Impact of Climate change displacementonon

women’s livelihood in the urban slum of Bangladesh

S M Ali A l &S. M. Ali Aslam &Md. Zahidur Rahman

(Association for Development Activity of Manifold Social work) 130, Kedarnath Road, Post‐KUET, Khulna‐9203, Bangladesh

E‐mail: adamskln@yahoo.com, Website: www.adams‐bd.orgSkype: adams.khulna.bangladesh

Outline of the presentation

B k dBackground

Objectives

Study area

Methodology

Result & discussions

Conclusion and recommendations

Background

Background

• The urban population of Bangladesh has beenincreasing incessantly.

• At present, above 30 million people (around 24% ofthe total population) live in various cities inBangladesh.

• Slum population in Urban are is boost up because of

– continuous increasing growth rate and

– internal migration from rural to urban centers forvarious push‐pull factors.

• Natural calamities is one of the important push

Background

• Natural calamities is one of the important pushfactors for migrating people to the urban area inrecent decennia.recent decennia.

• The migratedpeople suffersaversely to theirli lih d i llivelihoods in slumarea.

• Women are more exposed to climate changeand climate change displacement leading tog p ginhuman life

Objectives

• To identify the women’s livelihood vulnerability in theTo identify the women s livelihood vulnerability in theslum area for climate change displacement

• Policy gap analysis and sharing recommendations onpotential interventions to strengthen migrant womenp g gof urban slum.

Logical Framework

PhysicalHouse, sanitation

etc

ced

Cyclone

S li iClimate

MigratLiveliho

od

PhysicalAssets

Socialassests

etc

d i h l hEducation, health,  keenship,human

mateindu

cDisaster Salinity

Intrussion

Induced

Migration 

Migrated tourban  slum

od(means

of living) situatio

assests

i i

Assets

Financial 

Assets

rightrightIncome pattern,

Loan facility, solvency

Cli

Flood & riverbank

i

areasituatio

n Natural assets

Political t

ysolvency

Water, land etc

errosion assets/policie

s Communication,  identity, 

Policy gap analysis (Disasterpolicy, Climate change

policy, Slum developmentprogram) 

Study area

• The study has beenThe study has beenconducted in the slumarea of Khulna CityCorporation (KCC),Bangladesh.

• Household survey consisting 135 sample

Methodology

• Household survey consisting 135 samplesize has considered purposively.

• In line of qualitative research, six FocusedqGroup Discussions (FGDs), five KeyInformant Interviews (KII) and observationtools has been used for the studytools has been used for the study.

• Consultative meeting has been conductedwith policy makers, and relevantstakeholders

• literature has been collected from differentinstitutions reviewed and incorporated withinstitutions, reviewed and incorporated withprimary information.

Result & DiscussionsFacts and figure of Migration: 

Facts and figure of Migration

Facts and figure of Migration: 

Result & Discussionsg g

• Slum dwellers were settled from nearby climate vulnerable locations.

• Eight reasons were identified which tend to people migrate towards urban• Eight reasons were identified which tend to people migrate towards urbanslums of which 49.15% for want of job facilities followed by insufficientincome, river bank erosion, social insecurity, abandoned, uprooted and othersetcetc.

• Climate change induced disaster is one of important push factors to migratewomen to the slum area in recent time.

• About 9.16% of HHs displaced to urban center for impact of climate changeinduced disaster including flood, salinity intrusion and cyclone.

L f i lt d l d– Loss of agriculture, and land

– Damage of infrastructure

Gender and educational status:

Result & Discussions

Gender and educational status:

• About 43.8% climate displacedpopulations are women, 23.7% arefemale children and rests of thepopulation are male with children.

• Only 11.32% women are literate inthe slum area which is much lowerthan the literacy rate found in thepopulation census‐2011 (59.82%).

Occupational pattern:

Result & DiscussionsOccupational pattern:

Occupational pattern:

Result & DiscussionsOccupational pattern:

• About 40.98% of the climate displaced slum dwellers engage intojob where 65.53% is male and 11.91% is female.

• About 90.8% unskilled climate displaced women lived below theurban poverty line with monthly income below BDT 3 000 ($ 37)urban poverty line with monthly income below BDT 3,000 ($ 37)which is come from informal sectors.

Unemployment rate is very high among the women and most of thewomen employ in informal sectors including small business,egetable ending ha kers maid ser ant dail labo r and labo rvegetable vending, hawkers, maid‐servant, daily labour and labourin shrimp industry etc.

H i

Result & Discussions

Housing status: 

• The overall housing structure of slumpeople is of relatively cheapestpeople is of relatively cheapestconstruction materials like straw, leaves,gunny bags, polythene sheets etc.

b f l d l d• About 32.8 % of climate displacedwomen have no such type of housing.

• They live under almost open sky andThey live under almost open sky andmostly they are floating. About 67.2%live in temporary tenant.

Tenure insecurity is one of the importantelement for vulnerability of the climatedisplaced women.p

Urban utilities status:

Result & Discussions

Urban utilities status:

Result & Discussions

• About 9.3% of climate displaced women enjoy the electricity  facility.

• Above 44.51% of migrants HHs use hanging, kanchaand unhygienic latrine and average 29 slum dwellersenjoy one latrine in the slum areaenjoy one latrine in the slum area.

• About 61.10% HHs are collecting drinking water fromthe municipal taps followed by tube well 37% andthe municipal taps followed by tube‐well 37%, andothers 1.90%. During dry period they suffers fromshortage supply of municipalities water due GWdepletion.depletion.

• Poor drainage system in the slum area is leading towater logging for heavy rainfall during rainy seasonwater‐logging for heavy rainfall during rainy season.

Disease pattern and health service:

Result & DiscussionsDisease pattern and health service:• The unhygienic water and sanitation condition

results many water and vector borne diseasesincluding diarrhea and dengue which affectsincluding diarrhea and dengue which affectswomen health severely.

• Inadequate ventilation in houses is resultedrespiratory tract infection for the women andrespiratory tract infection for the women andchildren.

• The other diseases including UTI, eclampsia,malnutrition etc are also dominant among themalnutrition etc. are also dominant among theclimate displaced women in slum area.

• It is to be found that 76.5% women and 53.2%female adolescent suffer from health relatedfemale adolescent suffer from health relatedproblems.

• Women have no or little access to health carecenter owing to lack of finance for health care andcenter owing to lack of finance for health care andabout 90.33% of women in slums get treatmentfrom nearby unskilled medical practitioners.

S i l

Result & Discussions

Social assets status:

Result & Discussions

Social assets status:• Women suffer from social insecurity for losing tie of kinship relation due

t i tito migration.

• Above 44.49 % of sexual and reproductive aged women are victim of eveteasing. The trafficking also dominated among the migrated women.

• women are also engage with unsocial activities including sex business,smuggling etc. for want of fooding and lodging.

The displaced women are more susceptible to social crime due to theirp pbaseline vulnerability.

l

Result & Discussions

Financial assets status:• Household based Income generating Activities

(IGAs) of displaced women have reduced forlack of space and opportunity in slum arealack of space and opportunity in slum area.

• About 29.5% displaced women cannot affordfinancial assistance from MFIs due to feeling ofuntrustworthy and their identity as refugeuntrustworthy and their identity as refuge.

• Even, majority of the displaced women do notget financial assistance easily from theirneighbors as a newcomer.neighbors as a newcomer.

• Public loan with high interest makes them moreeconomically vulnerable.

Result & Discussions

Political asset and development status:• no close connection with representative of Urban localno close connection with representative of Urban local

government Institution due to their socio‐economicvulnerability and absence of democratic right like voting innew places of slumsnew places of slums.

• Limited urban safety net program like VGD, VGF, and otherDisaster assistance packagep g

• No public policy to rehabilitate/mainstreaming climate changedisplaced women in the social safety‐net.

• Lack of inter ministerial coordination

• The existing national climate change policy (Disasterassistance policy NAPA and BCCSAP) and perspective planassistance policy, NAPA and BCCSAP) and perspective planignore the climate change migration issues

Conclusion

A comprehensive development initiative is urgentlyneeded for improvement in the livelihood situation ofthe migrated urban slum women.

Recommendations

Some effective measures need to reduce the women’s vulnerabilities :

Recommendations

• Capacity building to adopt adverse environmental impact;

• Microfinance for migrant women for autonomous adaptation• introduce urban/alternative adaptation options;

• Ensure pro‐poor health service• Relocate displaced women with basic amenities including water and

sanitation and energy;

• Reforming existing urban programs, policy considering gender issuesand climate change displacement issues.

Thanks you all