ryans psy ch03 2010

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON1

PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGYPRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

Chapter 3 BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIORSection 1: The Nervous SystemSection 2: The Brain: Our Control CenterSection 3: The Endocrine SystemSection 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background



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Human Nervous System

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Question: What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

Central nervous system

Brain and spinal cordPeripheral nervous system

Everything else…

Section 1: The Nervous System



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In order to understand how it works, we must first understand what the nerve cells are and how do they communicate.

Nerve cells are called neurons.…send and receive messages from other structures in the body.


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Presentation Notes

Each of us has more than 100 billion neurons, most of which are found in the brain.



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Question: What are the components of a neuron?

Cell bodyDendritesAxon




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Question: How do neurons communicate?

Synapse: a junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron.


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Messages travel in only one direction. Thus, messages are received by the dendrites and travel through the cell body and the axon to the axon terminals. From there, they cross synapses to the dendrites of other neurons. New synapses can develop between neurons that were not previously connected, as when we learn something new.



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Question: If there is no physical connection between neurons, how is the message relayed?

Neurotransmitters: chemicals that are stored in sacs in the axon terminals.The message is converted into an electrical impulse that travels the length of the neuron.It is then transmitted to the next neuron by neurotransmitters until it arrives at its destination – usually the brain.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

This whole process takes only a fraction of a second.



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Question: Why are neurotransmitters so important?


Neurotransmitters are involved in everything we do.Some diseases and psychological disorders may be caused by the presence of too much or too little of various neurotransmitters.



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Researchers have identified dozens of neurotransmitters and their functions.

Acetylcholine: involved in muscle controlDopamine: primarily motor behaviorNoradrenaline: “fight or flight” chemicalSerotonin: involved in emotional arousal and sleep

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As a chemical messenger, dopamine is similar to adrenaline. Dopamine affects brain processes that control movement, emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain. �Regulation of dopamine plays a crucial role in our mental and physical health. In Parkinson's disease, the dopamine- transmitting neurons die. As a result, the brains of people with Parkinson's disease contain almost no dopamine. To help relieve their symptoms, we give these people L-DOPA, a drug that can be converted in the brain to dopamine. Noradrenaline normally produces effects such as increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, dilation of pupils, dilation of air passages in the lungs and narrowing of blood vessels in non-essential organs. This enables the body to perform well in stressful situations.



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HumanNervous System

CentralNervous System

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Question: What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

the spinal cordthe brain

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The spinal cord is a column of nerves about as thick as your thumb – protected by vertebrae.



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Question: What is a spinal reflex?

…a simple automatic response to something.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The spinal cord is a column of nerves about as thick as your thumb – protected by vertebrae.



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HumanNervous System


PeripheralNervous System

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Question: What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

…is responsible for transmitting messages between the central nervous system and all parts of the body.There are two main divisions of the PNS:

Somatic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system



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HumanNervous System



SomaticNervous System

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Question: What is the Somatic Nervous System?

…is the portion of the nervous system responsible for voluntary body movement and for sensing external stimuli. All five senses are controlled by the somatic nervous system.



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AutonomicNervous System

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Question: What is the autonomic nervous system?

… is the part of your nervous system that controls involuntary actions, such as the beating of your heart and the widening or narrowing of your blood vessels.



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Question: Why would psychologists be interested in the autonomic nervous system?

… because of its involvement in the experience of emotion.…particularly when someone experiences something stressful in the environment.



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HumanNervous System




AutonomicNervous System

SympatheticNervous System

ParasympatheticNervous System



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Question: What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic system…activated when a person is going into action.“fight or flight” response

Parasympathetic system…restores the body – constant opposition to the sympathetic system“rest and digest”



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Chapter 3Chapter 3Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center

Question: What are the major structures of the brain, and what is the function of each structure?

MAJOR STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAINHindbrain – lower part of the brain involved in many vital functions such as heart rate, respiration and balanceMidbrain – includes areas that are involved in vision and hearingForebrain – front area of the brain involved in complex functions such as thought and emotion




Question: What are the major structures of the hindbrain?

The "lower" brain, or hindbrain, mainly supports vital bodily functions.

medulla ~ heartbeat, blood pressure and breathingpons ~ face sensation and movement, sleep/wake cyclecerebellum ~ balance & coordination

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The pons is a mass of nerve fibers that serves as a bridge between the medulla and midbrain above it. The pons is associated with face sensation and movement.




Question: What is the function of the midbrain?

… is the smallest region of the brain that acts as a sort of relay station for auditory and visual information. … controls many important functions such as the visual and auditory systems as well as eye movement. Contains part of the reticular activating system.




Question: What is the reticular activating system?

…is like a filter between your conscious mind and your subconscious mind.Important for attention, sleep, and arousal.




Question: What are the four major areas of the forebrain?

ThalamusHypothalamusLimbic systemCerebrum




Question: What is the function of the thalamus?

…serves as a relay station for sensory stimulationi.e., input from eyes and ears for interpretation




Question: What is the function of the hypothalamus?

…thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance, and blood pressure, and links the nervous system to the endocrine system.




Question: What is the function of the limbic system?

…involved in learning and memory, emotion, hunger, sex, and aggression




Question: What is the function of the cerebrum?

…things like perception, imagination, thought, judgment, and decision occur here.70% of the weight of the brainSurface is called the cerebral cortex.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The surface of the cerebrum -- the cerebral cortex -- is composed of six thin layers of neurons, which sit on top of a large collection of white matter pathways. The cortex is heavily convoluted, so that if you were to spread it out, it would actually take up about 2 1/2 square feet (2500 sq cm). It includes about 10 billion neurons, with about 50 trillion synapses!




The Cerebral Cortex: What Makes Us Unique!

Composed of two sides called hemispheresThe two hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosumEach hemisphere is divided into four parts or lobes.

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Question: What are the four parts of each hemisphere?

FrontalParientalTemporalOccipital

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Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands of the endocrine system affect the body?

HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODYPituitary Gland – responsible for the secretion of many different hormones that affect various aspects of behavior such as the growth hormoneThyroid Gland – produces thyroxin which affects the body’s metabolismAdrenal Gland – the outer layer of the adrenal gland, or cortex, secretes cortical steroids which increase resistance to stress and promote muscle development

Section 3: The Endocrine System



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Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands of the endocrine system affect the body?

Testes and Ovaries – produce the hormones testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone that play an important role in development, development of primary and secondary sex characteristics and have psychological as well as biological effects

Section 3: The Endocrine System

HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY (continued)



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Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in heredity, and how do psychologists study the role of heredity in determining traits?

ROLE OF CHROMOSOMES AND GENES IN HEREDITYGenes are the basic building blocks of heredity and traits are determined by pairs of genesMost normal human cells contain 46 hormones which develop particular traits in an individualThe 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the male or female sex

Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background



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Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in heredity, and how do psychologists study the role of heredity in determining traits?

THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF HEREDITY Role of heredity in studies through various types of kinship research such as:A. Twin Studies – a useful way to learn about nature and nurtureB. Adoptee Studies – provide ways of sorting out the effects of

nature and nurtureC. Twins Reared Apart – a way of finding out that twins reared

apart share many of the same mannerisms despite their separation

Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background

ryans psy ch03 2010

Documents

nervous system section

practicehuman nervous

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

central nervous system

somaticnervous system

endocrine system section

rinehartand winston