity and mortality risk considering minimum international physical activity recommendations.
1,00
0,80
0,69
0,630,61 0,61
0,69
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
1,00
0 0 to <7.5 7.5 to <15.0 15 to <22.5 22.5 to <40.0 40.0 to <75.0 ≥75.0
Mortality Risk
Physical Activity Level (MET‐hr/wk)
International MVPA Recommendations
Figure adapted from Arem et al. (2015). The relative risk for mortality was compared across physical activity levels related to the minimum recommended level of 7.5 MET‐hr/wk.
2017‐08‐22
6
Are We Active?
Adult Physical Activity Worldwide
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Africa Americas Southeast Asia Europe Eastern Mediterranean Western Pacific
% of Adults meeting physical activity guidelines
Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., Ekelund, U., & Wells, J. C. (2012). Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. The Lancet, 380, 247‐257.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ages 20-39 years Ages 40-59 years Ages 60-79 years
Acc Males
SR Males
Acc Females
SR Females
Accelerometry vs. Self‐Report
Colley, R. C., Garriguet, D., Janssen, I., Craig, C. L., Clarke, J., & Tremblay, M. S. (2011). Physical activity of Canadian adults: Accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian health measures survey, Health Reports Statistics Canada(Vol. 22, pp. 1‐8).
2017‐08‐22
7
Teen Physical Activity Worldwide
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Africa Americas Southeast Asia Europe Eastern Mediterranean Western Pacific
% of Teens meeting Physical Activity Guidelines
Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., Ekelund, U., & Wells, J. C. (2012). Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. The Lancet, 380, 247‐257.
Demographics with the Largest Drop
Transition to Parenthood
Level of Regular Physical ActivitySource: Statistics Canada,
Canadian Community Health Survey, 1994-2003
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
12-19 20-34 35-44 45-64 65-74 75 +
Age (years)
Reg
ula
r P
hys
ical
Act
ivit
y (%
)
Canada
BC
Bellows‐Riecken, K. H., & Rhodes, R. E. (2008). A birth of inactivity? A review of physical activity and parenthood. Preventive Medicine, 46, 99‐110.Rhodes, R. E., & Quinlan, A. (2015). Predictors of physical activity change in observational designs. Sports Medicine, 45, 423‐441.
Objective monitoring of physical activity in early parenthood
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Men without Children Women without
Children
New Fathers New Mothers 2nd Time Fathers 2nd Time Mothers
Minutes of MVPA
Baseline 12 Months
• Couples without children engaged in significantly more physical activity than parents
• New mothers had the only significant decline over time (p < .05)
• Husbands and wives show correlations in MVPA at both the intercept (r = .47) and the slope of change (r = .62)
Rhodes, R. E., Blanchard, C. M., Benoit, C., Levy‐Milne, R., Naylor, P. J., Symons Downs, D., & Warburton, D. E. R. (2014). Physical activity and sedentary behavior across 12 months in cohort samples of couples without children, expecting their first child, and expecting their second child. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 533‐542.
2017‐08‐22
8
Declining Physical Activity among Children
• Physical activity declines by an estimated 7% per year through adolescence (Dumith et al., 2011)
• If a girl doesn’t participate by age 10, there is only a 10% chance she’ll be physically active at age 25 (ParticipACTION, 2016)
State of Physical Activity Interventions
Number of Mean
Meta‐Analyses (SD)
Effect Size d 27 0.27
(0.13)
95% CI Mean
(SD) low
0.17
(0.12)
95% CI Mean
(SD) high
0.37
(0.15)
Overall Narrative
Review Interpretation
Number of
Reviews
39
Result
17% effective
62%Inconclusive
21% Ineffective
High‐Level Summary of Physical Activity Intervention Reviews among Adults 18+ years (Rhodes et al. 2017)
• Absolute value change is somewhere around 15 min of PA per week (Conn et al., 2011)
• Invariant of study quality, publication bias, physical activity measurement and intervention duration
Conn, V. S., Hafdahl, A. R., & Mehr, D. R. (2011). Interventions to increase physical activity among healthy adults: Meta‐analysis of outcomes. American Journal of Public Health, 101, 751‐758. Rhodes, R. E., Bredin, S. S. D., Janssen, I., Warburton, D. E. R., & Bauman, A. (2017). Physical activity: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychology and Health, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1325486.
2017‐08‐22
9
Implementation
• Invariant to age, sex, health status, clinical population status, and weight classification
• Invariant to most mediums of delivery (mass media, print, physician, internet, telephone)
• Slight advantage if delivered face‐to‐face
• Invariant to setting (workplace, home, recreation centre, group)
High‐Level Summary of Physical Activity Intervention Reviews among Young People under 18 years (Rhodes et al. 2017)
• Invariant of study quality and intervention duration
• Invariant of age and sex; no clear indication of setting or medium of delivery
Rhodes, R. E., Bredin, S. S. D., Janssen, I., Warburton, D. E. R., & Bauman, A. (2017). Physical activity: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychology and Health, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1325486.
Number of Mean
Meta‐Analyses (SD)
Effect Size d 3 0.30
(0.05)
95% CI Mean
low (SD)
0.12
(0.01)
95% CI Mean
High (SD)
0.49
(0.13)
Overall Narrative
Review Interpretation
Number of
Reviews
17
Result
12% effective
70%Inconclusive
18% Ineffective
Technology and Physical Activity Promotion
2017‐08‐22
10
Brainstorming Activity
• In a group of 3‐4, think about your own physical activity…o Do you use any technology with regard to your own physical activity?
o What are some examples?
o What is their purpose?
o Do you find them effective?
• See how many different types your group members use. Which one is the most common?
Technology and Health on the Rise
• In 2016, wearable technology was the number one biggest fitness trend (ACSM, Worldwide survey of fitness trends, 2016)
• 1 in 5 Americans own a wearable fitness tracker
• The industry is currently worth around 14 billion dollars
• Forbes estimates that the wearable tech market will be worth approximately 34 billion by 2020
2017‐08‐22
11
• Technology based interventions provide many potential advantages
o Greater reach
o Less resource intensive
o Cost‐effective
o Readily available
o More engaging
• In a recent high level review of PA interventions, 20% of the reviews and meta‐analyses were on interventions delivered via internet and e/m health (Rhodes et al., 2017)
• The most commonly used technology in interventions is a mobile phone (Hakala, et al. 2017)
The Use of Technology in PA Interventions
The Use of Technology in PA Interventions
Examples of technology‐based distance delivery modes in PA interventions include:
• Telephones
• Smartphones
• Computers
• Tablet computers
• Personal digital assistants
• DVD’s
• Videos
• Activity monitors and pedometers
• eHealth (electronic health)
• mHealth (mobile health)
Current Evidence
• Meta‐analysis RCT effectiveness of technology‐based interventions in PA
o Mhealth (k = 21) SMD = .37; 95% CI = ‐.03 to .77 (Direito et al., 2017)
o Distance‐based tech (k = 8) SMD = .34; 95% CI = ‐146 to 147 (Hakala et al., 2017)
o Smartphone (k = 12) SMD = .40; 95% CI = ‐.07 to .87 (Mateo et al., 2015)
o Internet‐based (k = 34) SMD = .14; 95% CI = .09 to .19 (Davies et al., 2012)
Richards J, Thorogood M, Hilldson M, Foster C. (2013). Face‐to‐face versus remote and web 2.0 interventions for promoting physical activity (Review). Cochrane Libr. Mateo, F.G., Granado‐Font E, Ferré‐Grau C, Montana‐Carreras X. (2015). Mobile phone apps to promote weight loss and increase physical activity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Med Internet Res; 17: e253.Direito, A., Carraca, E., Rawstorn, J., Whittaker, R., Maddison, R. (2017). mHealth Technologies to Influence Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors: Behavior Change Techniques, Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled trials. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 51: 226‐239.
2017‐08‐22
12
Limitations: Time Elapsed
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Wii iPhone Android iPad Siri/4S
Grant Submit, Award
Develop & Pilot Test
Recruit and Randomize
Follow‐ups Analyze, Publish
Figure adapted from Riley, W., Glasgow, R., Etheredge, L., & Abernethy, A. (2013). Rapid, responsive, relevant (R3) research: a call for a rapid learning health research enterprise. Clinical and Translational Medicine, 2: 10.
Limitations: Heterogeneity
• Participants
• Health status
• Technologies used
• PA measurement
• Terminology used
Direito, A., Carraca, E., Rawstorn, J., Whittaker, R., Maddison, R. (2017). mHealth Technologies to Influence Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors: Behavior Change Techniques, Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled trials. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 51: 226‐239.
Hakala, S., Rintala, A., Immonen, J., Karvanen, J., Heinonen, A., and Sjogren, T. (2017). Effectiveness of Technology‐based Distance Interventions Promoting Physical Activity: Systematic Review, Meta‐analysis and Meta‐regression. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 49: 97‐105.
Limitations: Use of Physical Activity Theory
• Content analyses of health and fitness apps found theoretical content was generally lacking (Cowan et al., 2013; Riley et al., 2011; West et al., 2012)
• Presence of BCTs generally lacking (Direito et al., 2014, Direito et al., 2017; Middelweerd eta l., 2014)
Cowan, L. T., Van Wagenen, S. A., Brown, B. A., Hedin, R. J., Seino‐Stephan, Y., Hall, P. C., & West, J. H. (2013). Apps of steel: Are exercise apps providing consumers with realistic expectations?: A content analysis of exercise apps for presence of behavior change theory. Health Education & Behavior, 40(2), 133‐139.West, J., Hall, P., Hanson, C., Barnes, M., Giraud‐Carrier, C., & Barrett, J. (2012). Thereʹs an app for that: Content analysis of paid health and fitness apps. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 14(3), 184‐195.Direito, A., Dale, L., Shields, E., Dobson, R., Whittaker, R., & Maddison, R. (2014). Do physical activity and dietary smartphone applications incorporate evidence‐based behaviour change techniques? Bmc Public Health, 14(1), 646‐646.Middelweerd, A., Mollee, J., van der Wal, C., Brug, J., & te Velde, S. (2014). Apps to promote physical activity among adults: A review and content analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 97.Riley, W. T., Rivera, D. E., Atienza, A. A., Nilsen, W., Allison, S. M., & Mermelstein, R. (2011). Health behavior models in the age of mobile interventions: Are our theories up to the task? Translational Behavioral Medicine, 1(1), 53‐71.
2017‐08‐22
13
Why are we not Active? Determinants and
Correlates of Physical Activity
The Lancet 2012 380, 258-271DOI: (10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions
Bauman, A., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J. F., Martin, B. W., & Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. (2012). Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet, 380, 258‐271.
SELF EFFICACY
OUTCOME EXPECTATIONS
GOALS(intention)
BEHAVIOUR
SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS
Maintenance
Preparation
Precontemplation
Action
Contemplation
Attitude
Subjective Norm Intention Behaviour
Perceived Behavioural
Control
Severity
Susceptibility
Threat
Response Efficacy
Self-Efficacy Coping
Efficacy
Health
Behavior
Intention
2017‐08‐22
14
Intention‐behaviour Discordance?
Intention and Physical Activity
• Reliable predictor but 95% variance unexplained in change in PA (McEachan et al., 2011)
• The absolute value conundrum:
o 94% of adults have the intention to engage in regular PA over the next 6 months (CFLRI 2008 Monitor)
o Most participants come to PA trials with very positive intentions
Characterizing the I‐B Relationship
Nonintenders
(21%)
Unsuccessful Intenders
(36%)
Nonintenders who result in being Active
(2%)
Successful Intenders
(42%)
Rhodes, R. E., & Dickau, L. (2012). Meta‐analysis of experimental evidence for the intention‐behavior relationship in the physical activity domain. Health Psychology, 31(6), 724‐727.
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,45
0,5
Intention Behaviour
Rhodes, R. E., & de Bruijn, G. J. (2013). How big is the physical activity intention‐behaviour gap? A meta‐analysis using the action control framework. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 296‐309.
Effect Size d
The Intention‐Behavior Gap Extended
• New Year’s Resolutions
• Dog Walking
• Parental Support of Child‐Physical Activity
Non‐
Intenders
18%
Unsuccessf
ul Intenders
54%
Successful
Intenders
28%
Non‐
Intenders
26%
Unsuccessfu
l Intenders
33%
Successful
Intenders
41%
Non‐
Intenders
27%
Unsuccess
ful
Intenders
39%
Successful
Intenders
34%
Rhodes, R. E., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2006). Understanding action control: Predicting physical activity intention‐behavior profiles across six months in a Canadian sample. Health Psychology, 25, 292‐299.
Rhodes, R. E., & Lim, C. (2016). Understanding Action Control of Daily Walking Behavior among Dog Owners: A Community Survey. BMC Public Health, 16, 1165‐1174.
Rhodes, R. E., Spence, J. C., Berry, T., Deshpande, S., Faulkner, G., Latimer‐Cheung, A., . . . Tremblay, M. (2016). Understanding Action Control of Parent Support Behavior for Child Physical Activity. Health Psychology, 35, 131‐140.
2017‐08‐22
15
Multi‐Process Action Control (M‐PAC) (Rhodes & deBruijn, 2013; Rhodes, 2017)• Three Basic Processes to Consider
o Motivation (thoughts about experiences, outcomes)
o Regulation (plans, monitoring, other tactics)
o Reflex (learned reactions and associations)
Rhodes, R. E., & de Bruijn, G. J. (2013). What predicts intention‐behavior discordance? A review of the action control framework. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews, 41(4), 201‐207. Rhodes, R. E. (2017). The evolving understanding of physical activity behavior: A multi‐process action control approach. Advances in Motivation Science, 171‐205.
1) Motivation
Intention
Formation
Physical
Activity
Adoption
Motivational
Processes
Hearts and minds about physical activity
• Utility of Activity o appearance, disease prevention
• Feelings about Activityo Enjoyment‐boredom, stress relief‐hassle, pleasure‐pain
2017‐08‐22
16
Hearts clearly win over minds
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Intrumental Reasons (Minds) Affective Reasons (Hearts)
Reasons for Exercise Intention
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Instrumental Reasons (Minds) Affective Reasons (Hearts)
Reasons for Translating Intentions into
Exercise
Rhodes, R. E., & de Bruijn, G. J. (2013). What predicts intention‐behavior discordance? A review of the action control framework. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews, 41(4), 201‐207.
We already knew it was good for us…
• Over 90% of adults think regular physical activity is good for their health (CFLRI, 2008; Donovan, 2007; Martin et al., 2000)
• 98% of mothers think regular physical activity is good for the health of their children (Rhodes et al., 2013)
• 100% of elicitation studies on PA benefits include physical and mental health benefits (Symons Downs & Hausenblas, 2005)
But physical activity is supposed to be enjoyable
too…right?• Media portrays it as generally great!
2017‐08‐22
17
. . . I just do it because I know it’s good for me
But, wait a second, I hate to exercise . . .
Activity
• In small groups, discuss the instrumental reasons you might engage in physical activity o eg., health benefits
What can we do to promote this?
• Now discuss the affective reasons you might engage in physical activity o eg., fun
What can we do to promote this?
Activity• Now think about current apps or even download and examine the
following apps:
• MyFitnessPal
• Fitbit
• Strava
• What are these apps doing to get at instrumental attitudes? What are these apps doing to get at affective motivation?
• How could these apps further capitalize on our increased tendency to translate affective intentions into exercise behaviour?
2017‐08‐22
18
Time
Pre Warm up
Min 3
Min 6
Min 9
Min 12
Min 15
Cool Post 10
Post 20
Feeling Scale
< Moderate
> High
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Tip #1 Keep it comfortable!Affective Response to Exercise by Intensity (Ekkekakis et al., 2008)
Affective response to physical activity
AffectDuring PA
Physical Activity
Affect Post PA
IntentionCapabilityExpectedEnjoyment
Rhodes, R. E., & Kates, A. (2015). Can the Affective Response to Exercise Predict Future Motives and Physical Activity Behavior? A Systematic Review of Published Evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49, 715‐731.
Tip #2 Focus on feeling good…not
weight loss or health benefits
• 383 participants randomized to no intervention, affective persuasion, or instrumental persuasion
• Affective ‐ reduced anxiety, depression, fatigue and stress and benefits to social and self‐esteem aspects
• Instrumental ‐ reduced chances of heart disease, diabetes, colon & breast cancer, high blood pressure, bone health and weight control
Conner, M., Rhodes, R. E., Morris, B., McEachan, R., & Lawton, R. (2011). Changing exercise through targeting affective or cognitive attitudes. Psychology and Health, 26, 133‐149.
2017‐08‐22
19
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Benefits Enjoyment Intention Physical Activity
Control group
Hearts
Minds
**
* Denotes significantly different from both groups
Tip #3 Make it Social
16 sedentary dog owners who were not walking their dogs randomly assigned to a dog walking group or individual dog walking prescription for six weeks (Lim et al., in preparation)
35 sedentary older women randomly assigned to dance, walking, or individual exercise for six weeks (Gray et al., in press)
Lim et al. (in preparation) Gray et al. (in press)
3,3
3,4
3,5
3,6
3,7
3,8
3,9
Dance Group Walking Group Individual Group
Enjoyment Across six Weeks
3,6
3,7
3,8
3,9
4
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4
4,5
Dog Walking Group Enjoyment Control Group Enjoyment
Walking Enjoyment over Six Weeks*
*
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Dog Walking Group Control Group
Step Count*
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Dance Group Walking Group Individual Group
Moderate‐Vigorous Intensity Minutes
**
2017‐08‐22
20
Tip #4 Build‐in Distractions
27 sedentary young men randomly assigned to a stationary bike (listening to music) or video game bike. Advised to attend 30 min sessions 3x wk for 6 wk (Rhodes et al., 2009)
27 families with children 6‐10 randomly assigned to gamebike or a stationary bike in front of the TV. Suggested to attend 30 min sessions 3x wk for 6 wk (Mark & Rhodes, 2013)
72 families with children 10‐14 randomly assigned to gamebike or a stationary bike in front of the TV. Suggested to attend 30 min sessions 3x wk for 12 wks (Rhodes et al., 2017)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Time 1 Time 2
Aff
ecti
ve A
ttit
ud
e
Videobike
Standard Bike
**
Enjoyment Results
Rhodes et al., 2009 Mark & Rhodes, 2013
Rhodes et al., 2017
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
5,5
6
6,5
7
Experimental Control
*
Bike Adherence
Training Week
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Wee
kly
Att
en
dan
ce
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Traditional Video *
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fre
quen
cy (
bout
s pe
r w
eek)
GameBike
Control
Rhodes et al., 2009 Mark & Rhodes, 2013
Time in Weeks
Rhodes et al., 2017
-6.00 -3.00 0 3.00 6.000
11.85
23.69
35.54
47.38
Cubic Trend (Centered at Week 7)
Wee
kly
Min
ute
s
Experimental
Control
2017‐08‐22
21
Make sure People Feel Capable
• Expectations about capability are a reliable correlate of physical activity (Bauman et al., 2012; McEachan et al., 2011; Young et al., 2014)
• Experimental evidence is supportive that changes in expected capability promotes changes in physical activity in the short‐term (Higgins et al., 2014)
• Linked to positive affect response and enjoyment of physical activity (McAuley et al., 2000)
Bauman, A., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J. F., Martin, B. W., & Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. (2012). Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet, 380, 258‐271. Higgins, T. J., Middleton, K. R., Winner, L., & Janelle, C. M. (2014). Physical activity interventions differentially affect exercise task and barrier self‐efficacy: A meta‐analysis. Health Psychology, 33, 891‐903. McEachan, R., Conner, M., Taylor, N. J., & Lawton, R. J. (2011). Prospective prediction of health‐related behaviors with the theory of planned behavior: A meta‐analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5, 97‐144. Young, M. D., Plotnikoff, R. C., Collins, C., Callister, R., & Morgan, P. J. (2014). Social cognitive theory and physical activity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 12, 983‐995.
Capability is Important to Forming Intention
and Translating Intention into Behaviour
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Intention Formation Intention Translation
Perceived Capability
Rhodes, R. E., & de Bruijn, G. J. (2013). What predicts intention‐behavior discordance? A review of the action control framework. Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews, 41(4), 201‐207.
Expectations about Capability
PerformanceExperiences
VicariousExperiences
Verbal Persuasion
PhysiologicalStates
EmotionalStates
Bandura, 1986
2017‐08‐22
22
The confound with “I can” measurement
Hmmm. Can I exercise when I am tired? Nah, I know I’m just not motivated when I’m tired. When under pressure from work? Definitely not . . . I’ve got to have priorities. Wait . . . do they literally mean “can I exercise in these situations?” Well, of course I “can exercise” . . . that must not be what they mean though.
Threats to Capability or Variable Incentives?
• Confident you can exercise when:o You are having health complications
o You are injured
o You don’t have access to facilities
o You can’t afford it financially
o You are feeling pressure from work
o You have too much domestic work
o You have other time commitments
o The weather is bad
o You don’t have someone to exercise with
o You find it boring
o You have low motivation
o You are not seeing any improvement
Threats to Capability
Potential Threats to Capability
Priority not Capability
Disincentive not Capability
2) Regulation
Intention
Formation
Physical
Activity
Adoption
Motivational
Processes
Regulation
Processes
2017‐08‐22
23
Physical ActivityMotivation Physical ActivityRegulation Strategies
A link between motivation and behaviour?
• Two phase models of human goal acquisition (Golwitzer, 1999; Schwarzer, 2008; Locke and Latham, 1990)
• What strategies are most important?
Goal Setting Theory (Locke and Latham, 1990)
• Choice: Goals narrow attention and direct efforts.
• Effort: Goals can lead to more effort by increasing intensity of work.
• Persistence: More likely to work through setbacks if pursuing a goal.
• Cognition: Goals can lead individuals to reflect on behavior.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
SMART Goals• Specific
• Measurable/Meaningful
• Attainable
• Realistic
• Time-Frame
2017‐08‐22
24
IDEA problem solving1) identifying a barrier to being active (I) 2) developing a list of creative solutions (D)3) evaluating the solutions (E)4) analyzing how well the plan worked and revising when necessary (A)
Effectiveness in Physical Activity? (McEwan et al. 2016)
• Meta‐analysis of 52 interventions
• Effect size was d = .55 (CI .43‐.67)
McEwan, D., Harden, S. M., Zumbo, B. D., Sylvester, B. D., Kaulius, M., Ruissen, G. R., . . . Beauchamp, M. R. (2016). The effectiveness of multi‐component goal setting interventions for changing physical activity behaviour: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Health Psychology Review, 10, 67‐88.
Does delivery method matter?
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
In Person Technology Multiple Methods
Delivery
2017‐08‐22
25
Goal Content
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
Specific Relative Absolute
Goal Specificity
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
Interventionist Individual Collaborative
Source of Goal
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
Daily Weekly Weekly and Daily
Time‐Frame*
0,5
0,52
0,54
0,56
0,58
0,6
0,62
0,64
0,66
No Yes
Feedback Provided
Importance of a Detailed Plan• What, where, when and how you are going to do
physical activity
• RCT of 85 Families randomized to planning intervention or standard physical activity information condition over 12 weeks
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
INTENTION PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Control Group Planning Group
*
Rhodes, R. E., Naylor, P. J., & McKay, H. A. (2010). Pilot study of a family physical activity planning intervention among parents and their children. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 91‐100.
2017‐08‐22
26
Monitoring Progress• Self‐monitoring is the strategy most consistently
associated with physical activity change (Michie et al., 2009)
• Wearable activity monitors make this easier than ever…
Michie, S., Abraham, C., Whittington, C., McAteer, J., & Gupta, S. (2009). Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: A meta‐regression. Health Psychology, 28, 690‐701. Cadmus‐Bertram, L. A., Marcus, B. H., Patterson, R. E., Parker, B. A., & Morey, B. L. (2015). Randomized Trial of a Fitbit‐Based Physical Activity Intervention for Women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49, 414‐418.
Meta‐analysis on behavioral strategies
and physical activity (Michie et al., 2009)
• 69 Interventions
• Overall effect size was d = .32 (CI .26 to .38)
Michie, S., Abraham, C., Whittington, C., McAteer, J., & Gupta, S. (2009). Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: A meta‐regression. Health Psychology, 28, 690‐701.
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,45
Present Absent
Self‐Monitoring
Activity• By show of hands, who uses paper‐based self‐regulation
over tech‐based?
• Find someone who uses a different mode of self‐regulation than yourself and discuss why you prefer your chosen mode.o For what reasons does your chosen mode work for you? For what
reasons does it not work for you?
2017‐08‐22
27
Activity Continued• Find an example of an application that has a self‐
regulation component• E.g. planning calendar, setting a reminder, monitoring feedback
• Critique the extent to which the app follows the IDEA framework…
• I – identifying a barrier to being active
• D – developing a list of creative solutions
• E – evaluating the solutions
• A –analyzing plan and revising
3) Reflex
Intention
Formation
Physical
Activity
Adoption
Motivational
Processes
Regulation
Processes
Physical
Activity
MaintenanceReflexive
Processes
Implicit
Automatic
Fast
Low effort
Explicit
Deliberative
Slow
High effort
Dual Processing Models
Example models
Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty & Cacioppo)MODE ‐Motivation and Opportunity as Determinants (Fazio)
Reflexive‐Impulsive Model (Strack & Deutsch)Associative‐Propositional Evaluative Model (Gawronski & Bodenhausen)
2017‐08‐22
28
Basic Premise of Habit Formation
Goal Directed
Behaviour
Repeated contextual pairing
Cues
Habit
Response
Verplanken, B., & Aarts, H. (1999). Habit, attitude, and planned behaviour: Is habit an empty construct or an interesting case of goal‐directed automaticity? In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 101‐134). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Wood, W., & Runger, D. (2016). Psychology of Habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 1‐11.
Habit and Physical Activity
Gardner et al. 2011• 7 data‐sets. habit had an association with behaviour r = .44
Rebar et al. 2016• 28 data‐sets. Habit had an association with behaviour r = .30
• Correlation between habit and PA remained after controlling for intention in 10/12 tests
Gardner, B., de Bruijn, G. J., & Lally, P. (2011). A systematic review and meta‐analysis of applications of the Self‐Report Habit Index to nutrition and physical activity behaviors. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 42, 174‐187. Rebar, A., Dimmock, J. A., Jackson, B., Rhodes, R. E., Kates, A., Starling, J., & Vandelanotte, C. (2016). A systematic review of the effects of non‐conscious regulatory processes in physical activity. Health Psychology Review, 10, 395‐407.
How long does it take to develop
a physical activity habit?• Lally et al. (2011) – 66 days
• Consistency and Frequency 4x per week for 6 weeks (Kaushal & Rhodes, 2015)
2
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
3
3,2
1 2 3 4
Habit Score
Measurement Points
Habit Scores Between High and Low Frequency Groups
high frequency
low frequency
Kaushal, N., & Rhodes, R. E. (2015). Exercise habit in new gym members: A longitudinal study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 652‐663.
2017‐08‐22
29
Building habits with practice consistency
• 98 beginning exercisers randomized to a consistency of practice intervention or an exercise education control group (Kaushal et al. in press). Assessments taken at baseline and 8 weeks.
• Those in the consistency of practice condition practiced their exercise routine after another established habit (e.g., leaving work, after dinner, etc.)
Kaushal, N., Rhodes, R. E., Spence, J., & Meldrum, J. (in press). Increasing physical activity through principles of habit formation in new gym members: A randomized‐controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine.
Example of Habit PlansConsistency (temporal and behavioural pattern)
1. My physical activity time will be at ______ am/ pm 2. The place I will do my physical activity during this time will be ____
Cues/ Ritual Associations:
1. The activity prior to my workout will be _________ ___________ Examples- (evening): come home from work, eat oatmeal, workout : pick up kids, prepare dinner, workout (morning): brush teeth, eat breakfast, workout
2. I will also use the following behaviours as my cues to exercise:
a.
b.
c.
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
Habit Formation Education
Physical Activity (Accelerometry)
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3
3,1
3,2
Habit Group Education Group
Exercise Habit Intervention
over 8 weeks
Kaushal, N., Rhodes, R. E., Spence, J., & Meldrum, J. (in press). Increasing physical activity through principles of habit formation in new gym members: A randomized‐controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine.
2017‐08‐22
30
Change in Habit Accounted for some of the
Change in Physical Activity (Kaushal et al. submitted)
Note. *p= .05
Group Δ MVPA
Δ Habit
.22* b
.45* a
.56* c
Indirect effect = .10 (95% CI
= .01 to .33)
Identity• Self‐conception/categorization of who you are and what is important to you
• Identities are a subcomponent of the multidimensional self‐concept that comprises how one views oneself in a given role (Burke, 1980)
How does Identity Affect Behavior?
• Role relevant situations activate an identity and provide affective motivation when one is behaving discrepant with that identity
• Processing of information (heightened sensitivity) and easier recall and recognition of relevant cues and behaviours
Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (2009). Identity Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
Markus, H. (1977). Self‐schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63‐78.
2017‐08‐22
31
Identity and Exercise• Relationship is r = .44 (Rhodes et al., 2016)
• 5/6 studies show identity interacts with intention. Those with exercise identities are more likely to follow‐through with intentions
• Those with exercise identities recognize exercise‐related stimuli and cues faster but effect size with behavior is small
Rhodes, R. E., Kaushal, N., & Quinlan, A. (2016). Is physical activity a part of who I am? A review and meta‐analysis of identity, schema and physical activity Health Psychology Review, 10, 204‐225.
How Do We Form an Identity?
o Prioritization, rules, allocation, sacrifice
o Coherence with other behaviors and values
o External triggers (material symbols, social/environmental comparators)
Rhodes, R.E., Kaushal, N., Quinlan, A., (2017). The transformation from ‘I exercise’ to ‘I am an exerciser’: How self‐identity influences exercise behavior & maintenance. Annals of Behavioral Medicine.
Dog Ownership Identity and Physical Activity
• A random sample of men (n = 177) and women (n = 174) aged 20‐80 years participated
• Dog owners defined as primary
caregiver of the dog
Results showed that dog owners walked almost 2x more than non owners non‐owners
Brown, S. G., & Rhodes, R. E. (2006). Relationships among dog ownership and leisure time walking amid Western Canadian adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30, 131‐136.
2017‐08‐22
32
Walking Independent of Intention (Brown & Rhodes, 2006)
Intention Walking
Responsibility
DogOwnership
40 dog owners who do not regularly walk their dog randomly assigned to one of 2 groups:
Control Group Experimental Group Dog Physical Activity
- Baseline questionnaire- Wear pedometer for 1 week
- Baseline questionnaire- Wear pedometer for 1 week- Dog physical activity brochure
6 Weeks later: All groups received a brief questionnaire to track their physical activity
At three months all groups received a follow up questionnaire package and pedometer to be worn for one week.
Tip #1 make physical activity meaningful to who you are as a person
Rhodes, R. E., Wharf Higgins, J., Murray, H., Temple, V. A., & Tuokko, H. A. (2012). Pilot study of a dog walking intervention: Effects of a focus on canine exercise. Preventive Medicine, 54, 309‐312.
2017‐08‐22
33
Prioritize and celebrate your identity
(Lim et al. in preparation)• 16 Dog owners who did not walk their dogs regularly
randomized to: o An intervention that had participants rank what is meaningful to them and
where their dog sits in the hierarchy followed by stop and go rules. Participants were then asked to use visual reminders of a dog walking identity
o Control group received health benefits of walking for them and their dog
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Dog Walking Group Control Group
Step Count after 9 weeks
2,9
3
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,5
Dog Walking Group Control Group
Identity Change over 9 weeks
Activity• Take a few minutes to write out your different identities.
• Now prioritize your identities. Where does physical activity lie?
• Think about how much time you spend on each identity. Is there a disconnect between your prioritized identities and the time you allocate to each?
• How has tech shaped these identities?
• Are any of your identities demonstrated on your social media? Browse your Instagram, Twitter, Pinterest or Facebook to find evidence of your identities…
Summary
How can you build motivation?
How can you foster regulation?
How can you incorporate reflexive principles?
2017‐08‐22
34
Future Directions
• Innovative opportunities exist for online deliveryo Dynamic systems modelling
o Just‐in‐time coaching
o Creative application features
• Theory may need to be refined with the digitalization of behaviour change interventions
o Real time data‐collection
o Social network analyses
o Big data
Moller, A., Merchant, G., Conroy, D., West, R., Hekler, E., Kugler, K., & Michie, S. (2017). Applying and advancing behavior change theories and techniques in the context of a digital health revolution: Proposals for more effectively realizing untapped potential. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40(1), 85‐98Riley, W. T., Rivera, D. E., Atienza, A. A., Nilsen, W., Allison, S. M., & Mermelstein, R. (2011). Health behavior models in the age of mobile interventions: Are our theories up to the task? Translational Behavioral Medicine, 1(1), 53‐71.
Thank You!