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S i n a a r s i
ia afTaraSvili, meore enis Seswavlis fsiqologiuri
faqtorebi saskolo garemoSi . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 2
Ia Aptarashvili, Psychological factors of studying Georgian as a second language in schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 11
irina bagauri, imersiis bilingvuri ganaTleba – pasuxi
ganaTlebis globaluri filosofiis
gamowvevebze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 12
Irina Bagauri, Immersion Bilingual Education – The Response to Global Education Philosophy’s Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 20
mzia wereTeli, walkis raionSi arsebuli jgufTaSorisi
urTierTobebis fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis
sakiTxisaTvis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 21
Mzia Tsereteli, Psychological characteristics of ethnic group relations in Tsalka region The article is based on the materials of the research. . . . . .
gv. 30
ligita grigule, saqarTvelos umciresobaTa ganaTlebis
reforma: adgilobrivi iniciativebidan
saxelmwifos mier dagegmil umciresobaTa
ganaTlebis reformamde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 31
Ligita Grigule, Georgia Minority Education Reform: from local initiatives towards state planed minority education reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 43
ana babluani, G_gan (_dan) Tandebulian saxelTa swavleba
azerbaijanelTaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 44
Ana Babluani, Teaching Azerbaijanians how to use preposition – “from” - gan (dan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gv. 48
ia afTaraSvili
meore enis Seswavlis fsiqologiuri faqtorebi saskolo garemoSi
abstraqti
winamdebare kvlevis mizani iyo, Semeswavla qarTulis, rogorc meore enis aTvisebis fsiqologiuri faqtorebi formalur saswavlo garemoSi, romelsac Tan axlavs enis realizebis araformaluri garemoc. kvlevis Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgenda meore enis Seswavlis miuleris socialur-kognituri modeli (1997). hipoTezidan gamomdinare, kvlevisaTvis specialurad Seiqmna instrumenti - kiTxvari moswavleebisa da maswavleblebisaTvis. moswavlis mier meore enis codnis done Sefasda misi akademiuri niSniT aRniSnul saganSi (qarTul enaSi) da maswavleblis kiTxvaris monacemebiT. kvlevaSi monawileobdnen qalaq Tbilisis araqarTulenovani skolebi da orseqtoriani (qarTul-rusuli) skolebis rusuli seqtoris ramdenime klasi. monacemTa statistikuri analizis Sedegad gamovlinda Semdegi ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen meore enis Seswavlis warmateba-warumateblobaze: integraciis motivacia, instrumentaluri motivacia, sakuTari enobrivi unaris Sefaseba, moswavlis saskolo TviTkoncepti.
Sesavali
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba,
romelic Slis yvelanair geografiul sazRvars da eTno-kulturul bariers urTierTobaSi, gviyenebs uamrav moTxovnas: maT Soris multilingvuri ganaTlebis aucileblobasac.
ojaxSi, skolamdel dawese-bulebebsa da skolebSi aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis prioritetul miznebs warmoadgens bavSvis pirovnuli da SemecnebiTi (kognituri) ganviTareba, romlis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti metyvelebis daufleba da enis Seswavlaa. ena socializaciis mTavari instrumentia, amitom misi srulfasovani floba ganapirobebs
individis integracias socialur-kulturul sivrceSi. xSirad es integracia moiTxovs meore enis an ucxo enis flobasac.
adamianis mier meore enis an ucxo enis gamoyeneba ar Semoi-fargleba mxolod sayofacxovrebo an saliteraturo sferoTi. is aseve aqtualuria mis profesionalur cxovrebaSic, rac gulisxmobs enis ara mxolod aRqmisa da gagebis doneze flobas, aramed aqtiuri verbaluri urTierTobis funqciasac. TiTqmis yoveli meore Tanamedrove adamiani flobs minimum or enas, misi sacxovrebeli garemodan an misi profesiidan gamomdinare.
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dResdReobiT bilingvizmis, multilingvuri ganaTlebis prob-lema arsebiTi da mravalmxrivia. misi sxvadasxva aspeqti Seswavlili iyo da Seiswavleba wlebis manZilze sxvadasxva mecnieris mier: r gardneri, v. lamberti, k. beikeri, h. dankeli, u. leopoldi, u. makkei, C. osgudi, u, vainraixi, n. imedaZe, a. leontieva da a.S.
samecniero literaturaSi bilingvizmis fenomenis axsnisadmi sxvadasxva midgoma arsebobs: erTni ganixilaven bilingvizms, rogorc socialur movlenas, rogorc saxelmwifos saganmanaTleblo da enobriv politikas, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom, rodesac saxelmwifoSi arseboben erovnuli umciresobebi, romelTac uwevT sxva (ara mSobliur) enobriv garemoSi cxovreba, TavisTavad dgeba maT Soris urTierTobis sakiTxi. Sesabamisad irCeva sakontaqto, sakomunikacio ena. rac imas niSnavs, rom bilingvuri, an multilingvuri ganaTlebis aucilebloba ganpiro-bebulia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis internacionaluri kulturiT.
meore mecnieruli midgomis Tanaxmad, bilingvizmi aris ara socialuri, aramed individualuri movlena, romlis roli da mniSvneloba fasdeba individis pirovnuli da SemecnebiTi ganviTarebis konteqstSi.
Sesabamisad, ganaTlebis prio-ritetulobis, individis profesio-naluri zrdis moTxovnilebis pirdapirproporciulad, sul ufro da ufro izrdeba interesi enis dauflebis procesisa da meqanizmis Seswavlisadmi.
seriozuli kvlevis sagans warmoadgens is, Tu ra faqtorebi, maT Soris fsiqologiuri, ganapirobebs meore enis SeswavlaSi warmateba-warumateblobas.
lingvistebi xSirad miuTi-Teben, rom nebismier kulturaSi bavSvebi uproblemod aRweven kompetentur codnas maT mSobliur enaSi, Tu ra Tqma unda, adgili ar
aqvs ganviTarebis darRvevebs da garemos problemebs (sruli izolacia, naklebi enobrivi stimulebi da a.S) magram mSobliuri enis kargi floba ar niSnavs imas, rom individi meore enis Seswavlasac aseTive warmatebiT moaxerxebs, Tundac mizani seriozuli iyos, saTanado motivaciac gaaCndes da garemo pirobebic swavlisTvis optimaluri iyos.
sakiTxis mimoxilva
winamdebare kvlevis mizans
warmoadgens meore enis Seswavlis fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gamokveTa formalur saswavlo (saskolo) garemoSi, ufro konkretulad ki saskolo konteqstSi, sagakveTilo konteqstSi da ojaxi -skola urTierTobis (ojaxis saskolo cxovrebaSi CarTulobis) konteqstSi.
kvlevis Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgens miuleris saskolo garemoSi meore enis Seswavlis socialur-kognituri modeli (1997), albert banduras TviTefeqturobis, rogorc qcevis centraluri prediqtoris koncepti da aseve lambertis, klemanisa da gardneris socialur-aRmzrdelobiTi modelebi.
kvlevis konceptualuri mxaris gasagebad mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli modeli.
lambertis modelis (lamberti, 1974; 1979; 1981) mixedviT, meore enis warmatebiT dauflebis ZiriTadi faqtori aris motivacia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs meore / ucxo enis SeswavlaSi identurobis ganviTarebas (Identitätsentwicklung). indi-vidis survili da mzadyofna, Seiswavlos umravlesobis ena, iyos es misi cxovrebis erT-erTi mTavari Rirebuleba da TviTrealizaciis saSualeba, lambertisaTvis warmo-adgens integraciul orientirs sociumSi. swored es integraciis motivacia (sociumSi integraciaze orientireba) aris mis modelSi mTavari cvladi da meore enis warmatebiT aTvisebis winapiroba.
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lamberti ganasxvavebs mas instrumentaluri motivaciisgan, romelic aqcents akeTebs enis flobis ekonomikur da praqtikul upiratesobaze.
gardneris socialur-aRmzrde-lobiTi modeli (gardneri, 1979; 1985) garkveulwilad efuZneba lambertis models, Tumca, misgan gansxvavebiT, is ganixilavs meore enis Seswavlis konteqstSi socialur-kulturuli garemos zemoqmedebasac.
igi gamoyofs 4 ZiriTad Sualedur cvlads, romlebic gavlenas axdenen meore enis dauflebis xarisxze. esenia: inteleqti enis niWi (talanti) motivacia enis gamoyenebis situaciuri
SiSi TiToeuli am cvladis gavlena
SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari iyos kulturul-socialuri garemos mixedviT. monokulturul, erTenovan (mSobliurenovan) garemoSi meore enis Seswavla ZiriTadad mimdina-reobs saswavlo dawesebulebebSi, formalur saswavlo konteqstSi. gardneri varaudobs, rom enis Seswavlis niWi da sxva kognituri faqtorebis zemoqmedeba Tavs iCens swored amgvar formalur saswavlo garemoSi. motivaciur faqtors ki garkveuli datvirTva aqvs, rogorc araformalur saswavlo, aseve formalur saswavlo garemoSic.
gardneris modelis mixedviT, enobriv talants didi mniSvneloba aqvs orive konteqstSi, Tumca misi roli ufro metia monokulturul garemoSi, vidre bi- da multikulturul garemoSi.
gardneri lambertis models ufro srulyofils xdis pirovnuli cvladis SemotaniT, rogoricaa “situaciuri SiSi meore enis gamoyenebisas”. marTlac kvlevebma (gardneri, 1985; lalonde/piersoni, 1983; lalonde/gardneri, 1984) daadastures korelaciis arseboba SiSsa da meore enis
zepirmetyvelebaSi gamoyenebas Soris. ufro mogvianebiT Catarebuli kvlevebi (gardneri, murkrofti / meTorda, 1989) gardners saSualebas aZlevs, ivaraudos, rom es situaciuri SiSis cvladi sxva araferia, Tu ara sxva cvladis - `sakuTar TavSi dawmunebulobis~ kerZo gamovlineba.
klemanis socialuri konteq-stis modeli kidev ufro metad akeTebs aqcents socialur-kulturuli garemos mniSvnelobaze. igi gardneris da lambertisagan iRebs iseT cvladebs, rogoricaa integraciis motivacia da situaciuri SiSis komponenti da maT sakuTar modelSi ganixilavs, rogorc arsebiT struqturul cvladebs. Tumca igi SiSis cvladis qveS gulisxmobs ara enis gamoyenebis SiSs, aramed mas arqmevs asimilaciis SiSs, romelSic gulisxmobs meore enis aTvisebis SemTxvevaSi Tavdapirveli kulturis da enis dakargvis SiSs da misi azriT, swored damokidebuleba asimilaciis SiSsa da integraciis motivacias Soris gansazRvravs meore enis Seswavlis motivacias da Semdgom Sedegs. Tu asimilaciis SiSi sWarbobs integraciis motivacias, maSin meore enis Seswavlis motivaciac dabalia da, Sesabamisad, Sedegic _ araefeqturi. xolo Tu integraciis motivacia sWarbobs asimilaciis SiSs, maSin meore enis Seswavlis motivacia maRalia da Sedegic efeqturi.
da bolos, miuleris socialur-kognitur modeli Tavis TavSi aerTianebs lambertis, gardneris da klemanis modelebs.
miuleris mixedviT, saskolo garemoSi meore enis SeswavlaSi warmateba damokidebulia Semdeg or ZiriTad cvladze: niWi (enis aTvisebis niWi da
zogadi inteleqti); saskolo enobrivi koncepti. aRniSnuli modelis mixedviT,
yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvladi _ es moswavlis enobrivi TviTkonceptia.
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moswavlis ,,enobrivi TviTkoncepti~ -TviTdarwmunebuloba, TviTndoba (Selbstvertrauen) es aris rwmena sakuTari enobrivi unarebisa, rogorc mas miuleri uwodebs, enobrivi TviTprograma, romelic
gamocdilebis xangrZlivi dagrovebis Sedegia. swored mis safuZvelze aRmocendeba sakuTari enobrivi SesaZleblobebis zusti Sefaseba, romelic ufro zustad asaxavs moswavlis miRweul Sedegebs.
miuleris socialur-kognituri modeli
egzogenuri cvladebi endogenuri cvladebi sakontrolo cvladebi
socialur-ekonomiuri statusi
ojaxis ganaTlebis done
sqesi eTnolingvisturi warmoSoba
skolaSi swavlebis xangrZlivoba.
konteqstualuri cvladebi
saskolo konteqsti
sagakveTilo konteqsti
skola-ojaxis urTier-Tobis konteqsti
rogorc zemoT warmodgenil
suraTze Cans, meore enis Seswavlis motivacia da saskolo TviTkoncepti (bavSvis mier sakuTari Tavis, rogorc moswavlis, Sefaseba) erToblivad gansazRvravs moswavlis enobriv TviTkoncepts, romelic erTis mxriv ukukavSirSi imyofeba am or cvladTan da meores mxriv mniSvnelovani prediqtoria saskolo enobrivi kompetenciisTvis.
miulerTan motivaciis dinamiuri aspeqtis mniSvnelovneba meore enis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT eWvqveS ar dgas. magram motivaciuri cvladi mxolod maSin warmoadgens meore enis Seswavlis mniSvnelovan prediqtors, rodesac moswavlis darwmunebuloba sakuTar enobriv SesaZleblobebSi maRalia. swored es ganapirobebs motivaciis konkretul mizanze orientirebas. Sesabamisad miuleri miiCnevs, rom nakleb efeqturia droebiTi didaqtikuri aRmzrdelobiTi meTodebi da waxalisebebi enaSi warmatebis miRwevis asamaRleblad.
rogorc vxedavT, yvela zemoT warmodgenili modeli gamoyofs im ZiriTad faqtorebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen meore enis Seswavlis procesze. magram es modelebi gansxvavdebian imiT, rom
centralur da wamyvan faqtorad sxvadasxva cvlads miiCneven. aseTi gansxvavebuli gageba da aqcentebi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom modelebs empiriul safuZvlad daedo arsebiTad gansxvavebul populaciebze Catarebuli kvlevebi. lambertma, gardnerma da klemanma kvleva Caatares kanadel da Crdiloamerikel moswavleebsa da studentebze ucxo enis (franguli an inglisuri) Seswavlis konteqstSi. miuleris kvlevaSi ki monawileobdnen emigranti moswav-leebi, romlebic ukve didi xania cxovroben SveicariaSi. amitom maTTvis integraciis motivacia araa arsebiTi, radgan integracia garkveulwilad ukve momxdaria. kvlevis meTodologia kvlevis mizani
winamdebare kvlevis mizani iyo qarTulis, rogorc meore enis aTvisebis fsiqologiuri faqtorebis Seswavla formalur, saswavlo garemoSi, romelsac Tan axlavs enis realizebis araformaluri garemoc.
rogorc viciT, saqarTvelo mravaleTnikuri qveyanaa. 2002 wlis
meore enis Seswavlis motivacia
saskolo TviTkoncepti
enobrivi TviTkoncepti
enis niWi, enis Seswavlis unari.
araverbaluri inteleqti
saskolo-enobrivi
kompetencia
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monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 83,8% qarTvelia, 6,5%-azerbaijaneli, 5,7%-somxebi, 1,5%-rusebi, 0,9%-osebi, 0,4%-iezidebi, 0,3% berZnebi, 0,2%-qistebi, 0,2%-ukrainelebi da 0,1%-afxazebi. saxelmwifo ena qarTulia da, Sesabamisad, eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi sajaro skolaSi swavloben qarTuls, rogorc II enas. misi Seswavla xorcieldeba ZiriTadad formalur saskolo garemoSi, mxolod zog SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili araformalur saswavlo garemos. es garemo ZiriTadad Seqmnilia dedaqalaqSi, xolo iseT raionebSi, sadac mcire erebi kompaqturad arian dasaxlebulebi, araformaluri saswavlo garemo saerTod ar aris.
kvlevis miznebidan gamom-dinare, kvlevis areali Semoifargla dedaqalaqis araqarTulenovani sajaro skolebiT, sadac moswavleebi swavloben qarTul enas, rogorc sagans da amavdroulad maT aqvT enis aTvisebis araformaluri garemoc qarTulenovani sociumis saxiT.
kvlevis meTodi zemoT aRweril modelebze
dayrdnobiT specialurad SemuSavda kiTxvari, romelic moicavda Semdeg ZiriTad sferoebs: egzogenuri faqtorebi: zogadi
akademiuri moswreba, enobrivi da eTnikuri warmomavloba, qarTuli enis swavlebis xangrZlivoba da a.S.
saskolo konteqsti (urTi-erToba skolis adminis-traciasTan da sxva skolebis warmomadgenlebTan);
sagakveTilo konteqsti (moswavle-maswavleblis urTi-erTobis faqtori, axsnis stili, gakveTilis wamyvani ena da a.S.);
skola-ojaxis urTierTobis konteqsti. (ojaxis CarTuloba da damokidebuleba qarTulis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT);
moswavlis TviTSefaseba meore enis SeswavlasTan dakav-SirebiT.
TiToeuli sfero moicavda misTvis relevantur debulebebs.
kiTxvari SemuSavda skolis me-11 klasis moswavleebisaTvis. me-11 klasi SeirCa imisaTvis, rom am asakSi bavSvs TiTqmis miRebuli aqvs zogadi ganaTleba, Seswavlili aqvs qarTuli, rogorc meore ena formalur pirobebSi. Sesabamisad, enis codnis Sedegi ukve saxeze unda iyos. Tanac esaa asaki, sadac sakuTar TavSi da SesaZleblobebSi darw-munebulobis (pozitiuri da adek-vaturi TviTSefasebis) Camoyalibeba arsebiT stadiazea.
kvlevis pirvel etapze moswavleebi pasuxobdnen kiTxvarSi mocemul kiTxvebs individualurad. meore etapze mowmdeboda maT mier qarTuli enis codnis done.
rogorc cnobilia,Eenis codna gulisxmobs:
metyvelebas aRniSnul enaze; weras; kiTxvas; mosmenilis gagebas da
gaazrebas. Cvens SemTxvevaSi aRniSnulis mixedviT meore enis flobis done mowmdeboda Semdegi ori kriteriumiT: saskolo akademiuri moswrebis
mixedviT (wliur niSanze dayrdnobiT);
specialuri maswavleblis kiTxvariT, romelic moswavles afasebda enis mocemuli 4 aspeqtis mixedviT (am SemTxvevaSic Sefaseba xorciedeboda 10 quliani sistemiT. kvlevis monawileebi
kvlevaSi monawileobda qalaq Tbilisis araqarTulenovani skolebi: # 43, 72, 75, 176 da orseqtoriani (qarTul-rusuli) skolebis rusuli seqtoris ramodenime klasi. sul klvevaSi monawileoba miiRo 1401 araqarTulenovanma moswavlem.
statistikuri analizi da Sedegebi miRebuli monacemebis
faqtoruli analizis Sedegad
1 savele samuSaoebSi monawileoba miiRes Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis fsiqologiis mimarTulebis studentebma.
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(statistikuri programiT SPSS 17-iT), gamoikveTa ramodenime ZiriTadi
faqtori, romelTa wonac meore enis SeswavlaSi arsebiTia:
faqtorebi debulebebi
integraciis motivacia
sakuTari enobrivi
unaris Sefaseba
instrumentaluri motivacia
moswavlis saskolo
TviTkoncepti
qarTuli saxelmwifo enaa da saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqem unda icodes
.927
qarTuli enis codna aucilebelia
.924
xSirad vcdilob visaubro qarTulad
.882
megobrebTan urTierTobisas ZiriTadi sasaubro ena qarTuli enaa
.836
sasurveli azris gadmocemas qarTul enaze srulyofilad vaxerxeb
.667
qarTul enaSi saskolo warmatebebi CemTvis mniSvnelovania
.606
qarTuli enis floba upiratesobas maniWebs
.602.
maqvs urTierTobis damyarebis kargi unari
.554
qarTul enaze saubrisagan Tavs vikaveb, radgan meSiania ar damcinon
. .847
qarTul enaze saubrisagan Tavs vikaveb radgan jerjerobiT ar vflob saTanadod
.770
qarTuli enis aTviseba sakmaod rTulia
.599
Cemi ojaxi miiCnevs, rom qarTuli enis codna aucilebelia
.831
qarTuli enis codna mniSvnelovania raTa davamTavro skola
.752
qarTuli enis codna mniSvnelovania, raTa Cavabaro umaRles saswavlebelSi
.531
qarTuli enis srul-yofili codna
.568
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damexmareba momavalSi warmatebebis miRwevaSi.
zogadad ramdenad warCinebul moswavled miiCnevT klasSi Tavs
.554
mondomebuli moswavle var
.845
aqtiurad var CarTuli saswavlo procesSi
.770
msiamovnebs swavla .707
qarTulad Tavisuflad vsaubrob
.573 .434
faqtorebis gamoyofis meTodi: ZiriTadi RerZebis faqtoruli analizi. brunvis meTodi: Ppromaqsi, kaizeris kriteriumiT.
monacemTa statistikuri ana-lizi gviCvenebs, rom qarTulis, rogorc meore enis aTvisebis ZiriTadi faqtorebi (cvladebis dispersiis mniSvnelovani nawili _ monacemTa variabilobis 39.42 %), emTxveva gardneris, klemanis, lambertis da miuleris mode-lebSi gamoyofil faqtorebs. kerZod, integraciis motivacia am faqtorze yvelaze maRali datvirTva aqvs Semdeg debulebebs: qarTuli saxelmwifo enaa
da saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqem unda icodes;
qarTuli enis codna aucilebelia;
xSirad vcdilob, visaubro qarTulad;
megobrebTan urTierTobisas ZiriTadi sasaubro ena qarTuli enaa;
qarTulad Tavisuflad vsaubrob;
maqvs urTierTobis damyarebis kargi unari.
amgvarad, qarTuli enis aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT, maRali Sedegebi aqvT im moswavleebs, romlebic miiCneven, rom qarTuli saxelmwifo enaa da misi codna aucilebelia, cdiloben isaub-ron qarTulad da megobroben qarTulenovan bavSvebTan. enis warmatebiT aTvisebaze aseve moqmedebs komunikaciis kargi unari da qarTulis codnis Tavdapirveli done.
sakuTari enobrivi unaris Sefaseba
es faqtori warmoadgens miuleris enobrivi TviTkonceptis Semadgenel arsebiT cvlads. masze maRali datvirTva aqvs Semdeg debulebebs:
qarTul enaze saubrisagan Tavs vikaveb, radgan meSinia ar damcinon;
qarTul enaze saubrisagan Tavs vikaveb, radgan jer-jerobiT saTanadod ver vflob;
qarTuli enis aTviseba sakmaod rTulia.
amgvarad, qarTuli enis aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT, dabali Sedegebi aqvT im moswavleebs, romlebic miiCneven, rom qarTuli enis Seswavla rTulia, Tavs ikaveben qarTul enaze saubrisgan, radgan miaCniaT, rom ar ician ena saTanadod da eSiniaT dacinvis.
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instrumentaluri motivacia
am faqtorze maRali datvirTva aqvs Semdeg debulebebs:
Cemi ojaxi miiCnevs, rom qarTuli enis codna aucilebelia;
qarTuli enis codna mniSvnelovania, raTa davamTavro skola;
qarTuli enis srulyofili codna damexmareba moma-valSi warmatebebis miR-wevaSi;
qarTuli enis codna mniSvnelovania, raTa Cavabaro umaRles saswav-lebelSi.
amgvarad, qarTuli enis aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT, kargi Sedegebi aqvT im moswavleebs, romlebic acno-biereben qarTuli enis codnis praqtikul mniSvnelobas. moswavlis saskolo
TviTkoncepti (bavSvis mier sakuTari Tavis, rogorc moswavlis, Sefaseba). es faqtori miuleris enobrivi TviT-konceptis Semadgeneli nawilia.
am faqtorze maRali datvirTva aqvs Semdeg debulebebs: warCinebul moswavled
migvaCnia Tavi; mondomebuli moswavle var; qarTulad Tavisuflad
vsaubrob; msiamovnebs swavla; aqtiurad var CarTuli
saswavlo procesSi. amrigad, qarTuli enis aTvisebis
TvalsazrisiT, kargi Sedegebi aqvT im moswavleebs, romlebsac pozitiuri TviTSefaseba aqvT da qarTuli enis aTvisebis Sinagani motivacia amoZravebT.
kvlevis Sedegad dadginda qarTulis, rogorc meore enis aTvisebis warmatebaze moqmedi fsiqologiuri faqtorebi. gamov-linda maTi korelaciuri kavSiri
enaSi moswavlis akademiuri miRwevis donesTan, kerZod:
integraciis motivacia da moswavlis akademiuri miRweva (r = .576, p < .01);
sakuTari enobrivi unaris Sefaseba da moswavlis akademiuri miRweva (r = .711, p < .01);
instrumentaluri moti-vacia da moswavlis akademiuri miRweva (r = .245, p < .01);
moswavlis saskoli TviTkoncepti da moswavlis akademiuri miRweva (r = .640, p < .01);
aseve, Semdgomma raodenobrivma analizma debulebebis doneze aCvena, rom qarTulSi, rogorc meore enaSi, moswavlis akademiuri moswreba ufro maRalia im SemTxvevaSi, roca:
moswavlis garemocvaSi (ojaxSi, megobrebSi da a.S) figurirebs qarTul enaze Tavisuflad mosaubre piri (F (2.207) = 25.50; p ≤ .004);
mSobeli metad aris CarTuli Svilis saskolo cxovrebaSi (F (2.472) = 28.21; p ≤ .005);
mSobels mniSvnelovnad miaCnia qarTuli enis codna (F (2.08) = 7.39; p ≤ .003);
moswavles xSirad uwevs komunikacia qarTul enaze sxvadasxva konteqstSi (F (4.713) = 35.12, p ≤ .001);
Hmoswavlis safexuris qula aRemateba 8-s (F (1.54.) = 4.51; p ≤ .004);
moswavles Tavisi Semdgomi warmatebisaTvis qarTuli enis codna aucileblad miaCnia (F (3.22) = 11.531; p ≤ .003).
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daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi kvlevis Sedegebma daadastura
hipoTeziT navaraudebi faqtorebis gavlena meore enis Seswavlaze. Tbilisis araqarTulenovani sko-lebis moswavleebisTvis erT-erTi wamyvani faqtori aRmoCnda integraciis motivacia, SedarebiT dabali, Tumca mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs instrumentalur motivacias. sayuradReboa is Sedegic, rom moswavlis enobrivi
TviTprograma mniSvnelovnad gansa-zRvravs meore enis dauflebis efeqturobas. moswavlis enobrivi TviTprograma ki _ mSoblisa da mTlianad ojaxis CarTulobis, maswavleblis kvalifikaciisa da moswavlis swavlisadmi misi ukukavSiris gareSe warmoudgenelia. es faqti TavisTavad dama-fiqrebelia swavlebis meTo-dologiis TvalsazrisiT: rogor daigegmos gakveTili, rogor SeirCes swavlebis stili da a.S., rom moswavlis TviTkompeten-turobis gancda masTan SeWidebuli aRmoCndes.
literatura
avrorini, 1972 - Аврорин В.А. Двуязычие и школа. // Проблемы двуязычия и многоязычия. М., Изд-во «Наука». 1972. стр. 49-62.
aleni da lamberti, 1969 - Aellen C. & Lambert W. E. Ethnic identification and personality adjustments of Canadian adolescents of mixed English-French parentage. // Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science. 1969. № 1. р. 69-86.
barsuki, 2004 - Барсук Р.Ю. Основы обучения иностранному языку в условиях двуязычия. // Психологические основы обучения неродному языку. М., 2004. стр. 181-192.
beikeri, 1993 - Baker C. Foundation of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Clevedon. 1993. 318 рag.
gardneri, 1958 - Gardner, R. C. Social factors in second-language acquisition. Master’s thesis, McGill University,1958.
gardneri, 1960 - Gardner, R. C. Motivational variables in second-language acquisition. Doctoral dissertation, McGill University, 1960.
gardneri, 1972 - Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1972). Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
gardneri da kalini, 1981 - Gardner, R. C., & Kalin, R. (Eds.) (1981). A Canadian social psychology of ethnic relations.
lamberti, 1984 - Lambert W.E. On overview of issues in immersion education. // Studies on Immersion Education: A Collection for United States Educators. 1984. pag. 8-30.
lamberti, 1962 - Lambert W. & Peal E. The Relation of Bilingualism to Intelligence. Psychological Monographic. Rowley, Mass. 1962. 76: pag. 1-23.
leopoldi, 1954 - Leopold W. A child's learning of two languages. Fifth Annual Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 1954. pag.19-30.
raku jana, 2008 -Racu Jana, Language psychogenesis in mixed communication environments. Master’s thesis, Chisinau Pedagogical State University, 2008
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Ia Aptarashvili
Psychological factors of studying Georgian as a second language in schools
ABSTRACT The goal of the presented research is to study psychological factors that influence Georgian as a second language acquisition in formal educational settings that might be accompanied with informal context. The theoretical background of the research is based on Muller social-cognitive model (1997). According to the research hypotheses, the questionnaire was designed for students and teachers. The research was conducted in Tbilisi public schools, where Georgian is a second language. 140 students and 12 teachers participated in the research. Students' level of knowledge was measured by their academic grades in the second language (Georgian language) and by their teachers' assessments. Results revealed some main factors that influence success in second language acquisition: integration, motivation, instrumental motivation, language skills self-esteem and student's school self-concept.
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irina bagauri
imersiis bilingvuri ganaTleba - pasuxi ganaTlebis globaluri filosofiis gamowvevebze
abstraqti
winamdebare statia miznad isaxavs, mkiTxvels gaacnos
bilingvuri ganaTlebis Zlieri, SemnarCunebeli programa ,,imersia~. statiis Sesaval nawilSi saubaria imersiis, rogorc bilingvuri ganaTlebis programis warmoSobis istoriaze; ZiriTadi aqcentebi gakeTebulia kanadur imersiaze, rogorc am programis samSobloze, agreTve ganxilulia kanaduri imersiis naklovanebebi. statiaSi saubaria aseve imersiis programis ganxorcielebisaTvis Sesabamisi pedagogiuri CarCos Sesaxeb. daskvnis saxiT ki warmodgenelia imersiis upiratesobebi da saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli programis ganxorcielebis perspeqtivebi.
bilingvizmi da bilingvuri
ganaTleba Zalian aqtualuria mTeli msoflios masStabiT, ganviTarebuli qveynebi globa-lizaciis Tanamedrove gamowve-vebis Sesabamisad reagireben da maqsimalurad moqnil da praqtikul ganaTlebis sistemebs qmnian. ganaTlebis sistemis formirebisas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba enobrivi politikis sworad dagegmvas. mravalenovan da mravaleTnikur civilizebur samyaroSi, mxolod erT enaze orientireba ar iqneba saukeTeso gamosavali. saqarTvelos ganaTle-bisa da mecnierebis saministro multilingvuri ganaTlebis kuT-xiT mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs axorcielebs. axali saswavlo wlidan saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionis araqarTulenovan 40 sapilote skolaSi multilin-gvuri swavlebis programebi inergeba, aRniSnuli siaxle miznad isaxavs ganaTlebis iseTi sistemis Seqmnas, romelic uzrunvelyofs eTnikuri umciresobebis srulfa-
sovan integracias saxelmwifo enis Seswavlis gziT, agreTve saxelmwifo enis popularizacias. garda amisa, bi/multikulturuli ganaTlebis upiratesoba mdgo-mareobs imaSi, rom igi xels uwyobs moswavleebSi interkultu-ruli Cevevebisa da tolerantobis ganviTarebas, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania eTnikurad mraval-ferovan saqarTveloSi mSvidobiani TanacxovrebisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso mkvlevrebis mier bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis erTmaneTTan da monolingvur programebTan Sedarebis dros, ikveTeba Zlieri programebis efeqturobis sakiTxi. imersiis da mSobliuri enis SenarCunebis bilingvuri prog-ramebis Sefasebam aCvena `Zlieri~ bilingvuri programebis efeqtu-roba. aRniSnuli programebi uzrunvelyofen rogorc bilin-gvizmsa da ormag wignierebas, aseve maRal akademiur miRwevebs. imersiis bilingvuri ganaTleba
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warmoadgens swored ,,Zlier~ bilingvur programas.
termini ,,imersiuli ganaT-leba~'aqtualuri gaxda kanadaSi 1960-ian wlebSi, igi aRwerda inovaciur programas, romelSic franguli ena gamoiyeneboda, rogorc Sualeduri swavlebis ena dawyebiT skolaSi iseT moswavleebTan, romelTa mSob-liuri enac iyo inglisuri. statiaSi ZiriTadad SevexebiT kanadur imersias, radgan swored kanadaSi Caeyara safuZveli mocemul programas.
mcire istoriuli mimoxilva:
1960-iani wlebis dasawyisi kanadis istoriaSi da, gansakuTrebiT, kvebekis olqisaTvis warmoadgens mniSvnelovan periods (genezi, 1976). ,,Cumi revoluciis~'' saxeliT cnobili movlenebi didi struqturuli da RirebulebiTi cvlilebebis xelSemwyobi aRmoCnda kvebekis olqis frangulenovani mosaxleobisaTvis. ganaTlebis kuTxiT umniSvnelo-vanesi iyo regionaluri ganaTlebis saministros aRdgena da agreTve savaldebulo dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebis Seqmna. zogadad ,,Cum revoluciaSi~ SesamCnevia frangu-li enis gavlena, romelic yovelTvis mosdevda gabatonebul inglisur enas meore poziciaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom provinciis mosaxleobis 80% frangulenovani iyo da saubrobdnen mxolod frangulad. frangulma enam daiwyo legitimaciis moxveWa, rogorc sakomunikacio enam kvebekis cxovrebis yvela aspeqtSi da biznesSic ki, romelSic Zveleburad inglisuri ena dominirebda.
inglisurenovanma sazogado-ebam seriozuli yuradReba miaqcia am mdgomareobas. ZiriTadi yuradRebis sagani iyo franguli enis swavlebis efeqturoba inglisur skolebSi. inglisu-
renovan moswavleTa mSoblebi Zalian ukmayofiloni iyvnen Svilebis mier miRweuli dabali kompetenciebiT frangul enaSi. aRniSnuli dabali done SeiniSneboda sruli 12 klasis damTavrebis Semdegac ki. franguli enis mniSvnelobis gazrdis kvaldakval da arsebuli swavlebis araefeqturi meTodebis Sedegad, anglofon mSobelTa gaerTianebam daiwyo sxva alternativebis ganxilva meore enis Seswavlis arsebuli meTodebis kvaldakval (halperni, 1979).M kvlevis dros mSoblebi Suamdgomlobdnen adgilobriv eqspertebTan; erT-erTi maTgani iyo monrealis nevrologiuri institutis warmomadgeneli vailder penfildi, romelmac saerTaSoriso aRiareba moipova naSromiT enisa da gonebis (tvinis) Sesaxeb; agreTve vales lamberti makgilis universitetidan, romlis mniSvnelovani naSromia ,,bilin-gvizmis socialuri fsiqologia~. maT erToblivad ganaviTares franguli imersiis programa. mocemuli jgufuri muSaobis Sedegad miRebuli imersiis programa, romelSic CarTulebi iyvnen mSoblebi, eqspertebi, maswavleblebi, mkvlevrebi da sxva specialistebi, TandaTanobiT gavrcelda mTeli kanadis masStabiT. Zalian mcirea iseTi socialuri sakiTxebi, romelSic gamovlinda aseTi nebayoflobiTi da erTiani aqtiuroba.
jonsoni da sveini (1997) aRniSnavdnen, rom imersiul programaSi araferia principulad axali meore enis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT. marTlac, formalu-ri ganaTlebis istorias Tu gadavxedavT, meore enis swavleba saSualo doneze xSirad iyo norma, vidre gamonaklisi. kanaduri franguli imersia warmoadgenda pirvel programas, romelic daqvemdebarebuli iyo xangrZliv kvlevasa da Sefasebaze.
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imersiuli programis mTavari
niSnebi. sveinma da jonsonma (1997)
gamoyves imersiis programebis ZiriTadi da cvladi maxasiaTeblebi:
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi: (1) meore ena aris
swavlebis ena; (2) saswavlo gegma ar
gansxvavdeba umravlesobis skolebis saswavlo gegmisgan;
(3) skola mxars uWers moswavlis mier mSobliuri enis flobis ganviTarebas;
(4) saxeze gvaqvs bilingvizmis Semmatebeli konteqsti;
(5) meore enis gamoyeneba xdeba ZiriTadad saswavlo daniSnulebiT;
(6) moswavleebs aqvT Tanabari meore enis kompetencia skolaSi Sesvlisas;
(7) yvela maswavlebeli bilingvalia;
(8) saklaso kultura SesabamisobaSia moswavleTa mSobliur kulturasTan.
cvladi maxasiaTeblebi: (1) imersiis programa
iwyeba sxvadasxva klasSi; (2) imersiis programa
aris sruli an nawilobrivi; (3) saswavlo sagnebze
enebis gadanawileba gansxva-vebulia klasebis mixedviT;
(4) imersiis programa SeiZleba moicavdes mxolod dawyebiT skolas, Tumca SeiZleba grZeldebodes sabazo da saSualo skolis safexurze da agreTve umaRles saswavlebelSic;
(5) garantirebulia mas-wavlebelTa treningi, raTa maT uzrunvelyon moswavleTa umtkiv-neulod gadasvla mSobliuri enidan meore enaze;
(6) gansxvavebulia saswav-lo procesisTvis saWiro saswavlo resursebi da
maswavleblis momzadebis xarisxi, raTa mas SeeZlos am saswavlo resursebis sworad gamoyeneba;
(7) gansxvavebulia sko-lis administraciis, maswav-leblebis, moswavleebisa da politikosebis mxardaWera imersiis programisadmi;
(8) gansxvavebulia moswav-leTa damokidebuleba meore enisa da kulturisadmi;
(9) gansxvavebulia meore enis statusi;
(10) imersiis programis warmatebis indikatorebi gansx-vavebulia sxvadasxva prog-ramisTvis.
imersiuli programebis
Sedegebis mimoxilva franguli imersiis prog-
ramebze Catarebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze miRebuli Sedegebi mimoxilulia mraval naSromSi (genezi, 1987; jonsoni da sveini, 1997; lamberti da tiukeri, 1972; rebufoti, 1992; sveini da lapkini, 1982) da uamrav JurnalSi statiebis saxiT (mag. sveini da lapkini, 1986). arsebobs franguli imersiis programebis ganxorci-elebis sami varianti: adreuli imersia, romelic iwyeba skolamdeli ganaTlebis centrSi an pirvel klasSi. saSualo imersia, romelic iwyeba me-4 - me-5 klasebSi da gviani imersia, romelic saTaves iRebs me-7 klasidan. Yyvela maTgani xasiaTdeba samizne enis (frangulis) 50%-iani swavlebiT swavlebis adreul safexurebze. magaliTad, adreuli imersia Cveulebriv moicavs 100% franguls sabavSvo baRSi da pirvel klasSi, xolo inglisuri sagnebi TandaTanobiT Semodis me-2 da me-3 klasebSi da zogierT SemTxvevaSi ufro gvianac _ me-4 klasSi. me-5 da me-6 klasebSi sagnobrivi saaTebi Tanabrad iyofa orive enaze. daaxloebiT 40 procentia franguli enis wili me-
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7, me-8 da me-9 klasebisaTvis, es procentuli maCvenebeli kidev ufro mcirdeba Semdgom klasebSi, radgan umaRles skolaSi saswavlo masalis didi nawili inglisur enazea mowodebuli moswavleebisaTvis. Sesabamisi da Tanmimdevruli aRmoCenebi mohyva franguli imersiis programis Sefasebas kanadis farglebSi.
adreul imersiul progra-mebSi moswavleebma gamoamJRavnes srulyofili codna da wigniereba frangulSi _ inglisurTan SedarebiT. inglisurenovani sagnebis SemosvlasTan erTad, erTi saswavlo wlis Semdeg moswavleebs ukve SeeZloT standartuli testis Sesruleba inglisur enaze.
saocari is iyo, rom imer-siaSi gaerTianebuli da Cveu-lebrivi inglisurenovani prog-ramebis moswavleTa mier testis Sesrulebis done iyo identuri (mexuTe klasisTvis). erTi potenciuri SezRudva am aRmoCenisa is aris, rom standartuli testebi ar gamoxatavs inglisuri enis codnis yvela aspeqts. specifikuri weriTi unarebis ganviTareba ver fasdeba aseTi tipis testebiT. Tumca ramdenime swavlebis tipis gamoyenebiT Catarebulma gamocdam, sadac Semowmda inglisuri weris ganviTarebis done, aCvena, rom am kuTxiT raime saxis darRveva ar aRiniSneba (sveini, 1975); agreTve ar aris aRmoCenili raime saxis darRveva sagnis dauflebasTan dakavSirebiT franguli imersiis arc erTi programis SemTxvevaSi.
kvlevam aCvena, rom moswavleTa aTvisebis unari ukeTesad aris ganviTarebuli (mSobliur enaze mosaubreebTan SedarebiT), vidre maTi gamoxatvis unarebi. dawyebiTi skolis damTavrebisaTvis moswavleebi axlos arian mSobliur enaze mosaubreebTan sasaubro da weriTi unarebis TvalsazrisiT, Tumca
arsebobs mniSvnelovani nakli, romelic gamoixateba enis gramatikul aspeqtebSi (kuminsi, 1996).
zemoT CamoTvlili avtorebi aRweren imersiuli ganaTlebis sakvanZo sakiTxebs farTo WrilSi msoflios qveynebis masStabiT. maT daaskvnes, rom imersiuli ganaTlebis xelsayrel pirobebSi adgili aqvs mTel rig upiratesobebs. kvlevis Tanaxmad, es aris damatebiTi bilingvizmi, kulturuli, fsiqologiuri da kognituri upiratesobebi.
franguli imersiis
ganxorcielebis problemuri areebi
gansxvaveba moswavleTa mier codnis aTvisebasa da gadmocemis unarebs Soris SeiZleba gagebuli iyos frangebTan interaqciis simciris konteqstSi da agreTve mwiri frangulenovani saklaso garemos gaTvaliswinebiT. gadmo-cemis unaris ganviTarebisken mimarTulia iseTi skolebi, romlebic mTlianad franguli imersiis programas axorcieleben, gansxvavebiT im skolebisgan, sadac mxolod erT nakadSi xorcieldeba franguli imersia.
damatebiTi problema, rome-lic axasiaTebs adreul frangul imersias, aris misi dawyebis momentTan SedarebiT moswavleTa programidan amovardnis maRali done, rac ganpirobebulia akademiuri an qceviTi faqtorebiT. programidan amovardnis yvela SemTxveva ar aris gamowveuli akademiuri siZneleebiT, Tumca kipi, ganixilavs ra kvlevis Sedegebs, adgens, rom akademiuri da qceviTi siZneleebi warmoadgens mTavar faqtors, romelic ganapirobebs regularul ingli-sur programaze gadasvlas.
aRniSnuli problemebidan orives dakavSireba SegviZlia pedagogikis im tipTan, romelic damaxasiaTebelia adreuli
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franguli imersiuli prog-ramisTvis, Tumca ar aris saWiro sxva qveynebSic imave programebis gadatana (biorklandi, 1997). maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobaze dayrdnobiT, adreuli franguli imersiis dros gakeTda daskvna: aseTi klasebis umravlesoba maswavlebelze orientirebulia da, ase vTqvaT, ,,transmisiulia~, anu xdeba codnis gadacemaze fokusireba (kuminsi, 1996). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maswavleblebi orientirebulni arian kurikulumiT gaTvalis-winebuli masala ise gadascen moswavleebs, rom moswavleebs hqondeT frangul enaSi weriTi Tu sametyvelo unarebis gamovlenis minimaluri saSualeba da SezRudulebi arian agreTve kreatiuli azrovnebisa da problemis gadaWrisken mimarTuli aqtivobebisgan. (harli, 1991; vilsoni da konoki, 1982). 1980 wlamde uaRresad mwirad iyo warmodgenili korporatiuli da proeqtebze dafuZnebuli swavleba, vidre es damaxasiaTebeli iyo regularul inglisuri progra-mebisaTvis.
garda amisa, imersiuli programis moswavleebs aReniSne-bodaT SemoqmedebiTi weris mxriv SezRudva da agreTve ufro mwirad kiTxulobdnen originalur frangul literaturas, vidre moswavleebi regularuli ingli-suri programebidan.
pedagogikis CarCo imersiuli
programebisTvis avtori aRniSnavs, rom ori
ZiriTadi problema, romelic axasiaTebs da gamoikveTa kanadaSi franguli imersiis danergvisas (arazusti frangulenovani unarebi da maRali amovardnis maCvenebeli zogierT konteqstSi) SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT gadacemaze orien-tirebul pedagogiur midgomas, romelic miRebulia imersiul programebSi. rodesac maswavleb-
lebs ekiTxebian, Tu ratom ar nergaven isini ufro kooperatiul swavlebas da proeqtebze dafuZ-nebul strategiebs, maswavleblebi gamoxataven SeSfoTebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom moswavleebi aseTi qmedebebisas gamoiyeneben inglisur enas. moswavleTa mier pirveli enis gamoyeneba aRqmulia, rogorc imersiis ZiriTadi winapirobis darRveva.
maswavleblebi iSviaTad rTaven nebas moswavleebs, rom maT gamoiyenon pirveli ena (inglisuri) sxvadasxva aqtivo-bisas, aseve diskusiebisa da pirveladi gegmebis Sedgenisas, im pirobiT, rom saboloo naSromi Tu sxva proeqti iyos samizne enaze Sesrulebuli.
enebis danawevrebis principi da pirdapiri meTodiT swavlebis niSnebi iZleva iseT Sedegebs imersiul programebSi, sadac pedagogika naklebad SemecnebiTi da kreatiuli xdeba. optimaluri kognituri progresis miRwevi-saTvis da Sinagani motivaciis gazrdisaTvis saWiroa interaqcia maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris. imisaTvis, rom studentebma miaRwion umaRles dones meore enaSi (Sesabamis safexurze), saswavlo gegmaSi unda iyos Sesabamisi konteqstualuri mxardaWera amisaTvis. aRniSnuli konteqstualuri mxardaWera gamoiyeneba ara mxolod imersiul programebSi, aramed yvela Sinaarsze dafuZnebul da bilingvuri ganaTlebis situa-ciaSi. igi moicavs Semdegs: moswavlisTvis priori-
tetuli codnis gaaqtiureba da ukana planze arsebuli codnis mSenebloba (sadac saWiroa, pirveli enis gamoyenebiT);
saswavlo procesis modificireba imisaTvis, rom moxdes informaciuli siWarbe swavlebaSi (mag.: perifrazebis, gameorebis,
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
16
demonstrirebis, Jestebis gamoyenebiT);
grafikuli maorganizeble-bis gamoyeneba, raTa gadmoices konceptualuri Sinaarsi;
praqtikuli aqtivobebi Sinaarsobrivad datvirTul sagnebSi, rogoric aris sabunbismetyvelo mecnierebebi, maTematika da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi;
saerTo swavleba da proeqtebze dafuZnebuli sxvagvari samuSaoebi, rac waaxalisebs moswavleebs, raTa maT gamoimuSaon da SeiZinon ufro meti axali codna, vidre iyvnen mxolod informaciis momxmarebelni;
kompiuteruli teqnologie-bis, rogorc ,,kulturuli gamaZliereblis~, Semoqme-debiTad gamoyeneba (mag.: eleqtronuli enciklope-diis an saerTaSoriso qselis gamoyeneba, agreTve monacemTa analizis prog-ramebis gamoyeneba proeq-tebze muSaobisas, agreTve monaTesave klasebTan urTi-erToba distanciuri gakve-Tilebis dros, videokamere-bis gamoyeneba da video-teqstebis Seqmna, realuri auditoriis imitacia bilingvuri proeqtebis ganxorcielebisas.);
zemoT CamoTvlil mravalferovan JanrebSi werisa da kiTxvis integrireba. faqtobrivad, yvela enaT-
mecnieri Tanxmdeba, rom enis aTvisebis mTavar pirobas warmoadgens samizne enaze gasagebi Sinaarsis wvdoma. enaTmecnierebi aseve miuTiTeben sxva rolebze, rogoric aris enis formaluri Tavisebu-rebebi, swavlebis efeqturi strategiebis ganviTareba,
agreTve samizne enis faqtobrivi gamoyeneba. gasagebi Sinaarsis interpretireba unda moxdes ara mxolod zustad, sityvasityviT gagebuli, aramed is unda gadaizardos kritikul wignierebaSi, sadac moswavle-ebi miRebul codnas daukavSireben sakuTar codnas, gamocdilebas, kritikulad gaiazreben teqsts da diskusiis Sedegad miRebul daskvnebs gamoiyeneben raime proeqtisTvis (videos Seqmna, leqsis an eses dawera specifikur Temaze). enis gacnobierebis procesis ganvi-Tareba moicavs ara mxolod enis formalur aspeqtebze koncentrirebas, aramed sxva-gvari aqtivobis ganxorcie-lebas da proeqtebs, romlebic mowodebuli iqneba moswavleTa meore enis codnis gaRrmavebisken da maTSi multi-lingvuri fenomenis gaRvive-bisken. gTavazobT aqtivobebis CamonaTvals: enobrivi sistemis struq-
tura (mag: kavSiri gamoTqmasa da marTlweras Soris, gramatika, leqsikoni da a.S);
sxvadasxva musikaluri da literaturuli formebis urTierTSexameba (mag.: repi, poezia, beletristika, haiku, baladebi da a.S.);
werilobiTi an zepirsit-yvieri damajerebeli gzav-nilebis Seqmnis organizeba (mag.: oratoruli mety-veleba, gavleniani weri-lobiTi dokumentebi, poli-tikuri Teoriebi, reklamebi da a.S);
enis gamoyenebis mraval-ferovneba monolingvur da multilingvur konteqstSi, koduri gadarTvebi bilin-gvuri urTierTobis dros. CamoTvlili sakiTxebi
metyvelebs imaze, rom meore enis codna abstraqtuli da
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
17
trivialuri darCeba, Tu moswavleebs ar eqnebaT sakuTari identobisa da codnis gamoxatvis saSualeba am enaze. unda Seiqmnas auTenturi auditoria, rac, Tavis mxriv, moswavleTa motivirebas gamoiwvevs rogorc werilobiT, ise zepirsityvieri saxiT azris gamoxatvaSi.
bilingvuri ganaTlebis
imersiis formis saqarTveloSi danergvis perspeqtivebi
statiaSi ganxiluli
sakiTxebidan gamomdinare, aSkaraa bilingvuri ganaTlebis ,,Zlieri~'programebis upira-tesoba sust programebTan SedarebiT. agreTve Tval-saCinoa bilingvizmis dama-tebiTi gamamdidrebeli principis ganxilva imersiis programasTan mimarTebiT. Tumca, meore mxriv, ganxilul problemur areebSi warmo-Cenelia erTi umTavresi problema, romelic pedagogebs da pedagogiur meTodebs ukavSirdeba. saqarTveloSi danergvis procesSia multi-lingvuri ganaTlebis iseTi efeqturi programebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen saxelmwifo enis Seswavlas. saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro orientirebas ake-Tebs bilingvuri ganaTlebis ,,Zlier~'' programebze, rac Zalian sasiamovnoa. Tumca, amgvar `Zlier~ programebs Soris im 40 sapilote skolaSi, romlebic ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom SearCia, imersiis modeli ar SeurCeviaT. es sxvadasxva gaqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli: umTavresi mainc isaa, rom qveynis umravlesobis (qarTvelebis) warmomadgenlebi am kompaqturad gansaxlebis regionebSi Tavad warmoadgenen
enobriv umciresobas; am TvalsazrisiT, saintereso vitarebaa afxazeTis avto-nomiur respulikaSi, sadac, saqarTvelos konstituciiT, afxazuri, qarTulTan ertad, saxelmwifo enis statusiT sargeblobs. vfiqrobT, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom unda gadadgas nabijebi afxazeTis ganaTlebis saministrosTan TanamSromlobiT, raTa afxazeTidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs (romelTa umravlesobac qarTulenovania) mieceT saSualeba, qarTulTan erTad, afxazuric CarTon swavlebis enad – anu, aiRon Zlieri bilingvuri ganaTlebis imersiuli modeli. rasakvir-velia, gasaTvaliswinebelia iseTi mniSvnelovani faqtorebi, rogoricaa saskolo garemo, Temisa da mSoblebis CarTuloba da mTlianad ganaTlebis swori politikis dagegmva. SegaxsenebT, rom kanadaSic ki, sadac safuZveli Caeyara imersias da arsebobda yvela piroba programis ganxorcielebisaTvis _ aras-wori midgomebis gamo, adgili hqonda Cavardnebs... daskvna bilingvuri skolebis marTva
rTulia, radgan enobrivi ganzomileba damatebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. Sesabamisad, moiTxovs damatebiT Zalisxmevas moswavleTa dajgufebis, saswavlo gegmis momzadebis, maswavlebelTa gadamzadebisa da saswavlo resursebiT uzrunvelyofis Tval-sazrisiT. agreTve saWiroebs mSobelTa ufro met CarTulobas da xSirad asistentTa institutis SemoRebas skolis farglebSi. mniSvnelovani kavSiri unda
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
18
myardebodes enisa da sagnis aTvisebas Soris. aseT pirobebSi maswavleblis profesionalizmsa da skolis xelmZRvanelobisa da administraciis efeqturobas udidesi roli eniWeba da gansazRvravs bilingvuri ganaTlebis nebismieri modelis efeqturobas (beikeri, 2010).
Tanamedrove epoqaSi, rodesac informacia da sainformacio wyaroebi arnaxulad izrdeba, globalur marketingSi moRvawe biznes kompaniebi did moTxovnilebas acxadeben iseT kadrebis mimarT, romlebsac ZaluZT informaciis mogroveba wignebis, Jurnalebis da monacemTa bazebis saSualebiT da romlebsac SeuZliaT aRniSnuli mopovebuli informaciis kritikuli analizi, maTi relevantobisa da validobis Sefaseba, mocemuli informaciis saSualebiT samsa-xurebrivi problemebis gadaWra da kolegialobis unaris gamoCena gansxvavebul kulturul, rasistul da lingvistur WrilSi. dame-TanxmebiT, warmatebulad ganxorci-
elebuli ,,Zlieri~'bilingvuri prog-ramebi mowodebulia imisaTvis, rom upasuxos aseT gamowvevebs.
saqarTveloSi dResdReobiT imersiis programebi ar muSaobs. rasakvirvelia, amgvari Zlieri bilingvuri programis amoqmedeba sasurvelia, Tumca rigi faqtorebis gamo, dResdReobiT saxelmwifo Tavs ikavebs ganaTlebis xsenebul model-ze; Tumca, vfiqrobT, imersiis programa warmatebiT imuSavebs afxazeTidan iZulebiT gadaadgi-lebul pirTa skolebSi, romlebic dRes afxazeTis ganaTlebis saministros daqvemdebarebaSia: saqarTvelos konstituciiT, afxa-zuri (umciresobis ena) saxelmwifo enis statusiT sargeblobs afxazeTis teritoriaze. imersiis programis amoqmedeba am skolebSi mravalmxriv sasargeblo iqneba rogorc enobrivi, aseve socio-kulturuli da eTnofsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT.
literatura
beikeri, 2006 - k. beikeri, bilingvizmisa da bilingvuri ganaTlebis safuZvlebi. ,,samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis centris’’ 2010 wlis qarTuli versiis gamocema.
bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis debulebis proeqti, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro, 2009.
genezi, 1976 - Genesee, F. English writing skills of students in French immersion programs.Canadian Journal of Education, 1, 1-18., 1976b.
genezi, 1987 - Genesee, F. Learning through two language; 1987 genezi, 2007 - Genesee, F. Literacy outcomes in French immersion. Encyclopedia of Language and Literacy Development (pp. 1-8). London, ON: Canadian Language and Literacy
Research Network, 2007. kuminsi, 1998 _ Jim Cummins- Immersion Education for the Millenium: What we have learned from
30 years of reaserch on second language immersion, 1998. peresi, 2004 _ Pérez Bertha - Becoming Billiterate: A study of Two-Way Bilingual Immersion
Education. 2004. Sepsoni, 2004 _ Shapson, S. & D'Oyley , V._ Bilingual and Multicultural Education: Canadian
Perspectives, 2004.
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Irina Bagauri
Immersion Bilingual Education – The Response to Global Education Philosophy’s Challenges
ABSTRACT
The present article aims to introduce the readers to,, Immersion’’ bilingual education, which represents the ,,strong’’ and maintenance program of bilingual education. The introduction describes the historical background of ,,immersion’’, as a program of bilingual education. The main focus is made on Canadian Immersion, because ,,Immersion’’ originated in Canada. In the next part of the article the problem areas of French immersion programs are discussed. It gives an overview of the framework for appropriate pedagogy in Immersion programs. The final part of the article presents the advantages of Immersion programs and analyses the perspectives of the implementation of this program in Georgia.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
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mzia wereTeli
walkis raionSi arsebuli jgufTaSorisi urTierTobebis
fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis sakiTxisaTvis statia eyrdnoba rusTavelis fondis proeqtis "usafrTxoebis eTnikuri aspeqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi" farglebSi am raionSi Catarebuli kvlevis masalebs.
abstraqti
statiaSi ganxilulia walkis raionis mosaxleobis socialur-fsiqologiuri da kulturuli klimatis Taviseburebebi, aq mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufTa urTierTobebis specifika da maTi gavlena saxelmwifo enis aTvisebaze. klveva ganxorcielebulia intervius meTodiT. klvevam gamoavlina sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufTa sazogadoebrivi integraciis xelisSemsleli faqtorebi, romelTa Soris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis saerTo sakomunikacio enis ar arseboba. qarTul enas mxolod saxelmwifo enis formaluri statusi aqvs, radgan mosaxleobis didi nawili mxolod sakuTar enas flobs. arakeTilsaimedo socialur-fsiqologiuri klimati ki qarTuli enis swavlis erT-erT mniSvnelovan barierad gvevlineba.
saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebis Camoyalibebisa da misi
ganviTarebisTvis metad mniSv-
nelovani pirobaa saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi sxvadasxva eTnikur
jgufTa sazogadoebrivi integracia.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am procesSi,
sxva faqtorebTan erTad, gadamwyveti
roli aqvs saerTo sakomunikacio
enis arsebobas, romlis funqciasac,
cxadia, saxelmwifo ena unda
asrulebdes. amdenad, araqarTule-
novani mosaxleobisTvis saxelmwifo
enis swavleba qveynis ganvi-
TarebisTvis aucilebeli umniSv-
nelovanesi amocanaa. miznis
misaRwevad ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministrom dargis
ucxoel da adgilobriv eqspertebTan
erTad SeimuSava specialuri
politikis dokumenti, rac, ra Tqma
unda, myar politikur da
sakanonmdeblo safuZvels qmnis
saqarTvelos multieTnikur regi-
onebSi qarTuli enis Seswavlis
specialuri programebis reali-
zaciisTvis. skolisa Tu ufro
farTo sazogadoebis doneze
SemuSavebuli sxvadasxva programebis
efeqtiani danergvisTvis mniSvne-
lovania swavla-swavlebis komponen-
tebis srulyofa, kvalificiur
pedagogebis momzadeba, maRali
xarisxis saswavlo programebis da
saxelmZRvaneloebis SemuSaveba.
Tumca, procesis warmatebuli
realizaciisTvis aucilebelia
agreTve multieTnikur regionebSi
socialur-fsiqologiuri da kultu-
ruli klimatis gaTvaliswinebac.
sazogadoebis damokidebulebebi da
ganwyobebi meore enisadmi, misi
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
21
aTvisebis motivaciis xasiaTi da
siZliere, agreTve, sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli interpersonaluri
urTierTobebi da eTnikuri ste-
reotipebi xSirad gadamwyvet rols
asruleben meore enis aTvisebis
warmateba-warumateblobaSi (gasi,
selinkeri, 2001, vukfolki, 2007).
winamdebare klvevis mizans
warmoadgens walkis raionis
mosaxleobis socialur-fsiqolo-
giuri da kulturuli klimatis
Seswavla da saxelmwifo enis
aTvisebaze moqmedi faqtorebis
Sefaseba.
walkis raioni istoriulad
saqarTvelos multieTnikur kuTxes
warmoadgens. aq saxlobdnen
gansxvavebuli religiisa da
eTnikuri kulturis xalxebi:
berZnebi, qarTvelebi, azrebaijanlebi
da sxv. bolo drois saqarTveloSi
ganxorcielebuli politikuri,
bunebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri
cvlilebebis zegavleniT, es kuTxe
kidev ufro metad daitvirTa
mravaleTnikurobis TvalsazrisiT. aq
mosaxle berZnebis didma nawilma
datova sakuTari miwebi da
sacxovreblad saberZneTSi gadavida.
meore mxriv ki, saqarTvelos
mTavrobam aq Camoasaxla bunebrivi
kataklizmebis Sedegad dazara-
lebuli da usaxlkarod darCenili
svanebi da aWarlebi. amgvarad,
eTnikuri da kompesiuri Tval-
sazrisiT isedac mravalferovani
suraTi ekomigrantebis CamosaxlebiT
kidev ufro Wreli gaxda.
amasTan, gansxvavebuli aRmo-
Cnda sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis
socialur-ekonomikuri statusic.
berZnebis umravlesobam qveyana ki
datova, magram sakuTrebaSi
SeinarCuna kar-midamo da miwebi,
xolo axalmosaxleTa (ekomigrantTa)
umravlesobas sakuTrebaSi arc
saxli da arc miwa ar gaaCnia.
rogorc cnobilia, Zalauf-
lebis, resursebisa da SesaZ-
leblobebis araTanabari ganawileba
SesaZlo eTnikuri daZabulobis
wyaros warmoadgens. SesaZlo risk-
faqtorebs miekuTvneba sxvadasxva
eTnikur jgufebs Soris enobrivi,
religiuri da tradiciuli
kulturis gansxvavebulobac.
eTnikuri daZabuloba fsiqo-
logiur doneze vlindeba eTnikur
jgufebs Soris interesebisa da
Sexedulebebis gansvlaSi, sakuTari
da sxva jgufis urTierTda-
pirispirebul stereotipebSi,
eTnocentrul atribuciasa da
uaryofiT ganwyobebSi.
jgufTaSorisi aRqmis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan meqanizms Sidajgufuri
favoritizmi warmoadgens. igi
gulisxmobs sakuTari jgufisadmi
da misi wevrebisadmi keTilganwyobas
da maTTvis upiratesobis miniWebas
sxva jgufebTan da maT wevrebTan
SedarebiT (stefanenko, 2004)
Sidajgufuri favoritizmis
yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa
egocentrizmi. es aris movlenebis
iseTi xedva, romlis drosac
sakuTari jgufi yvelafris centrSia,
sxva jgufebi ganixileba sakuTar
jgufTan mimarTebiT da fasdeba
masze dayrdnobiT.
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ganixi-
laven egocentrizms, rogorc
adamianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebas, `aRiqvan da Seafason
cxovrebiseuli movlenebi sakuTari
eTnikuri jgufis tradiciebisa da
faseulobebis prizmaSi, romelic
miCneulia rogorc etaloni an
optimumi~(maiersi, 2000, stefanenko,
2004).
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
22
bruneri da kempbeli gamoyofen
egocentrizmis Semdeg ZiriTad
maxasiaTeblebs:
1. sakuTari kulturis ele-
mentebis _ normebisa da
faseulobebis, rogorc buneb-
rivisa da sworis, aRqma,
xolo sxva kulturis ele-
mentebisa – rogorc ara-
bunebrivisa da arasworisa.
2. sakuTari jgufis adaT-
wesebis universalurad miC-
neva.
3. Sexeduleba imis Taobaze,
rom adamianisaTvis norma-
luria sakuTari jgufis
wevrTan TanamSromloba, misi
daxmareba, misTvis upira-
tesobis miniWeba, misiT
siamaye, misi ndoba da sxva
jgufebisadmi undobloba da
mtrobac ki.
aucilebeli ar aris samive
maxasiaTeblis erTdrouli arseboba
imisaTvis, rom egocenrizms hqondes
adgili. iq, sadac aris mesame
maxasiaTebeli, adgili aqvs
egocentrizmsac.
egocnetrizms, rogorc socialur-
fsiqologiur movlenas, aqvs rogorc
dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxareebi.
erTi mxriv, igi xels uwyobs jgufis
mTlianobis identobisa da
specifikurobis SenarCunebas, magram,
meore mxriv, xSirad jgufTaSoris
urTierTobis barierad gvevlineba.
cnobilia, rom egocentrizmi da
misi negatiuri mxare gansakuTrebuli
simZafriT vlindeba e.w. mcire erebSi,
eTnikur umciresobebSi an eTnikur
migrantebSi. movlenas aZlierebs
socialuri faqtorebi, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki sxva jgufebTan
SedarebiT dabali socialuri
statusi an konfliqti.
Tumca, jgufebisa da maTi
wevrebis egocentrizmi SeiZleba
sxvadasxva siZlieriT iyos
gamovlenili, magram yvela
SemTxvevaSi igi SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc Teoriuli
kontiniumi ori ukiduresi polusiT.
igi gamoxatavs diferenciacias
urTierTmimarTebaSi.
jgufTaSorisi diferenciaciis
indikatorad gvevlineba polaruli
xatebi, rodesac konfliqturi
jgufebi sakuTar Tavs miaweren
mxolod pozitiur Tvisebebs, xolo
dapirispirebul jgufs ki – mxolod
uaryofiT Tvisebebs. cnobilia e.w.
sarkiseburi aRqmis fenomenic,
rodesac dapirispirebul jgufs
miewereba sakuTari jgufisTvis
miwerili dadebiTi Tvisebebis
sapirispiro uryofiTi Tvisebebi.
rac ufro Sorsaa jgufebis mier
gamoTqmuli poziciebi Tu
Sefasebebi centridan, miT ufro
Zlieria jgufebs Soris
dapirispireba da piriqiT, rac ufro
axlosaa jgufebis mier gamoTqmuli
poziciebi da Sefasebebikontiniumis
centridan, miT ufro naklebia
jgufTa Soris daZabuloba da,
Sesabamisad, metad misaRebia
erTmaneTi.
jgufTaSorisi diferenciaciis
ZiriTad meqanizmad miCneulia
stereotipizacia da atribuciuli
procesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac
individis Tvisebebi, misi qceva da
miRwevebi axsnilia jgufuri
mikuTvnebulobis safuZvelze.
socialuri stereotipebi _ es
aris socialuri obieqtebis
gamartivebuli, sqematuri xatebi,
romlebic saerToa jgufis wevrTa
didi umravlesobisTvis. stereo-
tipebis aTviseba adreuli
bavSvobidan iwyeba da Cveulebriv,
maT safuZvels warmoadgens ara
uSualo gamocdileba, aramed e.w.
meoradi wyaroebi. sxva socialur
stereotipTa Soris adamianebs aqvT
eTnikuri stereotipebic – eTnikuri
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
23
jgufebis gamartivebuli xatebi.
iseve, rogorc sxva tipis socialur
stereotipebs, eTnikur stereo-
tipebsac axasiaTebT misi matarebeli
jgufis wevrebs Soris maRali
xarisxis gavrcelebuloba
(sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Tanxmobis
maRali xarisxi). amdenad, eTnikuri
stereotipebis gamosavlenad metad
efeqturia e.w. `TvisebaTa miweris~
meTodis gamoyeneba, romelic
sakuTari an sxva eTnikuri
jgufebisTvis garkveuli Tvisebebis
miwerasa da maTi gavrcelebis
xarisxis SefasebaSi mdgomareobs.
mkvlevrebi gamoyofen stereo-
tipizaciis sam ZiriTad funqcias. es
aris fsiqologiuri, socialur-
fsiqologiuri da socialuri
funqciebi. fsiqologiuri funqciis
arsi fsiqikuri ekonomizmis
principSi mdgomareobs, rac
gulisxmobs minimaluri kognituri
danaxarjebiT maqsimaluri infor-
maciis gadamuSavebas socialuri
samyarosa da misi movlenebis Sesaxeb
da maTi Sinaarsis gaadvilebul
wvdomas.
stereotipebis socialur-
fsiqologiuri funqcia ki
jgufTaSoris diferenciaciaSi
mdgomareobs. igi vlindeba sakuTari
jgufis sasargeblod gakeTebuli
Sefasebebis saxiT da xels uwyobs
pozitiuri jgufuri identobis
SenarCunebas. swored amitom,
avtostereotipebi, Cveulebriv, ufro
pozitiuria, vidre – hetero-
stereotipebi. stereotipizaciis
socialur funqcias ki warmoadgens,
erTi mxriv, jgufebs Soris arsebuli
urTierTobebis da maTi mizezebis
axsna da, meore mxriv, arsebuli
jgufTaSorisi urTierTobebis
gamarTleba. orive maTgani emsaxureba
arsebuli urTierTobebis SenarCu-
nebas.
eTnikuri stereotipebis erT-
erT umniSvnelovanes Tvisebas
warmoadgens garkveuli Sinaarsis
matareblobasTan erTad maTi
emociur-SefasebiTi xasiaTi. sxvag-
varad rom vTqvaT, stereotipebSi da
maT Soris _ eTnikur stereotipebSic
_ erTiandeba kognituri da emociur-
SefasebiTi komponenti. emociur-
SefasebiTi komponenti damoki-
debulebis, mimRebloba-miuReblobis
xarisxs (rogoricaa simpaTia,
siZulvili, siyvaruli, mowoneba an
ubralod _ mimRebloba-miuRebloba)
gamoxatavs, xolo kognituri ki –
Sinaarss. aqedan gamomdinare,
garkveuli Sinaarsis mqone
stereotipis emociur-SefasebiTi
komponenti SesaZlebelia pozitiuri
an negatiuri muxtis matarebeli
iyos.
fiqsi gamoyofs siZulvilis
stereotips, romelic, Cveulebriv,
miewereba `ucxo~, `sxva~
dabalstatusian da arakompetentur
jgufebs, romlebic amavdroulad
fasdeba, rogorc `civi~ jgufi.
fiqsis azriT, sakuTari jgufis
mimarT, Cveulebriv, vlindeba
`aRfrTovanebis~ stereotipi, romlis
mixedviTac am jgufs miewereba
kompetenturoba, maRali statusi da
`siTbo~. magram garda pozitiuri da
negatiuri stereotipebisa, arsebobs
aseve Surisa da paternalizmis e.w.
ambivalenturi stereotipebic. Suri
axasiaTebs urTierTobebs
maRalstatusian, kompetentur, magram
`civ~ jgufebTan. paternalizmi ki
urTierTobebs dabalstatusian,
arakompetentur, magram `Tbil~
jgufebTan.
amgvarad, pozitiurad damuxtuli
SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod
`sakuTari~ jgufis stereotipebi,
aramed im `sxva~ jgufebisac,
romlebic ar iwveven safrTxis
grZnobas, imis gamo, rom arsebobs
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
24
sakuTari ZaliT gamowveuli
usafrTxoebis SegrZneba. im jgufebis
mimarT ki, romelTaganac safrTxe
momdinareobs, SesaZlebelia gamov-
lindes erTdroulad Suri da
pativiscema.
eTnikuri stereotipebis meore
mniSvnelovan Tvisebad iTvleba
mdgradoba axali informaciisadmi.
eTnikuri informaciis stabiloba
dadasturebulia araerTi empiriuli
kvlevis safuZvelze. dadgenilia, rom
maTi cvlileba, Cveulebriv, nela da
TanmimdevrobiT mimdinareobs.
stereotipebisTvis damaxasiaTe-
belia agreTve maRali xarisxis
Tanxmoba, anu `socialuri
konsensusi~ _ stereotipis matarebel
jgufSi SexedulebaTa Tanxvedris
maRali xarisxi. stereotipis kidev
erTi Tvisebaa uzustoba.
stereotipebze zegavlenas axdenen
realuri eTnikuri urTierTobebi. am
urTierTobebis xasiaTi _ Tanam-
Sromloba Tu moqiSpeoba, dominireba
Tu damorCilileba, mniSvnelo-
vanwilad ganapirobebs eTnikuri
stereotipis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs:
Sinaarss, mimarTulebas, keTil-
ganwyobis xarisxs da sizustesac ki.
sxvadsxva eTnikuri jgufebis
urTierTobebSi arsebuli proble-
mebis erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom maT
ar esmiT erTmaneTis qcevis mizezebi
da amitom akeTeben mcdar Sefasebebs.
mravalricxovani kvlevebis Sedegad,
romlebic Catarda rogorc
individualur, aseve jgufTaSorisi
urTierTobebis doneze, dadginda,
rom `sakuTari~ jgufis pozitiuri
da `sxva~ jgufis negatiuri qcevis
mizezad miiCneva Sinagani, pirovnuli
faqtorebi. xolo `sakuTari~ jgufis
negatiuri qcevebi da `sxvisi~ jgufis
pozitiuri qcevebi aixsneba garegani,
garemos faqtorebis zegavleniT.
aseTi atribuciebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac aixsneba agreTve
`sakuTari~ da `sxvisi~ jgufis
warmateba da warumatebloba
cnobilia eTnocentruli atribu-
ciebis saxeliT.
amgvarad, fsiqologiaSi dadge-
nilia (maiersi, 2000, stefanenko, 2004,
fsiqologia da kultura, 2003), rom
arsebobs `sakuTari~ da `sxva~
jgufis da misi wevrebis Sefasebisas
asimetria, romelic vlindeba
maTTvis rogorc konkretuli
Tvisebebis (pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis) miweris doneze,
aseve maTi pozitiuri Tu negatiuri
qcevis axsnis donezec. amasTan, rac
ufro Zlieria diferenciacia da
eTnikuri dapirispireba, miT ufro
Ddidia asimetria urTierTSefa-
sebisas.
walkis raionSi arsebuli
eTnikuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
mniSvnelovania SesaZlo daZabulobis
im socialur-fsiqologiuri faq-
torebis Seswavla, romlebic
cnobierebis doneze vlindeba.
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, esenia
eTnikuri stereotipebi, avto da
heterostereotipebi (maTi rogorc
SefasebiT-emociuri, aseve kognituri
nawili) da qcevis atribuciuli
meqanizmebi.
am mizniT Cven SevimuSaveT
specialuri anketa interviusaTvis.
dagegmili iyo naxevrad struq-
turirebuli intervius Catareba,
romelic moicavda CvenTvis sain-
tereso Temebs Sesabamisi kiTxvebis
blokebiT da, amavdroulad, iTva-
liswinebda interviurebis procesSi
aRmocenebul SesaZlo barierebs
enobrivi kompetenciisa da
ganaTlebis donis TvalsazrisiT.
intervius ZiriTadi Temebi iyo:
1. sxva jgufebis codna da
zogadi damokidebuleba maT
mimarT;
2. socialuri distanciebi
sxva jgufebTan;
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
25
3. stereotipebi sakuTari da
sxva jgufebis mimarT;
4. Sexedulebebi jgufebs
Soris Zalauflebisa da
socialuri statusis
gadanawilebis Sesaxeb.
5. sxvadasxva jgufebis mier
qarTuli enis mimarT
damokidebuleba.
kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom
raionSi mosaxle jgufebi ar icnoben
an TiTqmis ar icnoben sxva jgufebis
wes-Cveulebebs da tradiciebs.
gansakuTrebiT es exeba aWarlebisa
da svanebis qvejgufebs. am
qvejgufebis Sesaxeb msjeloben
zedapiruli, formaluri niSnebisa an
erTxel nanaxi qcevis an momxdari
ambis STabeWdilebis zegavleniT.
socialuri distancia aq
tradiciulad mosaxle eTnikur
jgufebs Soris zomieria. semantikur
doneze igi vlindeba keTil-
mezoblobaSi, zomier pirovnul
urTierTobebSi, Wirsa da lxinSi
urTierTmxardaWeris SesaZleblo-
bebSi.
rac Seexeba urTierTobebs e.w.
axal da Zvel mosaxleebs Soris,
isini meti daZabulobiT xasiaTdeba.
didia socialuri distancia
somxebsa da aWarlebs Soris, aseve _
somxebsa da svanebs Soris. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom Sefasebis skalaze am
jgufebs Soris socialuri
distancia maqsimaluri quliT
Sefasda da igi absolutur
miuReblobaSi vlindeba. am sakiTxze
gamonaTqvamebi aseTia: `garda
mosulebisa, Cven yvelasTan
vurTierTobT, Tu Wiri gvaqvs, an
lxini an ubralod saqme...~
ekomigrantebi (svanebi da aWarlebi)
kvlevaSi monawile somxebisTvis
sruliad miuRebelni aRmoCndnen.
miuRebloba gamovlinda maT mimarT
rogorc mezoblobis, aseve saqmiani
urTierTobebis da, miT umetes,
soflis saqmeebis gadawyvetaSi maTi
CarTulobis doneze. aSkaraa, rom
miuReblobis safuZvels undobloba
warmoadgens, romelic am jgu-
febisagan fsiqologiuri, socialuri
da fizikuri safrTxis gancdiTY
aris ganpirobebuli. `svanebi ar
momwons, Zalian cudad iqceodnen.
ambobdnen, es Cveni miwaa da Tqven
wadiT, Cxubic iyo, kacic mokles.
aWarlebi Turqebi arian. eg ra
qarTvelebia, marto ena aqvT
qarTuli. Turqebi rom dagvesxnen,
egeni pirvelebi uRalateben saqar-
Tvelos. eg ra xalxia. berZnebis
saxlebSi ZaliT Sedian da xatebs
wvaven, saxlidan agdeben. maTTan ra
saerTo gvaqvs...~ – ase axasiaTebs
erT-erTi somexi svanebsa da
aWarlebs.
msgavsi suraTi gamovlinda
berZnebis mxridan aWarlebisadmi da
svanebisadmi damokidebulebaSi.
svanebis stereotipi ukavSirdeba
sizarmaces, arakeTilsindiserebas,
safrTxes. ai ras ambobs berZeni qali
iq mosaxle svanebze: `aq saxlebi
aris da eseni ise Semodian, arc
muSaoba undaT, arc araferi. raT
minda eseTi xalxi Cem sofelSi?! Tu
arc qurdoba icis, kide ho,
daveTanxmebi... ki arian qristianebi,
cota rom arian, araferia, magram
bevri erTad ukve cudi gaxdebian
CvenTvis. ise TiTo-TiTos ara uWirs.
svanebma iq mokles, aq mokles, Cveni
adgilobrivi...~. respondenti aWar-
lebsac axasiaTebs da maT mimarT
kidev ufro met miuReblobas avlens:
`ai, aWarlebi ar SemouSvi, me
skolaSi vmuSaobdi da aba, es
musulmanebi rad minda? magaT
azerbaijanlebiviT musulmanuri
`vera~ aqvT. Cven unda Tqveni eklesia
meCeTad gadavakeToTo, ase Tqves
aWarlebmao – bavSvebma miTxres. Cveni
sasaflao im eklesiis ezoSia da aba
rogor SeiZleba es!~.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
26
religiur niadagze aRmo-
cenebul miuReblobaze metyvelebs
sxva berZeni respondentis sityvebic:
`aWarlebma Seuracyves Cveni
siwmindeebi... Sevidnen Cvens saxlebSi
(igulisxmeba mitovebuli saxlebi)
gadmoyares Cveni xatebi da
`nadrugalis~.
masalidan Cans, rom somxebisa da
berZnebis didi nawilisTvis e.w.
ekomigrantebi aRiqmebian, rogorc
safrTxis Semcveli jgufebi,
romlebic moicaven rogorc fizikur,
aseve materialur da religiur
safrTxesac. Tumca, socialuri
distancia da miuRebloba aWarlis
mimarT gacilebiT ufro didia,
vidre – svanis mimarT. am daskvnas
kidev ufro amyarebs berZeni
respondentis Semdegi sityvebi:
`Camosulebi rom arian, unda
moridebuli iyvnen, mosuli unda
iyos wynari. icodes, rom Camosulia.
ra, me rom wavide svaneTSi, miwas,
nakveTs momcemen?! arc iq da arc
aRsarvarSi (soflis saxeli) ar
momcemen. iq meCeTi aiSenes. im meCeTSi
adgilobrivi azerbaijanlebi ar
dadian, ar Sedian da aWarlebi ki
dadian, sxva tipis xalxia egeni.~ sxva
berZeni respondenti Semdegi
sityvebiT gamoxatavs Tavis
damokidebulebas: `svanebs da
aWarlebs me ubralod qarTul enaze
molaparaked vTvli, Torem ise egeni
ar mimaCnia qarTvelebad, Tumca me
mainc svanebi ufro meaxloeba, erTi
rwmena gvaqvs.~
aq mosaxle somxebisTvis aseve
miuRebelia e.w. ekomigrantebis
(aWarlebis da svanebis) monawileoba
soflis saWirboroto sakiTxebis
gadawyvetaSi da, saerTod, soflisa
da raionis marTvaSi.
savele kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom
sakvlev jgufebSi Camoyalibebulia
mkveTrad diferencirebuli eTnikuri
stereotipebi. amasTan, sakuTari
jgufis stereotipebSi ufro metad
kognituri nawili gamodis wina
planze, xolo sxva jgufebis
stereotipebSi ki wamyvania emociur-
SefasebiTi nawili. es gansakuTrebiT
kargad Cans svanebisa da aWarlebis
heterostereotipebSi. sainteresoa
isic, rom am etapze yvelaze misaRebi
jgufi somxebisTvis berZnebi arian.
es vlindeba maT mimarT maRali
ndobis xarisxis gamovlenaSi
rogorc ubralo adamianuri
urTierTobebis, aseve fizikuri da
ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis gancdis
donezec (safrTxis momcveli ar
aris arc ekonomikurad da arc
religiurad).
ganxorcielebuli kvlevis mona-
cemTa analizma gamoavlina regionSi
arsebuli jgufTaSorisi (somexi,
azerbaijaneli, berZeni, aWareli,
svani) urTierTobebis specifika da
maTi fsiqologiuri safuZvlis
ganmsazRvreli meqanizmi. aRsaniS-
navia, rom regionSi gamovlenil
jgufTaSoris damokidebulebebsa da
ganwyobebs mravalmxrivi da
mravalSriani motivaciuri faqtorebi
ganapirobebs.
iseve, rogorc sxva polieTnikur
da multireligiur sazogadoebaSi,
aqac, eTnikur jgufebs Soris
daZabulobis erT-erT umTavres
faqtorad religia warmoCindeba.
eTnikur jgufTa fsiqologiur
urTierTmiuReblobis xarisxsa da
socialur distancias mniSvne-
lovanwilad ganapirobebs maTi
gansxvavebuli da xSir SemTxvevaSi
urTierTgamomricxavi msoflmxedvis
sistemebi, romlebic Rirebulebebis,
cxovrebis wesis, stereotipebisa da
socialuri normebis doneze
vlindeba da yoveldRiur
urTierTobebSi ganxorcielebuli
qcevis safuZvelze mtkicdeba. esenia
gansxvavebuli dakrZalvis wesi,
Sromis ganawileba ojaxsa da
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
27
sazogadoebaSi, Sexedulebebi qalisa
da mamakacis rolze da funqciaze,
qorwinebis asakisadmi
damokidebuleba, gansxvavebuli
Sexedulebebi gogonebisa da biWebis
ganaTlebaze da a.S.
amavdroulad, am regionSi
mcxovrebi jgufebis motivaciur
sistemebSi metad mniSvnelovan
adgils ikavebs pirveladi e.w.
sabaziso donis, sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobis mqone motivebi,
romlebic gadarCenisa da gamokvebis
moTxovnilebebs ukavSirdeba. samwu-
xarod, miwis simciris gamo
ekomigraciebis Sedegad gadmosax-
lebul mosaxleobaSi (aWarlebi,
svanebi) am moTxovnilebaTa dakma-
yofileba ver (an didi Zalisxmevis
Sedegad) xerxdeba. amdenad, es
ukanaskneli maTi qcevis wamyvan
motivatorad gvevlineba. rogorc
kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi
gviiCvenebs, miwis damuSaveba, da
misgan miRebuli mosavali Tu
Semosavali regionis mcxovrebTa
vitaluri, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis
faqtiurad erTaderTi saSualebaa.
Tumca, mosaxleobis didi nawi-
lisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki ekomig-
ranti svanebisa da aWarlebisaTvis,
miwa naklebadaa xelmisawvdomi.
ekomigrantebSi pirveladi, sasicocx-
lo mniSvnelobis moTxovnilebebis
daukmayofilebloba regionSi sazo-
gadoebis socialuri urTierTobebis
sistemis funqcionirebaze uaryofi-
Tad aisaxeba da jgufTaSorisi
daZabulobis erT-erTi realuri
wyaroa.
ekomigrantebSi dabalia TviT-
Sefasebis donec, romelsac
socialuri usamarTlobisa da sxva
eTnikur jgufebTan mimarTebiT
araTanasworuflebianobis gancda
ganapirobebs.
regionSi mcxovreb jfufTaSoris
socialur distancias mniSvnelo-
vanwilad ganapirobebs yvela
jgufisTvis saerTo sakomunikacio
enis faqtobrivi ararsebobac.
gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom
mosaxleobis didi nawili mxolod
sakuTar enas flobs da, amdenad, maT
Soris komunikacia metad
gaZnelebulia. Tumca qarTuli ena
saxelmwifo enaa, magram am regionSi
mas mxolod formaluri statusi
aqvs da igi ver asrulebs saerTo
sakomunikacio enis funqcias. zemoT
aRwerili eTnofsiqologiuri
faqtorebis zegavleniT, qarTuli
enis aTvisebis araformaluri,
bunebrivi garemos gamoyeneba ver
xerxdeba. Tumca araqarTulenovani
bavSvebi da mozardebi swavloben
qarTuls, rogorc meore enas
skolaSi, magram misi realizaciis
garemos ararsebobis gamo, maTi
codna metad mwiri da formaluria.
amgvarad, walkis raionSi arsebuli
socialur-fsiqologiuri klimati
saxelmwifo enis aTvisebis EerT-erT
mniSvnelovan barierad gvevlineba.
rogorc cnobilia (hekhauzeni,
1986, egeni, kauCaki, 2007), adamianis
normaluri fsiqologiuri funqcio-
nirebisa da TviTrealizaciisaTvis
aucilebelia misTvis damaxasiaTe-
bel motivTa ierarqiuli sistemis
Tanmimdevruli realizeba. Tumca
arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi
da empiriuli monacemebi
mniSvnelovan motivTa Tvisobriobis
Sesaxeb, magram udavoa, rom motivTa
ierarqiaSi pirveladi da sabazisoa
vitaluri moTxovnilebebi, xolo
meoradia socialuri, pirovnebis
individualur socialur gamovle-
nasa da realizaciasTan dakav-
Sirebuli moTxovnilebebi. gamokv-
levis monacemebis analizis Sedegad
ki irkveva, rom sakvlevi regionis
mosaxleobaSi (gansakuTrebiT ki
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
28
ekomigrantebSi) ver xerxdeba
rogorc qveda, sabaziso, aseve
saSualo da SedarebiT maRali donis
motivTa amoqmedeba. amdanad
motivaciuri sistemis realizeba ver
xerxdeba ierarqiis TiTqmis vercerT
doneze. ararealizebuli moti-
vaciuri sistemebis zegavlena
aisaxeba jgufTaSoris urTierTobaze
da qcevis doneze vlindeba iseT
fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebSi,
rogoricaa socialuri distancireba,
fsiqologiur doneze urTierT-
mimReblobisa da tolerantobis
dabali done da uaryofiTi
valentobis ganwyobebi.
amgvarad, regionSi arsebuli
mosaxleobis jgufTaSorisi
urTierTobebi metad specifikuria.
isini ganpirobebulia mravalSriani
fsiqologiuri meqanizmiT, romelSic
resursebisa da Zalauflebis ara-
Tanabari ganawilebiT, aRmsareb-
lobiT, eTnikurobiT da sako-
munikacio enis uqnlobiT ganpi-
robebuli socialuri distanciebisa
da uaryofiTi valentobis ganw-
yobebis fonze wamyvania sasicocxlo
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisken
swrafva da misi dakmayofilebis
garTulebuli SesaZleblobebiT ga-
mowveuli uaryofiTi gancdebi.
amgvari fsiqologiuri klimati,
cxadia, xels uSlis regionis
sazogadoebis integracias da
aferxebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebas.
literatura
gasi, selinkeri, 2001 – S.M. Gass, L. Selinker, Second Language Acqisition, "LEA", 2000, New Jersey, London, 2001, 329-270 egeni, kauCaki, 2007 – P. Eggen, D Kauchak, Educational Psychology, "Pearson", 2007, 296-333 vukfolki, 2007 – A. Woolfolk, Educational Psychology, "Pearson", 2007, 161-188 maiersi, 2000 - Д. Майерс, Социальная Психология, "Питер", 2000, 247-253 stefanenko, 2004 - Г.Т. Стефаненко, Этнопсихология, "Аспект Пресс", М., 2004, 272-305 fsiqologia da kultura, 2003 - Психология и Культура, под ред. Д. Мацумото,
"Питер",2003, 575-656 hekhauzeni, 1986 - Хайнц Хекхаузен, Мотивация и Деятельность, т 1, "Педагогика", М., 1986, 112-116
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
29
Mzia Tsereteli Psychological characteristics of ethnic group relations in Tsalka region
The article is based on the materials of the research conducted in this region by Rustaveli Foundation
(project "ethnic security aspects in polytechnic society")
ABSTRACT The presented article describes psycho-social and cultural climate characteristics of the population of Tsalka region, as well as ethnic group relation specifics and their influence on the official language acquisition. Research is conducted by the interview method. The results revealed some main factors that interfere with the process of social integration of ethnic groups. One of the most important among those factors is the absence of common communicative language: Georgian language is the official language only formally, since the considerable amount of inhabitants speaks only their mother tongue. The given psycho-social climate is an obstacle for learning Georgian language.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
30
ligita grigule
latviis universiteti OSCE/HCNM multilingvuri ganaTlebis eqsperti
saqarTvelos umciresobaTa ganaTlebis reforma:
adgilobrivi iniciativebidan saxelmwifos mier dagegmil
umciresobaTa ganaTlebis reformamde
abstraqti
2004 wlidan ramdenime adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso organizacia muSaobda enis politikasa da multilingvur ganaTlebaze saqarTveloSi. maTi aqtivobebis Sedegebi da adgilobrivi iniciativebis gamocdileba amtkicebs, rom bilingurma modelebma warmatebiT imuSava saqarTvelos zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi. ase rom, rekomendebulia multilingvuri ganaTlebis danergva, rogorc saxelmwifo enis aTvisebisa da samoqalaqo integraciis efeqturi modelisa. 2008 wels euTos erovnuli umciresobebis umaRlesi komisris finansuri mxardaWeriT SemuSavda politikis dokumenti `erovnuli umciresobebis integracia multilingvuri ganaTlebis gziT~ da 2009-2014 wlebSi misi danargvis gegma. am gegmis mixedviT, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom daiwyo multilingvuri swavlebis mxardaWeris programa. SemuSavda multilingvuri ganaTlebis ramdenime modeli da asarCevad da dasanergad waredgina skolebs. statiis mizania, warmoadginos multilingvuri ganaTlebis programebi, ganixilos danergvis sawyis etapze arsebuli problemebi da wamoWras diskusia saqarTveloSi multilingvuri ganaTlebis reformis mxardaWeris potencialze ganaTlebis specialistTa aqtiuri CarTulobiT.
winasityvaoba bilingvuri ganaTleba aris
,,Zalzed komleqsuri movlenis
uaRresad martivi daxasiaTeba~,
ambobs kolin beikeri, romelic aris
cnobili mkvlevari bilingvizmisa da
multilingvizmis kuTxiT. CCIIR-is xangrZlivi Sromis Sedegad kolin
beikeris wigni Targmnilia da
xelmisawvdomia ukve qarTul enaze. nebismierma saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebam, romelic iwyebs
multilingvur ganaTlebas, unda
miiRos gadawyvetileba
saganmanaTleblo programis
SerCevasTan da ganviTarebasTan
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
31
dakavSirebiT da agreTve unda
gadaWras is praqtikuli sakiTxebi,
romlebic SerCeuli programis
farglebSi iqneba wamoWrili.
multilingvuri ganaTlebis
programa warmoadgens gafarToebul
kurikulums, romelSic aRwerilia
or an zogjer sam enaze swavlebis
procedura, agreTve mTlianad
sistema (swavlebis Sinaarsi,
swavlebis meTodebi da a.S.),
romlebic gamoiyeneba ZiriTadi
miznis misaRwevad.
multilingvuri ganaTlebis
ganxorcieleba da misi dagegmva
dafuZnebulia erTiani
gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze
miRebul da SeTanxmebul miznebze,
romlebic mimarTulia enis
aTvisebisaken da swavlebis dros
enebis gancalkevebisaken. bilingvuri ganaTlebis
miznebidan gamomdinare, bilingvizmze
Catarebul kvlevebSi warmodgenelia
kategorizacia, romelic bilingvur
ganaTlebas hyofs tranzitul da
SemnarCunebel bilingvur
programebad. tranzituli
bilingvuri ganaTleba miznad
isaxavs, rom bavSvi mSobliuri enidan
gadaiyvanos dominanturi
umravlesobis enaze. SemnarCunebeli. bilingvuri ganaTleba xels uwyobs
bavSvis mSobliuri enis
srulyofilad ganviTarebas da
agreTve bavSvis mier Tavisi
kulturuli identobis
gacnobierebas. gansxvavebaa agreTve
statikuri SemnarCunebeli
bilingvuri programis da
ganmaviTarebeli SemnarCunebeli
bilingvuri programis miznebs Soris.
statikuri SemnarCunebeli
bilingvuri ganaTlebis mizania,
SeinarCunos moswavlis mSobliur
enaSi kompetencia im doneze, ra
doniTac moswavle Sevida skolaSi.
ganmaviTarebeli SemnarCunebeli
bilingvuri ganaTlebis mizania
moswavlis mSobliuri enis flobis
srulyofilad ganviTareba da
moswavlis ormagi wignierebis
uzrunvelyofa. am process uwodeben
gamamdidrebel an ganmaviTarebel
bilingvur ganaTlebas umciresobaTa
moswavleebTan mimarTebiT. gadawyvetileba bilingvuri
programis tipis arCevasTan
dakavSirebiT unda emyarebodes
socialur da socio-kulturul
gagebas, agreTve bilingvalizmis
kognitur da ganmaviTarebel
procesebs, da Teoriebs meore enis
aTvisebasTan dakavSirebiT. sazogadod, bilingvuri
ganaTlebis miznebi yvela qveyanaSi
dgindeba ganaTlebis saministros
mier, romelic Seesabameba qveyanaSi
moqmed saganmanaTlbelo da enobriv
politikas. xSirad, sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva moTxovnebis safuZvelze,
bilingvuri ganaTlebis miznebis
misaRwevad xdeba ramodenime
programisa da didaqtikuri gzis
SemoTavazeba da ganviTareba. 1970-iani
wlebis mkvlevarebma klasificireba
gaukeTes bilingvuri swavlebis 90
gansxvavebul models/nimuSs. bilingvuri swavlebis
modelebi warmoadgens ZiriTadi
ideuri cnebebis krebuls, romelic
axasiTebs gansxvavebul midgomebs enis gamoyenebis, dagegmvisa da
analizis dros _ rogor da rodis
unda moxdes enebis gancalkeveba da
maTi integrireba bilingvur klasSi.
ori an ramdenime enis strategiuli
gamoyenebis dagegmva kurikulumis
farglebSi warmoadgens
multilingvuri meTodologiis
ZiriTad funqcias. saklaso oTaxSi da
kurikulumis farglebSi ori enis
ganawileba, ori enis Semofargvla da
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
32
TvalsaCino sazRvrebis dadgena
xSirad aris xolme
sociolingvistebis, bavSvTa
ganviTarebis specialistebis da
ganaTlebis eqspertebis gansjis
sagani.
bilingvur saklaso oTaxSi
enebis gancalkevebisa da zogjer
maTi integrirebisaTvis arsebobs
sxvadasxva mizezi. Tu bilingvuri
ganaTlebis mizani aris enobrivi
ganviTarebis miReba umravlesobis
enaze (mag: tranzituli bilingvuri
ganaTleba), maSin enebis integrireba
gamiznuli iqneba maTi saboloo
gancalkevebisaTvis. Tu bilingvuri
ganaTleba iswrafvis umciresobis
enis SenarCunebisa da
ganviTarebisaken, aseT SemTxvevaSi
enebis gancalkeveba mniSvnelovania.
saklaso aqtivobebSi TvalsaCino
dro da sivrce unda iyos
gamoyofili umciresobis enisaTvis.
saWiroa ganvsazRvroT mkafio
sazRvrebi umciresobis enisa da
umravlesobis enis gancalkevebiT
gamoyenebas Soris. sazRvrebisa da
gancalkevebis gareSe SeiZleba
umravlesobis enis gamoyeneba
gaizardos umciresobis enis xarjze,
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
moxdes ise, rom saswavlo procesis
ZiriTadi nawili warimarTos
umciresobis enaze da umravlesobis
enam mxolod formaluri mxare
SeinarCunos.
beikers (1996) kargad aqvs
aRwerili is ganzomilebebi,
romlebSic SesaZlebelia enebis
gancalkeveba: enebis gancalkeveba
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sagnis,
personis, drois, adgilis, saSualo
(gardamavali) aqtivobis,
kurikulumis masalebis da
moswavleebis daxmarebiT. xSiri
gadarTva or an met enas Soris
bilingvur saklaso oTaxSi
Cveulebrivi movlenaa. arsebobs imis
tendencia, rom bilingvur saklaso
oTaxSi ori enis paralelur
gamoyenebas regularuli, praqtikuli
saxe mieces, magram ara rogorc
winaswar dagegmili swavlisa da
swavlebis strategiis formiT.
zogadad Sinaarsis replikacia da
dublireba sazianoa bilingvuri
klasis meTodologiaSi. mkvlevrebis mtkicebiT, mniSv-
nelovania, rom kurikulumSi moxdes
TiToeuli enisaTvis drois
gadanawileba. enebs Soris saWiroa
garkveuli balansis arseboba(mag:
50%/50%; an 75%/25%), xolo programis
xangrZlivoba, umravles SemTxvevaSi, Seadgens 4-6 wels, magram droze
ufro mniSvnelovania mizani, qmedeba
da meTodi, romlis farglebSic
xdeba ori enis gamoyeneba. ideis
Rirebuleba isaa, rom skola da
pedagogebi gegmaven ori enis
strategiul gamoyenebas,
gaazrebulad fiqroben ori enis
gamoyenebaze kurikulumisa da
saklaso oTaxis farglebSi, agreTve
xdeba procesebis asaxva da
mimoxilva da agreTve studentebis
SemecnebiTi stimulireba. akreditaciisa da monitoringis
dros mniSvnelovani yuradReba unda
daeTmos enebis gancalkevebas da
ganlagebas. Cven vfiqrobT, rom programis
ganmaxorcieleblebs surT, rom
ixilon droisa da resursebis
efeqturi gamoyeneba, miznebis
naTlad warmoCena da DaRniSnul
modelTan dakavSirebuli amocanebis
progresireba.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
33
multilingvuri ganaTlebis
programebis ganviTareba dRemde:
problemebi da perspeqtivebi
2010 wlis 20 agvistos saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministros mier
damtkicda multilingvuri
ganaTlebis programis debuleba. es
aris wingadadgmuli nabiji, romelic
mimarTulia umciresobaTa
ganaTlebis xarisxiani da mdgradi
ganviTarebisaken. programaSi
aRwerilia saqarTvelosaTvis
misaRebi multilingvuri ganaTlebis
tipebi. skolebma SeimuSaves
sakuTari programebi, romlebic
gaitanes dasamtkiceblad. aRniSnul
programebSi kargad Cans
multilingvuri ganaTlebis
mniSvnelobis sakmaod maRali
gaazreba da misi miRebis survili.
saqarTvelosTvis multilingvuri
ganaTlebis programebis damtkiceba
da formulireba ar yofila
EerTdRiani movlena, aramed es
aris im mniSvnelovani saqmianobis
Sedegi, romelsac 6-8 wlis
ganmavlobaSi axorcielebdnen
adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso
eqspertebi da organizaciebi. sxva postsabWouri qveynebis
msgavsad, procesi daiwyo ramdenime
midgomis SemuSavebiT, romlebic
saxelmwifo enis aTvisebisken iyo
mimarTuli; aseve, SemuSavda masalebi
da qarTulis, rogorc meore enis
maswavlebelTaTvis Catarda
treningebi. es procesi gagrZelda
enobrivi mdgomareobis gaanalizebiT,
aseve umciresobaTa ganaTlebis
sxvadasxva modelis pilotirebiT da
enobrivi politikis formulirebiT.
bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi gan-
xorcielda multilingvuri
ganaTlebis gansxvavebuli tipebis
gamocda, pilotireba da
saqarTvelos mdgomareobisaTvis
morgeba. modiT, SevexoT
multilingvuri ganaTlebis
programas (ganxorcielda
Sveicaruli arasamTavrobo
organizacia ,,CIMERA''-s mier da
OSCE/HCNM-is finansuri
mxardaWeriT), romelic
mimdinareobda ori saswavlo wlis
ganmavlobaSi (2006-2008) qvemo
qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis 12
skolaSi. skolebs gaacnes
multilingvuri ganaTlebis
sxvadasxva modeli;. garda amisa,
marneulis raionis resurs-centrisa
da fond ,,Ria sazogadoeba
saqarTvelos~'' mxardaWeriT,
maswavlebelTa jgufma lia TuSuris
xelmZRvanelobiT gamoiCines
iniciativa da gamoscades
tranzituli da SemnarCunebeli midgomebi; submersiuli midgoma
ganxorcielda or sofelSi:
Tazaqendisa da pirveli qesalos
skolebSi. am SemTxvevaSi iyo imis
mcdeloba, rom azerbaijaneli
moswavleebi CarTuliyvnen
qarTulenovan klasebSi, raTa maT
qarTuli enis Seswavla daewyoT
qarTul garemocvaSi. sainteresoa,
rom dualuri bilingvuri
ganaTlebis organizeba
ganxorcielda q. Tbilisis 41-e
saSualo skolaSi. aRniSnuli
modelis Tanaxmad, saswavlo
procesis naxevari mimdinareobs
ukrainul enaze, xolo meore
naxevari _ qarTul enaze. zogierT
skolas aqvs gamocdileba, rom
sagnebi aswavlos meore enaze, rac
gamowveulia mSobliur enaze
mosaubre maswavleblebis simciriT.
2009 wlis ivlisSi
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministros mier
multilingvuri programis
xelSewyobis mizniT, Catarda
gamokiTxva araqarTulenovani
skolebis direqtorTaTvis multi-
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
34
lingvuri ganaTlebis sapilote
proeqtis farglebSi. aRniSnuli
gamokiTxvis mizani iyo, gamoekveTa
skolebis interesi da motivacia, Tu
ramdenad iyvnen mzad multilingvuri
ganaTlebis proeqtis
gansaxorcieleblad. skolis
direqtorebs miecaT saSualeba, rom
gascnobodnen bilingvuri ganaTlebis
8 programas, romlebic dafuZnebuli
iyo qarTul Sinaarssa da
gamocdilebaze; agreTve maT unda
aReniSnaT, Tu romeli maTgani iyo
relevanturi specifikur saskolo
garemosTan mimarTebiT, arsebuli
resursebis, mSobelTa molodinebisa
da moswavleTa maxasiaTeblebis
TvalsazrisiT. skolebis (N = 263) pasuxebidan
gamoikveTa, rom yvelaze popularuli
aris (1) programa, sadac unarebisa da wignierebis ganviTareba mSob-
liur enasa da saxelmwifo enaze
Tanabaria. mSobliuri enidan
saxelmwifo enaze gadasayvanad
gamiznuli programa (4) meore
poziciaze aRmoCnda. momdevno
mniSvnelovani nabiji programis
ganviTarebisTvis iyo konferencia
,,multilingvuri ganaTleba
saqarTveloSi~, romelic gaimarTa
MoES-is organizebiT 2009 wlis 27
noembers. konferencia mieZRvna
dagrovili gamocdilebis gaziarebas,
gamokiTxvebis Sedegebis analizs,
TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebas
adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso
specialistebs Soris. programa iyo
winaswar momzadebuli. konferenciis
farglebSi moxda wardgena
ganxorcielebuli proeqtis
pirveladi Sedegebisa da moxda
erTgvarad maTi Sefaseba.
programebi saqarTvelosTvis
1. ganmaviTarebeli multilingvu-
ri ganaTlebis programa - erovnuli
saswavlo gegmiT gansazRvruli
sagnebisa da saganTa jgufebis
swavleba mimdinareobs Tanabrad,
rogorc saxelmwifo, agreTve
mSobliur enaze (mag: 50%-50%) da
miiRweva Tanabrad maRali enobrivi
kompetencia rogorc saxelmwifo,
agreTve mSobliur enaSi.
2. tranzituli/gardamavali multi-
lingvuri ganaTlebis programa -
swavleba mimdinareobs rogorc
saxelmwifo, agreTve mSobliur
enaze, Tumca saxelmwifo enaze
saswavlo sagnebis Seswavla
TandaTanobiT matulobs da
etapobrivad xdeba saxelmwifo enaze
swavlebaze gadasvla.
3. mSobliuri enis mxardaWeris
multilingvuri ganaTlebis programa
(calmxrivi imersia) - erovnuli
saswavlo gegmiT gansazRvruli
sagnebisa da saganTa jgufebis
swavleba mimdinareobs saxelmwifo
enaze, mSobliuri ena iswavleba,
rogorc sagani maqsimaluri
saaTobrivi datvirTviT.
4. multilingvuri saganmanaTleblo
programebi saxelmwifo enis
SesanarCuneblad (calmxrivi imersia)
_ sagnebi da sagnobrivi jgufebi
iswavleba erovnuli saswavlo gegmis
mixedviT saxelmwofo eneze. aseve,
saxelmwifo ena iswavleba, rogorc
sagani (saaTobrivadac), ris gamoc
irRveva Tanafardoba saxelmwofo
enis gaZlierebuli swavlebiT.
5. Dormagi enobrivi imersiis
multilingvuri ganaTlebis programa
- erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT
gansazRvruli sagnebisa da saganTa
jgufebis swavleba mimdinareobs
Tanabrad, rogorc saxelmwifo,
agreTve ara saxelmwifo enaze.
moswavleTa kontigenti Tanabradaa
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
35
gadanawilebuli da warmoadgens
rogorc qarTulenovan, agreTve
araqarTulenovan moswavleebs.
6. Sereuli multilingvuri sagan-
manaTleblo programebi _ saswavlo
procesi iwyeba ZiriTadad meore
enaze (magaliTad, rusulze).
wignierebis sawyis etapamde
ganviTarebis Semdeg meore enaze,
saswavlo procesi warimarTeba
Semdegi principiT: 1) sagnebi
iswavleba mxolod saxelmwifo enaze
an 2) mSobliur da saxelmwifo enaze
Sereulad, romlis mizania rogorc
saxelmwifo, ise mSobliuri da
moswavleebisaTvis saWiro sxva enis
ganviTareba erTdroulad.
ixileT cxrili 1. saCvenebeli modelebis amsaxveli programis tipebi:
SeniSvna 1: nimuSebi
warmodgenilia programis miznebisa
da enis gancalkevebis sistemis
vizualuri CvenebisaTvis, romelic
efuZneba uxeS gaangariSebas,
daaxloebiT kviraSi 24 gakveTili
(erTi gakveTili _ 4%). es modelebi
aseve moicavs gakveTilebs
xelovnebaSi pirvel (mSobliur)
enaze (L1) da qarTuls, rogorc
meore enas. am SemTxvevaSi moswavles
mTeli saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi
Sexeba aqvs qarTul enasTan.
modelebi aris pirveladi saxis da
imedi gvaqvs, es modelebi iqneba
morgebuli saswavlo procesze,
ganisazRvreba ufro zustad
samomavlo gegmebi adgilobrivi
pedagogebis mier, rac daefuZneba
pilotirebis Sedegad miRebul
gamocdilebas.
SeniSvna 2: realur cxovrebaSi
bevrad ufro rTulia nebismieri
modelis ganxorcieleba, vidre es
SeiZleba aisaxos romelime modelSi.
(naxeT nimuSi 6.1-6.3). pirvel rigSi, es
exebaT skolebs, romlebSic
swavlebis ena aris rusuli. Cven
gvaqvs rusulenovani skolebis sul
mcire ori gansxvavebuli jgufi:
1) rusuli skolebi, romlebic
kompaqturad umciresobebiT
dasaxlebul regionebSia
ganTavsebuli. umetes SemTxvevaSi,
rusuli ar aris moswavleebisTvis
mSobliuri ena, Tumca swavleba
rusulad mimdinareobs. amitom
saskolo periodis sawyisi etapi
gamoiyeneba rusulis, rogorc
swavlebis enis dasaufleblad,
moswavleebs amis gamo ar aqvT
aranairi pirobebi saxelmwifo enis
swavlebisaTvis... qarTuls, rogorc
swavlebis enas, msgavsi tipis
skolebSi iyeneben mogvianebiT,
damamTavrebel safexurze. Aam dros
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes programa,
romelic uzrunvelyofs
moswavleebis pirveli enis
SenarCunebas adreul, saSualo an
gviandel stadiaze.
2) rusulenovani skolebi, sadac
swavloben eTnikurad da
lingvisturad Sereuli moswavlebi,
multikulturul da multilingvur
garemoSi. Aam SemTxvevaSi qarTuli,
rogorc swavlebis ena, SeiZleba
gamoiyenebodes ufro adreul etapze,
aseve komunikaciisTvis _ imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom moswavleebi
ukve floben sakomunikacio
unarebisTvis sakmaris sabaziso
qarTuls.
SeniSvna 3. Tbilisis zogierTi
skolis direqtors gansazRvruli
aqvs gardamavali saskolo programa.
Tumca es araa damokidebuli
programis tipebis Tavdapirvel
saerTo maxasiaTebelze, rac
moiTxovs ZiriTadi miznis
ganxorcielebas, anu TandaTanobiT
gadasvlas saxelmwifo enaze. is
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
36
miuTiTebs, ramdenad aris mzaoba
skolis mxridan multilingvuri
ganaTlebisaTvis da ramdenad iCens
skola iniciativas, CaerTos
kompleqsurad mimdinare reformaSi.
2010 wlis ivnisSi regionaluri
seminarebis ,,multilingvuri
ganaTlebis mxardaWeris programa~
msvlelobisas, monawileebma
(sapilote skolebis
administratorebi, maswavleblebi,
skolis gamgeobis wevrebi da
sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi)
gaiares treningi saskolo
programebze da saaplikacio
formebis SevsebaSi. skolis gundi
gadamzadda, SeiZines unarebi, rogor
moaxdinon formulireba da
Camoayalibon programis mTavari
miznebi. rac Seexeba specialuri
saganmanaTleblo programis miznebs,
skolis saerTo misiisaTvis,
mniSvnelovania, rom skolis gundi
iyos orientirebuli dasaxuli
amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad.
programis miznebi dakavSirebulia
multilingvuri ganaTlebis
ganxorcielebis ZiriTad aspeqtebTan:
saganmanaTleblo garemo, saswavlo
meTodika, moswavleebis enobrivi
unarebi, akademiuri codnis Sefaseba,
multilingvuri ganaTlebis
menejmenti da Sefaseba, mSoblebisa
da sazogadoebis CarTuloba.
yvela Tanxmdeba, rom miznebis
formulireba, amocanebis da
Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gatareba
aris rTuli amocana. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas mosalodneli Sedegebis
prognozirebasTan dakavSirebiT.
erTi mxriv, Cven vmuSaobT iseti
davalebebis danergvaze, romlebic
gazomvadia; meore mxriv _ ganaTleba
ar aris warmoebis saqoneli. Cven ver ganvsazRvravT maswavleblis
konkretuli mimarTulebiT muSaoba
(mag: TvalsaConoebis gamoyeneba)
gazrdis Tu ara 15 %_iT Sedegs,
magram Cven SegviZlia vcadoT,
aisaxos is skolis Sesabamis
programaze, rogoricaa: a.
maswavlebelis mier aTvisebuli
interaqtiuli swavlebis
meTodebi, romelTac iyenebs is
kviraSi erTxel. b. skola awyobs e. w.
`ori mSoblis dRes~ (two parents’ days) dRes orjer saswavlo wlis
ganmavlobaSi.
forma rom iyos TvalisTvis
aRsaqmeli da gasagebi, aplikants
sTxoven Seavsos da gaxazos
Sesabamisi mizani da programis tipi.
skola aseve aris motivirebuli,
ifiqros da dasaxos programebis
sworad ganxorcielebis gzebi
(maswavleblis mier): sagani, Tema,
dro, sagakveTilo saaTebi, adgili,
saqmianobis areali, kurikulumi
(saswavlo gegma), funqciebi,
studentebi).
skolebs moeTxovebaT
uzrunvelyon multilingvuri
ganaTlebis SerCeuli modeli da,
aseve, ganaxorcielon dasaxuli
gegma, sul mcire, ori saswavlo
wlis manZilze.Ees moTxovna asaxavs
pilotirebis specifikas. am drois
ganmavlobaSi skolam SeiZleba
daiwyos multilingvuri ganaTlebis
ganxorcieleba nawilobriv, ramdenime
klasSi, rac damokidebulia arsebul
resursebze. Tumca, skolam umjobesia
warmoaCinos ,,didi suraTi~, rogor
apirebs samomavlo saqmianobas.
aucilebelia bavSvis kognituri
ganviTarebis principebis
gaTvaliswineba da miznad isaxavs
umciresobebis ganaTlebis saerTo
donis amaRlebas.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
37
III. multilingvuri ganaTlebis
programis ganxorcielebis gegma:
1. enebis ganawileba (SeavseT
da xazi gausviT Tqveni skolisaTvis
Sesabamis mizans da SerCeul
programas/models);
skolis multilingvuri
ganaTlebis programa iTvaliswinebs
klasSi swavlebisaTvis ori (an meti)
enis gamoyenebas da saganmanaTleblo
masalis aTvisebas somxur /
azerbaijanul da qarTul enebze.
enebis amgvari ganawileba efuZneba
programis lingvistur miznebs:
erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT
gansazRvruli sagnebisa da saganTa
jgufebis swavleba mimdinareobs
saxelmwifo enaze, mSobliuri ena
iswavleba, rogorc sagani
maqsimaluri saaTobrivi datvirTviT
(mSobliuri enis mxardaWeris
multilingvuri ganaTlebis
programa).
s.s.i.p. didi konduris saSualo skola
Mmomavali perspeqtivebi
ukanaskneli kvlevebi aCvenebs
skolis mmarTvelobis unarianobis
ganviTarebas bolo periodSi, rac
skolis centralizaciisa da
sistemis gaumjobesebis Sedegia.
Ggarda amisa, mniSvnelovania
tradiciuli forma - treningebi, rac
rekomendebulia, raTa gamdidrdes
kadrebi informaciis sxvadasxva
saSualebebiT, aqcenti gakeTebulia
gundur muSaobasa da maswavleblebis
profesiul ganviTarebaze.
pedagogiuri saswavlo
jgufis Seqmna maswavleblis
muSaobisTvis imave klasis
safexurisTvis;
mentorebisa da konsultan-
tebis momzadeba multiling-
vuri swavlebisTvis; mimagreba gamocdili
multilingvuri ganaTlebis
maswavleblisa, rogorc
trenerisa, e. w. `saxlis
eqspertad~; skolis administraciis
gadamzadeba, Tu rogor
gaarTvan Tavi multilingvuri
skolis marTvas. treningi maTTvis, vinc
uSualod swavlebis procesSi
araa CarTuli. araformaluri muSaoba enis
swavlebis kuTxiT;
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
38
muSaoba mSoblebTan, mSob-
lebis CarTuloba
multilingvuri swavlebis
xarisxis monitoringisTvis,
moswavleebis enobrivi donis
Semowmeba; gacvliTi programebi da
proeqtebi, (skolis
administracia, moswavleebi);
multilingvali maswavlebis
portfolios mudmivi ganax-
leba.
maswavleblis profesiuli unarebis
mudmivi ganviTareba da multi-
lingvuri swavlebis teqnologiebi
miCneulia momdevno mniSvnelovan
nabijad umciresobebis ganaTlebis
gasaumjobeseblad.
cxrili1: multilingvuri ganaTlebis programis modelebi.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
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bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
40
literatura
baxmani, 2006 - Bachman, C. (Ed.) (2006). Language policies and education in multilingual societies. Conference Proceedings 7. CIMERA, Geneva.
beikeri, 2001 - Baker, C. (2001). Foundation of bilingual education and bilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
batelaani, 2002 - Batelaan, P. (2002). Bilingual education: The case of Latvia from a comparative perspective. Intercultural Education, 13(4), 359-374(16).
ganaTlebis kvlevis centri, 2002; 2008 - Center for Research on Education, Diversity & Excellence. (2002). Five standards. Retrieved May 15, 2008, from http://crede.berkeley.edu/standards/1jpa.shtml
multilingvizmi, 2008 - Commission of the European Communities. (2008) Multilingualism: An asset for Europe and a shared commitment. Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, The European Economic and Social committee and the committee of the Regions (18.09.2008). Brussels.
enobriv umciresobaTa evropuli qartia, 1992 - Council of Europe. (1992). European charter for regional or minority languages. Retrieved January 31, 2009, from http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/148.htm
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
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erovnul umciresobaTa CarCo-konvencia, 1995 - Council of Europe. (1995). Council of Europe Framework convention for the protection of national minorities. Retrieved January 31, 2009, from http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Word/157.doc
kubani, 1998 - Cuban, L. (1998). How schools change reforms: Redefining reform success and failure. Teachers College Record, 99(3), 53-77.
kuminsi, 1996 - Cummins, J. (1996). Negotiating identities: Education for empowerment in a diverse society. CABE.
grigule, 2007 - Grigule, L., & Perrin, A. (2007). Multilanguage education in Georgia. Evaluation report. CIMERA, Geneva.
grigule, perini, 2008 - Grigule, L., & Perrin, A. (2008). Multilingual education in Georgia. Phase II. Final activity report. December 2007 – March 2008. CIMERA, Tbilisi/Geneva.
ganaTlebis strategia da samoqmedo gegma, 2008 - The Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia. (2007) Georgia: Consolidated Education Strategy and action Plan (2007 – 2011).
erovnul umciresobaTa integracia multilingvuri ganaTlebis gziT, 2008 - The Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia. (2008). National minorities integration through multilingual education. A Policy Paper.
Cven vswavlobT TamaSs, 2006 - We are learning by playing. 111 games for multilingual education. (2006). Cimera, OSCE/HCNM.
bilingvuri ganaTleba, #2, 2010
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Ligita Grigule University of Latvia OSCE/HCNM Multilingual Education expert
Georgia Minority Education Reform: from local initiatives towards state planed minority education reform.
ABSTRACT
Since 2004, several local and international organizations have been addressing the issues of language policy and multilingual education in Georgia. Their project results along with the experience of local initiatives proved that multiform bilingual models had worked successfully according to the local resources and socio cultural environment. Therefore, it was recommended to integrate the multilingual education as an effective method for the language acquisition and civic integration nationwide. In 2008, with the financial support of the OSCE/High Commissioner on National Minorities the policy paper “National minorities’ integration through multilingual education” and the implementation plan was developed for 2009-2014. Based on the plan, the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia started a multilingual instruction support program. In the framework of the program several multilingual education program options have been developed and proposed to schools for selection and implementation. The Regulations on school multilingual education programmes has been developed and approved by MoES of Georgia. The support programme also includes a comprehensive capacity building plan to raise national expertise in multilingual education. The aim of the article is to present the developed multilingual education programmes, to share initial implementation strains and raise discussion on the potentialities of educational community’s support to multilingual education reform in Georgia.
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ana babluani
G_gan (_dan) Tandebulian saxelTa swavleba azerbaijanelTaTvis
abstaqti
statia exeba SedgenilobiT msgavsi qarTuli –idan/-dan da azerbaijanuli -dən Tandebulebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs; vfiqrobT, amgvari sakiTxebis SeTavazeba saqarTvelos azerbaijanulenovani sapilote bilingvuri skolebis pedagogebisaTvis daexmareba maT saxelmwifo (qarTuli) da mSobliuri (azerbaijanuli) enebis integrirebulad swavlebis procesSi.
Tandebuli hqvia damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis uqonel sityvas an bgeraTa jgufs, romelic daerTvis saxelis ama Tu im brunvis formas da aRniSnavs mdebareobas, mimarTulebas, daniSnulebas da a. S.
Tandebuli SeiZleba winac erTodes saxels da Semdgomac. inglisur, frangul, rusul... enebSi igi saxels win daerTvis. LZvel qarTulSi iSviaTad dasturdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac win uZRvis saxels, magaliTad:
`bneli iyo zeda ufskrulTa da suli RmrTisai iqceoda zeda wyalTa” (z. sarjvelaZe, 1997, 318);
`da mTavrobden dResa da Ramesa da ganswvalebdnen Soris naTlisa da Soris bnelisa” (iqve, 319);
`Sua Zowsa da ayiysa sWvirs margaliti tyupebi (a. SaniZe, 1980, 599).
`amgvar wyobas Zvel qarTulSi zurab sarjvelaZe berZnulis gavleniT xsnis: `Tandebulis prepoziciurad xmareba berZnulis zegavlenas unda mivaweroT” (z. sarjvelaZe, 1997, 48). Cveulebriv, qarTul enaSi Tandebuli mosdevs
saxels, iseve rogorc azerbaijanulSi.
Sdr.: `aq platoni Camoxta cxenidan,
gaaRo WiSkari da ezoSi Sevida` (d. kldiaSvili, 2002, 167) _ “Burda Platon atdan düşdü, gafını açdı, ve həyətdə girdi”;
`midioda iq, Sav moxucTan~ (gr. robaqiZe, 1989, 125) _ `...Gedirdi ora, gara gocanın yanında”;
`saloberiZis saxlidan qvedureTamde kai Sori gza hqondaT Cvens mgzavrebs (d. kldiaSvili, 2002, 200) _ Bizim yolçular üçün Saloberidzenin evindən Kvedurete gədər yol uzag idi;
`gavswieT mTisken (vaJa, 2002, 138) _ Dağa təraf getdik’’.
Tandebuli saxels daerTvis xuT brunvaSi: saxelobiTSi, micemiTSi, naTesaobiTSi, moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTSi.
CvenTvis sainteresoa -gan (-dan) Tandebulisa da _dan, -dən niSnis xmareba da misi gadatana qarTulidan azerbaijanulSi da piriqiT, azerbaijanulidan qarTulSi, vinaidan dasturdeba garkveuli identuroba (Tumca iSviaTad).
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qarTul enaSi -gan Tandebuli or brunvaSi gvxvdeba: naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi.
moqmedebiTi brunvis niSania -iT (saxliT, bavSviT, amxanagiT..), rodesac mas erTvis -gan Tandebuli (saxliT-gan), mJReri g bgera gavlenas axdens yru T Tanxmovanze, imsgavsebs mas da asimilaciis Sedegad viRebT saxlidgan formas, magram radganac ori mJReri bgera erTad ver Zlebs, ikargeba Gg. A-gan Tandebulisagan fonetikuri movlenebis Sedegad miRebuli -dan forma zustad emTxveva azerbaijanulis çıxışlıq “gamosvliTi” brunvis -dən niSans da misi erT-erTi funqciaa moqmedebis dawyebis adgilisa da drois gamoxatva. (aqve SevniSnavT, rom akaki SaniZe msgavs formebs lokalur brunvaTa rigSi ayenebs da gamosvliT anu dawyebiT brunvas uwodebs).
magaliTad: saxlidan – “evdən”, soflidan – “kənddən”, gulidan – “ürəkdən”, tyidan - “meşədən” _ leqsemebi gamoxataven gamosvlis punqts sivrceSi, xolo sityvebi _ dReidan – “bu gündən”, xvalidan – “sabahdan”, xuTSabaTidan – “cümə axşamından”, am wlidan - “bu ildən,…ivnisidan – “iyundən _ droze miuTiTebs. msgavs SemTxvevevebSi -gan Tandebulisa da -iT brunvis niSnis SeerTebiT miRebuli -dan, Targmnis dros zustad gadadis azerbaijanulSi:
ergeTis skolidan gadmoiyvanes qarTuli literaturis maswavlebeli (l. mrelaSvili, 1990, 445) _ “Erqeti kəndindən Gürcü ədəbiyyatı müəllimi köçürdülər”;
dRes orbeTidan axmetamde da axmetidan sadguramdis imodena gza gaiara (iqve, 456) _ Bu gün Orbetidən Axmetiyə və Axmetadən dayanacağa uzun yol getdi;
aqedan mSieri unda waxvide, kaco?! (iqve, 462) _ Ay kişi, burdan acmı gedəcəksən?!
qveveidan, Sors soflidan gaurkveveli Jriamuli ismoda (vaJa,
2002, 162) _ Aşağıdan, uzaq kənddən anlaşılmaz səs-küy eşidilirdi;
urwmuno Teimurazi Tavisi jvrisweris dRidan eklesiaSi ar Sesula (javaxiSvili, 2000, 110) _ Kafir Teymuraz öz toyundan sonra bir daha kilsəyə girməyib;
amitom dRevandel dRidan samudamod vubrundebi mas (iqve, 113) _ Buna görə bu gündən həmişəlik ona qayıdıram;
dilidanve daviwyebdiT saxlis morTvas (leoniZe, 2001, 91) _ Səhərdən başlayırdıq evin bəzədilməsinə;
TbilisisTvis brZola aqtiurad feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianebidan, e. i. X saukunis II naxevridan iwyeba (metreveli, 1986, 205-206) _ Tbilisi uğrunda fəal olaraq müharibə feodal Gürcüstanın siyasi birləşməsindən sonra, yəni X əsrin II yarısından başladı;
igi moicavs periods 952 wlidan 1136 wlamde (iqve, 27) Bu ara 952-ci ildən – 1136-cı ilə qədərdir;
_gan Tandebuli daerTvis agreTve naTesaobiTi brunvis formasac.
akaki SaniZe sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom naTesaobiTi brunvis formaze darTul _gan Tandebuls sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs: “ a) aRniSnavs moqmed pirs saxelzmnasTan: ... “Svilisagan dautirebeli”; b) aRniSnavs masalas, romlisaganac raime mzaddeba: “erTi xisgan baric gamova da niCabico”; g) aRniSnavs daSorebas, dacilebas, Tavis daRwevas: Tanamdebobisgan gaaTavisufles, xisgan Camoxsnes”; d) aRniSnavs gardauval zmnasTan da saxelznasTan mizezs... gvalvisagan yanebi sul gadaxma” (SaniZe, 1980, 602). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom “Tanamdebobisgan gaaTavisufles” tipis sityvaTSexamebis (daSorebis, Tavis daRwevis gamosaxatavad _gan Tandebuliani naTesaobiTis) xmareba, saliteraturo enis normaTa darRvevaa, naTesaobiTi brunvis nacvlad, moqmedebiTi brunva unda gamoyenebodes _ Tanamdebobidan
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gaaTavisufles, xidan Camoxsnes da a. S.
_gan Tandebuliani sityvis Targmnisas azerbaijanulSi _dan, -dən niSani gadava:
Cemgan midis... (ilia WavaWavaZe, 2007, 208) - Məndən gedir…
aba, ras gaigeb sulelisgan (mrelaSvili, 1990, 498) _ Axmaqdan nə başa düiəcəksən;
mtrisgan okupirebul teritoriaze ar acdenen skolas? (mrelaSvili, 512) – Düşməndən işğal olunmuş ərazilərdə məktab buraxmırlar?
maTgan axla sityvis Tqmis msurveli aravin gamoCnda (qiaCeli, 2000, 52) _ Onlardən söz demek isteyan hek kim idi;
Tasebs asxamda Tixisgan (robaqiZe, 1989, 32) – Gildən kasalar düzəldirdi.
m. huseinzade naSromSi _ Tanamedrove …azerbaijanuli ena “müasir Azerbaycan dili” ganixilavs “gamosvliTi” çıxışlıq brunvis -dan, -dən niSnis xmarebis ramdenime SemTxvevas da aRniSnavs, rom igi gviCvenebs moqmedebis dawyebis wertils: Moskvadan qayıtdı - moskovidan dabrunda;
warmogvidgeba rogorc mizezis garemoeba: Tənbəllikdən bu vəziyyətə düşdü – sizarmacis gamo (“sizarmacidan”) Cavarda am mdgomareobaSi;
-dan, -dən niSani gamoiyeneba ori sagnis Sedarebisas: Araz Oktaydan qoçaqdır - arazi oqtaize (“oqtaidan”) yoCaRia;
Yaşar Kamaldan yaxşı oxuyur - iaSari qamilze (“qamildan”) kargad swavlobs;
daerTvis sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawils da drois garemoebas gamoxatavs: Dünəndən - guSinidan, Bu gündən - dReidan, Köhnədən – ZvelTagan (“Zvelidan”);
-dan, -dən niSandarTuli saxeli win, winaswar, Semdeg... zmnizedebTan erTad drois garemoebis funqcias asrulebs: İclasdan əvvəl - sxdomis
(“sxdomadan”) win; Bundan sonra - amis (“amidan”) Semdeg;
igi gvxvdeba viTarebis garemoebis funqciiTac: birdan - uceb, Ucadan xmamaRla (“xmamaRlidan”), alcakdan - xmadabla (“xmadablidan”).
m. huseinzade calke gamoyofs SemTxvevebs, rodesac çıxışlıq “gamosvliTi” brunvis niSani daerTvis arsebiT saxels da zedsarTavTan erTad Sedarebas gamoxatavs: sudan şəffaf _ wyalze (“wylidan”) Aankara, dildan ac - enaze (“enidan”) mware.
mkvlevari sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom Tumca es niSani azerbaijanul enaSi mxolod erT brunvaSi dasturdeba, mas mainc mravli funqcia aqvs. Aaqve davZenT, rom “gamosvliTi” brunva gamoxatavs irib damatebas, magaliTad: Ninodan sorushdi - ninos (“ninodan”) hkiTxa.
maSasadame, qarTulis _gan (_dan) Tandebulisagan gansxvavebiT, azerbaijanulis “gamosvliTi” brunvis niSans ufro meti funqcia aqvs. azerbaijanulidan qarTulad da qarTulidan azerbaijanulad Trgmnisas, aRreva xdeba TiTqmis yovelTvis, sadac dasturdeba -dan, -dən niSani, xolo qarTulSi _gan (_dan) Tandebuli:
Tənbəllikdən düşdü – “sizarmacidan” Cavarda;
Oktaydan qoçaqdır - oqtaize (“oqtaidan”) yoCaRia;
Ninodan sorushdi - ninos (“ninodan”) hkiTxa;
Kamaldan yaxşı oxuyur - iaSari qamilze (“qamildan”) kargad swavlobs;
Bu gündən – dReidan, Köhnədən – ZvelTagan (“Zvelidan”);
İclasdan əvvəl - sxdomis (“sxdomadan”) win; Bundan sonra - amis (“amidan”) Semdeg;
birdan - uceb, Ucadan xmamaRla (“xmamaRlidan”), alcakdan - xmadabla (“xmadablidan”).
maSasadame, Tu -dan, -dən niSniani sityva gamoxatavs mizezs, qarTulSi igi gadmoicema
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naTesaobiTi brunvis formiTa da mizezis garemoebiT sizarmacis gamo (Tumca ara yovelTvis, Sdr.: Sen gamo).
Sedareba gamoixateba –ze Tandebuliani micemiTiT: wyalze Ankara; damteba ki – micemiTi brunvis formiT: ninos hkiTxa da a. S.
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavs SemTxvevebSi -dən niSnis gadmotana dauSvebelia.
sailustracio masalis analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom mxolod oriode SemTxvevaa, rodesac moqmedebiT brunvaSi darTuli _gan Tandebuli emTxveva azerbaijanulis -dan, niSans, amis mizezi ki fonetikuri movlenebia. A
amrigad, Tu -dan, -dən niSnian sityvas daesmis kiTxva - haradan saidan? nə vaxtdən_ rodidan? e. i. Tu gamoxatavs moqmedebis dawyebis adgilsa da dros, maSin gadaiTargmneba sityva, _dan ki ucvlelad gadmova: gayitardan _
matareblidan, məktəbdən _ skolidan; seherdən _dilidan; birincigundan - orSabaTidan...
xolo rodesac -dan, -dən niSani, qarTulis naTesaobiTi brunvis formaze darTuli _gan Tandebulis msgavsad gamoxatavs: masalas, kuTvnilebas, mizezs, da pasuxobs kiTxvaze: kimdan _ (“visgan”)? nedan _ (“risgan)”? qarTuli _gan Tandebuli unda gadmovitanoT: Ninodan getmek _“ninosgan wasvla”; Ağacdan duzeltmiş _ “xisgan gakeTebuli”; Soyuqdan titirilmiş _ `sicivisgan akankalebuli”...
vfiqrobT, -dan, -dən brunvis niSnis xmarebis SemTxvevebi gamowvlilviT analizs moiTxovs, raTa azerbaijanulidan qarTulad da qarTulidan azerbaijanulad Targmnis dros SesaZlebeli gaxdes _ dan daboloebis meqanikurad gadatanis SemTxvevebis Semcireba.
literatura
sarjvelaZe, 1997 - z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena, Tb., 1997;
SaniZe, 1980 - a. SaniZe, Txzulebani, III, Tbilisi, 1980;
huseinzade, 1973M- Huseinzadə, Müasir Azerbaycan dili, morfogyia, III hisse, Baki, 1973. wyaroebi:
vaJa fSavela, qarTveli mwerlebi skolaSi, wigni 5, Tbilisi, 2002;
d. kldiaSvili, qarTveli mwerlebi skolaSi, wigni 7, Tbilisi, 2002;
g. leoniZe, qarTveli mwerlebi skolaSi, wigni 14, Tbilisi, 2001;
r. metreveli, daviT IV aRmaSenebeli, Tbilisi, 1986;
l. mrelaSvili,rCeuli Txzulebani, I, 1990;
gr. robaqiZe, gvelis perangi, falestra, Tbilisi, 1989;
m. javaxiSvili, qarTveli mwerlebi skolaSi, wigni 10, Tbilisi, 2000;
i. WavWavaZe, qarTveli mwerlebi skolaSi, wigni 3, Tbilisi, 2007.
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Ana Babluani Teaching Azerbaijanians how to use preposition – “from” - gan (dan)
ABSTRACT
Unlike Georgian preposition -“from” - gan (dan) “outgoing” cases have more functions. When translating from Azerbaijani into Georgian and vice-versa where preposition -dan, dən and Georgian preposition –gan(dan) is used mixing usually occurs. In accordance with analysis of the illustrative material, we can conclude that only one case when a preposition -from in prepositional case agrees with Azerbaijani -dan as a result of assimilation and sound loss. So if a word with preposition “from” is asked: where … from? From which? Since when? That is the expression of place and time, then these would be translated into Georgian directly and preposition -dan carrying unchangeably: gayitardan – from train; məktəb dən – from school; səhər dən – from morning; birincigündən – from Monday. But when -dan, dən express material, belonging, cause and subject with questions: kimdən? From whom; nədən? which… from? Georgian preposition - gan (from) would be used in instrumental case: Ninodan getmek - go away from Nino; Ağacdan düzəltmiş - made from wood; Soyuqdan titrəmiş - shiver with cold. We think that -dan, dən requires a particular analysis for translation from Azerbajani into Georgian and vice-versa in order to avoid carrying this preposition -dan automatically.
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