s1 l2 evaluation of plant drugs
DESCRIPTION
S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs . 1. Botanical A. Macroscopy Anna Drew. Evaluation of plant materials. Eg for pharmacopoeial purposes 1. Botanically 2. Chemically 3. Biologically Often need the combination of all 3. 1. Botanically. Authentication of material - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs
1. BotanicalA. Macroscopy
Anna Drew
![Page 2: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Evaluation of plant materials
• Eg for pharmacopoeial purposes
• 1. Botanically• 2. Chemically• 3. Biologically
• Often need the combination of all 3
![Page 3: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. Botanically• Authentication of material• Genus – species – botanist – family• Eg Cinnamomum verum J.S.Presl.• (Vernacular name: ‘kurundu’ etc)• (Common name: Cinnamon)• (Latin name: Cortex Cinnamomi Ceylanici)• Part of the plant -• Dried inner bark of the shoots grown on cut
stock or trunk bark
![Page 4: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Description
• Sensory characters• Colour, odour, taste
• Macroscopical• Fibrous etc• Rarely get whole plant to identify• Organ may be fragmented• Only part of plant may be sent
• Microscopical• Sections (transverse, longitudinal etc)• Soften – maceration – 5%KOH first• Depigmentation to see – chloral hydrate etc
![Page 5: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
2. Chemically• Quantitative
• Need to develop assay» Titration» Coloured derivative spectroscopy» Chromatography – more specific
• Ash value• H2O content
• Qualitative• Extractive value – certain weight plant material• Volatile oil – steam distillation• Tannins – complex with skin – heat with hide powder• Saponins – froth with beer – haemolyses red blood cells
![Page 6: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• 3. Biological• Assay to measure active ingredient• Ethical?
• 1. BOTANICAL aspects• Identification of plant material
» Essential to recognise diagnostic structures• Quality assurance
• A. Macroscopy• Naked eye• Hand lens
![Page 7: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Diagnostic structures
• Living plant may include one or more:• Leaf• Flower• Fruit• Seed• Stem• Bark• Root• Rhizome (underground stem)
![Page 8: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The "Typical" Plant Body The Root System
• The "Typical" Plant Body The Root System • Underground (usually) • Anchor the plant in the soil • Absorb water and nutrients • Conduct water and nutrients • Food Storage • The Shoot System • Above ground (usually) • Elevates the plant above the soil • Many functions including:
– photosynthesis – reproduction & dispersal– food and water conduction
• Note: the shoot system includes the leaves & reproductive organs
![Page 10: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Leaves• Appendages to stem
• blade / lamina• petiole (stalk)
• Wide variety of external features• leaf or leaflet• simple or compound• shape• apex• margin• base• petiole• venation• vein angle• texture• size
![Page 11: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
[i] Composition
![Page 12: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
[ii] Size
Measure length and breadth of several leaves, leaflets and record a range of sizes
![Page 13: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
[iv] Apex
![Page 14: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
[vi] Base: sessile (no stalk) or petiolate (stalk)lamina equal or unequal at base
![Page 16: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
[vii] Surface• Adaxial (upper) and abaxial (lower) leaf surfaces
may vary and differ from each other• Pubescent – leaf hairs and trichomes• Glaborous – smooth• Other specialised features - oil ducts• Venation parallel, pinnate, reticulate• Midrib / veins prominent , depressed• Number and angle of lateral veins• If lateral veins run straight to margin, divide or
anastomose
![Page 17: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Flowers
• Indeterminate or racemose• Central axis from which pedicels arise
» Raceme» Corymb» Spike» Umbel» Head» Panicle
• Determinate or cymose• Central bud becomes flower, no further growth possible
» Diachasium» Sympodial cyme
![Page 19: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Barks• Shape in commerce
• Flats, curved, channel, • quill, double quill, compound quill
• Epiphyte tissue on outer surface• Lichen, moss, liverwort
• Outer surface• Colour, texture, lenticels, cracks
• Inner surface• Colour markings
• Fracture• Fibrous, starchy
![Page 21: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Roots & Rhizomes
• Shape, size, colour• Surface markings• Transverse surface markings
• Roots have rootlet scars• Solid xylem core
• Rhizomes have central pith, scale leaves, buds
![Page 22: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Seeds• Shape• Size• Colour• Surface markings• Micropyle (hole in seed coat)• Hilum (funicular scar on seed coat)• Raphe (ridge formed from fused funiculas)• Aril (outgrowth from hilum)• Caruncle (outgrowth from micropyle)• Strophiole (outgrowth from raphe)• Wings• Plumes
![Page 23: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Fruits
• Wide variety• Dry fruits
» Eg cremocarps (Umbelliferae)» Eg legumes (Senna)» Eg capsules (Poppy)
• Succulent fruits» Eg drupes (Olive)» Eg berries (orange, Solanaceae fruits)» Etc
• 2 mericarps each with seed = 1 cremocarp» Eg coriander
![Page 24: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pericarp - development of ovary wall3 layers - epicarp (outer epidermis)
- endocarp (inner with modified layers)- mesocarp , succulent, pithy, spongy
parenchyma
![Page 26: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: S1 L2 Evaluation of plant drugs](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062520/56816029550346895dcf346a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Separate mericarps or entire cremocarps• Shape from lateral and dorsal views• Stylopod• Number of primary ridges• Any secondary ridges• Colour• Size