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PEO
PLE'
S W
AR
IN T
HE
PHIL
IPPI
NES
50 i
PEO
PLE'
S W
AR
IN T
HE
PHIL
IPPI
NES
Publ
ishe
d by
the
Kat
ipun
an n
g m
ga D
emok
rati
kong
Fili
pino
(K
DP)
— U
nion
of
Dem
ocra
tic F
ilipi
nos
—A
ugus
t, 19
74
But
tho
ug
h m
en d
ie,
pa
trio
ts r
age
fore
ver
and
they
sh
all
ove
rwh
elm
under
an
y ty
ran
t.
DE
DIC
AT
ION
To
th
e m
emo
ry
of
tho
se p
atr
iots
a
nd
fig
hte
rsw
ho
h
ave
p
lace
d
the
revo
luti
on
a
nd
th
e p
eop
leabo
ve a
ll e
lse
and h
ave
giv
en
thei
r li
ves
so t
ha
t th
eP
hil
ippin
es s
ha
ll b
e fr
ee a
nd
ind
epen
den
t.
Cop
ies
avai
labl
e th
roug
hP
AN
DA
YAN
—
P.O
. Box
247
07,
Oak
land
, C
alifo
rnia
94
623
CO
NT
EN
TS
Cha
pter
I
PE
OP
LE
'S W
AR
: TH
E F
ILIP
INO
PE
OP
LE
'S
5A
NS
WE
R T
O M
AR
TIA
L L
AW
1. U
.S.-
Mar
cos
Dic
tato
rsh
ip2
. B
asic
Pro
ble
ms
of
the
Fil
ipin
o P
eop
le3
. N
atio
nal
Dem
ocr
atic
R
evo
luti
on
4.
Peo
ple
's W
ar
Cha
pter
II
TH
E N
EW
PE
OP
LE
'S A
RM
Y
13
1.
Intr
od
uct
ion
2.
An
Inte
rvie
w W
ith
An
NP
A C
adre
3.
On t
he
Fo
urt
h A
nn
iver
sary
of
the
NP
A—
A
Poe
m o
f St
rugg
le4
. "T
he
NP
A I
s O
ur
Arm
y"
Cha
pter
III
TH
E "
NE
W S
OC
IET
Y'S
" 2
7S
HA
M L
AN
D R
EF
OR
M1.
Lan
d R
efo
rm —
A C
riti
cal
An
aly
sis
By
the
Pin
agla
bana
n R
esea
rch
Com
mit
tee
(PIR
CO
M)
Cha
pter
IV
DO
CU
ME
NT
S O
F T
HE
3
3N
AT
ION
AL
DE
MO
CR
AT
IC R
EV
OL
UT
ION
1.
Pre
amb
le a
nd
Bas
ic R
ule
s o
f th
e N
PA
2.
Rev
olu
tio
nar
y G
uid
e to
Lan
d R
efo
rm3
. T
en-P
oin
t P
rog
ram
of
the
Nat
ion
al D
emo
crat
ic F
ron
t
1
Peop
le's
War
in
the
Phili
ppin
es
SO
UT
HE
RN
P
HIL
IPP
INE
S -
R
evol
utio
nary
fig
hter
gi
ves
med
ical
a
id t
o a
wom
an
civi
lian
wou
nded
in
th
e cr
ossf
ire b
etw
een
gove
rnm
ent
troop
s an
dLi
bera
tion
Figh
ters
du
ring
the
Jo/o
City
bom
bing
las
t Fe
brua
ry,
1974
. Th
eF
ilip
ino
peo
ple
are
alre
ady
enga
ged
in a
rmed
stru
ggle
aga
inst
the
gov
ernm
ent
troo
ps in
ove
r 34
pro
vinc
es.
Cha
pter
IP
EO
PL
E'S
WA
R:
TH
E F
ILIP
INO
PE
OP
LE
'SA
NSW
ER
TO
MA
RT
IAL
LA
W
1. U
.S.-
Mar
cos
Dic
tato
rsh
ip
The
Phi
lippi
nes
toda
y su
ffer
s un
der
the
repr
essi
on o
f a
mar
tial
law
re
gim
e w
hich
w
as
impo
sed
on
Sept
embe
r 22
19
72
byPr
esid
ent
Ferd
inan
d E
. Mar
cos.
With
the
dec
lara
tion
cam
e m
ilita
ryce
nsor
ship
of
the
pres
s, r
adio
and
tel
evis
ion;
a b
an o
n st
rike
s an
dde
mon
stra
tion
s;
the
clos
ing
dow
n of
the
leg
isla
ture
and
sup
rem
eco
urt;
in
shor
t, th
e ab
olit
ion
of a
ll th
e ba
sic
dem
ocra
tic
righ
ts o
fth
e Fi
lipin
o pe
ople
.A
ste
adily
wor
seni
ng e
cono
mic
and
pol
itica
l si
tuat
ion
and
the
subs
eque
nt r
ise
of m
ass
disc
onte
nt a
nd p
rote
st w
ere
the
cond
ition
sw
hich
led
up
to t
he d
ecla
ratio
n of
mar
tial
law
. B
y th
e 19
70's
the
cost
of
livin
g ha
d go
ne u
p 25
% s
ince
196
3. W
ith th
e de
valu
atio
n of
the
peso
the
pri
ces
of a
ll pr
ime
com
mod
itie
s ro
se n
earl
y 40
%. T
heco
sts
of f
ood,
tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
edu
cati
on,
med
ical
car
e an
d ho
usin
gag
ain
spir
aled
whe
n M
arco
s ag
reed
to
an i
ncre
ase
in th
e co
st o
f oi
lbe
caus
e of
pre
ssur
e by
U.S
. oi
l co
mpa
nies
. A
nd t
o ad
d in
sult
toin
jury
, M
arco
s sp
ent
huge
sum
s of
gov
ernm
ent
mon
ey f
or b
ribe
s in
his
re-e
lect
ion
cam
paig
n of
19
69.
It
was
in
this
at
mos
pher
e th
at p
opul
ar p
rote
st i
nten
sifi
ed i
nw
hat
cam
e to
be
kno
wn
as t
he "
firs
t qu
arte
r st
orm
" of
19
70.
The
re w
ere
mas
s de
mon
stra
tion
s at
Mal
acan
ang
Pres
iden
tial P
alac
ean
d th
e U
.S.
emba
ssy,
peo
ple'
s m
arch
es a
nd a
nti-
impe
rial
ist r
allie
san
d th
e dr
amat
ic
defe
ctio
n to
th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y of
L
t.V
icto
r C
orpu
s, a
n in
stru
ctor
at
the
Phil
ippi
ne M
ilit
ary
Aca
dem
y.T
he
grow
ing
natio
nalis
t se
ntim
ent
in t
he
coun
try
prom
pted
Mar
cos
into
mor
e an
d m
ore
repr
essi
ve m
easu
res.
In
a ''R
eich
stag
fire
" ty
pe i
ncid
ent
Mar
cos
susp
ende
d th
e w
rit
of h
abea
s co
rpus
in
Aug
ust
of 1
971
afte
r th
e m
yste
riou
s bo
mbi
ng o
f a
Lib
eral
Par
tyra
lly
at
Plaz
a M
iran
da i
n M
anila
. M
arco
s al
lege
d th
at
"law
less
elem
ents
" su
ppor
ted
by
an
unna
med
"f
orei
gn
pow
er"
wer
eco
nspi
ring
to
ov
erth
row
hi
s re
gim
e an
d pr
ocee
ded
to
arre
sthu
ndre
ds o
f hi
s na
tiona
list
criti
cs.
Out
rage
d ci
tizen
s im
med
iate
ly p
rote
sted
the
sus
pens
ion
of t
hew
rit
and
the
thre
at
of
mar
tial
law
whi
ch s
eem
ed i
mm
inen
t. A
broa
d-ba
sed,
an
ti-f
asci
st
coal
itio
n ca
lled
fort
h de
mon
stra
tion
s
num
beri
ng o
ver
50,0
00
peop
le.
The
cri
sis
deep
ened
in
mid
19
72w
hen
floo
ds a
nd g
over
nmen
t ne
glec
t br
ough
t tr
emen
dous
dam
age
to C
entr
al L
uzon
. T
hen
on A
ugus
t 22
the
Supr
eme
Cou
rt r
uled
to
set
an
end
to
U.S
. pa
rity
ri
ghts
. M
arco
s co
ncoc
ted
a bo
gus
assa
sina
tion
atte
mpt
on
his
Def
ense
Sec
reta
ry,
Enr
ile, a
nd b
lam
ing
the
"com
mun
ists
" an
d th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y,
he
decl
ared
mar
tial
law
.M
artia
l L
aw
was
de
clar
ed
with
th
e cl
ose
"adv
ice"
of
th
eA
mer
ican
am
bass
ador
and
act
ive
supp
ort
of t
he U
.S. g
over
nmen
t.T
he U
.S.
is i
nter
este
d in
"st
abil
ity"
in
the
Phili
ppin
es i
n or
der
topr
otec
t bo
th i
ts v
ast
econ
omic
int
eres
ts,
as w
ell
as,
its s
trat
egic
mil
itar
y ba
ses
in r
elat
ions
hip
to
the
rest
of
Asi
a. F
or t
he
U.S
.im
peri
alis
ts t
he M
arco
s di
ctat
orsh
ip
is a
goo
d th
ing.
How
ever
, for
the
Fil
ipin
o pe
ople
, th
e m
uch
hera
lded
"N
ew S
ocie
ty"
of M
arco
sha
s pr
oven
to
be n
othi
ng m
ore
than
an
exte
nsio
n an
d ag
grav
atio
nof
the
ills
of
the
old
soci
ety.
Und
er m
artia
l la
w th
e Fi
lipin
o pe
ople
have
witn
esse
d m
ore
gove
rnm
ent
corr
upti
on,
only
now
tra
nsfe
red
dire
ctly
in
to
the
hand
s of
the
ar
my
and
mil
itar
y po
lice
; ev
erw
orse
ning
in
flat
ion;
se
vere
fo
od
shor
tage
s of
ri
ce
and
othe
rst
aple
s;
mos
t bl
atan
t pe
netr
atio
n of
Ph
ilip
pine
ec
onom
y by
fore
ign
busi
ness
int
eres
ts;
cont
inue
d la
nd g
rabb
ing
and
wid
espr
ead
geno
cide
in
Min
dina
o, i
n ge
nera
l, in
crea
sed
hard
ship
and
suf
feri
ng.
The
mou
ntin
g re
sist
ance
mov
emen
t to
end
the
se i
nequ
itie
s in
Phil
ippi
ne l
ife
may
hav
e be
en f
orce
d un
derg
roun
d by
the
m
artia
lla
w,
but
the
revo
luti
on
can
not
be s
tiff l
ed a
nd t
he
mov
emen
tco
ntin
ues
to e
xpan
d ev
en u
nder
the
fasc
ist
cond
itio
ns i
mpo
sed
byth
e U
.S.
Mar
cos
dict
ator
ship
.
2. B
asic
Pro
blem
s of
the
Filip
ino
Peop
le
Rev
olut
iona
ry
idea
s ar
e no
t im
port
ed; t
hey
grow
dir
ectly
out
of
the
hars
h re
alit
ies
of P
hilip
pine
soc
iety
. B
ecau
se o
f th
is,
Mar
cos
cann
ot s
uppr
ess
the
grow
th o
f re
volu
tion
ary
cons
ciou
snes
s am
ong
the
Fili
pino
mas
ses.
It
has
emer
ged
and
reem
erge
d th
roug
hout
the
man
y ye
ars
of U
.S.
impe
rial
ist
rule
and
Spa
nish
rul
e be
fore
tha
t.T
oday
, al
l th
e nu
mer
ous
inju
stic
es a
nd b
ruta
lity
exp
erie
nced
by
the
Fili
pino
peo
ple
can
be tr
aced
bac
k to
thr
ee b
asic
pro
blem
s:IM
PER
IAL
ISM
: U
.S.
impe
rial
ism
con
tinu
es t
o co
ntro
l (i
e. h
ave
deci
ding
in
flue
nce
in)
all
aspe
cts
of
Phil
ippi
ne
nati
onal
lif
e:ec
onom
y,
polit
ics,
cu
ltur
e, m
ilita
ry a
ffai
rs
and
fore
ign
rela
tion
s.A
t le
ast
twen
ty
activ
e m
ilit
ary
base
s se
rve
as t
he a
rmed
for
cepr
otec
ting
th
e m
ulti
-bil
lion
dol
lar
Am
eric
an i
nves
tmen
ts w
hich
amou
nt
to
wel
l ov
er
50%
of
the
tota
l bu
sine
ss a
sset
s of
th
eco
untr
y.
In a
ddit
ion,
Am
eric
an c
apita
l is
conc
entr
ated
in
the
mos
tst
rate
gic
sect
ors
of t
he e
cono
my
such
as
fina
nce,
im
port
/exp
ort,
6
fuel
, et
c..
It i
s es
timat
ed t
hat
for
ever
y on
e U
.S. d
olla
r in
vest
ed i
nth
e Ph
ilipp
ines
, fiv
e do
llars
in
prof
its
are
take
n ou
t of
the
cou
ntry
!T
his
amou
nts
to o
ne o
f th
e hi
ghes
t ra
tes
of p
rofi
t re
turn
of
any
U.S
. ov
erse
as i
nves
tmen
t ar
ea.
Thi
s is
the
bas
ic c
ause
for
why
the
Phili
ppin
es c
an b
e so
pot
enti
ally
ric
h w
hile
yet
rem
aini
ng s
o po
oran
d ba
ckw
ard.
T
his
expl
oita
tive
re
lati
onsh
ip
is
bols
tere
d by
uneq
ual
trea
ties
an
d ag
reem
ents
w
hich
gu
aran
tee
that
th
ePh
ilip
pine
s w
ill b
e m
aint
aine
d in
a s
emi-
colo
nial
sta
tus
in r
elat
ion
to t
he U
nite
d St
ates
.FE
UD
AL
ISM
: T
he
cont
rol
of
U.S
. im
peri
alis
m
has
also
prev
ente
d th
e gr
owth
of
a
nati
onal
cap
italis
m a
nd
perp
etua
ted
feud
al r
elat
ions
of
prod
ucti
on i
n th
e Ph
ilip
pine
cou
ntry
side
. T
hecl
ose
allia
nce
betw
een
the
land
lord
cl
ass
and
U.S
. im
peri
alis
mas
sure
s th
e co
ntin
ued
subs
ervi
ence
of
Phil
ippi
ne a
gric
ultu
re to
the
need
s of
the
im
peri
alis
ts f
or r
aw m
ater
ial
expo
rt c
rops
, as
wel
l as,
a ne
ver
endi
ng
supp
ly
of
chea
p la
bor
from
th
e im
pove
rish
edFi
lipin
o pe
asan
try
who
ar
e fo
rced
to
w
ork
in
impe
rial
ist
plan
tati
ons
and
fact
orie
s fo
r ex
trem
ely
low
wag
es,
usua
lly l
ess
than
$1
a da
y.O
ver
70%
of
the
Fili
pino
peo
ple
are
peas
ants
. The
vas
t maj
orit
yar
e po
or a
nd l
andl
ess
tena
nts
livin
g un
der
extr
eme
hard
ship
and
stru
gglin
g to
bar
e su
bsis
tenc
e. O
ver
the
year
s th
e pe
rcen
tage
of
land
less
te
nant
s ha
s gr
own
stea
dily
lar
ger,
unt
il to
day,
in
man
ypr
ovin
ces,
up
to
60
% o
wn
no
land
w
hats
oeve
r.
Whe
reas
, th
ela
ndlo
rd
clas
s, w
ho
com
pose
s le
ss t
han
1% o
f th
e po
pula
tion
,co
ntro
ls
over
50
% o
f th
e ag
ricu
ltura
l la
nds.
Fro
m t
he l
abor
ing
mas
ses,
the
se p
aras
ites
extr
act
exor
bita
nt r
ents
as
high
as
70%
of
the
harv
est.
The
y ti
ghte
n th
e no
ose
arou
nd
the
neck
of
the
peas
antr
y th
roug
h th
e pr
actic
e of
usu
ry —
lend
ing
mon
ey to
the
irte
nant
s fo
r se
ed a
nd f
erti
lize
r at
exc
essi
vely
hig
h in
tere
st r
ates
. In
addi
tion,
th
e pe
asan
try
is c
onti
nous
ly t
erro
rize
d an
d ab
used
by
the
reac
tiona
ry
priv
ate
arm
ies
of
the
land
lord
as
wel
l as
th
ego
vern
men
t ar
my.
Sinc
e th
e la
ndlo
rds
are
not
inte
rest
ed
in
deve
lopi
ng a
nin
depe
nden
t na
tiona
l ec
onom
y, t
hey
do n
ot i
ntro
duce
sci
ence
and
tech
nolo
gy i
nto
agri
cult
ure.
Thi
s cu
rses
the
Fili
pino
pea
sant
ry t
o a
life
of l
abor
usi
ng b
ack-
brea
king
and
pri
mit
ive
met
hods
, w
hile
at
the
sam
e tim
e,
it ke
eps
agri
cultu
ral
prod
ucti
on
extr
emel
y lo
w.
How
ever
, th
is
cond
itio
n is
inh
eren
t in
the
ve
ry n
atur
e of
th
ese
mi-
feud
al c
hara
cter
of
the
Phil
ippi
nes,
and
bef
ore
the
mas
ses o
fpe
asan
ts c
an c
oope
rativ
ely
set
out
to f
ind
easi
er w
ays
to c
onqu
erna
ture
, th
ey m
ust
firs
t co
nque
r th
eir
land
lord
s w
ho s
tand
in
the
way
of
such
pro
gres
s.B
UR
EA
UC
RA
T C
API
TA
LIS
M:
U.S
. im
peri
alis
m, b
y th
e en
d of
Wor
ld W
ar I
I, c
ould
not
mai
ntai
n di
rect
ly t
he c
olon
ial a
nd f
euda
lch
arac
ter
of P
hilip
pine
soc
iety
in
the
fac
e of
the
ove
rwhe
lmin
g
nati
onal
an
d de
moc
rati
c as
pira
tions
of
the
Filip
ino
peop
le.
Inor
der
to
do
so i
ndir
ectl
y, r
equi
red
the
crea
tion
of
a cl
ass
ofbu
reau
crat
cap
italis
ts.
The
se b
urea
ucra
ts,
draw
n m
ostly
fro
m t
hela
ndlo
rd a
nd c
ompr
ador
cl
ass,
mak
e th
eir
fort
unes
in
"pol
itic
s".
The
y se
rve
as t
he t
op
polit
ical
rep
rese
ntat
ives
an
d m
anag
ers
for
impe
rial
ist
and
land
lord
int
eres
ts,
whi
le d
isgu
isin
g th
emse
lves
as
"ele
cted
rep
rese
ntat
ives
of
the
Filip
ino
peop
le".
In
this
sen
se t
hey
repr
esen
t th
e fi
rst
reac
tion
ary
line
of d
efen
se i
n m
aint
aini
ng
the
sem
i-co
loni
al,
sem
i-fe
udal
sys
tem
and
the
y ar
e th
e ce
ntra
l po
litic
alfo
rce
in s
ellin
g ou
t th
e na
tion
and
the
peo
ple
to t
he
impe
rial
ists
.In
re
turn
fo
r su
ch
"val
uabl
e se
rvic
es"
they
ar
e w
ell
com
pens
ated
—
fra
ud
and
corr
uptio
n ar
e at
th
e ve
ry
hear
t of
bure
aucr
at c
apita
lism
. A
t el
ectio
n ti
me
they
sel
l th
emse
lves
to
the
high
est
bidd
er
amon
g th
e di
ffer
ent
cont
endi
ng
impe
rial
ist
and
com
prad
or
inte
rest
s. T
here
is
neve
r a
law
pas
sed,
a
conc
essi
ongr
ante
d,
a co
ntra
ct s
igne
d, a
cou
rt
rulin
g ha
nded
do
wn,
et
c. i
nw
hich
a
sign
ific
ant
port
ion
of t
he "
take
" is
not
set
asi
de f
or t
hebu
reau
crat
cap
italis
ts.
In a
ddit
ion,
the
thi
eves
' co
de o
f et
hics
is to
take
ful
l ad
vant
age
of t
heir
"te
rm i
n of
fice
" to
dir
ectly
gra
b la
nds,
logg
ing
or
min
ing
conc
essi
ons;
m
aneu
ver
into
im
port
/exp
ort,
bank
ing
or i
nsur
ance
op
erat
ions
; or
bra
nch
out
into
"il
legi
tim
ate"
activ
ities
suc
h as
sm
uggl
ing,
gam
blin
g or
pro
stit
utio
n.B
urea
ucra
t ca
pita
lists
will
go
to a
ny l
engt
h to
kee
p th
e so
urce
sof
gra
ft a
nd c
orru
ptio
n in
the
ir o
wn
hand
s or
tha
t of
the
ir c
lique
.B
ecau
se o
f th
is b
urea
ucra
t ca
pita
lism
is
the
basi
s fo
r lo
cal
fasc
ism
.T
he b
est
exam
ple
of a
bur
eauc
rat
capi
talis
t is
the
pres
ent
dict
ator
Mar
cos
who
, du
ring
hi
s te
rm
of o
ffic
e,
has
man
aged
to
m
ake
him
self
on
e of
th
e ri
ches
t m
en i
n A
sia
whi
le u
nlea
shin
g fa
scis
tte
rror
upo
n th
e im
pove
resh
ed F
ilipi
no m
asse
s.B
urea
ucra
t ca
pita
lism
is
not
th
e "c
orru
ptio
n of
a
polit
ical
syst
em";
it
is a
pol
itica
l sy
stem
in
and
of
its
elf
by w
hich
th
eP
hili
ppin
es is
mai
ntai
ned
as a
cor
rupt
and
pup
pet
repu
blic
.T
he
fili
pino
pe
ople
, es
peci
ally
du
ring
the
pa
st d
ecad
e,
have
com
e to
re
cogn
ize
U.S
. im
peri
alis
m,
feud
alis
m
and
bure
aucr
atca
pita
lism
as
thei
r th
ree
mai
n en
emie
s ob
stru
ctin
g th
e pa
th t
owar
dge
nuin
e in
depe
nden
ce a
nd d
emoc
racy
. Su
ch g
row
ing
revo
luti
onar
yco
nsci
ousn
ess
can
not
be
held
ba
ck
in
the
face
of
rapi
dly
dete
rior
atin
g so
cial
con
ditio
ns a
nd t
he i
nten
sifi
ed h
ards
hips
und
erth
e pr
esen
t U
.S.-
Mar
cos
dict
ator
ship
.
3, N
atio
nal
Dem
ocra
tic
Rev
olut
ion
One
of
the
initi
al s
teps
in
the
deve
lopm
ent
of t
he r
evol
utio
nary
mov
emen
t in
th
e Ph
ilip
pine
s w
as
to
capt
ure
the
atte
ntio
n,en
thus
iasm
an
d de
term
inat
ion
of t
he
coun
try'
s yo
uth
and
link
them
clo
sely
to
the
prob
lem
s an
d st
rugg
les
of t
he b
road
er m
asse
sof
wor
kers
and
pea
sant
s. D
urin
g th
e 19
60's
this
was
acc
ompl
ishe
dth
roug
h th
e em
erge
nce
of t
he n
atio
nal
dem
ocra
tic m
ovem
ent.
Inits
ea
rly
stag
es,
it w
as
prin
cipa
lly
a pr
opag
anda
an
d cu
ltur
alm
ovem
ent
carr
ied
out
by
such
m
ass
orga
niza
tion
s lik
e th
eK
abat
aang
Mak
abay
ann
—KM
(N
atio
nali
st Y
outh
).T
he m
ovem
ent
bega
n to
cry
stal
ize
and
popu
lari
ze m
any
of t
hem
ajor
an
ti-im
peri
alis
t an
d de
moc
rati
c de
man
ds o
f th
e Fi
lipi
nope
ople
. It
cal
led
for
an e
nd t
o al
l un
equa
l m
ilit
ary
and
econ
omic
trea
ties
wit
h th
e U
.S.
(ie.
the
Lau
rel
Lan
gley
agr
eem
ent)
and
put
forw
ard
the
dem
and
for
the
nati
onal
izat
ion
of
all
impe
rial
ist
owne
d in
dust
ries
and
pla
ntat
ions
. T
ied
to t
his
wer
e de
man
ds fo
r a
land
re
form
pr
ogra
m
that
wou
ld g
uara
ntee
the
di
stri
buti
on o
fla
nds
to
land
less
ten
ants
, dr
astic
red
uctio
n in
ren
ts,
the
righ
t of
peas
ants
to
fo
rm
coop
erat
ives
and
agr
icul
tura
l w
orke
rs'
unio
ns,
etc. T
here
was
a n
otic
eabl
e ch
ange
in th
e po
litic
al a
tmos
pher
e of
the
coun
try,
as
br
oade
r an
d br
oade
r se
ctor
s of
Phi
lipp
ine
soci
ety
bega
n to
ta
ke
up
thes
e de
man
ds,
voic
e th
em,
form
m
ilit
ant
orga
niza
tion
s an
d pa
rtic
ipat
e in
mas
s pr
otes
ts.
Frig
hten
ed b
y th
ispo
litic
al
awak
enin
g,
the
impe
rial
ists
an
d Fi
lipi
no
ruli
ng c
lass
step
ped
up t
heir
fas
cist
rep
ress
ion.
Dem
onst
rati
ons
wer
e br
utal
lydi
sper
sed,
kill
ing
and
mai
min
g pe
ople
; ar
bitr
ary
mas
s ar
rest
s w
ere
carr
ied
out;
and
activ
e st
eps
wer
e ta
ken
to
hara
ss a
nd s
upre
sspa
trio
tic
mas
s or
gani
zatio
ns.
But
w
ith
each
ne
w
atta
ck,
the
revo
luti
onar
y m
ovem
ent
cont
inue
d to
gr
ow
and
win
th
esy
mpa
thie
s of
mor
e an
d m
ore
of t
he F
ilip
ino
mas
ses.
By
1969
th
e na
tiona
l de
moc
rati
c m
ovem
ent h
ad m
atur
ed. W
ith
the
rect
ific
atio
n an
d re
-est
ablis
hmen
t of
the
Com
mun
ist
Part
y of
the
Phili
ppin
es
in
1968
a
mor
e co
mpr
ehen
sive
pro
gram
an
dst
rate
gy f
or t
he N
atio
nal
Dem
ocra
tic
revo
luti
on w
as p
ut f
orw
ard.
Thi
s pr
ogra
m
is o
utlin
ed
in t
he
book
,
Phi
lippi
ne S
ocie
ty
and
Rev
olut
ion
— P
SR
wri
tten
by
th
e Pa
rty'
s ch
airm
an,
Am
ado
Gue
rrer
o; t
he P
SR s
oon
beca
me
the
mos
t w
idel
y re
ad a
nd s
tudi
edbo
ok i
n th
e Ph
ilipp
ines
.T
he p
rogr
am i
dent
ifie
s th
e pr
inci
pal
obje
ctiv
e of
the
rev
olut
ion
to
liber
ate
the
Fili
pino
pe
ople
fr
om
fore
ign
expl
oita
tion
and
dom
esti
c fe
udal
opp
ress
ion;
dri
ve o
ut t
he i
mpe
rial
ists
; car
ry o
utag
rari
an
revo
luti
on
in
the
coun
trys
ide,
and
fo
rm
a co
alit
ion
gove
nmen
t th
at w
ould
be
repr
esen
tati
ve o
f al
l the
pat
riot
ic c
lass
esin
Phi
lipp
ine
soci
ety.
The
N
atio
nal
Dem
ocra
tic
revo
luti
on w
ill e
mbr
ace
all p
atri
otic
clas
ses
oppo
sed
to
impe
rial
ism
wit
h pr
inci
pally
th
e al
lianc
e of
wor
kers
and
pea
sant
s at
its
cor
e. T
he u
rban
pet
ty b
ourg
eosi
e (i
e.in
telli
gent
sia,
st
uden
ts,
prof
essi
onal
s,
craf
tsm
en,
and
smal
lbu
sine
ssm
en)
will
be
a
reli
able
re
volu
tion
ary
forc
e an
d th
e
nati
onal
bou
rgeo
isie
(ie
. Fi
lipin
o ca
pita
lists
who
wan
t na
tiona
list
indu
stri
aliz
atio
n"
but
are
man
ipul
ated
an
d ou
t-m
anuv
ered
by
impe
rial
ist
inte
rest
s) w
ill b
e a
less
rel
iabl
e, b
ut i
mpo
rtan
t al
ly o
fth
e na
tion
al d
emoc
rati
c rev
olut
ion.
The
le
adin
g cl
ass
forc
e in
the
peo
ple'
s de
moc
rati
c re
volu
tion
will
be
the
Fili
pino
wor
king
cla
ss a
nd i
ts r
evol
utio
nary
par
ty,
the
Com
mun
ist
Part
y of
the
Phi
lippi
nes.
Tod
ay t
he w
orke
rs a
re t
hem
ost
conc
entr
ated
, or
gani
zed
and
disc
iplin
ed c
lass
in
Phil
ippi
neso
ciet
y; t
hey
oper
ate
the
coun
try'
s in
dust
ries
and
tran
spor
t; la
bor
in t
he h
uge
impe
rial
ist-
owne
d pl
anta
tion
s an
d pr
oces
sing
fac
tori
es.
Whi
le
expe
rien
cing
th
e m
ost
dire
ct
and
brut
al
impe
rial
ist
expl
oita
tion
, ye
t th
ey o
wn
noth
ing
in th
eir
own
coun
try!
Bec
ause
of t
his,
as
a cl
ass,
they
hav
e th
e be
st u
nder
stan
ding
of
the
need
s of
the
who
le n
atio
n to
lib
erat
e its
elf
from
im
peri
alis
m. A
t th
e sa
me
tim
e, t
he
Filip
ino
wor
king
cla
ss h
as c
lose
and
ext
ensi
ve t
ies
with
the
peas
antr
y.
Mos
t Fi
lipin
o w
orke
rs c
ome
from
pea
sant
fam
ilie
s,th
ey a
re k
eenl
y aw
are
of f
euda
l op
pres
sion
and
can
exe
rt m
uch
revo
lutio
nary
in
flue
nce
in th
eir
hom
e ba
rrio
s.A
t th
e sa
me
time
the
peas
antr
y w
ill b
e th
e m
ain
forc
e in
the
nati
onal
de
moc
rati
c re
volu
tion.
The
y ar
e th
e la
rges
t se
ctor
of
Phili
ppin
e so
ciet
y an
d w
itho
ut t
heir
pow
erfu
l sup
port
the
re c
an b
eno
su
cces
s in
rev
olut
ion.
The
mai
n pr
oble
m f
acin
g th
e Fi
lipin
ope
asan
try
is t
he
ques
tion
of
land
. C
onse
quen
tly
by
lead
ing
ape
asan
t w
ar
to
free
th
e m
asse
s fr
om
feud
al o
ppre
ssio
n,
the
Phili
ppin
e re
volu
tion
will
be
fulfi
lling
its
mai
n de
moc
ratic
ta
sk.
Thi
s is
als
o th
e pr
inci
pal
way
in
whi
ch t
he F
ilipi
no w
orki
ng c
lass
build
s a
stro
ng a
llian
ce w
ith t
he p
easa
ntry
and
can
mob
ilize
the
mto
* al
so
acco
mpl
ish
succ
essf
ully
the
cen
tral
tas
k of
dri
ving
out
of
the
coun
try
the
impe
rial
ists
and
thei
r lo
cal
pupp
ets.
4. P
eopl
e's W
ar
On
Mar
ch 2
9,19
69 t
he N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y (N
PA) w
as f
orm
ed,
unde
r th
e gu
idan
ce a
nd l
eade
rshi
p of
the
Com
mun
ist P
arty
of
the
Phili
ppin
es.
Wit
h th
e N
PA's
esta
blis
hmen
t a
new
and
hig
her
stag
eof
Peo
ple'
s W
ar b
egan
to
unfo
ld in
the
Phili
ppin
es.
Peo
ple'
s W
ar is
the
popu
lar
term
to
desc
ribe
the
bas
ic s
trat
egy
and
tact
ics
that
will
gui
de t
he n
atio
nal
dem
ocra
tic r
evol
utio
n to
vict
ory.
It
mea
ns p
rinc
ipal
ly t
hat
the
peop
le m
ust
be d
eter
min
edto
w
age
an a
rmed
st
rugg
le i
n or
der
to d
efea
t th
e ar
mie
s of
th
eim
peri
alis
ts
and
thei
r pu
ppet
s,
win
po
litic
al
pow
er
and
then
defe
nd t
heir
vic
tory
with
arm
s. T
his
is th
e co
rner
ston
e of
Peo
ple'
sW
ar a
nd i
t st
ems
from
the
und
erst
andi
ng th
at th
ere
has
neve
r be
enan
ex
ampl
e in
the
hi
stor
y of
man
kind
whe
re e
xplo
iting
cla
sses
have
vo
lunt
aril
y su
rren
dere
d th
eir
ill-g
otte
n w
ealth
an
d po
wer
10
wit
hout
a v
icio
us f
ight
.T
he c
once
pt o
f Pe
ople
's W
ar re
cogn
izes
the
nee
d fo
r a
Peo
ple'
sA
rmy
to
lead
the
ar
med
str
uggl
e an
d se
ize
poli
tica
l po
wer
; it
reco
gniz
es t
he l
eadi
ng ro
le o
f th
e w
orki
ng c
lass
and
its
Par
ty,
the
Com
mun
ist
Part
y; a
nd i
t re
cogn
izes
the
nee
d to
bu
ild
a st
rong
Uni
ted
Fron
t of
all
patr
iotic
cla
sses
in
orde
r to
sup
port
the
arm
edst
rugg
le.
Sin
ce i
ts f
orm
atio
n, t
he N
PA
has
pai
d cl
ose
atte
ntio
n to
th
eta
ctic
s of
Peo
ple'
s W
ar. R
ecog
nizi
ng t
hat
in t
he i
niti
al s
tage
s th
epe
ople
's ar
my
will
be
rela
tivel
y w
eak
whi
le t
he
impe
rial
ist
and
pupp
et
arm
ies
will
be
wel
l-eq
uipp
ed a
nd i
n gr
eate
r nu
mbe
rs,
the
NPA
w
ill c
once
ntra
te i
ts a
ttac
ks i
n th
e co
untr
ysid
e w
here
th
eim
peri
alis
ts
and
thei
r pu
ppet
s ha
ve t
heir
w
eake
st
poli
tica
l an
dm
ilita
ry
links
; bu
ild
up t
he p
eopl
e's
revo
luti
onar
y po
wer
th
ere
firs
t an
d "s
urro
und
the
citie
s fr
om t
he c
ount
rysi
de".
Beg
inni
ng
in
the
mou
ntai
nous
and
bac
kwar
d ar
eas,
su
ch
asIs
abel
a an
d C
agay
an
Val
ley,
the
N
PA
firs
t co
ncen
trat
es
onbu
ildin
g up
a m
ass
base
am
ong
the
poor
pea
sant
s th
roug
h as
sist
ing
them
or
gani
ze a
nd s
trug
gle
to l
ower
the
ir r
ents
and
im
prov
e th
eliv
ing
cond
ition
s. T
his
is c
oupl
ed w
ith
prop
agan
da a
nd e
duca
tion
wor
k to
exp
lain
to
the
peas
antr
y th
e th
ree
basi
c en
emie
s of
th
eFi
lipin
o pe
ople
— im
peri
alis
m, f
euda
lism
, bu
reau
crat
cap
ital
ism
—an
d th
e ne
ed t
o w
age
natio
nal
dem
ocra
tic
revo
luti
on.
Wit
h th
epe
ople
's s
uppo
rt a
s a
foun
dati
on, t
he N
PA a
ttack
s th
e re
acti
onar
yar
med
fo
rces
w
here
th
ey
are
the
wea
kest
, ca
ptur
es
wea
pons
,co
nfus
es
them
an
d ke
eps
them
alw
ays
in f
ear
and
on t
he
run.
Whe
neve
r th
e la
ndlo
rd o
r go
vern
men
t arm
ies
atta
ck a
nd a
buse
th
epe
ople
or
try
to
dest
roy
thei
r m
ass
orga
niza
tion
s, t
he
NPA
will
find
so
me
way
to
reta
liate
and
pun
ish
them
— in
thi
s w
ay
the
mas
ses
begi
n to
tru
st
and
rely
on
the
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy;
th
eysa
y,"t
he l
andl
ord
has
his
arm
ies,
and
now
we
have
our
s."
If
the
peop
le's
arm
y is
to
expa
nd a
nd b
ecom
e in
vinc
ible
, it
mus
t le
ad
the
revo
lutio
nary
pe
asan
t m
ovem
ent
for
land
an
dde
moc
ratic
ri
ghts
. A
s it
prov
es i
tsel
f, t
he N
PA w
ill b
e em
brac
edan
d pr
otec
ted
by t
he F
ilipi
no p
easa
nt m
asse
s an
d th
ousa
nds
ofpe
asan
t yo
uth
will
joi
n its
ran
ks n
o m
atte
r ho
w
diff
icul
t an
dbr
utal
the
enem
ies
supp
ress
ion
cam
paig
ns m
ay b
ecom
e!A
s th
e Pe
ople
's W
ar r
each
es h
ighe
r st
ages
it
will
tak
e on
th
ecl
ear
char
acte
r of
a c
ivil
war
as
larg
er a
nd l
arge
r ar
eas
will
bec
ome
"lib
erat
ed"
from
im
peri
alis
t an
d la
ndlo
rd
cont
rol
and
adm
in-
iste
red
dire
ctly
by
th
e N
atio
nal
Dem
ocra
tic
Fro
nt
and
the
revo
lutio
nary
m
ass
orga
niza
tions
. T
hese
are
as w
ill b
e pr
otec
ted
byth
e N
PA a
nd t
he p
eopl
e's
mili
tias.
Thi
s is
the
st
rate
gy
of P
eopl
e's
War
and
nat
iona
l de
moc
rati
cre
volu
tion.
In
th
e pa
st
deca
de
it ha
s ta
ken
deep
roo
t in
th
ePh
ilipp
ines
and
is
stea
dily
adv
anci
ng in
spi
te o
f th
e fa
scis
m o
f th
e
11
U.S
.-M
arco
s di
ctat
orsh
ip.
Wit
h ea
ch
new
vi
ctor
y it
st
reng
then
sco
nfid
ence
th
at
the
Fil
ipin
o pe
ople
wil
l su
rely
fre
e th
emse
lves
,on
ce
and
for
all,
fro
m
the
evils
of
im
peri
alis
m,
feud
alis
m a
ndbu
reau
crat
ca
pita
lism
th
roug
h pr
otra
cted
st
rugg
le,
rely
ing
on t
hem
asse
s of
peo
ple
and
the
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
unde
r th
e le
ader
ship
of t
he C
omm
unis
t P
arty
!T
o th
e qu
esti
on,
"Wha
t is
the
an
swer
to
m
arti
al
law
?"
the
Fil
ipin
o m
asse
s sh
ou
t, "
Peo
ple
's W
ar!
. .
. Peo
ple'
s W
ar!"
12
Cha
pter
II
TH
E N
EW
PE
OP
LE
'S A
RM
Y
1. I
ntr
od
uct
ion
The
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
is t
he m
ajor
fig
htin
g fo
rce
carr
ying
out
the
Phi
lipp
ine
revo
luti
on.
It
is
mai
nly
an
arm
y of
pe
asan
ts,
incl
udin
g w
ithi
n it
s ra
nk
s w
orke
rs a
nd y
ou
th f
rom
the
urb
an p
etty
bour
geoi
sis.
T
he
arm
y is
gu
ided
by
w
orki
ng
clas
s id
eolo
gy,
poli
tics
, an
d or
gani
zati
on,
whi
ch
is
exer
cize
d th
roug
h th
ele
ader
ship
of
the
C
omm
unis
t P
arty
of
the
Phi
lipp
ines
. T
he N
PA
embo
dies
w
ithi
n it
self
al
l th
e es
sent
ial
aspe
cts
that
wil
l in
sure
revo
luti
onar
y vi
ctor
y -
the
arm
ed
stru
ggle
, th
e un
ited
fr
ont
and
the
lead
ersh
ip
of
the
wor
king
cl
ass.
A
s su
ch,
the
NP
A i
s th
epr
inci
pal
and
mos
t ad
vanc
ed n
atio
nal
dem
ocra
tic
orga
niza
tion
.S
ince
its
for
mat
ion
in 1
969,
th
e N
PA
has
incr
ease
d it
s st
reng
thfr
om
oper
atio
ns
in
only
fo
ur
prov
ince
s to
at
le
ast
thir
ty-f
ou
rpr
ovin
ces
at
pres
ent.
S
ince
mar
tial
la
w,
its
nu
mb
ers
and
area
of
oper
atio
ns h
ave
incr
ease
d ra
pidl
y. I
n ce
rtai
n pr
ovin
ces
the
NP
A is
now
ca
pabl
e of
lau
nchi
ng p
lato
on-s
ized
, co
mpa
ny-s
ized
and
eve
nba
ttal
ion-
size
d ac
tion
s.
It
has
figh
ting
uni
ts
in C
agay
an V
alle
y,Il
ocos
an
d M
ount
ain
prov
ince
s; i
n C
entr
al
Lu
zon
; in
the
B
icol
regi
on o
f S
outh
ern
Lu
zon
; in
Eas
tern
Vis
ayas
suc
h as
on
the
isla
ndof
Sam
ar;
and
Wes
tern
Vis
ayas
in P
anay
and
Neg
ros.
Sig
nifi
cant
ly,
the
NP
A i
s no
w a
lso
begi
nnin
g op
erat
ions
in
Min
dina
o.C
ontr
ary
to
the
clai
ms
of
the
US
-Mar
cos
dic
tato
rsh
ip,
the
popu
lar
resi
stan
ce
of
the
Fil
ipin
o pe
ople
is
in
crea
sing
. N
PA
guer
rill
a ba
ses
and
guer
rill
a zo
nes
are
bein
g de
velo
ped
wit
hout
let
up. I
n re
cent
yea
rs g
over
nmen
t un
its
rang
ing
in s
ize
from
sin
gle
squa
ds t
o tw
o w
hole
com
pani
es h
ave
been
wip
ed p
ut i
n sp
ecif
icbat
tles
w
ith
the
NP
A.
In
addi
tion
to
re
gula
r (f
ull-
tim
e)
arm
edun
its
of t
he
NP
A,
"see
d u
nit
s" s
uch
as a
rmed
pro
paga
nda
team
san
d pa
rt-t
ime
guer
rill
a un
its
have
bee
n fo
rmed
in
orde
r to
inc
reas
eth
e fi
ghti
ng c
apac
ity
and
rese
rve
stre
ngth
of
the
peop
le's
arm
y.T
he
NP
A
now
dr
aws
supp
ort
from
a
mas
s ba
se n
umbe
ring
seve
ral
hund
red
tho
usa
nd
peop
le i
n d
iffe
ren
t p
arts
of
the
cou
ntr
y.
In a
reas
whe
re t
he N
PA
has
est
abli
shed
bas
es,
revo
luti
onar
y la
ndre
form
is
car
ried
ou
t an
d re
volu
tion
ary
mas
s or
gani
zati
ons
and
peo
ple
's m
ilit
ias
are
form
ed.
The
NP
A s
oldi
ers
assi
st t
he p
eopl
e in
13
agri
cult
ural
pro
duct
ion,
att
end
to t
heir
med
ical
and
edu
cati
onal
need
s an
d es
tabl
ish
loca
l pe
ople
's g
over
nmen
ts in
lib
erat
ed a
reas
.A
llian
ces
and
coop
erat
ion
is a
lso
bein
g de
velo
ped
betw
een
the
NPA
and
oth
er a
nti-
fasc
ist a
rmed
for
ces
whi
ch h
ave
spru
ng u
p in
diff
eren
t pa
rts
of t
he c
ount
ry s
ince
the
dec
lara
tion
of
mar
tial
law
.T
his
incl
udes
the
Ban
gsa
Mor
o A
rmy
and
Mus
lim R
evol
utio
nary
Forc
es
figh
ting
for
self
-det
erm
inat
ion
in
Min
dina
o. T
he
NPA
firm
ly
supp
orts
the
ca
ll of
the
Pre
para
tory
Com
mis
sion
for
th
eN
atio
nal
Dem
ocra
tic
Fro
nt w
hich
see
ks to
uni
te a
ll p
ossi
ble
forc
esto
ov
erth
row
the
U
.S.-
Mar
cos
cliq
ue a
nd e
stab
lish
a de
moc
rati
cco
alit
ion
gove
rnm
ent.
(See
cha
pter
fou
r:
10
Poi
nt
Pro
gram
of
Nat
iona
l Dem
ocra
tic
Fro
nt)
Thi
s se
ctio
n co
ntai
ns t
wo
inte
rvie
ws
wit
h N
PA f
ight
ers.
The
sein
terv
iew
s gi
ve a
sen
se o
f th
e da
y-to
-day
pol
itic
al a
ctiv
ities
of
the
NPA
an
d th
e ki
nd
of
care
ful
orga
nizi
ng a
nd p
ropa
gand
a w
ork
requ
ired
in
orde
r to
for
ge
stro
ng t
ies
betw
een
the
NP
A a
nd t
hepe
ople
and
win
thei
r ge
nuin
e su
ppor
t.
An
Inte
rvie
wW
ith A
n
NP
A
Cad
re
Cen
tral
L
uzon
ha
s be
en
a tr
adit
onal
st
rong
hold
of
revo
lutio
nary
re
sist
ance
to
fore
ign
dom
inat
ion
and
is t
oday
an
area
w
here
th
e N
ew
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
is p
arti
cula
rly
stro
ng.
The
follo
win
g is
an
inte
rvie
w b
etw
een
a co
rres
pond
ent
of L
iber
atio
n,an
und
ergr
ound
new
spap
er,
and
Com
rade
Tom
b, a
pol
itic
al
offic
erof
a
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
squa
d in
Pam
pang
a, C
entr
al L
uzon
. Th
ein
terv
iew
was
firs
t pu
blis
hed
on M
arch
30,
197
4.
14
LIB
ER
AT
ION
: To
sta
rt w
ith
a ge
nera
l qu
esti
on,
wha
t is
the
N
PA
and
wha
t do
es i
t do
?K
ASA
MA
NG
TO
NY
O:
The
N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y is
the
m
ain
orga
niza
tion
of
the
Com
mun
ist P
arty
of
the
Phi
lipp
ines
for
wag
ing
arm
ed
stru
ggle
, w
hich
is
the
prin
cipa
l fo
rm
of
stru
ggle
at
th
epr
esen
t st
age
of t
he P
hili
ppin
e re
volu
tion
. R
evol
utio
n is
mai
nly
capt
urin
g an
d de
fend
ing
polit
ical
pow
er,
and
this
can
not
be d
one
wit
hout
ar
med
st
rugg
le.
The
N
PA
is
the
arm
w
ith
whi
ch
the
peop
le
and
the
Par
ty
wie
ld t
he
gun.
Tha
t is
why
we
call
it a
peop
le's
arm
y.T
his
does
no
t m
ean,
how
ever
, th
at a
ll w
e do
is
fig
ht i
n th
eba
ttle
fiel
d.
Bes
ides
bei
ng a
fig
htin
g fo
rce,
ea
ch
NP
A u
nit
also
enga
ges
in p
ropa
gand
a an
d pr
oduc
tion
wor
k. T
he N
PA
hel
ps t
hepe
ople
, pa
rtic
ular
ly
the
peas
ants
in
the
coun
trys
ide,
bui
ld
thei
row
n de
moc
rati
call
y ch
osen
loc
al g
over
nmen
ts.
Ano
ther
im
port
ant
task
of
the
NP
A is
to m
obil
ize
the
peas
ants
to
impl
emen
t a
revo
luti
onar
y la
nd
refo
rm
prog
ram
ai
med
at
ulti
mat
ely
abol
ishi
ng fe
udal
ism
.Q
UE
ST
ION
: Yo
u m
enti
oned
lo
cal g
over
nmen
ts.
How
are
the
sese
t up
her
e in
Pam
pang
a?A
NSW
ER
: W
hen
we
spea
k of
lo
cal
gove
rnm
ents
, w
e m
ean
peop
le's
gov
ernm
ent
on t
he
barr
io
leve
l. O
f co
urse
th
e B
arri
oC
ounc
il st
ill
exis
ts
in
mos
t ba
rrio
s,
but
it is
es
sent
ially
an
inst
rum
ent
of t
he r
ulin
g cl
asse
s, e
spec
ially
the
lan
dlor
ds.
It d
oes
not
serv
e th
e re
al i
nter
ests
of
the
barr
io p
eopl
e. T
hat
is w
hy o
urpo
licy
is
to
brea
k its
po
litic
al
infl
uenc
e in
the
ba
rrio
, an
d if
poss
ible
, to
win
ove
r m
embe
rs w
ho a
re n
ot d
ieha
rds.
The
re a
re t
wo
way
s of
org
aniz
ing
a ba
rrio
and
set
ting
up
a lo
cal
gove
rnm
ent.
A
cadr
e m
ay
firs
t fo
rm
a B
arri
o O
rgan
izin
g C
om-
mit
tee
(BO
C) f
rom
am
ong
the
poor
pea
sant
s an
d ot
her
prog
ress
ive
indi
vidu
als.
W
hen
this
de
velo
ps
and
its
poli
tica
l in
flue
nce
ises
tabl
ishe
d in
the
bar
rio,
th
is b
ecom
es t
he B
arri
o R
evol
utio
nary
Com
mitt
ee
(BR
C).
Or,
we
may
sta
rt b
y fo
rmin
g m
ass
orga
niza
-ti
ons
of
peas
ants
, yo
uth
and
wom
en.
Whe
n th
ese
deve
lop
and
beco
me
effe
ctiv
e in
mob
iliz
ing
the
barr
io p
eopl
e an
d he
lpin
g th
emso
lve
thei
r pr
oble
ms,
the
ir l
eade
rs f
orm
the
BR
C.
Org
aniz
atio
nally
, th
e ai
m i
s to
se
t up
the
BR
C a
s a
genu
ine
loca
l go
vern
men
t to
ta
ke
the
plac
e of
the
re
acti
onar
y B
arri
oC
ounc
il.H
ere
in
Cen
tral
L
uzon
we
now
la
y st
ress
on
fo
rmin
g m
ass
orga
niza
tions
fi
rst,
tow
ards
bu
ildi
ng t
he B
RC
, al
thou
gh
in s
ome
inst
ance
s w
e or
gani
ze B
RC
s at
the
sam
e ti
me
that
mas
s or
gani
za-
tion
s ar
e se
t up
.In
ei
ther
ca
se,
the
real
te
st
is
how
ef
fect
ive
thes
e m
ass
orga
niza
tion
s an
d B
OC
s ar
e in
mob
iliz
ing
the
peop
le t
o ef
fect
ivel
y
15
solv
e th
eir
prob
lem
s. T
his
is t
he
mai
n fu
ncti
on o
f lo
cal
gove
rn-
men
t, is
n't
it?
Onl
y w
hen
the
BO
C o
r th
e pe
ople
's o
rgan
izat
ions
hav
e pr
oven
them
selv
es i
s th
e B
RC
est
abli
shed
.Q
UE
STIO
N:
Wha
t ar
e th
e pr
inci
pal
prob
lem
s of
th
e pe
ople
here
in
Pam
pang
a?A
NSW
ER
: W
hen
we
talk
of
peop
le's
pro
blem
s in
Pam
pang
a,an
d in
th
e re
st
of
Cen
tral
L
uzon
, w
e sh
ould
st
art
wit
h th
eex
trem
ely
low
w
ages
of
th
e ag
ricu
ltur
al w
orke
rs i
n th
e su
gar
haci
enda
s an
d th
e la
ndle
ss
tena
nt
farm
ers
who
cu
ltiv
ate
the
rice
land
s of
big
lan
dlor
ds.
Man
y su
garc
ane
wor
kers
get
as
low
as
4 pe
sos
a da
y. B
esid
es t
helo
w
wag
es,
wor
king
co
ndit
ions
ar
e ha
rsh
and
wor
k is
on
lyse
ason
al.
Wor
kers
livi
ng i
n th
e su
gar
haci
enda
s ar
e no
t al
low
ed t
ous
e th
e la
nd f
or o
ther
cro
ps t
o au
gmen
t th
eir
mea
ger
inco
me.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd,
the
land
less
ten
ants
w
ho
wor
k in
th
eri
cela
nds
are
subj
ecte
d to
fe
udal
ex
ploi
tati
on s
uffe
red
by p
oor
peas
ants
els
ewhe
re.
Cro
p sh
arin
g he
re i
s us
uall
y 50
-50,
or
70-3
0 if
the
tena
nt s
houd
lers
all
the
expe
nses
for
pla
ntin
g an
d ha
rves
ting
.In
so
me
plac
es
here
, th
ere
is t
he
"buw
isan
" sy
stem
, w
here
th
ete
nant
pay
s 15
to 2
0 ca
vans
of
rice
per
hec
tare
cul
tiva
ted.
In a
reas
whe
re t
he "
buw
isan
" is
use
d, o
ur a
im i
n th
e or
gani
zed
barr
ios
is t
he
redu
ctio
n of
la
nd r
ent
to
a m
axim
um o
f on
ly 6
cava
ns p
er h
ecta
re.
Whe
re th
e pe
rcen
tage
met
hod
of c
rop
shar
ing
prev
ails
, we
aim
at
a m
axim
um o
f 15
per
cent
of
the
harv
est
for
the
land
lord
.T
here
is
also
usu
ry,
unpa
id m
enia
l se
rvic
es a
nd t
he
thou
sand
and
one
way
s th
e la
ndlo
rds
chea
t an
d ex
ploi
t th
e la
ndle
sspe
asan
ts.
(Gov
ernm
ent-
init
iate
d pr
ogra
ms
like
Sam
ahan
g N
ayon
and
Mas
agan
a 99
hav
e be
en b
ig f
ailu
res
and
have
not
hel
ped
the
peas
ants
any
. In
stea
d, t
hrou
gh t
hese
gov
ernm
ent
prog
ram
s, p
ro-
duce
rs
of f
arm
im
plem
ents
and
ch
emic
als,
as
wel
l as
ow
ners
of
rura
l ba
nks,
hav
e am
asse
d m
ore
wea
lth
at t
he e
xpen
se o
f fa
rmer
san
d pe
asan
ts w
ho h
ave
sunk
dee
per
in d
ebt.
— E
dito
r)O
nly
a th
orou
gh-g
oing
agr
aria
n re
volu
tion
ca
n li
quid
ate
the
age-
old
expl
oita
tion
an
d op
pres
sion
su
ffer
ed
by
our
brot
her
peas
ants
.Q
UE
STIO
N:
Wha
t do
you
mea
n by
agr
aria
n re
volu
tion?
AN
SWE
R:
Thi
s is
the
revo
luti
onar
y la
nd r
efor
m p
rogr
am o
f th
eN
PA.
To
be m
ore
prec
ise,
the
NPA
pro
paga
tes
the
prog
ram
and
orga
nize
s th
e pe
asan
ts,
and
the
peas
ants
the
mse
lves
, thr
ough
the
irco
llect
ive
revo
luti
onar
y ac
tion,
im
plem
ent
it.
The
min
imum
dem
and
of o
ur p
rogr
am i
s th
e re
duct
ion
of l
and
rent
and
abo
liti
on o
f us
ury.
Its
max
imum
dem
and
is th
e co
nfis
ca-
tion
of
the
land
s of
big
opp
ress
ive
land
lord
s an
d th
e re
dist
ribu
tion
of t
hese
to
the
land
less
pea
sant
s. (
Ful
l te
xt o
f th
e R
evol
utio
nary
16
Gui
de f
or L
and
Ref
orm
incl
uded
in
this
pam
phle
t. —
Edi
tor)
QU
EST
ION
: Y
ou m
enti
oned
th
e ag
ricu
ltura
l w
orke
rs w
ho g
etlo
w w
ages
. How
can
the
ir c
ondi
tion
be
impr
oved
?A
NSW
'ER
: R
ight
now
, in
Pam
pang
a w
e ar
e de
voti
ng a
lot
of
effo
rt
to
orga
nizi
ng t
he t
he s
ugar
cane
wor
kers
so
that
th
ey c
anef
fect
ivel
y de
man
d hi
gher
wag
es. T
he l
owes
t pa
id i
n th
is a
rea
get
4pe
sos
a da
y. S
ome
get
6 pe
sos
a da
y, w
hich
is
the
lega
l mim
inum
wag
e fo
r ag
ricu
ltura
l w
orke
rs,
but
still
in
adeq
uate
fo
r ev
ensu
bsis
tenc
e liv
ing.
Our
im
med
iate
dem
and
in t
he l
arge
hac
iend
as is
for
a 12
pes
o da
ily w
age.
Wor
kers
in s
ome
haci
enda
s w
e or
gani
zed
are
alre
ady
rece
ivin
g th
is.
QU
EST
ION
: W
hat
is y
our
polic
y w
ith
resp
ect
to
land
lord
s?H
ow a
bout
tho
se l
andl
ords
who
are
will
ing
to c
oope
rate
wit
h yo
u?A
NSW
ER
: W
e m
ake
a di
stin
ctio
n be
twee
n la
ndlo
rds
who
are
real
ly
oppr
essi
ve a
nd l
andl
ords
who
are
mod
erat
e or
enl
ight
ened
.In
an
area
whe
re t
here
are
hac
iend
as w
ith
eigh
t or
ten
lan
dlor
ds,
for
exam
ple,
we
do n
ot g
o ag
ains
t al
l th
e la
ndlo
rds
at o
nce.
Fir
st,
we
anal
yze
each
la
ndlo
rd
and
the
cond
itio
ns
of h
is w
orke
rs o
rte
nant
s. W
e pi
ck t
he m
ost
oppr
essi
ve l
andl
ord
who
se t
enan
ts a
reth
e m
ost
expl
oite
d.
He
beco
mes
ou
r pr
imar
y ta
rget
fo
r th
ean
ti-f
euda
l st
rugg
le i
n th
e ar
ea.
Whe
n he
giv
es in
to
the
dem
ands
of
the
poor
pea
sant
s or
agr
icul
tura
l w
orke
rs i
n hi
s ha
cien
da, t
he o
ther
land
lord
s w
ill c
erta
inly
hea
r of
thi
s, a
nd t
hey
will
kno
w i
t w
as t
heN
PA t
hat
or
gani
zed
the
peas
ants
an
d ru
ral
wor
kers
. W
hen
this
happ
ens,
m
ost
of t
he
land
lord
s w
ill b
e m
ore
easi
ly c
onvi
nced
to
impr
ove
the
cond
itio
ns o
f th
eir
tena
nts
or l
abor
ers.
Her
e in
Pam
pang
a, a
nd t
he r
est
of C
entr
al L
uzon
, the
pea
sant
san
d fa
rm w
orke
rs h
ave
a lo
ng t
radi
tion
of
stru
ggle
aga
inst
feu
dal
oppr
essi
on,
and
the
land
lord
s al
so k
now
thi
s. I
n m
any
case
s, t
hela
ndlo
rds
gran
t th
e te
nant
s' d
eman
ds b
efor
e th
e co
nfli
ct r
each
esth
e sh
ootin
g st
age.
In
som
e in
stan
ces,
how
ever
, op
pres
sive
lan
d-lo
rds
play
tou
gh a
nd u
se t
heir
pri
vate
arm
ies
or c
all i
n PC
sol
dier
s,in
whi
ch c
ase
the
NPA
reso
rts
to s
uch
mil
itar
y m
eans
as
ambu
shes
.In
gen
eral
we
rely
mor
e on
pol
itica
l w
ork
and
the
unit
y of
the
peas
ants
to
obta
in g
ains
in
the
anti
-feu
dal s
trug
gle.
QU
EST
ION
: H
ow
abou
t U
.S.
impe
rial
ism
—
how
do
yo
uex
plai
n its
wor
king
s to
the
bar
rio
peop
le?
AN
SWE
R:
The
peo
ple
here
can
eas
ily s
ee t
he
natu
re o
f U
.S.
impe
rial
ism
an
d th
e w
ay i
t do
min
ates
ou
r ec
onom
y be
caus
e th
esu
gar
indu
stry
is
ver
y m
uch
a pa
rt o
f C
entr
al L
uzon
. The
peo
ple
unde
rsta
nd
that
the
pr
ices
and
"qu
otas
" of
sug
ar w
e ex
port
are
dict
ated
by
the
impe
rial
ists
. R
ight
now
, for
ins
tanc
e, th
e do
mes
tic
pric
e of
su
gar
is v
ery
high
and
th
ere
is a
nat
ionw
ide
arti
fici
alsh
orta
ge
desp
ite
the
fact
tha
t w
e gr
ow a
lot
of
suga
rcan
e. T
hepe
ople
und
erst
and
that
thi
s an
omal
y is
cau
sed
by U
.S. i
mpe
rial
-
17
ism
, w
hich
is
im
port
ing
mos
t of
our
raw
sug
ar a
nd r
esel
ling
it a
sre
fine
d su
gar
or o
ther
pro
duct
s at
hig
h w
orld
pri
ces.
QU
EST
ION
: H
ow
do
you
wag
e ar
med
st
rugg
le
in
Cen
tral
Luz
on?
AN
SW
ER
: O
ur s
tyle
of
figh
ting
her
e is
sim
ilar
to t
hat
of
NP
Aun
its
in
othe
r re
gion
s.
Bec
ause
th
e en
emy
is s
tron
ger
than
us
mil
itar
ily,
w
e av
oid
deci
sive
cl
ashe
s an
d pi
tche
d ba
ttle
s. W
eco
ncen
trat
e on
att
acki
ng r
elat
ivel
y w
eak
and
isol
ated
uni
ts o
f th
een
emy.
The
in
itia
tive
is
in o
ur h
ands
bec
ause
we
dete
rmin
e w
hen
and
whe
re
to
laun
ch
tact
ical
off
ensi
ves
agai
nst
the
enem
y.
It i
s th
eN
PA t
hat
am
bush
es t
he g
over
nmen
t tr
oops
and
not
the
oth
er w
ayar
ound
.O
ther
fa
ctor
s w
hich
gi
ve u
s th
e in
itia
tive
are
our
fa
mil
iari
tyw
ith
the
terr
ain
— si
nce
mos
t of
our
Red
fig
hter
s ha
ve l
ived
her
eal
l th
eir
lives
— a
nd t
he s
tron
g su
ppor
t w
e en
joy
from
the
ba
rrio
peop
le.
Fro
m e
xper
ienc
e, w
e ca
n sa
y th
at t
he a
nalo
gy b
etw
een
the
fish
in
the
w
ater
and
the
gu
erri
lla
amon
g th
e m
asse
s is
ent
irel
ytr
ue.
The
go
vern
men
t al
so
know
s th
is,
that
is
why
its
so-
calle
dan
ti-d
issi
dent
ca
mpa
ign
cons
ists
m
ainl
y of
tr
ying
to
sc
are
the
barr
io p
eopl
e aw
ay
from
the
N
PA
by
mea
ns o
f m
urde
r, t
ort
ure
,ro
bber
y, a
rson
and
oth
er s
uch
terr
or t
acti
cs.
Our
ba
sic
unit
is
the
sq
uad.
W
hen
laun
chin
g am
bush
es
and
othe
r op
erat
ions
, th
ree
squa
ds u
sual
ly j
oin
up t
o fo
rm a
pla
toon
.D
urin
g bi
g op
erat
ions
aga
inst
th
e en
emy,
we
conc
entr
ate
seve
ral
plat
oons
to
hit
at t
he e
nem
y.B
esid
es t
he N
PA
regu
lars
for
med
int
o sq
uads
, w
e ha
ve g
uerr
illas
acti
ve
in
this
reg
ion.
T
hey
also
ca
rry
out
ambu
shes
an
d ra
ids,
som
etim
es i
n co
ordi
nati
on w
ith
NPA
. reg
ular
s.E
ach
wel
l-or
gani
zed
barr
io a
lso
has
a pe
ople
's m
ilit
ia,
whi
ch i
sfo
rmed
an
d gu
ided
by
th
e N
PA
uni
t op
erat
ing
near
by.
The
mem
bers
of
the
mil
itia
com
e fr
om t
he b
arri
o an
d th
ey f
unct
ion
asth
e ba
rrio
's d
efen
se f
orce
s.M
ilit
ary
wor
k is
al
way
s co
ordi
nate
d w
ith
our
polit
ical
en
dor
gani
zati
onal
w
ork.
In
gen
eral
we
disp
erse
to
car
ry o
n po
liti
cal
wor
k am
ong
the
mas
ses
in t
he c
ount
rysi
de a
nd w
e co
ncen
trat
e ou
rfo
rces
to
stag
e am
bush
es
agai
nst
the
AF
P t
roop
s w
hich
com
e to
harm
the
bar
rio
folk
or
purs
ue u
s.Q
UE
STIO
N:
How
ab
out
the
BSD
Us
— w
hat
is y
our
poli
cyto
war
d th
em?
AN
SW
ER
: A
t fi
rst,
we
wen
t al
l out
to
figh
t th
e B
SDU
s (B
arri
oSe
lf D
efen
se U
nit)
. B
ut l
ater
we
shif
ted
our
polic
y w
hen
we
foun
dou
t th
at n
ot a
ll t
he B
SD
U o
r m
embe
rs w
ere
die-
hard
s an
d ag
ains
tus
. In
fac
t, so
me
actu
ally
def
ecte
d to
our
sid
e an
d br
ough
t w
ithth
em t
heir
wea
pons
.T
he f
orm
atio
n of
BSD
Us
also
mea
ns t
hat
mor
e ar
ms
find
the
ir
18
way
int
o th
e ha
nds
of t
he p
eopl
e, s
ince
BSD
Us
are
issu
ed a
rms.
In
som
e ca
ses,
we
even
ask
som
e ad
vanc
ed e
lem
ents
in
the
barr
ios
tojo
in t
he B
SD
Us
in o
rder
to
pass
on
thei
r ar
ms
to u
s.T
here
ha
ve
been
in
stan
ces
whe
n B
SDU
m
embe
rs
gave
us
amm
unit
ion
and
valu
able
info
rmat
ion
on A
FP
and
BSD
U p
lans
.M
ost
like
ly, o
nly
abou
t 10
per
cent
of
all B
SDU
mem
bers
in t
his
regi
on a
re d
ieha
rd p
ro-g
over
nem
nt a
nd a
ctiv
ely
help
the
dic
tato
r-sh
ip.
The
res
t ar
e ne
utra
l or
the
y ac
tivel
y sy
mpa
thiz
e w
ith
our
caus
e an
d he
lp u
s.E
ven
duri
ng e
ncou
nter
s so
me
BS
DU
mem
bers
man
age
to h
elp.
An
inci
dent
w
hich
hap
pene
d ab
out
a ye
ar
ago
is r
evea
ling
. A
four
-man
N
PA u
nit
was
sur
roun
ded
by s
ome
200
BS
DU
and
PC
men
in
a ca
ne f
ield
. T
he f
ield
was
set
on
fire
to
forc
e ou
t th
e R
edFi
ghte
rs.
The
NP
A u
nit
shif
ted
posi
tion
and
man
aged
to
com
mu-
nica
te w
ith
som
e sy
mpa
thet
ic B
SDU
mem
bers
wit
h th
e su
rrou
nd-
ing
forc
e.
The
N
PA F
ight
ers
exch
ange
d si
gnal
s w
ith
the
BS
DU
men
. A
nd w
hen
they
fin
ally
bro
ke o
ut o
f th
e fi
eld,
the
BS
DU
men
mer
ely
fire
d th
eir
guns
in
the
air,
all
owin
g th
e R
ed f
ight
ers
tow
ithd
raw
unh
arm
ed.
QU
EST
ION
: W
e ha
ve h
eard
a lo
t ab
out
peop
le's
jus
tice
. H
ow i
sth
is d
ispe
nsed
?A
NS
WE
R:
In
gene
ral,
it is
the
bar
rio
peop
le w
ho
dete
rmin
ew
ho
thei
r en
emie
s ar
e, w
hat
crim
es t
hese
hav
e co
mm
itte
d,
and
wha
t pu
nish
men
t is
to
be g
iven
to
thes
e ba
d el
emen
ts.
The
NP
A,
in m
ost
case
s, o
nly
help
s to
cap
ture
the
crim
inal
s and
met
e ou
t th
e,pu
nish
men
t de
man
ded
by t
he b
arri
o pe
ople
.T
he
barr
io
folk
kn
ow e
xact
ly w
ho t
he
crim
inal
s ar
e —
the
yha
ve l
ists
of
the
PC a
gent
s an
d in
form
ers,
the
cat
tle
rust
lers
and
thie
ves,
th
e la
ndlo
rds'
spi
es,
and
othe
r ba
d el
emen
ts.
The
y al
sokn
ow t
he p
unis
hmen
t th
ese
crim
inal
s des
erve
.In
so
me
inst
ance
s, t
he b
arri
o pe
ople
the
mse
lves
cap
ture
and
puni
sh t
hese
bad
ele
men
ts.
Las
t ye
ar, f
or e
xam
ple,
the
mil
itia
of
aP
ampa
nga
barr
io
trap
ped
and
capt
ured
se
ven
"Mon
kees
" w
how
ere
guil
ty o
f m
urde
r an
d ra
pe,
puni
shed
the
m,
and
gave
th
eir
M-1
6 ri
fles
to
the
NP
A.
QU
ES
TIO
N:
How
abo
ut t
he w
omen
in
the
barr
ios
— w
hat
role
do t
hey
play
in
the
arm
ed s
trug
gle?
AN
SW
ER
: The
wom
en i
n th
e ba
rrio
s he
lp a
lot
. The
y do
cou
rier
wor
k an
d he
lp i
n lo
gist
ics
and
prod
ucti
on w
ork
in p
lant
ing
and
harv
esti
ng.
The
ir
role
be
com
es c
ruci
al e
spec
ially
du
ring
in
tens
e m
ilit
ary
supp
ress
ion
in t
he b
arri
os. D
urin
g su
ch s
itua
tion
s, t
he m
enfo
lk a
reus
uall
y or
dere
d no
t to
le
ave
the
hous
e. I
t is
the
wom
en w
ho g
oou
t to
ob
serv
e th
e m
ovem
ents
of
the
PC
sol
dier
s an
d co
llec
tva
luab
le i
nfor
mat
ion.
The
y al
so c
arry
on
the
wor
k in
the
fi
elds
whe
n th
e m
en c
anno
t go
out
.
19
In s
ome
inst
ance
s, t
hey
also
par
tici
pate
in
the
figh
ting
, as
whe
na
wom
an p
arti
san
play
ed a
vita
l ro
le i
n th
e su
rpri
se a
ttac
k on
tw
om
arin
es o
n bo
ard
a tr
ain
in P
ampa
nga.
The
wom
an s
ingl
ehan
dedl
ysh
ot d
ead
two
mar
ine
pass
enge
rs a
nd t
ook
two
rifl
es a
nd a
pis
tol,
whi
le h
er m
ale
cam
pani
on
expl
aine
d to
the
oth
er p
asse
nger
s th
epu
rpos
e of
the
ir a
ct.
Bar
rio
wom
en
are
also
act
ive
in t
he
NP
A's
med
ical
cor
ps,
asdo
ctor
s an
d nu
rses
.W
omen
in
man
y ba
rrio
s or
gani
zed
by t
he N
PA
hav
e th
eir
own
mas
s or
gani
zati
ons
to d
eal
wit
h pr
oble
ms
spec
ial t
o th
eir
sect
or.
ON
TH
E F
OU
RT
H A
NN
IVE
RSA
R
Y O
FTH
E N
EW
PE
OP
LE'S
AR
MY
the
fasc
ists
hav
e w
hite
was
hed
the
wal
ls,
thin
king
the
y co
uld
eras
e th
e sc
raw
l spe
llin
g do
omfo
r U
.S.
impe
rial
ist
and
thei
r pu
ppet
s.T
hey
have
set
up
CL
EA
N s
ignb
oard
s,lin
ed t
he s
tree
ts w
ith
flow
erpo
ts,
and
hour
ly p
lay
mar
ches
, dec
laim
jing
les
that
cou
ld f
irm
up
the
turf
on w
hich
dic
tato
r M
arco
s st
ands
.
Bu
t, k
asam
a, f
eel
the
whi
te h
eat
of s
ilen
cein
fac
tori
es a
nd f
ield
s, i
n sl
ums
and
alle
yway
s.Th
e op
pres
sed
no l
onge
r sp
eak
in p
ubli
c sq
uare
s.In
thi
rty-
four
pro
vinc
es t
oday
, th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
yth
unde
ns o
ut t
heir
cal
l to
arm
s.
And
lis
ten,
kas
ama
. . .
The
wre
tche
d of
the
ear
th s
ing
out:
"We
have
dar
ed t
o st
rugg
le, a
nd w
in w
e w
ill"
Tho
se w
ho b
eat
us d
own
have
mer
cena
ries
who
are
soo
n de
cim
ated
, ha
ving
onl
yth
eir
guns
, ge
nera
ls a
nd p
aid-
for
live
s.O
urs
is a
n ar
my
that
mul
tipl
ies
in a
mbu
shes
and
ope
n en
coun
ters
,fo
r th
e gr
eed
of t
he r
ulin
g cl
ass
has
plow
ed
up t
he l
and
and
turn
ed u
pth
e vi
olat
ed a
nd h
ungr
y an
d th
e de
sper
ate,
who
hav
e sp
rout
ed g
uns
and
'PSR
' an
d re
solu
te w
ills
and
brou
ght
fort
h re
volu
tion
arie
s an
dan
arm
y th
at g
row
s on
and
on
and
on
!"
Ber
nage
B.
de l
a Sie
rra
20
NP
A
Com
man
der
Will
y w
as o
ne o
f th
e fir
st s
oldi
ers
of t
he N
ewP
eopl
e's
Arm
y to
ope
rate
in
the
Bic
ol r
egio
n in
Sou
ther
n L
uzon
whe
re t
he i
nflu
ence
of
the
Com
mun
ist
Pary
and
the
NP
A i
s to
day
grow
ing
quit
e st
rong
. H
e an
d ot
her
barr
io f
olk
tell
the
foll
owin
gst
ory
to a
jour
nali
st o
f th
e un
derg
roun
d cu
ltur
al j
ourn
al,
Dar
e to
Stru
ggle
, D
are
to
Win
, ab
out
how
th
e N
PA
st
arte
d an
d gr
ew i
nC
amar
ines
Sur
. Th
e st
ory
first
app
eare
d on
May
20,
197
3.
1971
, is
the
ye
ar B
enjie
, C
he a
nd W
illy
bega
n to
org
aniz
e th
eN
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y in
the
Bic
ol r
egio
n. M
any
peop
le a
t fi
rst
took
them
to
be a
rmed
KM
(N
atio
nali
st Y
outh
). O
f th
eir
arm
s th
ere
was
then
not
hing
but
a s
ingl
e .3
8.A
fter
re
conn
oite
ring
th
e w
hole
day
th
roug
h th
e m
ount
ains
,th
ey c
ame
to a
sol
itar
y hu
t at
op a
hil
l in
Buh
i, C
amar
ines
Sur
. The
old
coup
le i
n th
e hu
t w
ere
frig
hten
ed, s
eein
g th
at t
he m
en w
ere
arm
ed,
but
they
all
owed
the
m i
nsid
e, g
ave
them
foo
d an
d sp
read
am
at f
or t
hem
."H
ow m
any
peop
le li
ve i
n th
is h
ut?
" as
ked
Ben
jie.
The
cou
ple
exch
ange
d gl
ance
s. "
Just
the
tw
o of
us.
"B
ut t
he v
isito
rs h
ad s
een
a dr
ess
in t
he y
ard
and
gues
sed
that
ada
ught
er l
ived
wit
h th
em.
As
they
co
nver
sed
thro
ugh
the
nigh
t, t
he o
ld c
oupl
e sl
owly
bega
n to
ga
in c
onfi
denc
e in
B
enjie
an
d hi
s co
mpa
nion
s. T
hey
com
plai
ned
of t
heir
har
dshi
p in
til
ling
the
lan
d an
d w
orki
ng in
the
abac
a pl
anta
tion
fo
r th
eir
land
lord
. T
he g
roup
lis
tene
d as
the
yco
nfid
ed a
ll th
eir
prob
lem
s, b
ig a
nd s
mal
l.B
efor
e th
e m
en l
eft
the
next
mor
ning
, Cel
ia N
aldo
cam
e ou
t of
21
hidi
ng.
The
y as
ked
the
grou
p to
vi
sit
them
aga
in.
The
cou
ple
aske
d, "
Are
you
tho
se w
hom
they
cal
l the
KM
?""N
o, t
hey
call
us th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's A
rmy.
"O
f th
e th
ree
NPA
who
cam
e to
Cel
ia N
aldo
's h
ut, o
nly
Will
y ha
ssu
rviv
ed
up
'til
to
day.
"C
ontr
ary
to
the
rom
anti
c ou
tloo
k, t
hew
ork
of t
he N
PA i
s no
t al
l ad
vent
ure.
It i
s al
way
s di
ffic
ult
in t
hebe
ginn
ing.
T
here
are
tim
es w
hen
you
eat
noth
ing
but
cam
ote,
whe
n yo
u m
ust
wal
k ni
ght
and
day.
And
alt
houg
h th
e m
asse
skn
ow
they
are
opp
ress
ed,
you
mus
t fi
rst
win
the
ir t
rust
bef
ore
they
bel
ieve
wha
t yo
u sa
y."
It a
ll be
gan
in C
amar
ines
Sur
, Chr
istm
as,
1970
."I
w
as o
n va
cati
on t
hen.
I i
nvit
ed B
enjie
one
eve
ning
for
adr
inki
ng s
essi
on.
'I've
sto
pped
dri
nkin
g,'
decl
ined
Ben
jie.
'Tha
t'sun
beli
evab
le!,
' I
excl
aim
ed i
n su
rpri
se. '
Don
't te
ll m
e yo
u've
als
ost
oppe
d ga
mbl
ing.
' T
hat's
tr
ue,'
he
repl
ied
and
he a
sked
m
ew
heth
er I
was
goi
ng b
ack
to m
y jo
b in
Man
ila. '
Sure
, I
wil
l.' A
gain
to m
y su
rpri
se, B
enjie
tol
d m
e th
at h
e w
asn'
t go
ing
to r
etur
n to
his
job.
I h
ad k
now
n th
at h
e w
as m
akin
g go
od m
oney
as
pres
iden
t of
the
unio
n.
'I r
efus
e to
co
ntin
ue s
ervi
ng t
he
capi
talis
ts,'
Ben
jieex
plai
ned.
"B
enjie
and
Will
y w
ent
to s
ee a
noth
er f
rien
d an
d th
ey t
alke
d al
lni
ght.
The
ne
xt
mor
ning
, W
illy
also
dec
ided
no
t to
re
turn
to
Man
ila.
"We
spok
e fi
rst
to t
he p
easa
nts
wor
king
in
Jaco
b's
haci
enda
.So
on
Aft
erw
ards
w
e ca
lled
a m
eetin
g.
'Wha
t fo
r?'
they
won
dere
d."
"We
expl
aine
d th
at
we
wan
ted
to
lear
n m
ore
abou
t th
eco
ndit
ions
in
the
haci
enda
so
that
we
may
fin
d w
ays
to f
ight
bac
kth
e la
ndlo
rd's
abu
ses.
The
y st
ill h
ad m
any
ques
tion
s. '
Who
are
you?
' 'W
ill t
he P
C (
Phil
ippi
ne C
onst
abul
ary)
get
us?
' 'H
ow c
an w
ebe
uni
ted?
' ""W
e ex
plai
ned
that
so
long
as
we
stru
ggle
toge
ther
, w
e ca
n ha
veth
e st
reng
th
to
figh
t th
e op
pres
sors
. W
e ci
ted
an
exam
ple.
In
deal
ing
wit
h th
e ca
raba
o ru
stle
rs,
all t
hat
one
shou
ld d
o is
sho
utan
d ev
eryo
ne e
lse
shou
ld
com
e ou
t of
th
eir
hom
es.
The
thi
efw
ould
hav
e no
pla
ce to
go.
'Why
are
you
hel
ping
us?
', th
ey a
sked
. 'Y
ou h
ad g
ood
jobs
in
Man
ila.
You
will
onl
y fi
nd h
unge
r he
re. A
re y
ou b
eing
pai
d fo
r th
ew
ork
you'
re d
oing
for
us?
'B
enjie
ans
wer
ed t
heir
que
stio
ns.
'We
do n
ot e
xpec
t to
be
paid
for
our
wor
k.
You
r pr
oble
ms
are
ours
, to
o,
and
we
shou
ld a
llst
rugg
le to
geth
er t
o so
lve
them
.''T
hey
say
that
you
are
com
mun
ists
, ba
d m
en w
ith l
ong
bear
ds.
Is th
is t
rue?
''T
hey
are
just
bad
-mou
thin
g us
. W
e ar
e he
re t
o he
lp y
ou f
ight
the
real
vill
ains
.'
22
'You
sho
uld
then
sta
y w
ith
us.' "
From
Ja
nuar
y to
M
ay,
Will
y, B
enjie
an
d C
he e
nter
ed m
any
othe
r ba
rrio
s;
Tig
aon,
Sa
gnay
, B
uhi.
The
y or
gani
zed
the
min
oriti
es
in t
he
mou
ntai
ns,
the
Agt
as w
ho w
ere
scor
ned
and
mal
trea
ted
in t
he t
owns
. W
hen
the
peop
le's
arm
y le
aves
a b
arri
o,th
e m
asse
s al
way
s ha
ve s
omet
hing
for
the
m t
o br
ing
alon
g, a
litt
erof
ric
e, s
ome
ciga
rette
s."I
n th
e to
wns
, th
e id
lers
say
, 'W
hen
the
actu
al f
ight
ing
star
ts,
thos
e K
M p
eopl
e w
ould
jus
t le
ave
us.'
But
in
the
bar
rios
, th
em
asse
s em
brac
e th
e pe
ople
's ar
my.
Tru
e, i
t is
dif
ficu
lt t
o ar
ouse
the
peas
ants
, im
mer
sed
as t
hey
are
in f
euda
l ou
tloo
k an
d w
ays,
but
once
aro
used
, it
is e
asy
to m
obil
ize
them
. W
here
as it
is
easy
to
arou
se
the
pett
y bo
urge
oisi
e in
the
tow
ns,
but
it is
dif
ficu
lt to
mak
e th
em
act."
"One
da
y,
a Pa
rty
com
rade
fro
m
anot
her
regi
on a
rriv
ed.
He
brou
ght
som
e T
hom
pson
m
achi
ne
guns
. H
e sy
stem
atiz
ed
our
stud
y an
d he
lped
us
orga
nize
as
an N
PAun
it.
It w
as t
hen
that
we
esta
blis
hed
a di
rect
lin
k w
ith
the
Par
ty."
"I n
ever
kne
w h
ow t
o ha
ndle
a g
un,"
sa
id W
illy.
"O
ur
othe
rco
mra
des
did
not
know
ei
ther
. W
e le
arne
d fr
om
the
enem
y."
The
mas
ses
wer
e no
t cl
ear
abou
t th
e re
latio
n of
the
peo
ple'
sar
my
to t
he P
arty
. Whe
n th
ey h
eard
Che
sho
ut a
t a
dem
onst
rati
onon
Jun
e 12
"L
ong
Liv
e th
eCom
mun
ist
Part
y of
the
Ph
ilipp
ines
!"T
hey
aske
d, "
Wha
t is
this
Par
ty?"
"The
ri
ch c
lass
es h
ave
thei
r pa
rtie
s,"
Will
ies
and
his
com
rade
sex
plai
ned,
"t
he
Nac
iona
lista
an
d Li
bera
l Pa
rtie
s. B
ut t
hey
have
done
not
hing
to
alle
viat
e th
e ha
rdsh
ip o
f th
e m
asse
s."
"But
is
n't
Com
mun
ism
ba
d?
Wou
ld
Mao
Tse
tung
be
ou
rpr
esid
ent,
too
?""
'T
hat
isn'
t so
,' w
e an
swer
ed.
And
we
expl
aine
d th
at C
hina
befo
re t
he R
evol
utio
n w
as l
ike
the
Phili
ppin
es t
oday
, an
d w
e ar
ele
arni
ng
from
th
eir
revo
luti
onar
y ex
peri
ence
in
so
lvin
g th
eir
prob
lem
s.
Com
mun
ism
mea
ns t
hat
ever
ythi
ng
belo
ngs
to a
ll an
dno
t on
ly t
o th
e ri
ch."
And
the
y sa
id,
"In
that
cas
e, C
omm
unis
m is
real
ly g
ood.
"G
radu
ally
Will
y's
grou
p en
light
ened
the
mas
ses
on t
he N
PA
. At
the
star
t so
me
wer
e af
raid
. W
hen
one
of t
he b
arri
os l
earn
ed t
hat
the
"arm
ed K
M"
wer
e ar
rivi
ng,
the
peop
le p
ut o
ut t
heir
lig
hts
atsi
x in
the
even
ing
and
reti
red.
The
n th
ey s
aw th
at e
ven
in p
lant
ing
cam
ote,
the
peop
le's
arm
yw
orke
d ha
rd.
The
gov
ernm
ent
says
tha
t th
e N
PA i
s ba
d,
thei
rso
ldie
rs h
ave
long
bea
rds.
The
y ar
e "M
a-m
aos"
who
spe
nd t
heir
tim
e ga
mbl
ing
and
rapi
ng.
But
the
mas
ses
saw
tha
t th
e pe
ople
'sar
my
is a
dis
cipl
ined
arm
y."T
he P
C d
oes
noth
ing
but
boas
t,"sa
id o
ne b
arri
o re
side
nt,
"but
they
ca
n do
not
hing
ab
out
cara
bao
rust
lers
. T
hey
even
ste
al o
ur
23
chic
kens
! D
urin
g an
ope
rati
on,
they
wea
r ea
ring
s on
the
ir n
oses
to
terr
oriz
e us
. It
is th
ey w
ho a
re e
vil
"T
he
peop
le's
ar
my
is
not
only
har
d w
orki
ng.
Abo
ve a
ll, t
hem
asse
s ad
mir
e it
s st
rict
dis
cipl
ine.
In
the
peop
le's
arm
y, r
espe
ct f
orw
omen
has
alw
ays
been
one
of
the
firs
t le
sson
s.T
he p
eopl
e's
arm
y sh
owed
the
mas
ses
that
the
ir d
uty
lay
not
only
in
mili
tary
ope
rati
ons
but
also
in
the
econ
omic
and
pol
itica
las
pect
s of
the
str
uggl
e. I
n th
e m
any
barr
ios
that
wel
com
ed
the
NPA
, th
ey
expl
aine
d th
e ne
cess
ity
of
agra
rian
re
volu
tion,
orga
nize
d th
e w
omen
, es
tabl
ishe
d or
gans
of
po
litic
al
pow
erth
roug
h th
e B
arri
o O
rgan
izin
g C
omm
itte
es,
and
grad
ually
elim
inat
ed c
arab
ao r
ustl
ing
and
rape
.A
m
othe
r w
eeps
bec
ause
her
so
n ha
s be
en
impr
ison
ed.
The
othe
r m
othe
rs w
ould
say
, "Y
ou s
houl
d no
t w
eep.
You
r so
n is
inpr
ison
bec
ause
he
chos
e to
fig
ht f
or t
he p
oor.
"W
here
ver
the
peop
le's
arm
y go
es, t
he m
asse
s fo
llow
the
m.
The
yw
elco
me
them
wit
h op
en a
rms
and
wee
p w
hen
they
lea
ve. O
n th
est
reet
s, a
n ol
d pe
asan
t w
ould
mee
t th
em, t
ell
them
abo
ut h
is w
oes
wit
h ca
raba
o ru
stle
rs.
"Com
e an
d he
lp u
s. T
here
is
food
at
hom
e.W
hen
the
PC c
omes
, th
ere'
s a
plac
e w
here
we
can
hide
you
,"
hew
ould
say
.A
t th
e m
eetin
gs b
etw
een
the
peop
le's
arm
y an
d th
e m
asse
s,ev
eryo
ne i
s th
ere,
chi
ldre
n, e
lder
s, w
omen
. Aft
er t
he m
eeti
ng t
hey
conf
ide
all
thei
r pr
oble
ms,
inc
ludi
ng th
eir
pers
onal
pro
blem
s. T
hem
asse
s sa
y, "
Not
hing
is
impo
ssib
le f
or t
he p
eopl
e's
arm
y. W
hat i
sim
poss
ible
for
the
m i
s to
bet
ray
the
poor
."T
he p
eopl
e's
arm
y te
ache
s th
e m
asse
s th
at t
he r
eal
hero
es a
ndfi
ghte
rs
are
the
mas
ses
them
selv
es.
Alt
houg
h th
e pe
ople
's ar
my
help
s th
em
in
all
aspe
cts
of
life
in t
he
barr
io —
in
educ
atio
n,he
alth
, pr
oduc
tion
, an
d de
fens
e —
they
als
o te
ach
the
mas
ses
tore
ly o
n th
emse
lves
. "Y
ou m
ust
have
you
r ow
n m
ilitia
. W
e w
ho a
rein
the
re
gula
r ar
my
are
the
righ
t ha
nd,
so t
o sp
eak,
and
you
rm
ilitia
is
the
left
hand
. It
is
not
poss
ible
to s
trug
gle
wit
h on
ly o
neha
nd."
The
fi
rst
maj
or
enco
unte
r be
twee
n th
e N
PA
and
the
PCoc
curr
ed o
n A
ugus
t 25,
197
1. T
he n
ews
had
expl
oded
: th
e N
PA is
in B
icol
!O
n th
e af
tern
oon
of A
ugus
t 25
, a
PC u
nit
visi
ted
the
solit
ary
hut
on t
he h
ill i
n B
uhi,
the
hom
e of
Cel
ia N
aldo
and
her
par
ents
.E
ight
NPA
s an
d so
me
peop
le w
ere
ther
e. W
hen
they
saw
the
PCth
ey f
led.
Tan
gkad
, as
the
old
peop
le c
alle
d C
he, j
umpe
d ou
t of
the
win
dow
. A
n ol
d PC
sol
dier
saw
him
and
-ou
t of
cow
ardl
y fe
ar,
sque
ezed
him
self
am
ong
the
kala
basa
vin
es.
;?"F
redd
ie w
as o
ne o
f th
e m
ost
cour
ageo
us f
ight
ers,
" co
ntin
ued
Will
y.
He
used
to
be a
PC
ran
ger.
He
was
on
vaca
tion
in
Bic
olw
hen
Ben
jie a
nd W
illy
conv
ince
d hi
m to
qui
t th
e PC
. Whe
neve
r he
wou
ld t
ell
the
peas
ants
abo
ut t
he m
isch
iefs
and
cri
mes
of
the
PC,
he w
ould
say
, "I
kno
w a
ll th
ese
for
I w
as o
ne o
f th
em."
Will
y co
ntin
ued,
"F
redd
ie w
as t
he f
irst
to
fire
and
the
fir
st t
oru
n ou
t of
am
mun
itio
n. I
n ra
ge h
e fl
ung
his
gun
at t
he P
C. T
hen
he w
as h
it."
The
PC
rei
nfor
cem
ent
arri
ved,
and
C
he a
nd
his
com
pani
ons
wer
e fo
rced
to
leav
e. F
rom
afa
r th
ey c
ould
stil
l see
the
PC s
oldi
ers
still
tea
ring
at
Fred
die'
s lif
eles
s bo
dy w
ith
thei
r bu
llet
s.I
"Fre
ddie
is
the
firs
t he
ro o
f th
e pe
ople
's ar
my
in B
icol
," s
aid
Will
y.I
T
he N
PA
had
lon
g go
ne b
ut t
he P
C re
mai
ned
in th
e hu
t. C
elia
,no
t kn
owin
g an
ythi
ng,
had
just
ar
rive
d fr
om c
amot
e-ga
ther
ing.
Eve
n be
fore
she
cou
ld
open
her
mou
th t
o ex
plai
n th
at w
hat
she
carr
ied
wer
e no
thin
g bu
t ca
mot
es,
the
PC s
oldi
ers
pepp
ered
her
wit
h bu
llets
."C
elia
has
alw
ays
help
ed t
he p
eopl
e's
arm
y. S
he w
as a
goo
d an
d.
tirel
ess
com
rade
. T
he c
ause
of
the
peop
le's
arm
y w
as c
lear
to
her.
""A
fter
Fr
eddi
e an
d C
elia
, m
any
othe
r co
mra
des
sacr
ific
ed t
heir
lives
. K
a Ip
e, B
ojie
, Je
rry,
an
d ot
hers
. B
ut t
he m
asse
s w
ere
not
dish
eart
ened
. T
heir
fi
rm
belie
f in
th
e pe
ople
's ar
my
was
stre
ngth
ened
. T
hey
knew
th
at
sacr
ific
e is
not
so
met
hing
to
befe
ared
, bu
t ra
ther
tha
t it
is
som
ethi
ng to
be
emul
ated
.""T
hey
say:
Th
ey a
ll d
ied
for
us.'
"T
he
mas
ses
are
rapi
dly
deve
lopi
ng
thei
r re
volu
tion
ary
cons
ciou
snes
s.
The
y kn
ow t
hat
Ben
jie a
nd o
ther
co
mra
des
died
not
only
be
caus
e th
ey
defe
nded
th
e m
asse
s, o
r be
caus
e th
eyst
rugg
led
and
foug
ht.
The
pri
mar
y du
ty o
f th
e pe
ople
's a
rmy
is to
dest
roy
the
enem
y; d
efen
se i
s se
cond
ary.
The
mas
ses
know
why
our
com
rade
s ha
ve s
acri
fice
d th
eir
lives
.A
nd t
he m
asse
s kn
ow,
too,
why
tho
se o
n th
e si
de o
f th
e en
emy
mus
t be
des
troy
ed.
For
ex
ampl
e,
Tol
enti
no,
was
the
m
ost
hate
d bu
lly
who
the
mas
ses
calle
d Pi
dong
. H
e w
as t
he f
irst
to
be
liqu
idat
ed b
y th
epe
ople
's ar
my
in B
icol
.W
illy
and
his
com
rade
s di
sgui
sed
them
selv
es a
s PC
sol
dier
s an
dw
ere
able
to
ente
r Ja
cob'
s ha
cien
da.
The
y w
aite
d fo
r Pi
dong
for
| fiv
e ho
urs. A
t ei
ght in
th
e ev
enin
g, P
idon
g ar
rive
d.C
he a
ppro
ache
d hi
m.
With
a r
eady
sal
ute,
Pid
ong
whi
mpe
red,
I "S
ir, t
his
is T
olen
tino
, si
r.""A
re t
here
NP
A s
oldi
ers
here
, Tol
enti
no?"
"Yes
sir
, tha
nk g
oodn
ess
you
cam
e on
tim
e."
Sudd
enly
Pid
ong
reco
gniz
ed C
he.
Bef
ore
he c
ould
yel
p, h
e w
asim
med
iate
ly
tied
up.
The
y br
ough
t hi
m t
o th
e st
reet
and
af
ter
conf
essi
ng
his
crim
es
agai
nst
the
mas
ses,
th
e pe
ople
's
arm
yex
ecut
ed h
im.
Sinc
e th
en,
the
land
lord
re
aliz
ed t
he s
tren
gth
of t
he
peop
le's
24
25
arm
y an
d th
e or
gani
zed
peas
ants
. T
he
peop
le
dem
ande
d an
addi
tion
of
two
peso
s to
the
ir d
aily
wag
e. J
acob
ref
used
. W
ork
atth
e ha
cien
da
was
sto
pped
fo
r tw
o m
on
ths
in o
rder
to
star
ve
the
peas
ants
and
for
ce t
hem
to
give
up
thei
r d
eman
d.
The
peo
ple'
s ar
my
disc
usse
d th
e si
tuat
ion
wit
h th
e pe
asan
ts.
"Yo
u'v
e be
en t
oili
ng t
his
land
for
yea
rs.
Yet
, yo
u d
on
't ow
n a
piec
e of
it.
Mea
nwhi
le, a
ll t
he l
andl
ord
does
is
wai
t fo
r th
e ha
rves
t.Is
th
is
the
sam
e m
iser
able
li
fe
you
are
goin
g to
gi
ve
yo
ur
chil
dren
?"W
ith
the
help
of
the
peop
le's
arm
y,
the
peas
ants
div
ided
am
ong
them
selv
es
Jaco
b's
510
he
ctar
es
of l
and.
The
pea
sant
s w
ho h
adlo
st t
heir
lan
d ca
me
back
, an
d th
e la
ndlo
rd w
as h
elpl
ess.
The
y st
ill
give
him
his
sha
re,
but
now
it
is h
e w
ho m
ust
ask.
Now
he
is a
frai
dto
run
to
the
PC
. W
hen
the
PC
vis
its h
im,
his
ton
gu
e tw
ists
and
he
mum
bles
, "T
hey
are
n't
here
, Si
r, t
he N
PA
s ar
e no
t her
e."
The
mas
ses
in t
he
barr
ios
used
to
say:
"T
he
rich
ow
n th
e se
as,
the
land
an
d th
e m
ou
nta
ins
whi
le
all
we
can
ho
pe
to
have
is
heav
en."
Now
, th
ey s
ay:
"The
ric
h ow
n th
e la
nd b
ut t
he h
arve
st i
s o
urs
."F
rom
th
e ti
me
Ben
jie'
s gr
oup
cam
e to
C
elia
Nal
do's
hut
, th
epe
ople
's
arm
y ha
s co
ntin
ued
to g
row
in
the
Bic
ol r
egio
n re
achi
ngas
far
as
Sor
sogo
n an
d A
lbay
. W
hat
is t
he
mea
sure
of
days
and
nigh
ts
of
eati
ng
noth
ing
but
swee
t p
ota
toes
, of
tr
ecki
ngco
ntin
uous
ly u
nd
er h
ot o
r co
ld w
eath
er?
The
inc
reas
e of
arm
s an
dba
rrio
s w
on o
ver.
Wha
t is
the
mea
sure
of
the
dea
th o
f F
redd
ie a
ndB
enji
e an
d o
ther
rev
olut
iona
ry
figh
ters
? It
is
the
gr
owth
of
the
New
Peo
ples
Arm
y an
d th
e lo
ve o
f th
e m
asse
s."T
he
mas
ses
love
the
peo
ple'
s ar
my
," s
aid
Wil
ly.
"Th
ey t
hin
k of
noth
ing
bu
t th
e ar
my
."T
o th
e m
en i
n th
e N
PA
, sa
crif
ice
and
depr
ivat
ion
are
nece
ssar
yto
be
abl
e to
ser
ve t
he m
asse
s. S
acri
fice
an
d de
priv
atio
n m
ust
beex
pect
ed
in
the
long
an
d p
rotr
acte
d
stru
ggle
fo
r n
atio
nal
dem
ocra
cy.
To
the
mas
ses
in B
icol
to
day
, al
l th
ese
are
grad
uall
ybe
com
ing
clea
r.
Whi
le t
hey
may
m
ou
rn f
or B
enji
e an
d T
angk
ad,
they
kno
w
that
in
oth
er p
lace
s, i
n o
ther
bar
rios
, in
Isa
bela
and
else
whe
re,
ther
e ar
e ot
her
prol
etar
ian
hero
es w
ho d
ie,
for
who
mo
ther
pe
asan
ts
mo
urn
. E
very
thin
g fo
r a
sing
le
caus
e. W
hile
th
em
asse
s in
Bic
ol o
rgan
ize
thei
r ow
n m
ilit
ia,
secr
etly
sto
re u
p fo
odfo
r th
e p
eop
le's
ar
my
, w
hile
th
ey e
stab
lish
un
ity
wit
h th
e A
gta
s(a
min
orit
y tr
ibe)
, st
ud
y th
e m
eani
ng o
f ag
rari
an r
evol
utio
n an
dgu
erri
lla
base
s,
they
kn
ow
that
in
o
ther
pl
aces
, o
ther
re
gion
s,pe
asan
ts a
re s
trug
glin
g li
ke
them
selv
es.
Tog
ethe
r w
ith
the
wor
kers
and
oth
er p
rogr
essi
ve
sect
ors
all
over
the
cou
ntr
y,
the
peas
ants
in
the
Bic
ol r
egio
n st
and
firm
ly u
nite
dw
ith
the
forc
e of
the
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy,
und
er t
he g
uida
nce
ofth
e C
omm
unis
t P
arty
of
the
Phi
lipp
ines
.
26
Cha
pter
III
TH
E "
NE
W S
OC
IET
Y'S
" SH
AM
LA
ND
RE
FO
RM
A
key
aspe
ct
of M
arco
s'
"new
soc
iety
" ha
s be
en h
is p
rogr
am
for
land
refo
rm
whi
ch
he
has
used
as
a
prop
agan
da
tool
to
pr
ocla
im
the
acco
mpl
ishm
ents
of
his
mar
tial
law
reg
ime.
The
fol
low
ing
are
exce
rpts
fr
oman
ext
ensi
ve
and
deta
iled
stu
dy o
f th
is b
ogus
lan
d re
form
pr
ogra
m w
hich
was
unde
rtak
en
by t
he P
inag
laba
nan
Res
earc
h C
omm
itte
e (P
IRC
OM
) —
a st
andi
ngco
mm
itte
e of
th
e P
repa
rato
ry
Com
mis
sion
fo
r th
e N
atio
nal
Dem
ocra
tic
Fro
nt
The
unde
rgro
und
resi
stan
ce m
ovem
ent
has
unde
rtak
en
a nu
mbe
r of
rese
arch
pro
ject
s of
thi
s na
ture
. T
his
part
icul
ar s
tudy
w
as o
rigi
nall
y pu
blis
hed
in M
arch
29,
197
4. 1. L
and
Ref
orm
—- A
Cri
tica
l A
naly
sis
The
dow
ntro
dden
Fil
ipin
o te
nant
, sa
ys P
resi
dent
Mar
cos,
has
fin
ally
bee
nli
bera
ted
from
cen
turi
es o
f op
pres
sion
. Wel
l-pu
blic
ized
pat
abas
sho
w w
izen
edol
d fa
rmer
s, e
ach
rece
ivin
g an
off
icia
l lo
okin
g ce
rtif
icat
e w
hich
is s
uppo
sed
tosi
gnif
y th
is
hist
oric
em
anci
pati
on
proc
ess.
If
on
ly
in
the
extr
avag
ance
of
prop
agan
da
clai
ms,
la
nd
refo
rm
shou
ld,
by r
ight
s, b
e th
e m
ost
impo
rtan
tpr
ogra
m j
usti
fyin
g th
e "n
ew s
ocie
ty"
regi
me'
s re
form
ist p
rete
nsio
ns. I
nste
ad,
som
e si
xtee
n m
onth
s af
ter
its
proc
lam
atio
n, l
and
refo
rm r
emai
ns ju
st t
hat —
an e
xtra
vaga
nt y
et e
mpt
y pr
opag
anda
cla
im.
On
pape
r, i
t lo
oks
as if
Pre
side
ntia
l D
ecre
e N
o. 2
7, t
he "
lega
l" b
asis
of
the
"New
Soc
iety
" la
nd r
efor
m p
rogr
am,
cons
titu
tes
an i
mpr
ovem
ent
over
pri
orla
nd r
efor
m l
egis
lati
on. T
he h
isto
ry o
f la
nd r
efor
m i
n th
e Ph
ilip
pine
s is
on
eof
al
read
y in
adeq
uate
leg
isla
tion
fur
ther
em
ascu
late
d by
ha
lf-h
eart
ed
and
corr
upt
impl
emen
tati
on.
Rep
ubli
c A
ct N
o. 1
199
(195
4) s
ough
t to
lim
it la
ndre
nt t
o 30
% o
f th
e ba
se c
rop
and
to l
ower
int
eres
t ra
tes
on a
gric
ultu
ral l
oans
to 8
% p
er a
nnum
. S
ubse
quen
t ex
peri
ence
s sh
owed
tha
t th
is l
aw w
as ig
nore
dw
ith
impu
nity
. In
man
y ar
eas,
sha
re t
enan
ts t
o th
is d
ay p
ay f
rom
50%
to 6
0%of
the
ir h
arve
st t
o th
eir
land
lord
s. T
he L
and
Ref
orm
Act
of
1955
(R
A14
00)
prov
ided
for
the
exp
ropr
iati
on o
f es
tate
s co
veri
ng 3
00 h
ecta
res,
but
bet
wee
n19
55
and
1962
on
ly 4
1 es
tate
s co
veri
ng 1
9,00
0 h
ecta
res
wer
e bo
ught
, and
at
that
, am
idst
ch
arge
s of
la
ndlo
rd-g
over
nmen
t co
llus
ion
resu
ltin
g in
th
eov
er-p
rici
ng
of
expr
opri
ated
la
nds.
In
19
63,
Pre
side
nt
Mac
apag
al's
muc
h-va
unte
d la
nd r
efor
m p
rogr
am r
ecei
ved
its
lega
l bas
is w
ith
the
pass
age
ofa
new
Lan
d R
efor
m C
ode
(RA
384
4).
Thi
s ti
me
only
far
ms
plan
ted
to r
ice
and
corn
w
ere
incl
uded
in
the
prog
ram
. A
tw
o-ph
ased
pl
an o
f ac
tion
w
asen
visi
oned
wit
h ph
ase
one
invo
lvin
g th
e tr
ansf
er f
rom
sha
re t
enan
cy t
o le
ase
arra
ngem
ents
w
ith
a re
ntal
ra
te
of
25%
of
a
fixe
d no
rmal
cr
op.
The
Dep
artm
ent
of A
grar
ian
Ref
orm
(D
AR
) ha
s es
tim
ated
tha
t 63
8,00
0 or
64%
27
of t
he e
stim
ated
num
ber
of t
enan
ted
farm
s ha
d be
en s
hift
ed t
o le
aseh
old
by19
72.
How
ever
, a
Bur
eau
of
Agr
icul
tura
l E
cono
mic
s (B
AE
con)
sur
vey
in19
70
show
ed t
hat
61%
of
rice
and
cor
n fa
rms
in f
act
still
rem
aine
d un
der
shar
e te
nanc
y. I
t is
unl
ikel
y th
at t
he k
ind
of s
hift
tha
t th
ese
figu
res
sugg
est
coul
d ha
ve b
een
achi
eved
in
the
two-
year
per
iod
whi
ch s
epar
ates
the
tw
osu
rvey
s. O
ther
stu
dies
mor
eove
r, s
how
tha
t as
muc
h as
4/5
of
refo
rm le
ssee
sha
ve n
o w
ritt
en c
ontr
acts
and
in
fact
rem
ain
subj
ect
to t
he o
nero
us t
erm
s of
shar
e te
nanc
y ar
rang
emen
ts.
The
19
63
Lan
d R
efor
m
Cod
e al
so
calle
d fo
r a
seco
nd
phas
e w
here
byle
ssee
s w
ould
bec
ome
amor
tizi
ng o
wne
rs p
ayin
g fo
r th
eir
farm
s in
25
year
s at
6% a
nnua
l in
tere
st.
But
onl
y a
few
pla
ces
wer
e de
clar
ed l
and
refo
rm a
reas
and
an o
verl
y hi
gh r
eten
tion
rat
e of
75
hect
ares
was
allo
wed
so
that
thi
s ph
ase,
whi
ch b
egan
onl
y in
196
7,
had,
by
1973
, re
sult
ed i
n th
e pu
rcha
se o
f on
ly 7
8es
tate
s (1
7,23
8 h
ecta
res)
.
Min
imal
Eff
ects
of
Mar
cos
Lan
d R
efor
m
Aft
er t
he d
ecla
rati
on o
f m
arti
al l
aw,
the
low
erin
g of
the
ret
enti
on r
ate
tose
ven
hect
ares
, th
e de
clar
atio
n of
the
who
le c
ount
ry a
s a
land
ref
orm
are
a an
dth
e tr
emen
dous
pu
blic
ity
gene
rate
d by
th
e go
vern
men
t at
fir
st m
ade
the
"New
Soc
iety
's"
land
ref
orm
pro
gram
see
n im
pres
sive
. B
y N
ovem
ber
1973
,ho
wev
er,
the
rete
ntio
n ra
te h
ad b
een
effe
ctiv
ely
rais
ed t
o 24
hec
tare
s w
ith
the
prom
ulga
tion
of
Pre
side
ntia
l L
ette
r of
Ins
truc
tion
No.
143
. A
rat
her
lam
eat
tem
pt
was
mad
e to
m
itig
ate
the
effe
cts
of t
he n
ew p
olic
y by
say
ing
that
abse
ntee
lan
dlor
ds w
ith
less
tha
n 24
hec
tare
s w
ould
sti
ll be
inc
lude
d in
lan
dre
form
. B
ut a
gain
, thi
s w
as e
ffec
tive
ly n
ulli
fied
by
the
prov
isio
n th
at a
bsen
tee
land
owne
rs "
...on
acc
ount
of
circ
umst
ance
s be
yond
(th
eir)
con
trol
..."
such
as
mil
itar
y or
gov
ernm
ent
serv
ice
wou
ld b
e ex
empt
. A
n ev
en m
ore
ludi
crou
spr
ovis
ion
exem
pts
land
hold
ings
or
port
ions
the
reof
in
whi
ch t
he l
ando
wne
rm
ay h
ave
stro
ng e
mot
iona
l at
tach
men
ts (
sic)
for
hav
ing
been
the
sit
e of
his
hom
e or
anc
estr
al h
ome
of t
he l
ando
wne
r.P
erha
ps i
nadv
erte
ntly
, LO
I N
o.
143
itse
lf s
how
s ho
w
the
rais
ing
of t
here
tent
ion
rate
to
24 h
ecta
res
will
aff
ect
the
prog
ram
. It
sho
ws
that
95.
4% o
fF
ilip
ino
land
owne
rs o
wn
less
tha
t 12
hec
tare
s; t
hat
"...6
9% o
f ou
r te
nant
farm
ers
are
till
ers
in t
hese
sm
all
land
hold
ings
of
less
tha
n 12
hec
tare
s."
InF
ebru
ary,
19
74,
the
DA
R
circ
ulat
ed
the
resu
lts
of
a su
rvey
of
sm
all
land
owne
rs i
n ni
ne p
rovi
nces
whi
ch s
how
ed t
hat
land
ref
orm
bas
ed o
n a
24he
ctar
e la
nd r
eten
tion
lim
it w
ould
cov
er 5
1% o
f th
e es
tim
ated
te
nant
ed r
ice
and
corn
are
a, 3
.5%
of
land
owne
rs a
nd 3
0% o
f th
e ex
isti
ng t
enan
ts.
To
star
tw
ith,
th
ese
figu
res
cont
radi
ct
thos
e in
clud
ed
in
LO
I 14
3 an
d is
an
othe
rex
ampl
e of
gov
ernm
ent
man
ipul
atio
n of
sta
tistic
s to
jus
tify
its
ina
dequ
acie
s.B
ut
even
if
on
e w
ere
to
assu
me
that
th
e ni
ne
prov
ince
s in
th
e su
rvey
cons
titu
te
a re
pres
enta
tive
sam
ple
refl
ecti
ng th
e ag
rari
an s
itua
tion
nat
iona
lly,
a la
nd r
efor
m p
rogr
am w
hich
aff
ects
onl
y 30
% o
f th
e co
untr
y's
tena
nts
com
esno
whe
re
near
fu
lfil
ling
th
e go
vern
men
t's
clai
m
to
havi
ng u
nder
take
n an
"agr
aria
n re
volu
tion
".O
ther
fac
tors
sho
w t
hat
the
effe
ct
of t
he "
New
S
ocie
ty's
" la
nd r
efor
mpr
ogra
m, e
ven
if i
mpl
emen
ted,
wou
ld b
e m
inim
al. T
o st
art
wit
h, o
nly
rice
and
corn
far
ms
wou
ld b
e af
fect
ed.
The
Wor
ld B
ank
agri
cult
ural
sec
tor
surv
ey o
f19
72
show
ed t
hat
in 1
971,
as
muc
h as
2,4
90,0
00
hect
ares
wer
e pl
ante
d to
suga
rcan
e an
d co
conu
ts.
If
one
adds
to
th
is
the
stea
dily
exp
andi
ng a
rea
28
plan
ted
to
othe
r co
mm
erci
al c
rops
suc
h as
ban
ana,
rub
ber,
aba
ca,
etc.
plu
sth
e th
ousa
nds
of
hect
ares
th
at
have
be
en
hurr
iedl
y tu
rned
in
to"s
ubdi
visi
ons"
, th
e he
ctar
age
affe
cted
by
land
ref
orm
app
ears
rel
ativ
ely
smal
l.S
econ
dly,
lan
d re
form
wil
l aff
ect
only
ten
ante
d ri
ce a
nd c
orn
farm
s w
hich
the
DA
R
plac
es
at
1,76
7,00
0 he
ctar
es,
less
th
an
1/3
the
5,50
5,00
0 he
ctar
espl
ante
d to
ric
e an
d co
rn a
ccor
ding
to W
orld
Ban
k es
tim
ates
.T
he D
AR
-est
imat
ed t
enan
ted
rice
and
cor
n he
ctar
age
is f
urth
er v
itia
ted
byth
e fa
ct t
hat
it
is b
ased
on
1960
cen
sus
figu
res.
Tha
t th
e nu
mbe
r of
ten
ants
in
rice
and
cor
n fa
rms
is g
reat
er t
han
the
esti
mat
ed 1
,000
,000
is
show
n by
the
DA
R's
ow
n fi
eld
repo
rts.
O
bser
vers
in
seve
ral
prov
ince
s al
so
repo
rt
that
land
lord
s, t
hrou
gh
brib
ery,
fl
atte
ry
and
vari
ous
othe
r m
eans
, ha
ve u
sed
the
loca
l Ph
ilip
pine
C
onst
abul
ary
to
evic
t te
nant
s an
d th
ereb
y pl
ace
thei
rla
ndho
ldin
gs
outs
ide
of
land
re
form
. In
stan
ces
of
PC
inte
rfer
ence
ha
vebe
com
e so
com
mon
th
at t
he c
hief
of
the
Bur
eau
of A
grar
ian
Leg
al A
ssis
tanc
eof
the
DA
R h
ad t
o en
ter
into
an
agre
emen
t w
ith
the
AF
P J
udge
Adv
ocat
eG
ener
al r
eass
ertin
g th
e ju
risd
icti
on o
f th
e C
ourt
s of
Agr
aria
n R
elat
ions
ove
rla
nd d
ispu
tes,
esp
ecia
lly t
hose
inv
olvi
ng te
nant
evi
ctio
n. I
n M
arch
197
4, D
AR
Sec.
Con
rado
Est
rella
him
self
iss
ued
a pu
blic
war
ning
aga
inst
ten
ant
evic
tion
,in
the
pro
cess
con
firm
ing
repo
rts
from
the
pro
vinc
es.
A "
Nat
iona
l S
urve
y of
Maj
or
Rel
igio
us
Sup
erio
rs"
cond
ucte
d in
la
te
1973
, fo
r ex
ampl
e sa
id:
"Lan
dow
ners
thr
ough
out
the
coun
try
resi
st t
he i
mpl
emen
tati
on o
f th
e la
ndre
form
pr
ogra
m.
The
re
have
bee
n nu
mer
ous
acco
unts
of
ha
rass
men
t an
dth
reat
s,
outr
ight
evi
ctio
n of
ten
ants
in
man
y fa
rms,
con
vers
ions
of
rice
and
corn
la
nds
to
othe
r cr
ops,
su
bdiv
isio
ns o
r fi
shpo
nds.
..th
roug
hout
al
l 11
regi
ons
of t
he c
ount
ry.
Sub
divi
ding
land
am
ong
heir
s an
d ch
angi
ng t
he s
tatu
sof
te
nant
s to
ag
ricu
ltur
al
wor
kers
is
als
o fa
irly
co
mm
on.
Pol
itic
ians
and
gove
rnm
ent
offi
cial
s ar
e ge
nera
lly
not
in f
avor
of
land
ref
orm
. In
som
e ar
eas
they
ar
e th
e m
ain
obst
acle
s to
th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of
th
e la
nd r
efor
mpr
ogra
m."
It i
s qu
ite
clea
r, t
here
fore
tha
t th
e im
pact
, if
any
of
the
"New
Soc
iety
's"
land
ref
orm
pro
gram
wil
l be
min
imal
giv
en t
hat
: 1)
onl
y ri
ce a
nd c
orn
area
sar
e co
vere
d 2)
of
thes
e, o
nly
tena
nted
ri
ce a
nd c
orn
farm
s ar
e in
clud
ed 3
)id
enti
fica
tion
of
suc
h te
nant
ed
farm
s is
sub
ject
to
land
lord
-PC
col
lusi
on i
nev
icti
ng
tena
nts
and
rem
ovin
g es
tate
s fr
om
incl
usio
n in
lan
d re
form
th
ruva
riou
s m
eans
4)
of
su
ch
iden
tifi
ed,
tena
nted
ri
ce
and
corn
fa
rms,
land
hold
ings
of
24 h
ecta
res
and
belo
w w
ill,
in e
ffec
t, b
e ex
empt
.A
s of
Jan
uary
7,
197
4,
144,
538
ten
ants
w
ere
repo
rted
to
hav
e al
read
yre
ceiv
ed
Lan
d T
rans
fer
Cer
tifi
cate
s (L
TC
) fo
r fa
rm l
ots
tota
llin
g 25
9,34
8he
ctar
es.
The
wel
l-pu
blic
ized
tur
nove
r of
the
se L
TC
s to
ten
ants
con
stit
utes
the
mai
n ac
hiev
emen
ts o
f th
e ne
w s
ocie
ty's
lan
d re
form
pro
gram
to
this
dat
e.It
sho
uld
be p
oint
ed
out
here
th
at n
o on
e te
nant
has
rec
eive
d an
y la
nd f
rom
the
gove
rnm
ent.
The
LT
Cs
are
not
titl
es o
f ow
ners
hip.
The
y co
nsti
tute
, at
best
an
opti
on t
o bu
y a
farm
mad
e av
aila
ble
to t
he t
enan
t re
cipi
ents
. Whe
ther
or n
ot t
hese
ten
ants
end
up
actu
ally
ow
ning
thei
r fa
rms
depe
nds
upon
a l
ot o
ffa
ctor
s, n
one
of w
hich
loo
ks p
arti
cula
rly
prom
isin
g.L
et u
s st
art
wit
h th
e te
nant
him
self
and
his
abi
lity
to
pay
for
his
allo
ted
farm
. T
he g
over
nmen
t fo
rmul
a w
ould
hav
e th
e te
nant
s pa
y fo
r hi
s fa
rm i
n 15
annu
al i
nsta
llm
ents
plu
s 6%
inte
rest
. The
cos
t of
the
lan
d is
to b
e es
tim
ated
at
the
valu
e of
the
ave
rage
ann
ual c
rop
yiel
d ov
er th
e la
st t
hree
yea
rs m
ulti
plie
d2
1/2
tim
es,
the
idea
bei
ng t
hat
the
tena
nt s
houl
d pa
y no
mor
e th
an w
hat
ale
asee
wou
ld n
orm
ally
pay
as
rent
. T
he p
robl
em i
s th
at .
.. s
o m
any
live
so
29
clos
e to
th
e ed
ge o
f su
bsis
tenc
e th
at t
hey
pref
er t
o re
tain
the
lan
dlor
d as
aso
urce
of
too
ls,
seed
and
bot
h pr
oduc
tion
and
con
sum
ptio
n lo
ans.
Thi
s is
not
to s
ay t
hat
the
land
lord
cla
ss s
erve
s m
ore
as a
ben
efac
tor
than
as
an e
xplo
iter
of t
enan
ts.
But
giv
en t
he
diff
icul
ty o
f ac
quir
ing
cred
it fr
om o
ther
sou
rces
,te
nant
s ar
e of
ten
forc
ed t
o de
pend
on
usur
ious
lan
dlor
ds i
n or
der
to s
urvi
ve.
Ano
ther
fa
ctor
w
hich
put
s th
e ab
ilit
y of
ten
ants
to
pay
for
the
ir f
arm
sin
to
ques
tion
is
the
sm
alln
ess
of
the
farm
si
zes
unde
r la
nd
refo
rm.
The
gove
rnm
ent
itse
lf h
as s
aid
that
the
opt
imum
hec
tara
ge p
er f
arm
fam
ily
is 3
hect
ares
for
irr
igat
ed a
nd
5 he
ctar
es
for
unir
riga
ted
rice
lan
ds.
The
ave
rage
farm
siz
e am
ong
tena
nt r
ecip
ient
s of
lan
d tr
ansf
er c
erti
fica
tes
is 1
.8 h
ecta
res
of b
oth
irri
gate
d an
d un
irri
gate
d ri
ce a
nd c
orn
land
s. F
urth
erm
ore,
sur
vey
offa
rm i
ncom
e in
Nue
va E
cija
in
crop
yea
r 19
72-7
3 sh
ows
that
the
ave
rage
net
inco
me
incl
udin
g of
f-fa
rm
inco
me
per
fam
ily
amon
g sh
are
tena
nts
com
es t
oon
ly 1
,243
pe
sos.
Eve
n if
one
tak
es t
he s
ligh
tly
high
er 1
,522
pes
os i
ncom
e of
less
ees
as a
ba
se,
it is
sti
ll no
t un
reas
onab
le t
o su
ppos
e th
at
it w
ould
be
diff
icul
t fo
r th
ese
farm
ers
to p
ay
the
appr
oxim
atel
y 35
0 pe
sos
per
hect
are
annu
al a
mor
tiza
tion
cal
cula
ted
on t
he b
asis
of
aver
age
rice
and
cor
n yi
elds
at
1972
pr
ices
. A
ltho
ugh
land
re
nt
has
been
de
duct
ed
from
th
ese
inco
me
figu
res,
it
is c
lear
tha
t te
nant
inc
ome
is s
o lyo
w t
hat
thei
r ab
ilit
y to
pay
ann
ual
amor
tiza
tion
s is
, to
say
the
le
ast
ques
tion
able
. T
he s
ame
PN
B s
tudy
whi
chca
me
up w
ith
the
350
peso
s av
erag
e an
nual
am
orti
zati
on t
rans
late
d th
is i
nto
an
aver
age
amor
tiza
tion
in
ki
nd o
f 27
cav
ans
per
hect
are
per
year
. W
hen
com
pare
d to
the
12
cava
n pe
r he
ctar
e av
erag
e le
ase
rent
in
Nue
va E
cija
, fo
rex
ampl
e th
e di
scre
panc
y be
com
es
fair
ly
obvi
ous.
F
inal
ly,
once
PD
27
is
impl
emen
ted,
the
ten
ant's
mea
ger
fina
ncia
l re
sour
ces
are
goin
g to
be
furt
her
erod
ed b
y hi
s ha
ving
to
pay
rece
ntly
inc
reas
ed l
and
taxe
s pl
us m
onth
ly d
ues
and
othe
r co
ntri
buti
ons
to t
he n
ewly
-cre
ated
bar
rio
asso
ciat
ions
.G
iven
the
fin
anci
al w
eakn
ess
of t
he t
enan
t fa
rmer
s, i
nsti
tuti
onal
sup
port
sfr
om t
he g
over
nmen
t obv
ious
ly h
ave
to b
e gr
eatl
y ex
pand
ed.
Thi
s is
nec
essa
ryno
t on
ly s
o as
to
enab
le t
he t
enan
t fa
rmer
to
atta
in a
n in
com
e le
vel
whi
chw
ould
mak
e it
pos
sibl
e fo
r hi
m t
o co
ver
his
amor
tiza
tion
pay
men
ts,
but
also
so
as t
o ra
ise
prod
ucti
vity
. R
esea
rch
in
this
ar
ea
show
s th
at
ther
e is
no
sign
ific
ant
diff
eren
ce
in
prod
ucti
vity
acr
oss
vari
ous
tenu
re g
roup
s.
On
the
cont
rary
so
me
obse
rver
s fe
ar
that
th
e di
srup
tion
of
the
land
lord
-ten
ant
rela
tion
ship
wou
ld r
esul
t in
a s
hort
ter
m d
rop
in g
rain
pro
duct
ion.
The
gov
ernm
ent
is n
ot
unaw
are
of t
his
prob
lem
. It
s la
nd r
efor
m p
ropa
-ga
nda
emph
asiz
es t
he n
eed
to a
ccom
pany
lan
d tr
ansf
er w
ith
impr
oved
cre
dit
faci
liti
es,
chea
per
and
mor
e ea
sily
ava
ilab
le s
eeds
, fe
rtil
izer
and
ins
ecti
cide
san
d m
ore
exte
nsiv
e ag
ricu
ltur
al e
xten
sion
ser
vice
s. T
o pr
ovid
e th
ese
inpu
ts,
the
gove
rnm
ent w
ill h
ave
to i
ncre
ase
its
expe
ndit
ures
in
the
agri
cult
ural
sec
tor
trem
endo
usly
. T
his
wou
ld h
ave
to b
e to
the
tun
e of
1.1
bil
lion
per
yea
r. M
ore
rece
ntly
, D
AR
Sec
. E
stre
lla
said
tha
t th
e la
nd r
efor
m p
rogr
am
wou
ld c
ost
alto
geth
er
som
e 17
bil
lion
pes
os!
The
gov
ernm
ent
clea
rly
does
not
hav
e th
ein
tent
ion
nor
this
kin
d of
mon
ey t
o th
row
int
o la
nd r
efor
m.
If o
ne a
dds
toth
is
the
amou
nt
that
w
ould
hav
e to
be
spen
t fo
r ri
ce a
nd c
orn
area
s no
tco
vere
d by
PD
27
plus
com
mer
cial
cro
p ar
eas,
the
n th
e m
agni
tude
of
the
gove
rnm
ent's
fin
anci
al o
blig
atio
ns u
nder
lan
d re
form
wou
ld s
eem
so
high
tha
tth
e li
keli
hood
of
its
bein
g w
ater
ed d
own
even
fur
ther
is g
reat
.T
he g
over
nmen
t's
abil
ity
to w
ork
out
fina
ncia
l pr
oble
ms
rela
ted
to l
and
refo
rm i
f fu
rthe
r co
mpl
icat
ed b
y th
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
tha
t P
D 2
7 ha
s ha
d on
the
30
coll
ater
al
and
liqu
idit
y po
siti
ons
of
key
inst
itut
ions
in
the
bank
ing
syst
em.
Aft
er t
he p
rocl
amat
ion
of P
D 2
7, o
utst
andi
ng
loan
s to
lan
dlor
ds w
hich
wer
ese
cure
d by
the
ver
y la
nds
they
are
bei
ng d
ispo
sses
sed
of,
have
in
effe
ct b
een
froz
en.
Lan
dlor
ds
who
se
cure
d ba
nk
loan
s w
ith
thei
r te
nant
ed
land
s as
coll
ater
al
are
unde
rsta
ndab
ly ̂
relu
ctan
t to
pay
bac
k th
eir
loan
s. T
hey
now
insi
st
that
le
ndin
g ba
nks
sim
ply
fore
clos
e on
th
eir
colla
tera
l, cr
eati
ng a
nun
tena
ble
situ
atio
n fo
r ru
ral
and
othe
r ba
nks
in t
he p
roce
ss,
for
even
if
the
bank
s le
gally
cou
ld,
they
cle
arly
wou
ld n
ot w
ant
to a
cqui
re l
ands
whi
ch a
rein
clud
ed i
n th
e la
nd r
efor
m p
rogr
am.
Ref
orm
Pla
n C
oddl
es B
ig L
andl
ords
As
one
DA
R
cons
ulta
nt
put
it,
"th
e se
ttle
men
t of
th
e qu
esti
ons
ofco
mpe
nsat
ion
satis
fact
ory
to b
oth
the
land
owne
r an
d th
e ti
ller
is
the
key
toth
e sp
eedy
an
d su
cces
sful
im
plem
enta
tion
of
P
D
27."
T
he
reas
on
the
gove
rnm
ent
has
not
yet
rele
ased
im
plem
enti
ng i
nstr
ucti
ons
on t
his
mat
ter
does
not
se
em
to c
ome
from
any
gre
at c
once
rn o
ver
the
tena
nt's
abi
lity
to
pay,
for
mos
t of
the
gov
ernm
ent
stud
ies
on l
and
refo
rm s
impl
y as
sum
e th
atth
e fo
rmul
a is
wor
kabl
e. M
uch
mor
e co
ncer
n is
exp
ress
ed
over
the
wor
king
out
of
com
pens
atio
n sc
hem
es
that
w
ould
do
"j
usti
ce"
to
land
lord
s.
As
anot
her
DA
R c
onsu
ltan
t pu
t it
, "T
he
mai
n dr
ift
of t
hese
pro
pose
d re
visi
ons
appe
ars
to b
e to
allo
w g
reat
er c
ompe
nsat
ion
for
the
land
owne
rs."
The
gov
ernm
ent's
con
cern
for
the
wel
fare
of
the
land
lord
s is
bes
t se
en i
n a
pres
iden
tial
m
emor
andu
m
to
DA
R
Sec.
E
stre
lla
and
Fin
ance
Sec
. V
irat
a,da
ted
? v.
25,
197
2,
whi
ch i
n ef
fect
mod
ifie
s PD
27.
In
this
mem
oran
dum
,Pr
es.
Mar
cos
calle
d on
bo
th
cabi
net
mem
bers
to
prov
ide
oppo
rtun
ity
for
ex-l
andl
ords
to
u .
.. sw
ap t
heir
est
ates
for
gov
ernm
ent
land
s w
heth
er v
irgi
nor
oth
erw
ise
. . .
," a
nd
" .
.. t
o pr
ovid
e go
vern
men
t as
sist
ance
fo
r th
is i
nev
ery
way
pos
sibl
e in
clud
ing
cred
it a
nd i
nfra
stru
ctur
e de
velo
pmen
t of
lan
dsto
be
swap
ped.
" T
he o
ppor
tuni
ties
for
cor
rupt
ion
and
the
soci
al c
osts
of
this
kind
of
arra
ngem
ent
is i
llus
trat
ed
in t
he
swap
of
som
e 16
,000
hec
tare
s of
gove
rnm
ent
land
in
sou
ther
n Pa
law
an f
or t
he
Nue
va e
stat
e of
one
of
Pres
.M
arco
s' cr
onie
s in
the
Coj
uang
co f
amil
y. I
n ad
diti
on t
o th
e 16
,000
hec
tare
s,th
e go
vern
men
t is
co
mm
itte
d to
sp
end
a re
port
ed
P50
m
illi
on
in
the
infr
astr
uctu
re
proj
ects
in
the
' are
a. W
hat
the
gove
rnm
ent
has
not
take
n in
toco
nsid
erat
ion
is t
he f
act
that
the
im
plem
enta
tion
of
the
Coj
uang
co f
amil
y's
plan
s to
set
up
a su
gar
plan
tati
on i
n th
e B
atar
asa
area
of
sout
h P
alaw
an w
ill
resu
lt in
the
dis
plac
emen
t of
sev
eral
tho
usan
d fa
mil
ies
who
now
liv
e th
ere.
Wha
t is
mos
t ga
llfng
abo
ut t
his
codd
ling
of
land
lord
s is
the
swap
opt
ion
isre
ally
av
aila
ble
only
to
la
ndlo
rds
wit
h po
liti
cal
conn
ecti
ons
and
exte
nsiv
efi
nanc
ial
reso
urce
s.
. . .
The
land
lord
s w
ho a
re b
enef
itin
g fr
om t
his
touc
hing
poli
tica
l so
lici
tude
are
pre
cise
ly t
hose
who
acc
ordi
ng t
o a
1967
su
rvey
, ow
nov
er
a hu
ndre
d he
ctar
es
of
land
, al
so o
wn
a m
ajor
bus
ines
s or
are
maj
orst
ockh
olde
rs
of a
cor
pora
tion
, ow
n tw
o or
mor
e ca
rs,
two
or m
ore
hous
es,
and
take
vac
atio
ns a
broa
d.
Oth
er "
ince
ntiv
es"
offe
red
to t
he l
andl
ords
are
exem
ptio
ns
from
the
cap
ital
gai
ns ta
x on
pro
ceed
s of
am
orti
zati
ons
and
from
inco
me
tax
due
on a
ccru
ing
inte
rest
pai
d as
an
addi
tion
to
the
tota
l co
st o
fth
e la
nd (
PD
No.
57)
.In
th
e fi
nal
anal
ysis
, w
hat
doom
s th
e "N
ew
Soc
iety
's"
land
re
form
prog
ram
to
fa
ilur
e is
its
und
erly
ing
mot
ivat
ion
and
the
fact
tha
t it
is
not
31
mea
nt t
o ch
ange
the
soc
io-e
cono
mic
str
uctu
re w
hich
pro
duce
d th
e co
ndit
ions
of l
andl
essn
ess
in t
he f
irst
pla
ce.
Insp
ite
of t
he a
lrea
dy s
icke
ning
bar
rage
of
prop
agan
da
abou
t em
anci
pati
ng t
he p
easa
ntry
, ex
isti
ng e
vide
nce
clea
rly
show
that
cou
nter
insu
rgen
cy r
equi
rem
ents
are
am
ong
the
mos
t im
port
ant
fact
ors
behi
nd t
he p
rogr
am.
Of
the
144,
538
reci
pien
ts o
f la
nd t
rans
fer
cert
ific
ates
as
of J
anua
ry
7, 1
974,
as
man
y as
84,
061
com
e fr
om N
ueva
Eci
ja (
33,2
54),
Cam
arin
es
Sur
(10
,351
), T
arla
c (9
,702
),
Iloi
lo
(8,9
05),
Pam
pang
a (7
,379
),Is
abel
a (7
,307
) an
d C
agay
an
(6,1
63),
7
prov
ince
s w
hich
hav
e ha
d a
long
hist
ory
of p
easa
nt
unre
st a
nd w
here
the
re i
s to
day
the
grea
test
inc
iden
ce o
fre
volu
tion
ary
acti
vity
. In
its
fir
st a
nnua
l re
port
dat
ed S
epte
mbe
r 19
73,
the
DA
R P
lann
ing
Serv
ice
itsel
f ad
mit
ted
that
the
sel
ectio
n of
lan
d re
form
pil
otm
unic
ipal
itie
s w
as p
artl
y ba
sed
on "
. . .
the
exis
tenc
e of
pre
vale
nt
soci
alun
rest
."T
he e
mph
asis
on
cou
nter
insu
rgen
cy
goal
s in
lan
d re
form
lea
ds u
s to
the
seco
nd
poin
t. L
and
refo
rm
is n
ot
only
m
eant
to
cha
nge
basi
c so
cial
an
dec
onom
ic
rela
tion
ship
s in
th
e Ph
ilip
pine
s,
it is
gea
red
prec
isel
y to
war
dsst
reng
then
ing
the
exis
ting
soc
ial
orde
r. T
hus
the
conc
ern
for
smal
ler
land
lord
sw
ho,
from
th
e po
int
of v
iew
of
thei
r te
nant
s,
may
be
as o
ppre
ssiv
e an
d as
expl
oita
tive
as
the
olde
r on
es.
Thu
s th
e co
ncer
ted
gove
rnm
ent
effo
rt t
o as
sist
bigg
er l
andl
ords
and
to
faci
lita
te t
he t
rans
fer
of l
andl
ord
capi
tal
to
indu
stry
and/
or
agri
-bus
ines
s.
Thu
s th
e re
fusa
l of
th
e go
vern
men
t to
di
stur
b un
-te
nant
ed
agri
cult
ural
lan
ds
whe
re
the
cond
itio
ns
of t
he s
acad
as
and
othe
rag
ricu
ltur
al w
orke
rs i
s of
ten
muc
h w
orse
tha
n th
at o
f th
e te
nant
s.W
hate
ver
is g
oing
to
be d
one
for
tena
nts,
if
at a
ll, i
s m
eant
pri
mar
ily
for
the
purp
ose
of "
lett
ing
off
stea
m',
in t
he r
ural
soc
ial
volc
ano,
and
to
atte
mpt
to d
eny
the
revo
luti
onar
y m
ovem
ent
of i
ts r
ural
bas
es.
Eve
n if
lan
d re
form
as
pres
entl
y co
ncei
ved
is i
mpl
emen
ted,
the
pro
cess
of
neoc
olon
ial
deve
lopm
ent
whi
ch e
xact
s a
heav
y to
ll on
the
pea
sant
sur
plus
, w
ill r
etur
n th
e ve
ry a
reas
whe
re l
and
refo
rm i
s im
plem
ente
d to
its
pre
sent
and
eve
n w
orse
con
diti
ons
ofpe
asan
t la
ndle
ssne
ss,
pove
rty
and
ende
mic
un
rest
. A
s lo
ng
as t
iny
farm
sop
erat
ing
wit
h pr
imit
ive
tech
nolo
gy,
inad
equa
te
and/
or
usur
ious
cr
edit
sour
ces,
ex
pens
ive
seed
s,
fert
iliz
ers
and
inse
ctic
ides
coe
xist
wit
h la
rge
farm
sw
ith
bett
er t
echn
olog
y an
d th
e ad
vant
ages
tha
t ac
crue
to
the
econ
omic
and
poli
tica
l po
wer
th
en
the
futu
re f
or t
he F
ilip
ino
peas
antr
y ca
n on
ly
beco
me
wor
se t
han
the
pres
ent
beca
use
the
accu
mul
atio
n of
eco
nom
ic p
ower
by
the
ruli
ng c
lass
es a
t th
e ex
pens
e of
the
pea
sant
ry w
ill c
onti
nue.
Nat
iona
l D
emoc
racy
and
Gen
uine
Lan
d R
efor
m
Unl
ess
stat
e po
wer
is
wre
sted
fr
om t
he v
ery
peop
le w
ho a
re e
xplo
itin
g th
epe
asan
try,
it
is
unre
ason
able
to
expe
ct t
hat
any
mea
ning
ful
land
ref
orm
can
ever
be
ac
hiev
ed.
Onl
y re
volu
tion
ary
gove
rnm
ents
ca
n:
1)
cond
uct
land
refo
rm o
n th
e ba
sis
of f
ree
and
equa
l di
stri
buti
on o
f la
nd t
o th
ose
who
wor
kit
2) a
llow
the
pea
sant
ry t
o m
ake
deci
sion
s ab
out
thei
r co
mm
unit
ies
thro
ugh
peas
ant
orga
niza
tion
s an
d vi
llage
ass
embl
ies,
and
mos
t im
port
ant,
3) c
reat
eth
e ki
nd
of
plan
ned
nati
onal
ec
onom
y w
hich
fa
cili
tate
s th
e ac
cele
rate
dde
velo
pmen
t of
pea
sant
agr
icul
ture
. In
the
fin
al a
naly
sis,
the
onl
y fu
ture
for
the
Phi
lipp
ines
pea
sant
ry,
the
only
cha
nce
they
hav
e to
ful
fill
thei
r de
man
dfo
r la
nd a
nd t
he e
radi
cati
on o
f fe
udal
exp
loit
atio
n is
thei
r pa
rtic
ipat
ion
in t
hest
rugg
le t
o ac
hiev
e a
nati
onal
dem
ocra
tic
revo
luti
on.
32
Cha
pter
IV
DO
CU
ME
NT
S O
F T
HE
NA
TIO
NA
L D
EM
OC
RA
TIC
RE
VO
LU
TIO
N
Fol
low
ing
are
sect
ions
tak
en f
rom
th
e ba
sic
docu
men
t of
the
New
Peo
ple'
sA
rmy
whi
ch s
erve
s as
a g
uide
for
its
mem
bers
and
was
dra
wn
up a
nd i
ssue
dby
th
e m
eeti
ng o
f C
omm
ande
rs
and
Fig
hter
s of
the
NP
A o
n M
arch
29,
196
9.an
d ap
prov
ed
by
the
Cen
tral
C
omm
itte
e of
th
e C
omm
unis
t P
arty
of
th
eP
hilip
pine
s on
May
13
, 19
69.
Incl
uded
in
thi
s se
ctio
n is
the
ful
l te
xt o
f th
epr
eam
ble
to
the
Bas
ic R
ules
of
the
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
and
four
se
lect
ions
from
th
e te
n ba
sic
rule
s. —
Edi
tor
1. P
ream
ble
and
Bas
ic R
ules
of
the
NP
A
The
N
ew
Peop
le's
A
rmy
is
unde
r th
e su
prem
e co
mm
and
ofM
arxi
sm-L
enin
ism
-Mao
T
setu
ng
Tho
ught
and
the
C
omm
unis
t P
arty
of
the
Phil
ippi
nes.
It
is t
he r
evol
utio
nary
arm
y of
the
bro
ad m
asse
s of
the
Fil
ipin
ope
ople
aga
inst
U.S
. im
peri
alis
m, t
he c
ompr
ador
big
bou
rgeo
isie
, the
land
lord
clas
s an
d th
e bu
reau
crat
cap
ital
ists
.T
he
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
is t
he
prin
cipa
l fo
rm o
f or
gani
zati
on u
nder
the
Com
mun
ist
Part
y of
th
e P
hili
ppin
es,
whi
ch
has
take
n th
e ro
ad
of a
rmed
revo
luti
on i
n li
ne w
ith
Mao
Tse
tung
Tho
ught
. It
is
the
inst
rum
ent
for
carr
ying
out
the
Part
y's
cent
ral
task
of
seiz
ing
poli
tica
l po
wer
and
con
soli
dati
ng it
. It
is t
he i
nstr
umen
t fo
r ov
erth
row
ing
the
pres
ent
bour
geoi
s re
acti
onar
y pu
ppet
gove
rnm
ent
and
for
win
ning
the
pe
ople
's
dem
ocra
tic
revo
luti
on.
It i
s th
ein
stru
men
t fo
r he
lpin
g in
a b
ig w
ay t
o ca
rry
out
the
Prog
ram
me
for
a Pe
ople
'sD
emoc
rati
c R
evol
utio
n of
the
Com
mun
ist
Par
ty o
f th
e Ph
ilip
pine
s.T
he
New
Pe
ople
's A
rmy
is c
ompl
etel
y in
th
e se
rvic
e of
th
e pe
ople
'sde
moc
rati
c in
tere
sts
and
is
the
mai
nsta
y of
th
e pe
ople
's
dem
ocra
tic
dict
ator
ship
. It
def
ends
the
peop
le f
rom
the
evi
l fo
rces
of
U.S
. im
peri
alis
t an
dfe
udal
op
pres
sion
an
d ex
ploi
tati
on a
nd a
lway
s st
rive
s to
hel
p th
em i
n ev
ery
poss
ible
way
in
thei
r da
ily
life
. It
abh
ors
the
leas
t ha
rm d
one
to t
he m
asse
s of
the
peop
le a
nd i
t in
stil
ls a
n ir
on d
isci
plin
e am
ong
its
offi
cers
and
men
whi
chpr
even
ts t
hem
fro
m d
oing
the
lea
st h
arm
to
the
mas
ses
of t
he p
eopl
e.A
rmed
wit
h th
e in
vinc
ible
Mao
Tse
tung
Tho
ught
, th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
yha
s em
erge
d af
ter
shed
ding
off
the
cou
nter
-rev
olut
iona
ry r
evis
ioni
st e
rror
s of
the
Lav
a's
and
Tar
uc's
an
d ot
her
sour
ces
of
mod
ern
revi
sion
ism
and
oppo
rtun
ism
, "L
eft"
an
d R
ight
. It
co
mba
ts
wit
hin
its
rank
s th
e pu
rely
mil
itar
y vi
ewpo
int,
ultr
a-de
moc
racy
, di
sreg
ard
of o
rgan
izat
iona
l dis
cipl
ine,
abso
lute
equ
alit
aria
nism
, sub
ject
ivis
m, i
ndiv
idua
lism
, th
e id
eolo
gy o
f ro
ving
33
rebe
l ba
nds
and
puts
chis
m.
Now
, th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y in
clud
es t
he b
est
figh
ters
who
per
sist
in
wag
ing
arm
ed s
trug
gle
and
in p
ropa
gati
ng M
ao T
setu
ngT
houg
ht.
It
cons
iste
ntly
in
tegr
ates
th
e un
iver
sal
trut
h of
M
ao
Tse
tung
Tho
ught
, th
e ac
me
of M
arxi
sm-L
enin
ism
in
the
pres
ent
era,
wit
h th
e pr
acti
ceof
pro
trac
ted
peop
le's
war
in
the
Phi
lipp
ines
.W
hile
fo
llow
ing
the
abso
lute
le
ader
ship
of
the
wor
king
cla
ss
and
the
Com
mun
ist
Part
y of
the
Phi
lipp
ines
, th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y in
corp
orat
esm
ainl
y th
e ar
med
pea
sant
s fi
ghti
ng f
or a
grar
ian
revo
luti
on w
hich
is
the
mai
nco
nten
t of
th
e pe
ople
's
dem
ocra
tic
revo
luti
on.
In t
his
sens
e, t
he
peop
le's
dem
ocra
tic
revo
luti
on is
ess
enti
ally
a p
easa
nt w
ar l
ed b
y th
e w
orki
ng c
lass
. In
the
coun
trys
ide,
th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y w
orks
an
d fi
ghts
ar
duou
sly
totr
ansf
orm
ba
ckw
ard
vill
ages
in
to
the
mos
t ad
vanc
ed
poli
tica
l, m
ilit
ary,
econ
omic
an
d cu
ltur
al b
asti
ons
of t
he
peop
le's
dem
ocra
tic
revo
luti
on.
To
carr
y ou
t th
is g
reat
tas
k, i
t re
lies
mai
nly
on t
he m
asse
s of
poo
r pe
asan
ts a
ndfa
rm w
orke
rs,
and
then
win
s ov
er t
he m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts t
o ne
utra
lize
the
ric
hpe
asan
ts.
Suc
h is
its
revo
luti
onar
y an
ti-f
euda
l cl
ass
line
in t
he c
ount
rysi
de.
The
N
ew
Peop
le's
A
rmy
ensu
res
the
inde
pend
ence
, in
itia
tive
an
dle
ader
ship
of
the
Com
mun
ist
Part
y of
the
Phi
lipp
ines
and
the
wor
king
cla
ss i
nth
e na
tion
al u
nite
d fr
ont
by c
ondu
ctin
g ar
med
str
uggl
e an
d th
ereb
y w
eldi
ngto
geth
er m
ost
firm
ly t
he b
asic
all
ianc
e of
the
wor
king
cla
ss a
nd t
he p
easa
ntry
as t
he t
rue
foun
dati
on o
f a
broa
d na
tion
al d
emoc
rati
c un
ity.
All
thr
ough
out
the
peri
od
of
prot
ract
ed
peop
le's
w
ar,
the
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
shal
l re
lym
ainl
y on
the
mas
ses
of w
orke
rs a
nd p
easa
nts
but
it s
hall
alw
ays
be r
eady
to
coop
erat
e w
ith
othe
r pa
trio
tic
and
prog
ress
ive
clas
ses,
or
gani
zati
ons
and
indi
vidu
als
inte
rest
ed i
n th
e ar
med
ove
rthr
ow o
f U
.S.
impe
rial
ism
, fe
udal
ism
and
bure
aucr
at c
apit
alis
m.
The
m
ain
stra
tegi
c pr
inci
ple
of t
he
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
is a
pr
otra
cted
peop
le's
war
, wit
h it
s ar
med
uni
ts e
ver
grow
ing
stro
nger
in
the
coun
trys
ide
onth
e ba
sis
of
arm
ed
stru
ggle
, ag
rari
an
revo
luti
on
and
the
buil
ding
of
rura
lba
ses,
and
con
sist
entl
y en
circ
ling
the
citi
es u
ntil
suc
h ti
me
that
the
ene
my
forc
es
are
fina
lly
exha
uste
d af
ter
bein
g de
feat
ed
piec
e by
pi
ece
in
the
coun
trys
ide.
T
he
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
is d
eter
min
ed
to
buil
d ru
ral
base
s,es
tabl
ish
loca
l or
gans
of
peop
le's
gov
ernm
ent
and
adva
nce
wav
e up
on w
ave
unti
l it
can
eff
ecti
vely
de
stro
y th
e re
mai
ning
ene
my
forc
es c
once
ntra
ted
inbi
g ci
ties
and
big
mil
itar
y ca
mps
. It
sha
ll sy
stem
atic
ally
cre
ate
and
elev
ate
the
guer
rill
a zo
nes
to
the
leve
l of
st
able
ba
se
area
s w
here
lo
cal
peop
le's
gove
rnm
ents
can
ope
rate
fu
lly.
T
he r
ural
bas
e ar
eas
shal
l se
rve
as t
he g
reat
rear
s fo
r th
e em
erge
nce
and
expa
nsio
n of
gue
rril
la z
ones
and
for
the
adv
ance
of a
ll o
ther
for
ces
of t
he p
eopl
e's
dem
ocra
tic
revo
luti
on.
The
N
ew
Peop
le's
A
rmy
shal
l un
derg
o th
ree
stra
tegi
c ph
ases
in
th
epr
otra
cted
pe
ople
's w
ar.
The
fir
st p
hase
is
the
stra
tegi
c de
fens
ive
in w
hich
it
alw
ays
mai
ntai
ns t
acti
cal
offe
nsiv
e an
d in
itia
tive
aga
inst
the
str
ateg
ic m
ilit
ary
supe
rior
ity
of t
he e
nem
y. T
he s
econ
d ph
ase
is th
e st
rate
gic
stal
emat
e in
whi
chit
s fi
ghti
ng
forc
es
are
alre
ady
mor
e or
le
ss
equa
l to
the
en
emy
forc
es i
nst
reng
th.
The
th
ird
and
fina
l ph
ase
is t
he
stra
tegi
c of
fens
ive
in w
hich
th
ere
gula
r m
obil
e fo
rces
of
th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y sh
all
have
att
aine
d su
chst
reng
th
and
scop
e as
to
be a
ble
to t
ake
the
offe
nsiv
e ag
ains
t th
e is
olat
eden
emy
forc
es
in t
heir
ci
ty a
nd b
ig c
amp
fort
ific
atio
ns.
All
thr
ough
out
the
prot
ract
ed
peop
le's
w
ar,
the
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
has
the
poli
tica
l in
itia
tive
beca
use
it
inte
grat
es
revo
luti
onar
y th
eory
w
ith
revo
luti
onar
y pr
acti
ce,
34
beca
use
it is
cl
osel
y li
nked
w
ith
the
mas
ses
and
beca
use
it co
nduc
tsse
lf-c
ritic
ism
whe
neve
r it
doe
s w
rong
or
carr
ies
wea
knes
ses.
The
N
ew
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
crea
tes
and
empl
oys
seve
ral
form
s of
fi
ghti
ngun
its
in t
he c
ours
e of
the
pro
trac
ted
peop
le's
war
. T
he r
egul
ar m
obil
e fo
rces
defe
nd
the
rura
l ba
ses
and
dest
roy
the
enem
y fo
rces
in
a bi
g w
ay.
The
guer
rill
a fo
rces
de
fend
th
e gu
erri
lla
zone
s, p
repa
re
the
emer
genc
e or
th
ead
vanc
e of
reg
ular
mob
ile
forc
es t
o cr
eate
new
gue
rril
la z
ones
. T
he m
ilit
ia a
ndse
lf-d
efen
se
corp
s de
fend
th
e m
asse
s in
lo
cal
area
s w
itho
ut s
epar
atin
gth
emse
lves
fr
om
dail
y pr
oduc
tive
wor
k. T
he a
rmed
cit
y pa
rtis
ans
perf
orm
spec
ial
task
s of
dis
rupt
ing
the
enem
y an
d pu
nish
ing
trai
tors
in
citi
es. A
ll th
ese
figh
ting
un
its
of
the
New
P
eopl
e's
Arm
y sh
all
be
coor
dina
ted
and
shal
lem
ploy
all
kin
ds o
f w
arfa
re t
hat
they
can
dev
elop
and
tha
t ar
e m
ade
avai
labl
eby
the
sit
uati
on a
nd t
he m
asse
s of
the
peo
ple.
The
N
ew
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
is
high
ly
cons
ciou
s th
at
by
perf
orm
ing
its
revo
luti
onar
y du
ty
of
over
thro
win
g U
.S.
impe
rial
ism
, the
co
mpr
ador
big
bour
geoi
sie,
th
e la
ndlo
rd
clas
s an
d th
e bu
reau
crat
ca
pita
list
s in
th
ePh
ilip
pine
s, i
t is
per
form
ing
a gr
eat
and
nobl
e ta
sk f
or t
he b
road
mas
ses
of t
heF
ilip
ino
peop
le,
espe
cial
ly f
or t
he e
xplo
ited
mas
ses
of w
orke
rs a
nd p
easa
nts,
as w
ell
as f
or t
he o
ppre
ssed
pe
ople
s of
the
wor
ld.
It i
s bo
th a
pat
riot
ic d
uty
and
an a
ct o
f pr
olet
aria
n in
tern
atio
nali
sm f
or t
he N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y to
fig
htfo
r a
peop
le's
de
moc
rati
c re
volu
tion
as
th
e tr
ansi
tion
al s
tage
to
war
dsso
cial
ism
. A
rmed
str
uggl
e in
the
Phi
lipp
ines
wea
kens
and
hel
ps d
estr
oy U
.S.
impe
rial
ism
, m
oder
n re
visi
onis
m a
nd
all
reac
tion
in
the
coun
trys
ide
of t
hew
orld
and
in
the
who
le w
orld
in
the
sam
e w
ay t
hat
the
arm
ed s
trug
gle
wag
edby
all
oth
er
oppr
esse
d pe
ople
s w
eake
ns a
nd h
elps
des
troy
th
e sa
me
in t
heP
hili
ppin
es.
The
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
has
the
inte
rnat
iona
list
man
date
to
figh
tfo
r th
e to
tal
colla
pse
of
impe
rial
ism
le
d by
U
.S.
impe
rial
ism
and
th
ew
orld
wid
e tr
ium
ph o
f so
cial
ism
in
this
era
of
Mao
Tse
tung
Tho
ught
.
Rul
e T
hree
ME
MB
ER
SHIP
IN
TH
E N
EW
PE
OP
LE
'S A
RM
Y
Poi
nt
1.
Any
ab
le-b
odie
d pe
rson
ir
resp
ecti
ve
of
age,
se
x,
colo
r,na
tion
alit
y or
rel
igio
us b
elie
f, w
ho
is c
apab
le o
f co
mba
t du
ties
and
who
is
read
y to
par
tici
pate
in
a p
rotr
acte
d ar
med
str
uggl
e ag
ains
t th
e re
acti
onar
yst
ate
pow
er
may
bec
ome
a m
embe
r of
a f
ight
ing
unit
of
the
New
Peo
ple'
sA
rmy.
Poin
t 2.
T
hose
w
ho w
ish
to j
oin
the
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
shal
l in
form
any
unit
or
of
fice
of
th
e N
ew
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy,
P
arty
co
mm
itte
e,
Part
ym
embe
rs o
r re
volu
tion
ary
mas
s or
gani
zati
ons
of t
heir
int
enti
on.
Poi
nt 3
. L
ocal
Par
ty c
omm
itte
es,
arm
ed u
nits
of
the
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
and
revo
luti
onar
y m
ass
orga
niza
tion
s sh
all
take
th
e in
itia
tive
of
acce
ptin
gin
divi
dual
and
col
lect
ive
requ
ests
for
mem
bers
hip
in t
he N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
yor
of
dire
ctly
rec
ruit
ing
figh
ters
and
of
crea
ting
new
fig
htin
g un
its
of t
he N
ewPe
ople
's A
rmy.
Poi
nt
4.
The
m
ilit
ary
com
man
d an
d th
e lo
cal
Part
y co
mm
itte
eim
med
iate
ly
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
area
whe
re r
ecru
itm
ent
of R
ed s
oldi
ers
isbe
ing
mad
e sh
all
dire
ct a
nd s
uper
vise
the
rec
ruit
men
t w
ork.
Poin
t 5.
A
hig
her
mili
tary
com
man
d or
Par
ty c
omm
itte
e sh
all
have
the
35
righ
t to
dis
solv
e or
reo
rgan
ize
any
arm
ed u
nit o
n va
lid g
roun
ds.
Poi
nt
6.
Indi
vidu
al
or m
ass
dese
rter
s fr
om
the
enem
y si
de o
r ca
ptiv
eso
ldie
rs m
ay b
e in
corp
orat
ed i
nto
the
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy,
pro
vide
d th
ey a
rere
-edu
cate
d an
d re
orga
nize
d. T
heir
inc
orpo
rati
on
shal
l be
app
rove
d af
ter
ath
orou
gh i
nves
tiga
tion
by
the
mil
itar
y co
mm
and
and
arm
y P
arty
co
mm
itte
eof
the
pro
vinc
ial l
evel
at
leas
t.P
oint
7.
T
he
New
P
eopl
e's
Arm
y sh
all
regu
larl
y ch
eck
up
the
clas
sor
igin
, per
form
ance
of
duty
and
wil
l to
fig
ht o
f al
l its
fig
hter
s in
ord
er t
o ra
ise
cons
iste
ntly
the
ir p
role
tari
an r
evol
utio
nary
cha
ract
er.
Poi
nt 8
. T
he v
ast
maj
orit
y of
mem
bers
of
the
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
shal
lbe
arm
ed c
omba
tant
s at
all
tim
es,
alth
ough
som
e m
embe
rs m
ay b
e as
sign
ed t
ono
n-co
mba
t fu
ncti
ons
whi
ch a
re d
irec
tly
rela
ted
to t
he f
ight
ing
effe
ctiv
enes
sof
the
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy.
Rul
e F
our
DIS
CIP
LIN
E
Poi
nt
1.
The
di
scip
line
of
the
offi
cers
and
men
in
the
New
Peo
ple'
sA
rmy
shal
l be
a
cons
ciou
s di
scip
line
gui
ded
by
Mar
xism
-Len
in is
m-M
aoT
setu
ng
Tho
ught
, by
th
e C
omm
unis
t Pa
rty
of t
he P
hili
ppin
es a
nd b
y th
eor
gani
zati
onal
pri
ncip
le o
f de
moc
rati
c ce
ntra
lism
. The
arm
y P
arty
com
mit
tee
shal
l se
e to
it
th
at
the
line
, po
lici
es
and
deci
sion
s of
th
e P
arty
ar
eim
plem
ente
d by
the
mil
itar
y co
mm
and
at e
very
leve
l.P
oint
2.
T
he
New
Pe
ople
's
Arm
y sh
all
be
boun
d by
th
e fo
llow
ing
disc
ipli
ne:
a.
the
indi
vidu
al i
s su
bord
inat
e to
the
who
le a
rmy;
b.
the
min
orit
y is
sub
ordi
nate
to
the
maj
orit
y;c.
th
e lo
wer
leve
l is
sub
ordi
nate
to t
he h
ighe
r le
vel;
and
d.
the
enti
re m
embe
rshi
p is
sub
ordi
nate
to
the
Mil
itar
y C
omm
issi
on a
ndto
the
Cen
tral
Com
mit
tee.
Poi
nt
3.
All
off
icer
s an
d m
en
shal
l be
pro
hibi
ted
from
doi
ng t
he l
east
harm
to
th
e pe
ople
's i
nter
ests
and
the
y sh
all
alw
ays
be b
ound
by
Com
rade
Mao
Tse
tung
's T
hree
Mai
n R
ules
of
Dis
cipl
ine
and
Eig
ht P
oint
s of
Att
enti
onin
ord
er t
o ke
ep h
igh
thei
r re
volu
tion
ary
inte
grit
y.a.
T
hree
Mai
n R
ules
of D
isci
plin
e:1)
O
bey
orde
rs i
n al
l you
r ac
tion
s.2)
D
o no
t ta
ke a
sin
gle
need
le o
r pi
ece
of t
hrea
d fr
om t
he m
asse
s.3)
T
urn
in e
very
thin
g ca
ptur
ed.
b.
Eig
ht P
oint
s of
Att
enti
on:
1)
Spe
ak p
olit
ely.
2)
Pay
fai
rly
for
wha
t yo
u bu
y.3)
R
etur
n ev
eryt
hing
you
bor
row
.4)
P
ay f
or a
nyth
ing
you
dam
age.
5)
Do
not
hit
or s
wea
r at
peo
ple.
6)
Do
not
dam
age
crop
s.7)
D
o no
t ta
ke l
iber
ties
wit
h w
omen
.8)
D
o no
t il
l-tr
eat c
apti
ves.
Poi
nt
4.
Off
icer
s sh
all
be
abso
lute
ly
proh
ibit
ed
from
bo
urge
ois
and
feud
al p
ract
ices
in
thei
r re
lati
ons
wit
h th
eir
men
and
wit
h th
e pe
ople
.
36
Poi
nt 5
. O
ffic
ers
and
men
sha
ll be
str
ictly
pro
hibi
ted
from
get
ting
dru
nkan
d fr
om g
ambl
ing.
Poi
nt 6
. T
he a
rmy
Part
y co
mm
itte
e at
the
pro
per
leve
l or
the
mil
itar
yco
urt
it m
ay c
reat
e sh
all
hear
and
dec
ide
case
s ag
ains
t of
fice
rs a
nd m
en a
t th
ele
vel
whe
re t
he a
llege
d m
ista
ke o
r cr
ime
has
been
com
mit
ted
and
shal
l im
pose
the
foll
owin
g pe
nalt
ies
acco
rdin
g to
the
gra
vity
of
the
offe
nse
com
mit
ted:
a.
repr
iman
db.
re
prim
and
and
reas
sign
men
tc.
de
mot
ion
d.
susp
ensi
one.
ex
puls
ion
f. ex
puls
ion
and
exec
utio
nP
oint
7.
In
all
kin
ds o
f pe
nalt
y, e
xcep
t ex
puls
ion
and
exec
utio
n, t
heof
fend
er o
r of
fend
ers
shal
l re
ceiv
e re
-edu
cati
on w
ithi
n a
reas
onab
le p
erio
d of
time
and
shal
l be
req
uire
d to
mak
e a
publ
ic a
polo
gy t
o th
e of
fend
ed.
Poi
nt 8
. T
he h
ighe
st p
enal
ty,
expu
lsio
n an
d ex
ecut
ion,
sha
ll b
e m
eted
out
on o
ffen
ders
for
the
pro
ven
crim
es o
f tr
easo
n, b
etra
yal,
dese
rtio
n in
the
face
of
the
enem
y, e
spio
nage
, sa
bota
ge,
mut
iny,
inc
itin
g to
mut
iny,
mur
der,
robb
ery,
rap
e, a
rson
and
gra
ve m
alve
rsat
ion
of p
eopl
e's
fund
s.P
oint
9.
All
case
s sh
all
be f
ully
inv
estig
ated
and
all
accu
sed
shal
l be
give
na
fair
hea
ring
.
Rul
e Fi
ve
DE
MO
CR
AC
Y
Poi
nt 1
. T
o be
abl
e to
enj
oy d
emoc
racy
and
yet
mai
ntai
n di
scip
line
and
avoi
d ul
tra-
de
moc
racy
w
ithi
n th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y, a
ll o
ffic
ers,
fig
hter
san
d P
arty
ca
dres
sh
all
disc
uss
and
educ
ate
each
ot
her
on
Mao
T
setu
ngT
houg
ht
and
on t
he
prog
ram
me,
po
lici
es a
nd d
ecis
ions
of
the
Com
mun
ist
Par
ty o
f th
e P
hili
ppin
es.
Poi
nt
2.
All
offi
cers
an
d m
en
shal
l to
geth
er
enga
ge
in
peri
odic
an
dsp
ecia
l cr
itici
sm a
nd s
elf-
crit
icis
m s
essi
ons
in o
rder
to
impr
ove
thei
r po
liti
cal
and
com
bat
effe
ctiv
enes
s.
Ideo
logi
cal,
poli
tica
l an
d or
gani
zati
onal
m
ista
kes
and
wea
knes
ses
shal
l be
co
rrec
ted
thro
ugh
the
proc
ess
of
crit
icis
m
and
self
-cri
tici
sm.
Poi
nt
3.
The
re
shal
l be
po
liti
cal
dem
ocra
cy
in
that
th
e of
fice
rs
and
sold
iers
sh
all
be f
ree
to h
old
mee
ting
s an
d sp
eak
out
free
ly o
n ho
w t
o ra
ise
thei
r pr
olet
aria
n re
volu
tion
ary
cons
ciou
snes
s, b
ring
the
mse
lves
clo
ser
to t
hepe
ople
, im
prov
e th
eir
figh
ting
abi
lity
, or
gani
ze t
heir
no
n-co
mba
t w
ork
and
impr
ove
thei
r m
ater
ial
cond
itio
ns.
Poi
nt
4.
The
re
shal
l be
ec
onom
ic d
emoc
racy
am
ong
the
offi
cers
an
dso
ldie
rs i
n th
at t
hey
shal
l sha
re w
eal
and
woe
, enj
oy e
qual
mat
eria
l co
ndit
ions
such
as
equ
al
rati
ons
and
equa
l al
low
ance
s,
they
sh
all
have
the
ri
ght
tom
anag
e to
geth
er
thei
r su
ppli
es
and
mes
s,
wit
h th
e so
ldie
rs
elec
ting
repr
esen
tativ
es
to
assi
st
the
com
pany
le
ader
ship
in
man
agem
ent,
and
that
anyo
ne s
hall
have
the
rig
ht t
o lo
ok i
nto
the
acco
unts
and
sup
plie
s an
ytim
e.P
oint
5.
The
re s
hall
be m
ilit
ary
dem
ocra
cy a
mon
g of
fice
rs a
nd s
oldi
ers
in t
hat
toge
ther
the
y sh
all
hold
a s
erie
s of
mee
ting
s be
fore
and
aft
er b
attl
esan
d ca
mpa
igns
, w
here
by t
he o
ffic
ers
teac
h th
e so
ldie
rs, t
he s
oldi
ers
teac
h th
e
37
offi
cers
an
d th
e so
ldie
rs
teac
h ea
ch
othe
r co
ncer
ning
op
erat
iona
l pl
ans,
met
hods
and
tec
hniq
ues
of f
ight
ing
and
win
ning
bat
tles.
Rul
e E
ight
FOR
MS
OF
PEO
PLE
'S A
RM
ED
FO
RC
ES
Poi
nt 1
. T
he N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y sh
all e
ncom
pass
the
fol
low
ing
form
s of
figh
ting
uni
ts:
a.
regu
lar m
obil
e fo
rces
b.
guer
rill
a un
its
c.
mil
itia
and
sel
f-de
fens
e un
its
d.
arm
ed c
ity
part
isan
sP
oint
2
. ...
Poi
nt
3.
The
fo
rmat
ion
and
grow
th o
f gu
erri
lla
unit
s sh
all
alw
ays
beba
sed
on t
he
poli
tica
l si
tuat
ion
and
avai
labi
lity
of
wea
pons
in
a p
arti
cula
rar
ea.
The
int
egra
tion
of
a gu
erri
lla
unit
or
part
of
it in
to t
he r
egul
ar m
obile
forc
es s
hall
be d
ecid
ed b
y th
e re
gion
al o
pera
tion
al
com
man
d,
the
nati
onal
oper
atio
nal
com
man
d or
Mil
itar
y C
omm
issi
on.
How
ever
, gu
erri
lla
unit
s sh
all
cont
inue
to
be r
aise
d as
a f
orce
aux
ilia
ry t
o th
e re
gula
r m
obil
e fo
rces
.P
oint
4.
The
mil
itia
and
sel
f-de
fens
e un
its
shal
l be
com
pose
d of
tho
sew
ho
cont
inue
w
ith
thei
r da
ily
prod
ucti
ve
life.
T
hey
shal
l pl
ay
a m
ainl
yde
fens
ive
role
but
th
ey
shal
l se
rve
as t
he v
ast
rese
rve
and
supp
ort
for
the
regu
lar
mob
ile
forc
es a
nd t
he g
uerr
illa
uni
ts.
Poin
t 5.
E
very
uni
t of
the
arm
ed c
ity p
arti
sans
sha
ll co
nsis
t of
at
leas
tth
ree
com
bat
mem
bers
and
sha
ll sp
ecia
lize
in
city
ope
rati
ons,
in
int
elli
genc
ean
d re
conn
aiss
ance
, in
di
srup
ting
the
en
emy
rule
, in
ra
isin
g th
e fi
ghti
ngm
oral
e of
w
orke
rs
and
the
urba
n pe
tty
bour
geoi
sie
and
in p
repa
ring
in
alo
ng-t
erm
way
for
a g
ener
al c
ity
upri
sing
upo
n in
stru
ctio
ns o
f th
e M
ilit
ary
Com
mis
sion
.P
oint
6.
T
he
unit
co
mm
ande
rs
and
thei
r de
puty
co
mm
ande
rs
shal
lco
nsti
tute
the
uni
t op
erat
iona
l co
mm
and.
Poin
t 7.
T
he r
egul
ar m
obil
e fo
rces
sha
ll di
stri
bute
arm
s an
d am
mun
itio
nto
the
gue
rril
las,
mil
itia
and
sel
f-de
fens
e un
its
and
the
arm
ed c
ity p
artis
ans
tora
ise
thei
r fi
ghti
ng c
apac
ity
or i
nteg
rate
the
m a
s re
gula
r tr
oops
or
crea
te n
ewfi
ghti
ng u
nits
of
the
sam
e ty
pe.
The
gue
rril
las
shal
l lik
ewis
e di
stri
bute
ar
ms
and
amm
unit
ion
to t
he m
ilit
ia a
nd s
elf-
defe
nse
unit
s to
rai
se t
heir
fig
htin
gca
paci
ty
or c
reat
e ne
w f
ight
ing
unit
s of
the
sam
e or
rai
se t
hem
to
a hi
gher
com
bat
form
atio
n.Po
int
8.
Part
y ca
dres
, of
fice
rs a
nd m
en i
n th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y m
aybe
ass
igne
d to
cre
ate
the
non-
regu
lar
arm
ed u
nits
men
tion
ed
in P
oint
s 3,
4,
and
5 ab
ove.
2. R
evol
uti
onar
y G
uide
to
Lan
d R
efor
m
Fol
low
ing
is t
he f
ull
text
of
the
Rev
olut
iona
ry G
uide
for
Lan
d R
efor
mis
sued
by
th
e C
omm
unis
t P
arty
of
th
e P
hilip
pine
s.
This
is
an
impo
rtan
tdo
cum
ent
whi
ch
serv
es a
s th
e ba
sic
guid
e fo
r th
e N
ew
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy
and
Bar
rio
Org
aniz
ing
Com
mit
tees
in
carr
ying
out
the
agr
aria
n re
volu
tion
.
38
Cha
pter
I. T
HE
MA
IN C
ON
TE
NT
OF
TH
E P
EO
PL
E'S
DE
MO
CR
AT
IC R
EV
OL
UT
ION
Sect
ion
1.
The
mai
n co
nten
t of
the
peo
ple'
s de
moc
rati
c re
volu
tion
is t
hefu
lfil
lmen
t of
th
e pe
asan
ts'
dem
and
for
land
an
d th
e er
adic
atio
n of
th
eva
riou
s fo
rms
of f
euda
l an
d se
mi-
feud
al e
xplo
itat
ion.
Sect
ion
2.
It
is t
here
fore
th
e pr
ime
duty
of
the
peo
ple'
s de
moc
rati
cgo
vern
men
t to
fu
lfill
th
e af
orec
ited
de
man
d by
im
plem
enti
ng
aco
mpr
ehen
sive
la
nd
refo
rm
prog
ram
w
hose
es
sent
ial
goal
is
th
e fr
eedi
stri
buti
on o
f la
nd t
o th
e po
or p
easa
nts
and
low
er-m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts a
nd t
hepr
omot
ion
of p
rodu
ctiv
e co
oper
atio
n am
ong
the
peas
ant
mas
ses.
Cha
pter
II.
TH
E L
AN
D R
EF
OR
M P
RO
GR
AM
Sect
ion
1.
Thi
s la
nd r
efor
m p
rogr
am s
hall
have
as
its m
inim
um g
oal
the
dras
tic
redu
ctio
n of
la
nd
rent
an
d th
e el
imin
atio
n of
us
ury;
and
as
its
max
imum
goa
l th
e fr
ee d
istr
ibut
ion
of l
and
to t
he t
ille
rs w
ho h
ave
no l
and
orw
ho d
o no
t ha
ve e
noug
h la
nd. T
his
prog
ram
sha
ll al
so h
ave
as a
con
stan
t goa
lth
e be
tter
men
t of
w
age
and
livin
g co
ndit
ions
of
fa
rm
wor
kers
in
land
edes
tate
s op
erat
ed o
n a
capi
tali
st b
asis
.Se
ctio
n 1
Free
di
stri
buti
on
of
land
sh
all
be e
ffec
ted
as s
oon
as t
heC
omm
unis
t Pa
rty
of t
he P
hili
ppin
es,
the
New
Peo
ple'
s A
rmy,
the
peo
ple'
sde
moc
ratic
go
vern
men
t, th
e pe
asan
t as
soci
atio
ns
and
othe
r m
ass
orga
niza
tions
, th
e m
ilit
ia a
nd t
he l
ocal
gue
rrill
as a
re s
uffi
cien
tly
stro
ng i
n th
ela
nd r
efor
m a
rea.
Sect
ion.
3.
The
Par
ty C
entr
al C
omm
itte
e or
a r
egio
nal P
arty
com
mit
tee
shal
l ha
ve t
he a
utho
rity
to
dete
rmin
e w
heth
er t
he f
ree
dist
ribu
tion
of
land
isal
read
y po
ssib
le i
n a
give
n la
nd r
efor
m a
rea.
Cha
pter
III
. R
EN
T R
ED
UC
TIO
N A
ND
EL
IMIN
AT
ION
OF
US
UR
Y
Sect
ion
1.
In
land
s w
here
fe
udal
re
lati
ons
exis
t, la
nd
rent
sh
all
bere
duce
d to
ove
r te
n pe
r ce
nt o
r ev
en le
ss o
f ev
ery
crop
. Suc
h la
nd r
ent
may
be
mad
e in
cas
h or
kin
d.Se
ctio
n 2.
T
he n
et c
rop
shal
l be
arr
ived
at
by d
educ
ting
fro
m t
he g
ross
crop
al
l ag
ricu
ltur
al
cost
s in
curr
ed
by
the
tena
nt.
Cos
ts
for
plou
ghin
g,ha
rrow
ing,
ren
t or
dep
reci
atio
n of
far
m a
nim
als
and
impl
emen
ts,
irri
gati
on,
seed
ing
and
seed
lings
, pl
anti
ng,
wee
ding
, fe
rtil
izer
s, p
esti
cide
s,
harv
esti
ng,
haul
ing,
thr
eshi
ng
and
mill
ing
shal
l be
in
the
cate
gory
of
agr
icul
tura
l co
sts.
Such
sh
all
be
dete
rmin
ed
acco
rdin
g to
pri
ce s
tand
ards
se
t by
the
pe
asan
tas
soci
atio
n an
d al
so a
ccor
ding
to
curr
ent
pric
es.
Sect
ion
3.
Usu
ry s
hall
be c
ompl
etel
y el
imin
ated
by
four
met
hods
:a.
en
cour
agin
g th
e pe
asan
t m
asse
s to
kee
p pe
rson
al s
avin
gs;
b.
lett
ing
the
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ion
oper
ate
as a
coo
pera
tive
as
soci
atio
nin
ord
er t
o ac
cum
ulat
e sa
ving
s an
d ot
her
inco
me;
c.
lim
itin
g th
e ra
tes
of i
nter
est
to o
nly
a si
mpl
e in
tere
st o
f si
x pe
rcen
tof
six
per
cent
per
ann
um o
n cu
rren
t de
bts;
and
d.
canc
elli
ng a
ll un
just
deb
ts a
nd r
ecom
puti
ng o
ld d
ebts
as
far
back
as
five
year
s at
the
sim
ple
inte
rest
rat
e of
six
per
cent
per
ann
um.
39
Sect
ion
4.
Any
ag
ricu
ltur
al c
ost,
espe
cial
ly s
eed
grai
n, w
hich
may
be
shou
lder
ed
by t
he l
andl
ord
shal
l be
pai
d fo
r w
itho
ut p
rofi
t or
int
eres
t an
dsh
all
be d
educ
ted
from
the
gro
ss c
rop.
The
pea
sant
ass
ocia
tion
s sh
all i
nqui
rein
to
ever
y lo
an
agre
emen
t be
twee
n a
land
lord
an
d a
tena
nt a
nd s
hall
not
allo
w a
ny l
andl
ord
to c
ompe
l a
tena
nt t
o re
ceiv
e an
y lo
an f
rom
him
or
from
any
know
n us
urer
, es
peci
ally
whe
n th
e in
tere
st r
ate
char
ged
is m
ore
than
the
sim
ple
inte
rest
rat
e of
six
per
cen
t pe
r an
num
.Se
ctio
n 5.
R
ent
on w
ork
anim
als
and
farm
im
plem
ents
whi
ch a
re b
oth
land
lord
pro
pert
y sh
all
be r
educ
ed p
aral
lel
to l
and
rent
red
ucti
on.
The
ric
hpe
asan
ts a
nd u
pper
- mid
dle
peas
ants
sha
ll al
so b
e pe
rsua
ded
to r
educ
e re
nt o
nth
eir
wor
k an
imal
s an
d im
plem
ents
.Se
ctio
n 6.
N
o la
ndlo
rd,
adm
inis
trat
or o
r ov
erse
er s
hall
be a
llow
ed
tode
man
d an
y ki
nd o
f tr
ibut
e fr
om t
he t
enan
t fa
mil
ies,
whe
ther
thi
s be
in
the
form
of
labo
r, m
enia
l se
rvic
e, f
ees
or a
nyth
ing
else
in
kind
fro
m t
he m
ain
orsi
de o
ccup
atio
ns o
f th
e te
nant
s.Se
ctio
n 7.
R
ich
peas
ants
and
upp
er m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts s
hall
be p
ersu
aded
to i
ncre
ase
the
wag
es o
f th
e fa
rm w
orke
rs t
hat
they
hir
e or
red
uce
the
rent
paid
to
them
by
thei
r te
nant
s or
sub
tena
nts
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith
stan
dard
s se
tby
the
pea
sant
as
soci
atio
n. S
uch
stan
dard
s sh
all
not
mak
e th
e ri
ch p
easa
nts
and
uppe
r m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts l
ose
thei
r st
atus
.S
ecti
on
8.
In c
ase
of a
ny
cala
mit
y li
ke f
lood
s, d
roug
ht,
crop
di
seas
e,fi
re,
enem
y ac
tion
or
the
like
, whe
re a
t le
ast
twen
ty p
er c
ent
of t
he c
rop
isde
stro
yed,
the
ten
ant
shal
l no
t pa
y an
y la
nd r
ent
to t
he l
andl
ord.
Sho
uld
the
cala
mit
y da
mag
e th
e cr
op t
o th
e ex
tent
of
at l
east
fif
ty
per
cent
, th
e te
nant
shal
l no
t pa
y an
y la
nd r
ent
for
the
incu
mbe
nt c
rop
and
also
for
the
nex
t cr
op.
Pay
men
ts
on
debt
s pr
evio
usly
inc
urre
d on
des
troy
ed
crop
s sh
all
be j
ustl
yse
ttle
d by
de
cisi
on
of
the
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ion
acco
rdin
g to
co
ncre
teci
rcum
stan
ces.
The
pea
sant
ass
ocia
tion
may
dec
ide
to c
ance
l th
e de
bts
to a
nex
tent
pa
rall
el t
o th
e am
ount
of
dest
ruct
ion,
esp
ecia
lly
if t
hose
deb
ts w
ere
incu
rred
fro
m l
andl
ords
and
oth
er p
riva
te m
oney
lend
ers.
Sec
tion
9.
In c
ase
a te
nant
for
one
rea
son
or a
noth
er f
orfe
its
his
righ
t to
till
the
land
, it
sh
all
be
the
resp
onsi
bili
ty
of
the
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ion
tode
term
ine
tena
ncy
righ
ts.
The
te
nanc
y ri
ghts
sh
all
be
pass
ed
on
to
anim
med
iate
rel
ativ
e of
the
pre
viou
s te
nant
or
to s
omeo
ne e
lse
who
is
a fa
rmw
orke
r or
poo
r pe
asan
t.S
ecti
on
10.
The
si
mpl
e m
etho
d of
wit
hhol
ding
inf
orm
atio
n fr
om
the
land
lord
ab
out
the
actu
al
harv
est
may
be
em
ploy
ed
to
redu
ce
land
ren
tdr
asti
call
y. I
n su
ch a
cas
e, o
ne h
alf
of t
he l
and
rent
tha
t sh
ould
hav
e go
ne t
oth
e la
ndlo
rds
shal
l be
giv
en t
o th
e pe
ople
's d
omoc
rati
c go
vern
men
t th
roug
hth
e pe
asan
t as
soci
atio
ns o
r th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y an
d th
e ot
her
half
sha
llac
crue
to
the
inco
me
of t
he t
enan
ts.
Sec
tion
11.
O
n th
e ev
e of
the
con
fisc
atio
n of
lan
dlor
d pr
oper
ty a
nd f
ree
dist
ribu
tion
of
the
sam
e, s
impl
e no
ndel
iver
y of
lan
d re
nt t
o th
e la
ndlo
rds
shal
l be
mad
e co
ncer
tedl
y by
the
ten
ant
mas
ses.
One
hal
f of
the
lan
d re
ntth
at
shou
ld h
ave
gone
to
the
land
lord
s sh
all
auto
mat
ical
ly b
e gi
ven
to t
hepe
ople
's d
emoc
rati
c go
vern
men
t th
roug
h th
e pe
asan
t as
soci
atio
n or
the
New
Peop
le's
Arm
y an
d th
e ot
her
half
sha
ll ac
crue
to
the
inco
me
on t
he t
enan
ts.
Sect
ion
12.
The
pea
sant
ass
ocia
tion
s an
d th
eir
com
mit
tees
sha
ll co
nduc
tm
ass
mee
ting
s on
lan
d re
form
, an
d sh
all
cont
inuo
usly
stu
dy a
nd d
iscu
ss a
ndev
entu
ally
agr
ee o
n ho
w t
o di
stri
bute
the
lan
ds t
o be
con
fisc
ated
fro
m t
he
40
land
lord
s. S
uch
acti
viti
es s
hall
faci
lita
te t
he c
urre
nt a
s w
ell
as f
utur
e w
ork
ofth
e la
nd r
efor
m c
omm
itte
es.
Sect
ion
13.
Any
la
ndlo
rd
who
res
orts
to
vio
lent
mea
ns o
r an
y ot
her
coun
ter-
rev
olut
iona
ry a
ctio
n in
ord
er t
o co
unte
ract
or
sabo
tage
the
cam
paig
nto
red
uce
land
ren
t an
d el
imin
ate
usur
y sh
all
be p
unis
hed
acco
rdin
g to
the
grav
ity
of h
is c
rim
e, s
hall
have
his
lan
d co
nfis
cate
d an
d sh
all
have
the
loa
ns h
eha
s le
nt c
ance
lled
wit
hout
fur
ther
com
pens
atio
n. H
owev
er, o
ther
mem
bers
of
his
fam
ily
shal
l be
gi
ven
the
oppo
rtun
ity
to
have
a m
eans
of
live
liho
od,
incl
udin
g la
nd
cult
ivat
ion,
pr
ovid
ed
they
ob
ey
the
law
s of
th
e pe
ople
'sde
moc
rati
c go
vern
men
t.
Cha
pter
IV
. F
RE
E D
IST
RIB
UT
ION
OF
LA
ND
Sect
ion
1.
Lan
d sh
all
be c
onfi
scat
ed
from
the
la
ndlo
rds
and
shal
l be
dist
ribu
ted
free
to
the
poor
pea
sant
and
low
er-m
iddl
e pe
asan
t fa
mil
ies,
who
shal
l ha
ve p
rior
ity
in o
wni
ng t
he p
iece
of
land
tha
t th
ey t
ill b
ut w
ho s
hall
at
the
sam
e ti
me
agre
e to
cer
tain
rea
djus
tmen
ts f
or t
he p
urpo
se o
f en
suri
ng e
ach
fam
ily
has
suff
icie
nt la
nd a
nd t
here
fore
pro
mot
ing
the
com
mon
wel
fare
.Se
ctio
n 2.
L
and
shal
l be
di
stri
bute
d ac
cord
ing
to
the
prin
cipl
e of
equa
lizi
ng l
ande
d pr
oper
ty a
nd e
nabl
ing
the
poor
pea
sant
s an
d lo
wer
-mid
dle
peas
ants
to
achi
eve
the
stat
us o
f m
iddl
e-m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts.
Due
con
side
rati
onsh
all
be g
iven
to
the
foll
owin
g:a.
th
e to
tal
amou
nt o
f la
nd a
vail
able
for
dis
trib
utio
n in
the
are
a;b.
th
e si
ze a
nd
labo
r po
wer
of
eve
ry f
amil
y or
hou
seho
ld r
ecei
ving
the
land
; and
the
qua
lity
, loc
atio
n an
d si
ze o
f th
e la
nd.
Sec
tion
3.
Dep
ende
nts
of r
evol
utio
nary
mar
tyrs
, ca
dres
and
Red
fig
hter
ssh
all
enjo
y pr
iori
ty i
n re
ceiv
ing
a sh
are
of t
he l
and
bein
g di
stri
bute
d fr
ee.
Inca
ses
whe
re
they
la
ck
suff
icie
nt
labo
r po
wer
, th
e pe
ople
's
dem
ocra
tic
gove
rnm
ent
shal
l se
e to
it
that
the
pea
sant
ass
ocia
tion
in
thei
r lo
cali
ty g
ives
them
all
nec
essa
ry c
oope
rati
ve a
ssis
tanc
e in
cul
tiva
ting
the
ir l
and.
Sect
ion
4.
The
mid
dle-
mid
dle
peas
ants
sha
ll be
giv
en s
ome
shar
e of
the
land
bei
ng d
istr
ibut
ed f
ree
in o
rder
to
rais
e th
e le
vel
of t
heir
liv
elih
ood
toso
me
exte
nt,
prov
ided
th
at t
his
land
sha
re d
oes
not
give
the
m t
he s
tatu
s of
uppe
r-m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts o
r ri
ch p
easa
nts.
Sect
ion
5.
Wor
kers
, han
dicr
afts
men
, ped
lars
and
oth
er p
oor
nonp
easa
nts
who
ar
e w
illi
ng t
o ti
ll th
e so
il sh
all
be
give
n a
shar
e of
th
e la
nd
bein
gdi
stri
bute
d fr
ee.
Sho
uld
they
con
tinu
e to
hav
e m
eans
of
live
liho
od o
ther
tha
nti
llin
g th
e so
il, t
heir
lan
d sh
are
shal
l be
pro
perl
y ad
just
ed.
Sect
ion
6.
Wor
k an
imal
s,
farm
im
plem
ents
an
d ot
her
prop
erty
conf
isca
ted
from
th
e la
ndlo
rds
shal
l be
di
stri
bute
d fr
ee
on
the
basi
s of
equa
lizi
ng
prop
erty
or
tu
rned
ov
er
to
the
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ion
for
adm
inis
trat
ion
and
com
mon
us
e.Se
ctio
n 7.
O
rcha
rds,
fis
hpon
ds, r
anch
es a
nd o
ther
suc
h pr
oper
ty w
hich
are
land
lord
pro
pert
y bu
t w
hich
can
not
be d
ivid
ed w
itho
ut p
reju
dici
ng th
eir
prod
ucti
vity
sh
all
be
turn
ed
over
to
th
e co
oper
ativ
es
or
to
the
peop
le's
dem
ocra
tic
gove
rnm
ent
for
appr
opri
ate
purp
oses
.Se
ctio
n 8.
D
epen
ding
on
conc
rete
con
diti
ons,
one
to
ten
perc
ent
of t
hela
nd
conf
isca
ted
from
la
ndlo
rd's
sh
ould
be
se
t as
ide
for
publ
ic u
se;
for
prod
ucti
on
plot
s of
th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y, t
he p
easa
nt a
ssoc
iati
ons
and
41
othe
r m
ass
orga
niza
tion
s;
expe
rim
enta
l fa
rms;
an
d al
so
for
futu
rere
adju
stm
ents
in
land
dis
trib
utio
n.S
ecti
on
9.
The
sur
plus
lan
d an
d ot
her
mea
ns o
f pr
oduc
tion
ow
ned
byth
e ri
ch
peas
ants
an
d up
per-
mid
dle
peas
ants
sh
all
not
be
conf
isca
ted.
How
ever
, th
ese
rich
pas
ants
and
upp
er-m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts s
hall
by
pers
uade
d to
furt
her
incr
ease
the
wag
es o
f th
e fa
rm w
orke
rs t
hat
they
hir
e or
red
uce
the
rent
pai
d to
the
m
by t
heir
ten
ants
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
stan
dard
s se
t by
the
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ion.
In
case
s w
here
the
ric
h pe
asna
ts a
nd m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts r
ent
land
s fr
om
the
land
lord
s, s
uch
land
s sh
all
by
cons
ider
ed l
andl
ord
prop
erty
and
shal
l be
sub
ject
to
conf
isca
tion
, wit
h th
e ri
ch p
easa
nts
and
uppe
r-m
iddl
epe
asan
ts g
etti
ng th
eir
due
shar
e in
the
fre
e di
stri
buti
on o
f la
nd.
Sec
tion
10
. T
he
land
s of
rev
olut
iona
ry m
arty
rs,
cadr
es,
Red
fi
ghte
rs,
scho
ol t
each
ers,
pro
fess
iona
ls a
nd w
orke
rs w
hich
do
not
exce
ed t
he l
imit
s of
the
land
hold
ings
of
rich
pea
sant
s sh
all
not
be c
onsi
dere
d la
ndlo
rd p
rope
rty
and
shal
l no
t be
co
nfis
cate
d,
prov
ided
th
ey
are
till
ed b
y re
lati
ves
of
the
owne
rs a
nd p
rovi
ded
furt
her
that
the
loc
al m
asse
s ag
ree.
Sec
tion
11
. H
omes
, in
dust
rial
an
d co
mm
erci
al
ente
rpri
ses,
ar
tisa
ns'
shop
s, s
choo
ls,
reli
giou
s ho
uses
, pl
azas
, pu
blic
pla
ygro
unds
and
the
lik
e sh
all
be
allo
wed
th
eir
nece
ssar
y la
nd s
ites.
Eve
n be
fore
the
fr
ee
dist
ribu
tion
of
land
, al
l te
nant
s sh
all
be a
ssur
ed o
f ow
ners
hip
of
thei
r ho
me
lots
wit
hout
payi
ng a
ny a
mou
nt t
o th
eir
land
lord
.S
ecti
on
12.
The
m
embe
rs
of
the
enli
ghte
d ge
ntry
w
ho
supp
ort
the
peop
le's
dem
ocra
tic
gove
rnm
ent
and
agre
e w
ith
its
land
ref
orm
pro
gram
sha
llno
t be
sub
ject
ed t
o an
y pu
nish
men
t or
hum
ilia
tion
, and
eac
h of
the
m s
hall
beal
low
ed
to
keep
hi
s ow
n ho
use,
pe
rson
al
faci
liti
es
and
indu
stri
al
orco
mm
erci
al b
usin
ess
or a
pie
ce o
f la
nd w
hich
is
roug
hly
equi
vale
nt t
o th
epi
ece
of l
and
owne
d by
a r
ich
peas
ant.
Sec
tion
13
. L
andl
ords
w
ho
have
no
t co
mm
itte
d an
y se
riou
s cr
ime
agai
nst
the
peop
le s
hall
be
allo
ted
to t
he s
ame
exte
nt a
nd q
uali
ty g
iven
to
the
poor
pea
sant
s an
d lo
wer
- mid
dle
peas
ants
, pr
ovid
ed t
hey
are
wil
ling
to
till
the
soil
and
to r
e-ed
ucat
e th
emse
lves
thro
ugh
thei
r ow
n la
bor.
Sec
tion
14
. P
erso
ns o
f go
od s
tand
ing
who
hav
e le
ft t
heir
hom
e ba
rrio
sfo
r on
e re
ason
or
anot
her
shal
l upo
n th
eir
retu
rn b
e gi
ven
land
for
the
m t
o til
lso
lon
g as
the
y ex
pres
s th
eir
wil
ling
ness
to t
ill
the
land
.S
ecti
on
15.
Ene
my
sold
iers
and
of
fice
rs
who
hav
e m
utin
ied
agai
nst
orde
sert
ed
the
enem
y sh
all
be
abso
lved
of
re
spon
sibi
lity
fo
r pa
st
acti
ons
com
mit
ted
unde
r or
ders
of
thei
r su
peri
ors
and
shal
l th
eref
ore
be a
llow
ed t
oen
joy
the
bene
fits
of
land
ref
orm
.Se
ctio
n 16
. A
ny
land
lord
w
ho r
esor
ts
to v
iole
nt m
eans
or
any
othe
rco
unte
r-re
volu
tion
ary
acti
on i
n or
der
to s
abot
age
or c
ount
erac
t th
e ca
mpa
ign
to d
istr
ibut
e la
nd f
ree
shal
l be
puni
shed
acc
ordi
ng t
o th
e gr
avit
y of
his
cri
mes
.H
owev
er,
othe
r m
embe
rs o
f hi
s fa
mil
y sh
all b
e gi
ven
the
oppo
rtun
ity
to h
ave
a m
eans
of
live
liho
od,
incl
udin
g th
e ri
ght
to
own
and
till
a pi
ece
of l
and,
prov
ided
th
at t
hey
obey
th
e la
ws
of t
he p
eopl
e's
gove
rnm
ent.
Cha
pter
V. T
HE
PE
AS
AN
T A
SS
OC
IAT
ION
AS
A C
OO
PE
RA
TIV
E A
SSO
CIA
TIO
N
Sec
tion
1.
The
pea
sant
ass
ocia
tion
sha
ll at
the
bar
rio
leve
l and
upw
ards
func
tion
as
a
coop
erat
ive
asso
ciat
ion
mai
nly
of
poor
pe
asan
ts,
mid
dle
42
peas
ants
an
d fa
rm
wor
kers
, un
less
th
ere
is
som
e pa
rtic
ular
ne
ed
for
aco
oper
ativ
e as
soci
atio
n th
at i
s di
stin
ct f
rom
the
pea
sant
ass
ocia
tion
.S
ecti
on
2.
The
pe
asan
t as
soci
atio
n sh
all
alw
ays
fost
er
and
unde
rtak
eam
ong
its
mem
bers
suc
h el
emen
tary
for
ms
of c
oope
rati
on a
s m
utua
l ai
d an
dex
chan
ge o
f la
bor
in o
rder
to
prom
ote
the
com
mon
wel
fare
, ra
ise
prod
ucti
on,
redu
ce
cert
ain
prod
ucti
on
cost
s an
d el
imin
ate
the
need
for
cre
dit
from
the
usur
ers.
Sect
ion
3.
The
pea
sant
ass
ocia
tion
sha
ll se
e to
it
that
the
pro
duct
s of
its
mem
bers
can
be
sold
at
the
best
pos
sibl
e pr
ice
and
shal
l co
mba
t ex
ploi
tati
vem
erch
ant
man
ipul
atio
ns.
It s
hall
deal
fai
rly
wit
h th
e m
erch
ants
and
all
owth
em a
fai
r ra
te o
f pr
ofit
.Se
ctio
n 4.
E
qual
gra
in o
r ca
sh c
ontr
ibut
ions
sha
ll be
spe
cial
ly p
oole
d or
regu
larl
y ac
cum
ulat
e fr
om m
embe
rs
of t
he
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ion
in o
rder
to
crea
te v
ario
us ty
pes
of c
omm
on f
unds
suc
h as
the
fol
low
ing:
a.
for
acqu
irin
g w
ork
anim
als,
fa
rm
impl
emen
ts,
equi
pmen
t an
dfa
cili
ties
tha
t ot
herw
ise
cann
ot b
e af
ford
ed b
y a
sing
le p
erso
n or
fam
ily;
b.
for
sett
ing
up a
sto
re t
hat
buys
bas
ic c
omm
odit
ies
as w
ell
as s
eeds
,fe
rtil
izer
s an
d pe
stic
ides
in
bu
lk
and
that
co
nseq
uent
ly
sell
s to
th
e lo
cal
peop
le a
t re
tail
pric
es l
ower
tha
n if
the
goo
ds w
ere
othe
rwis
e pu
rcha
sed;
c.
for
deve
lopi
ng s
ide
occu
pati
ons?
d.
for
stor
ing
med
icin
e fo
r co
mm
on
illne
sses
as
wel
l as
for
get
ting
adeq
uate
med
ical
and
den
tal
serv
ices
;e.
fo
r su
ppor
ting
ed
ucat
iona
l an
d cu
ltur
al
acti
viti
es
and
also
recr
eati
onal
pro
ject
s an
d fa
cili
ties
;f.
fo
r im
prov
ing
tran
spor
t an
d co
mm
unic
atio
ns f
acil
itie
s; a
ndg.
fo
r de
fray
ing
buri
al e
xpen
ses.
Sec
tion
5.
The
pea
sant
ass
ocia
tion
may
acq
uire
suc
h m
oder
n eq
uipm
ent
as i
rrig
atio
n pu
mps
, tr
acto
rs
and
thre
shin
g an
d m
illi
ng m
achi
nes
but
befo
rean
y su
ch a
cqui
siti
on
it s
hall
dem
and
mor
e ef
fici
ent
and
chea
per
serv
ice
from
owne
rs o
f eq
uipm
ent
alre
ady
in o
pera
tion
.S
ecti
on 6
. W
hen
cred
it is
exp
lici
tly
exte
nded
to
part
icul
ar m
embe
rs,
the
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ion
shal
l no
t ch
arge
an
inte
rest
rat
e hi
gher
tha
n si
x pe
r ce
ntpe
r an
num
and
sha
ll ac
cept
lan
d, t
he n
ext
harv
est,
farm
ani
mal
s, im
plem
ents
or s
ome
usef
ul p
erso
nal
prop
erty
as
col
late
ral
com
men
sura
te i
n va
lue
to t
heam
ount
of
cre
dit
exte
nded
. C
redi
t ca
n be
ext
ende
d on
ly f
or p
rodu
ctiv
e or
othe
r w
orth
whi
le
reas
ons.
T
he
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ion
shal
l ha
ve t
he r
ight
to
inqu
ire
any
tim
e in
to t
he a
ctua
l us
e of
the
loa
n.Se
ctio
n 7.
T
he
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ion
shal
l ap
ply
coop
erat
ive
effo
rts
inhe
lpin
g th
e de
pend
ents
of
re
volu
tion
ary
mar
tyrs
, ca
dres
and
Red
fig
hter
scu
ltiv
ate
thei
r fi
elds
or
earn
a l
ivin
g in
som
e ot
her
way
.Se
ctio
n 8.
T
he p
easa
nt a
ssoc
iati
on s
hall
deve
lop
on a
coo
pera
tive
bas
issu
ch
side
oc
cupa
tion
s as
cu
ltiv
atio
n of
or
char
ds
and
vege
tabl
es,
poul
try-
rais
ing,
hog
-rai
sing
, ca
ttle
-rai
sing
, lu
mbe
ring
, ca
rpen
try,
col
lect
ion
ofw
ood
fuel
, fi
shin
g,
fish
-far
min
g,
fish
pr
oces
sing
, ha
ndic
raft
s, t
ailo
ring
and
dres
smak
ing,
bl
acks
mit
hing
, tr
ansp
orta
tion
(t
ricy
cles
, je
epne
ys a
nd
mot
orbo
ats)
, m
otor
rep
air
shop
s an
d ot
hers
.Se
ctio
n 9.
T
he
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ion
shal
l de
cide
ac
cord
ing
to
conc
rete
cond
itio
ns
how
to
re
cove
r ex
pens
es,
mai
ntai
n le
vels
of
fina
ncia
l su
ffic
ienc
yan
d dr
aw a
fai
r ra
te o
f re
turn
on
inve
stm
ents
.Se
ctio
n 10
. T
he p
easa
nt
asso
ciat
ion
shal
l ac
quir
e la
nds
for
coop
erat
ive
43
Ipurp
oses
and
sha
ll du
ring
the
fre
e di
stri
buti
on o
f la
nd h
ave
thei
r ow
n sh
are.
The
la
nds
owne
d co
oper
ativ
ely
shal
l se
rve
as t
he
base
for
rea
chin
g hi
gher
leve
ls
of
coop
erat
ion
and
thei
r in
com
e sh
all
be u
sed
for
acqu
irin
g su
rplu
sla
nds
of r
ich
peas
ants
and
oth
ers
perm
itte
d to
ow
n su
rplu
s la
nds
and
also
the
land
s of
the
ben
efic
iari
es o
f la
nd r
efor
m w
ho f
or o
ne r
easo
n or
ano
ther
wan
tto
sel
l th
eir
land
s.Se
ctio
n 11
. M
embe
rs o
f th
e pe
asan
t as
soci
atio
n sh
all
be e
ntit
led
to a
neq
ual
shar
e of
la
bor
and
like
wis
e to
an
eq
ual
shar
e of
in
com
e in
th
ecu
ltiv
atio
n of
th
e la
nds
owne
d co
oper
ativ
ely.
H
owev
er,
the
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ion
shal
l de
vise
a s
yste
m o
f w
ork
poin
ts i
n or
der
to g
ive
due
valu
e to
the
actu
al d
iffe
renc
es i
n qu
anti
ty a
nd q
uali
ty o
f w
ork
done
by
the
mem
bers
.T
he m
embe
rs s
hall
be c
ompe
nsat
ed
acco
rdin
gly.
Sect
ion
12.
Peas
ant
asso
ciat
ions
of
a nu
mbe
r of
bar
rios
, to
wns
, di
stri
cts
or p
rovi
nces
may
und
erta
ke j
oint
coo
pera
tive
pro
ject
s un
der
the
dire
ctio
n of
a co
mm
itte
e an
d up
on t
he a
ppro
val o
f th
e pe
ople
's d
emoc
rati
c go
vern
men
t at
an a
ppro
pria
te l
evel
.
Cha
pter
VI.
BE
TT
ER
WA
GE
AN
D L
IVIN
G C
ON
DIT
ION
SO
F F
AR
M W
OR
KE
RS
IN C
API
TA
LIS
T F
AR
MS
Sec
tion
1.
In a
ll fa
rms
oper
ated
on
a ca
pita
list
bas
is, f
ull
supp
ort
shal
l be
exte
nded
to
th
e fo
rmat
ion
of w
orke
rs'
unio
ns a
nd e
xerc
ise
of
dem
ocra
tic
righ
ts a
mon
g th
e fa
rm a
nd o
ther
wor
kers
and
lik
ewis
e to
uni
on d
eman
ds f
orbe
tter
wor
king
and
liv
ing
cond
itio
ns a
nd o
ther
ben
efit
s.Se
ctio
n 2.
B
ette
r w
orki
ng a
nd l
ivin
g co
ndit
ions
and
oth
er b
enef
its
shal
lm
ean
job
secu
rity
, a
fair
m
inim
um w
age,
a h
ighe
r w
age
rate
for
ov
erti
me
wor
k an
d fo
r m
ore
dang
erou
s w
ork,
a w
age
scal
e ba
sed
on e
ffic
ienc
y an
dle
ngth
of
serv
ice,
bet
ter
faci
liti
es o
f w
ork,
bet
ter
hous
ing
faci
liti
es, v
acat
ion
priv
ilege
s, p
ensi
on p
lans
, op
erat
ion
of s
tore
coo
pera
tive
s to
ass
ure
them
of
basi
c co
mm
odit
ies
at
low
pr
ices
, fr
ee
med
ical
and
den
tal
serv
ices
for
th
een
tire
wor
kers
' fa
mil
y,
free
el
emen
tary
and
hig
h sc
hool
edu
cati
on f
or t
heir
chil
dren
, co
mpe
nsat
ion
for
deat
h or
acc
iden
ts,
free
bur
ial
expe
nses
, an
d th
eli
ke.
As
muc
h as
pos
sibl
e, f
arm
wor
kers
sha
ll be
all
otte
d pr
ivat
e lo
ts i
n or
der
to
unde
rtak
e si
de o
ccup
atio
ns b
y w
hich
to
supp
lem
ent
thei
r co
nsum
ptio
nne
eds
as w
ell
as i
ncom
e.Se
ctio
n 3.
Si
nce
farm
w
orke
rs,
espe
cial
ly
thos
e ca
tego
rize
d as
nonr
egul
ar a
nd n
onpe
rman
ent
wor
kers
in
capi
tali
st f
arm
s, a
re d
raw
n fr
om t
hera
nks
of t
he
peas
ant
mas
ses,
the
pea
sant
ass
ocia
tion
sha
ll ex
amin
e an
d ta
keap
prop
riat
e ac
tion
on
any
cont
act
or p
lan
by w
hich
a l
andl
ord,
adm
inis
trat
or,
over
seer
or
labo
r co
ntra
ctor
se
eks
to r
ecru
it
farm
wor
kers
fro
m a
loc
alit
y.T
he p
easa
nt a
ssoc
iati
on
shal
l sa
fegu
ard
the
poli
tica
l an
d ec
onom
ic r
ight
s of
the
farm
wor
kers
who
may
at
the
sam
e ti
me
join
the
wor
kers
' un
ion
in t
heir
plac
e of
wor
k.Se
ctio
n 4.
A
nyon
e w
ho r
ecru
its
farm
wor
kers
sha
ll be
pro
hibi
ted
from
viol
atin
g fa
ir
cont
ract
s,
prac
tici
ng u
sury
, ge
ttin
g cu
ts o
n w
ages
, ch
eati
ng o
nac
coun
ts
and
othe
r ex
ploi
tati
ve
prac
tice
s.
Any
one
who
vi
olat
es
this
proh
ibit
ion
shal
l be
sub
ject
to
puni
tive
mea
sure
s.Se
ctio
n 5.
T
he a
gric
ultu
ral
wor
kers
' un
ion
or t
he p
easa
nt a
ssoc
iati
on i
nth
e vi
cini
ty o
f a
capi
tali
st f
arm
sh
all
see
to i
t th
at i
dle
or e
xces
s pa
rts
of a
land
ed e
stat
e op
erat
ed o
n a
capi
tali
st b
asis
sha
ll be
dis
trib
uted
for
cul
tiva
tion
.
44
In t
he
case
of
ranc
hes
the
area
of
lan
d sh
all
be c
orre
late
d w
ith
the
actu
alnu
mbe
r of
cat
tle.
Sect
ion
6.
Dep
endi
ng
on
conc
rete
ci
rcum
stan
ces,
th
e pe
ople
'sde
moc
rati
c go
vern
men
t m
ay c
ompl
etel
y ta
ke o
ver
land
ed e
stat
es o
pera
ted
ona
capi
tali
st
basi
s or
al
low
th
e la
ndow
ners
to
co
ntin
ue
owne
rshi
p an
dm
anag
emen
t of
the
se u
nder
suc
h st
rict
con
diti
ons
of t
he w
orke
rs a
nd t
o pa
yta
xes
mai
nly
in c
ash
to t
he p
eopl
e's
dem
ocra
tic
gove
rnm
ent.
Sect
ion
7.
Big
fore
ign
capi
tali
sts
shal
l be
stri
ctly
pro
hibi
ted
from
ow
ning
to a
ny e
xten
t or
con
trol
ling
in
any
man
ner
agri
cult
ural
lan
ds a
nd t
here
fore
they
, to
geth
er w
ith
thei
r ru
nnin
g do
gs,
shal
l be
sub
ject
to
puni
tive
mea
sure
ssh
ould
the
y vi
olat
e th
is p
rohi
biti
on.
Sect
ion
8.
The
ow
ners
, ad
min
istr
ator
s,
over
seer
s,
labo
r co
ntra
ctor
s,in
clud
ing
othe
r ru
nnin
g do
gs,
who
use
pri
vate
arm
ed g
uard
s or
ene
my
troo
psor
pol
ice
to g
uard
lan
ded
esta
tes
and
oppr
ess
the
farm
wor
kers
and
the
peo
ple
shal
l be
sub
ject
to
puni
tive
mea
sure
s.S
ecti
on
9.
Agr
icul
tura
l la
nds
oper
ated
on
a
capi
tali
st
basi
s sh
all
ulti
mat
ely
be
nati
onal
ized
by
th
e pe
ople
's
dem
ocra
tic
gove
rnm
ent.
The
unio
ns a
nd m
ass
of w
orke
rs s
hall
be o
rien
ted
tow
ards
thi
s go
al.
Cha
pter
VII
. T
HE
PO
OR
SE
TT
LE
RS
AN
DN
AT
ION
AL
MIN
OR
ITIE
S IN
FR
ON
TIE
R A
RE
AS
Sect
ion
1.
In
fron
tier
ar
eas,
the
poo
r se
ttle
rs
and
nati
onal
m
inor
itie
ssh
all
be
orga
nize
d in
to
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ions
in
or
der
to
look
af
ter
thei
rco
mm
on
inte
rest
s,
fost
er
coop
erat
ion
and
com
bat
feud
al
and
sem
i-fe
udal
expl
oita
tion
. U
nity
an
d un
ders
tand
ing
betw
een
the
sett
lers
an
d or
igin
alin
habi
tant
s sh
all
be p
rom
oted
.S
ecti
on 2
. T
he p
oor
sett
lers
and
nat
iona
l m
inor
itie
s in
log
ged-
over
are
as,
fore
st
clea
ring
s,
past
ure
land
s or
re
clai
med
ar
eas,
sh
all
be
assu
red
ofow
ners
hip
of
the
hom
este
ad
or
lots
th
at
they
cu
ltiv
ate
and
shal
l be
enco
urag
ed t
o fu
rthe
r de
velo
p th
ese.
Sec
tion
3.
R
eset
tlem
ent
of l
andl
ess
peas
ants
in
fro
ntie
r ar
eas
shal
l be
prom
oted
in
orde
r to
mak
e up
for
lan
d sc
arci
ty i
n ce
rtai
n ar
eas.
How
ever
, no
infr
inge
men
t w
hats
oeve
r of
the
equ
al r
ight
s of
the
nat
iona
l m
inor
itie
s or
orig
inal
inh
abit
ants
sha
ll be
allo
wed
.S
ecti
on
4.
The
pe
ople
's
dem
ocra
tic
gove
rnm
ent,
toge
ther
w
ith
the
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ions
, sh
all
be r
espo
nsib
le
for
the
amic
able
set
tlem
ent
of l
and
disp
utes
in
fron
tier
are
as.
Sec
tion
5.
Big
cap
italis
ts,
land
lord
s an
d co
mpr
ador
-bur
eauc
rats
sh
all
bepr
ohib
ited
fr
om g
rabb
ing
land
s in
fro
ntie
r ar
eas
and
ther
efor
e th
ey,
toge
ther
wit
h th
eir
runn
ing
dogs
, sh
all
be s
ubje
ct
to
puni
tive
mea
sure
s sh
ould
the
yvi
olat
e th
is p
rohi
biti
on.
Sec
tion
6.
R
estr
icti
ons
shal
l be
pl
aced
on
de
fore
stat
ion
wit
h du
eco
ncer
n fo
r th
e ge
nera
l w
elfa
re a
nd w
itho
ut p
reju
dice
to
the
wel
fare
of
the
poor
set
tler
s an
d na
tion
al m
inor
itie
s.
Cha
pter
VII
I. I
MP
LE
ME
NT
AT
ION
OF
TH
E P
RO
GR
AM
Sect
ion
1.
The
pe
ople
's
dem
ocra
tic
gove
rnm
ent
shal
l es
tabl
ish
land
refo
rm
com
mit
tees
at
ev
ery
leve
l in
ord
er
to s
uper
vise
lan
d re
form
w
ork.
45
The
se
land
re
form
co
mm
itte
es
shal
l be
gi
ven
the
auth
orit
y to
dec
ide
onpr
oble
ms
pert
aini
ng t
o la
nd r
efor
m.
Uni
ts o
f th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y sh
all
assi
st t
hem
.S
ecti
on
2.
The
pe
asan
t as
soci
atio
ns
and
thei
r le
adin
g or
gans
sh
all
mob
iliz
e th
e pe
asan
t m
asse
s in
ach
ievi
ng la
nd r
efor
m.
Asi
de f
rom
con
duct
ing
mas
s m
eeti
ngs,
the
y sh
all m
ake
a cl
ass
anal
ysis
of
hous
ehol
ds i
n th
eir
loca
lity
;de
term
ine
the
amou
nt
of l
abor
po
wer
and
num
ber
of d
epen
dent
s in
eve
ryfa
mil
y or
hou
seho
ld;
draw
up
an a
ccur
ate
map
of
the
land
s to
be
conf
isca
ted
incl
udin
g th
e ad
join
ing
land
s th
ereo
f; a
nd
indi
cate
the
qu
alit
y an
d si
zes
ofpa
rcel
s as
the
y ar
e be
fore
the
fr
ee
dist
ribu
tion
of
land
and
as
they
will
be
whe
n fr
ee d
istr
ibut
ion
of l
and
shal
l hav
e be
en m
ade.
Sec
tion
3.
M
ass
mee
ting
s sh
all
be c
ondu
cted
as
oft
en a
s ne
cess
ary
inor
der
to s
tren
gthe
n th
e re
solv
e of
the
pea
sant
mas
ses
to c
ondu
ct a
nd w
in t
hest
rugg
le
for
land
. T
hese
sh
all
prom
ote
the
gene
ral
line
of
th
e pe
ople
'sde
moc
rati
c re
volu
tion
and
the
cu
rren
t li
ne o
n la
nd r
efor
m i
n th
e ar
ea;
give
full
play
to
th
e po
urin
g ou
t of
gr
ieva
nces
aga
inst
im
peri
alis
t, fe
udal
an
dbu
reau
crat
opp
ress
ion;
poi
nt o
ut t
he s
olut
ion
of c
urre
nt p
robl
ems;
and
fos
ter
the
spir
it o
f pr
oduc
tive
coo
pera
tion
.S
ecti
on
4.
Des
poti
c la
ndlo
rds
and
thei
r ru
nnin
g do
gs
who
vi
olen
tly
oppo
se l
and
refo
rm s
hall
be a
rres
ted
by t
he m
ilit
ia, l
ocal
gue
rril
las
or r
egul
arun
its
of t
he N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y fo
r tr
ial
by t
he p
eopl
e's
cour
t.S
ecti
on
5.
Lan
dlor
ds
shal
l be
cl
assi
fied
as
ei
ther
de
spot
ic
orno
ndes
poti
c; e
nlig
hten
ed o
r no
nenl
ight
ened
gen
try;
and
big
, med
ium
or
smal
lpr
ior
to a
nd i
n th
e co
urse
of
land
ref
orm
. T
hey
shal
l be
trea
ted
acco
rdin
gly,
wit
h th
e m
ost
pow
erfu
l as
saul
ts
of
the
peas
ant
mas
ses
conc
entr
ated
in
desp
otic
lan
dlor
ds w
ho a
re i
n au
thor
ity
and
have
big
lan
dhol
ding
s.S
ecti
on
6.
In t
he
cour
se o
f th
e fr
ee
dist
ribu
tion
of
lan
d, t
he p
eopl
e's
dem
ocra
tic
gove
rnm
ent
shal
l is
sue
new
lan
d ti
tles
thr
ough
the
lan
d re
form
com
mit
tees
. T
he l
and
titl
es o
f th
e la
ndlo
rds
shal
l be
aut
omat
ical
ly
null
ifie
d.S
ecti
on 7
. T
he b
asic
uni
t ar
ea f
or b
oth
min
imum
and
max
imum
goa
ls o
fla
nd r
efor
m s
hall
eit
her
be t
he m
unic
ipal
ity,
a l
arge
con
tinu
ous
land
ed e
stat
eor
eve
n a
barr
io.
Cha
pter
IX
. AG
RIC
UL
TU
RA
L T
AX
ES
Sec
tion
1.
The
suc
cess
of
land
ref
orm
sha
ll b
e th
e ke
y to
sel
f re
lian
ce o
fth
e pe
ople
's d
emoc
rati
c go
vern
men
t.S
ecti
on 2
. T
ax c
olle
ctio
n sh
all
be m
ade
from
the
pea
sant
mas
ses
on t
heba
sis
of f
amil
y he
ads
or h
ouse
hold
s af
ter
ever
y ha
rves
t. T
ax p
aym
ents
sha
ll be
mad
e in
kin
d or
cas
h.Se
ctio
n 3.
A
n ag
ricu
ltur
al t
ax s
hall
be c
olle
cted
and
sha
ll no
rmal
ly b
eeq
uiva
lent
to
te
n pe
r ce
nt
of
the
tota
l ga
ins
mad
e by
th
e po
or
and
low
er-m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts a
s a
resu
lt o
f la
nd r
efor
m.
Sec
tion
4.
O
nly
for
defi
nite
rea
sons
, su
ch a
s th
e in
tens
ific
atio
n of
the
war
eff
ort
or s
uppo
rt
for
refu
gees
, sh
all
the
agri
cult
ural
tax
be
rais
ed t
o as
high
as
the
max
imum
lim
it o
f fo
rty
per
cent
of
the
to
tal
gain
s m
ade
as a
resu
lt o
f la
nd r
efor
m.
Sect
ion
5.
Peas
ants
of
mid
dle-
mid
dle
stat
us i
mm
edia
tely
pri
or t
o la
ndre
form
sha
ll be
req
uire
d to
pay
an
agri
cult
ural
tax
equ
ival
ent t
o fi
ve p
er c
ent
of t
heir
net
cro
p.
46
Sect
ion
6.
Ric
h pe
asan
ts,
uppe
r-m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts a
nd o
ther
non
cult
ivat
orow
ners
of
agri
cult
ural
lan
ds c
ompa
rabl
e in
siz
e to
tho
se o
wne
d by
ric
h an
dm
iddl
e pe
asan
ts s
hall
be r
equi
red
to p
ay a
n ag
ricu
ltur
al ta
x eq
uiva
lent
to t
enpe
r ce
nt o
f th
eir
net
crop
.Se
ctio
n 7.
Pe
asan
t as
soci
atio
ns
shal
l co
ntri
bute
ev
ery
mon
th
to
the
fund
s of
the
peo
ple'
s de
moc
rati
c go
vern
men
t an
am
ount
equ
ival
ent t
o tw
ope
r ce
nt o
f th
eir
mon
thly
net
inc
ome.
Sect
ion
8.
Agr
icul
tura
l ca
pita
list
s,
corp
orat
ely
and
indi
vidu
ally
, sha
llpa
y a
grad
uate
d in
com
e ta
x an
nual
ly ra
ngin
g fr
om a
min
imum
of
ten
per
cent
to f
ifty
pe
r ce
nt o
f th
eir
net
inco
me
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith
the
foll
owin
g ta
ble:
Net
Inc
ome
in P
esos
Ove
r 5,
000
up t
o 10
,000
Ove
r 10
,000
up
to 2
0,00
0O
ver
20,0
00 u
p to
40,
000
Ove
r 40
,000
up
to 8
0,00
0O
ver
80,0
00 u
p to
160
,000
Ove
r 16
0,00
0 up
to
320,
000
Ove
r 32
0,00
0 up
to
640,
000
Ove
r 64
0,00
0 up
to
1,28
0,00
0O
ver
1,28
0,00
0
Tax
(%
)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Sect
ion
9.
Agr
icul
tura
l w
orke
rs s
hall
pay
a m
onth
ly
tax
equi
vale
nt t
ofiv
e up
to
ten
per
cent
of
wag
e in
crea
ses
gain
ed a
s a
resu
lt o
f th
e as
sist
ance
of
the
peop
le's
dem
ocra
tic
gove
rnm
ent o
r th
e N
ew P
eopl
e's
Arm
y. T
his
tax
shal
lbe
apa
rt f
rom
due
s pa
id t
o th
eir
unio
ns.
Cha
pter
X.
CL
ASS
ST
AT
US
IN T
HE
CO
UN
TR
YS
IDE
Sect
ion
1.
A la
ndlo
rd i
s on
e w
ho o
wns
lan
d bu
t do
es n
ot e
ngag
e in
lab
oror
onl
y en
gage
s in
sup
plem
enta
ry l
abor
and
who
dep
ends
ent
irel
y or
mai
nly
on l
and
rent
for
his
mea
ns o
f li
veli
hood
. L
and
adm
inis
trat
ors,
ove
rsee
rs, l
abor
cont
ract
ors
and
loca
l bu
llie
s w
ho
are
at
leas
t be
tter
of
f th
an
the
mid
dle-
mid
dle
peas
ants
by
depe
ndin
g on
the
exp
loit
atio
n of
pea
sant
s as
the
mai
n so
urce
of
in
com
e ar
e al
so
in t
he
cate
gory
of
lan
dlor
ds.
Asi
de
from
expl
oiti
ng t
he p
easa
nts,
mai
nly
thro
ugh
the
coll
ecti
on o
f la
nd r
ent,
land
lord
sal
so e
ngag
e in
usu
ry,
nonp
aym
ent
or h
irin
g of
lab
or,
chea
ting
on
acco
unts
,re
ntin
g ou
t fa
rm
anim
als
and
impl
emen
ts, o
pera
tion
of
mod
ern
agri
cult
ural
equi
pmen
t an
d va
riou
s fo
rms
of e
xtor
tion
.Se
ctio
n 2.
A
ric
h pe
asan
t ge
nera
lly
own
land
alt
houg
h in
man
y ca
ses
heal
so r
ents
lan
d. H
e ca
n be
dis
ting
uish
ed f
rom
the
lan
dlor
d in
tha
t he
dep
ends
mai
nly
on h
is o
wn
labo
r an
d ti
llag
e of
the
soi
l fo
r hi
s m
eans
of
live
liho
od. H
eca
n al
so b
e di
stin
guis
hed
from
the
upp
er-m
iddl
e pe
asan
t in
tha
t he
dep
ends
on t
he e
xplo
itat
ion
of o
ther
s to
the
ext
ent
of o
ver
thir
ty t
o fi
fty
per
cent
or
ther
eabo
uts.
H
e en
gage
s in
suc
h ex
ploi
tati
ve p
ract
ices
as
hiri
ng w
age
labo
ran
d re
ntin
g ou
t fa
rm a
nim
als
and
impl
emen
ts a
nd h
as s
urpl
us f
unds
to
enab
lehi
m t
o en
gage
in m
oney
lend
ing.
Sect
ion
3.
Man
y m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts o
wn
land
, al
thou
gh i
n ot
her
case
s th
eyre
nt l
and.
The
y de
pend
who
lly
or m
ainl
y on
the
ir o
wn
labo
r fo
r th
eir
mea
ns
47
of l
ivel
ihoo
d an
d ge
nera
lly
they
do
not
sell
thei
r la
bor
pow
er t
o ot
hers
.a.
T
he
uppe
r-m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts
enga
ge
slig
htly
or
oc
casi
onal
ly
inex
ploi
tati
on.
But
inc
ome
from
suc
h ex
ploi
tati
on r
ange
s fr
om o
ver
fift
een
upto
thi
rty
per
cent
of
thei
r to
tal
inco
me.
b.
The
mid
dle-
mid
dle
peas
ants
gen
eral
ly d
o no
t su
ffer
dir
ect
land
lord
expl
oita
tion
an
d th
ey t
hem
selv
es d
o no
t en
gage
in
expl
oita
tion
. H
owev
er,
som
e m
iddl
e-m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts e
ngag
e sl
ight
ly o
r oc
casi
onal
ly
in
expl
oita
tion
,to
an
exte
nt
that
th
eir
inco
me
deri
ved
from
suc
h ex
ploi
tati
on r
ange
s fr
omon
e pe
r ce
nt t
o fi
ftee
n pe
r ce
nt o
f th
eir
tota
l in
com
e.c.
T
he
low
er-m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts
sell
thei
r ow
n la
bor
pow
er
to s
ome
degr
ee o
r oc
casi
onal
ly s
o th
at w
ages
con
stit
ute
a se
cond
ary
part
of
thei
r to
tal
inco
me.
The
y ar
e on
the
ver
ge o
f be
com
ing
poor
pea
sant
s an
d ar
e su
bjec
t to
expl
oita
tion
by
othe
rs i
n th
e fo
rm o
f la
nd r
ent
and
loan
int
eres
t.Se
ctio
n 4.
T
he p
oor
peas
ants
are
who
lly
or m
ainl
y te
nant
s of
lan
dlor
ds.
The
y ha
ve n
o la
nd a
t al
l or,
if
they
hav
e an
y, o
nly
a ve
ry s
mal
l po
rtio
n of
the
land
tha
t th
ey c
ulti
vate
. Som
etim
es,
they
lac
k ad
equa
te f
arm
im
plem
ents
and
have
no
farm
ani
mal
at
all.
It i
s a
nece
ssit
y fo
r th
em t
o se
ll th
eir
labo
r po
wer
for
cert
ain
peri
ods.
Sect
ion
5.
The
wor
kers
in
the
coun
trys
ide
gene
rall
y ow
n no
lan
d an
dfa
rm
impl
emen
ts a
nd t
hey
depe
nd w
holl
y or
mai
nly
on s
ellin
g th
eir
labo
rpo
wer
fo
r th
eir
mea
ns o
f liv
elih
ood.
Far
m w
orke
rs f
all
unde
r th
is c
ateg
ory.
The
y w
ork
for
capi
tali
st o
r se
mic
apit
alis
t fa
rms
and
also
for
ric
h pe
asan
ts a
ndto
a l
esse
r ex
tent
for
upp
er-m
iddl
e pe
asan
ts.
Man
y fa
rm w
orke
rs e
arn
a liv
ing
sim
ply
by g
oing
aro
und
wit
h no
def
init
e si
ngle
em
ploy
er a
nd t
akin
g pa
rt i
nag
ricu
ltur
al w
ork,
esp
ecia
lly
plan
ting
, wee
ding
and
har
vest
ing,
her
e an
d th
ere.
Sect
ion
6.
In
mak
ing
firm
th
e ab
ove
clas
sifi
catio
ns,
the
peop
le's
dem
ocra
tic
gove
rnm
ent,
the
peas
ant
asso
ciat
ions
and
lan
d re
form
co
mm
itte
essh
all
alw
ays
take
int
o fu
ll co
nsid
erat
ion
the
num
ber
of f
amil
y de
pend
ents
and
the
actu
al s
urpl
uses
tha
t ev
ery
fam
ily
or h
ouse
hold
ha
s.
Cha
pter
XI.
SU
PPL
EM
EN
TA
RY
RU
LE
SA
ND
RE
GU
LA
TIO
NS
Sec
tion
1.
The
P
arty
C
entr
al
Com
mitt
ee
shal
l m
ake
the
appr
opri
ate
deci
sion
s to
mod
ify
or s
uppl
emen
t th
is g
ener
al g
uide
on
the
basi
s of
fur
ther
soci
al i
nves
tiga
tion
and
act
ual
expe
rien
ce i
n la
nd r
efor
m w
ork.
Sect
ion
2.
The
R
egio
nal
Par
ty
Com
mitt
ee
may
dr
aft
rule
s an
dre
gula
tion
s as
wel
l as
exp
lana
tion
s an
d cl
arif
icat
ions
to
supp
lem
ent
this
gui
defo
r la
nd
refo
rm.
The
se
shal
l be
su
bjec
t to
app
rova
l by
the
Par
ty
Cen
tral
Com
mit
tee.
Ten
Poi
nt P
rogr
am o
f th
eN
ati
on
al
Dem
ocr
atic
Fro
nt
In A
pril
, 19
73 t
he P
repa
rato
ry C
omm
issi
on
for
the
Nat
iona
l D
emoc
ratic
Fro
nt
issu
ed
a m
anife
sto
enti
tled
"U
nite
to
O
vert
hrow
th
e U
.S.-M
arco
sD
icta
tors
hip.
" Th
e N
DF
pu
t fo
rwar
d th
e th
reef
old
task
of
th
e F
ilipi
nope
ople
: I)
Uni
te
to o
ppos
e an
d ov
erth
row
the
U
.S.-M
arco
s di
ctat
orsh
ip;
2)Li
bera
te
the
nati
on f
rom
im
peri
alis
m,
feud
alis
m
and
bure
aucr
at
capi
talis
m;
and
3) E
stab
lish
a co
aliti
on g
over
nmen
t ba
sed
on a
tru
ly d
emoc
ratic
sy
stem
of
repr
esen
tatio
n.
Fol
low
ing
is t
he t
en-p
oint
pro
gram
w
hich
will
ser
ve a
s th
efo
unda
tion
of u
nity
upo
n w
hich
the
Nat
iona
l D
emoc
ratic
Fro
nt w
ill b
e bu
ilt.
1. U
nite
all
anti
-im
peri
alis
t and
dem
ocra
tic
forc
es i
n or
der
to o
vert
hrow
the
U.S
.-M
arco
s di
ctat
orsh
ip a
nd w
ork
for
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of
a c
oali
tion
gove
rnm
ent
base
d on
a t
ruly
dem
ocra
tic
syst
em o
f re
pres
enta
tion
;2.
Exp
ose
and
oppo
se
U.S
. im
peri
alis
m a
s th
e m
aste
rmin
d be
hind
the
sett
ing
up o
f th
e fa
scis
t di
ctat
orsh
ip,
dem
and
the
null
ific
atio
n of
all
uneq
ual
trea
ties
an
d ar
rang
emen
ts w
ith
this
im
peri
alis
t po
wer
, an
d ca
ll fo
r th
ena
tion
aliz
atio
n of
all
its
prop
erti
es in
the
cou
ntry
;3.
Fig
ht f
or t
he r
e-es
tabl
ishm
ent
of a
ll th
e de
moc
rati
c ri
ghts
of
the
peop
le,
such
as
fr
eedo
m
of
spee
ch,
the
pres
s,
asse
mbl
y, a
ssoc
iati
on,
mov
emen
t,re
ligio
us b
elie
f, a
nd t
he r
ight
to
due
proc
ess;
4.
Gat
her
all
poss
ible
po
liti
cal
and
mat
eria
l su
ppor
t fo
r th
e ar
med
resi
stan
ce a
nd t
he u
nder
grou
nd a
gain
st th
e U
.S.-
Mar
cos d
icta
tors
hip;
5. S
uppo
rt a
gen
uine
lan
d re
form
pro
gram
me
that
can
libe
rate
the
pea
sant
mas
ses
from
fe
udal
an
d se
mi-
feud
al
expl
oita
tion
an
d ra
ise
agri
cult
ural
prod
ucti
on t
hrou
gh c
oope
rati
on;
6. I
mpr
ove
the
peop
le's
liv
elih
ood,
gua
rant
ee t
he r
ight
to
wor
k an
d pr
otec
tna
tion
al c
apit
al a
gain
st f
orei
gn m
onop
oly
capi
tal;
7. P
rom
ote
a na
tion
al,
scie
ntif
ic a
nd m
ass
cult
ure
and
com
bat i
mpe
rial
ist,
feud
al a
nd f
asci
st c
ultu
re;
8. S
uppo
rt t
he n
atio
nal
min
orit
ies,
esp
eial
ly t
hose
in
Min
dana
o an
d th
em
ount
ain
prov
ince
s, i
n th
eir
stru
ggle
for
sel
f-de
term
inat
ion
and
dem
ocra
cy;
9. P
unis
h af
ter
publ
ic t
rial
the
rin
glea
ders
of
the
U.S
.-M
arco
s fa
scis
t gan
gfo
r th
eir
crim
es a
gain
st t
he p
eopl
e an
d co
nfis
cate
all
thei
r il
l-go
tten
wea
lth;
and 10
. U
nite
wit
h al
l pe
ople
s fi
ghti
ng i
mpe
rial
ism
and
see
k th
eir
supp
ort
for
the
Phi
lipp
ine
revo
luti
onar
y st
rugg
le.
48