s2 h grammar book amata
TRANSCRIPT
Grammar Book
By : Amata Leno
Table of Contents
• 1. Nacionalidades• 2. Stem Changing Verbs• 3. Para• 4. IOP • 5. Pronoun Placement• 6. Gustar• 7. Affirmative & Negative Words• 8. Superlatives• 9. Reflexives • 10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement• 11. Negative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement• 12. Sequencing Events • 13. Preterite• 14. Trigger Words • 15. -car, -gar, -zar• 16. Deber& Infinitive• 17. Modal Verbs• 18. Present Progressive• 19. Adverbs
Nacionalidades
UruguayoParaguayo
PuertorriquenoPanamenoSalvadorenoHundureno
Stem Changing Verbs
e i
Pedir : to ask for
Yo: PidoTu: PidesEl/ella/Ud. : Pide
Nosotros :PedimosEllos/ellas/uds. : Piden
o ue
Volver : to returnYo: vuelvoTu: vuelvesEl/ella/Ud. : vuelve
Nosotros: volvemosEllos/ellas/Ud. : vuelven
e ie
Perder : to lose
Yo : pierdoTu: pierdesEl/ella/Ud. :pierde
Nosostros: perdemosEllos/ellas/Ud. :pierden
Para
Para can come before an infinitive
In this case, it would mean; to
Para is also used for purpose
In this case it would mean; for
IOP
Indirect Object Pronouns replace or accompany indirect objects
Singular
Me: meYou: teYou, him, her: le
Plural
Us: nosYou, them: les
Pronoun Placement
Placement: When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb the pronoun comes beforethe verb.
But when the pronoun accompanies a sentence with an infinitive, it can either go before the conjugated verb or be attached to the end of the infinitive.
Examples:
Rosa lecompraunaolla a sumadre.
before
Rosa quire comprarleuna olla a sumadre.
attached
Gustar
Gustar: (like/please)
Gusta:
I: meYou: teHe/she: le
We: nosThey: les
2 or more infinitives = gusta in the singular form
a mi : me gustaa ti : tegustaa el/ella/ud. : le gustaa nosotros : nosgustaa ellos/ellas/uds. : les gusta
Emphasis
Affirmative & Negative Words
Affirmative Words:
Algo : somethingAlguien : someoneAlgun/Alguno(a) : someSiempre : alwaysTambien : also
Negative Words:
Nada : nothingNadie : no oneNingun/Ninguno(a) : none, not anyNunca : neverTampoco : neither, either
Superlatives
Used to describe a noun
definite article + noun + mas/menos + adjective + de
ReflexivesIn a reflexive construction, subject = object.A person does and receives object
:
1) Yomelevanto a lasocho de la manana.
2) Pepa se lava.
Placement:
In front of conjugated verb:1) meacuesto a lasdiez de la noche.2) meestoyacostandoahoramismo.
Attached to a gerund:1) estoyacostandomeahoramismo.
Attached to an infinitive:1) voy a acostarmeahoramismo.
Lavarse: to wash oneselfMelavoNoslavamosLe lavas Se lavanSe lava
Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
Drop the ‘S’
Irregular Commands:
Infinitive: Affirmative Command:
Decir Di
Hacer Haz
Ir Ve
Poner Pon
Salir Sal
Ser Se
Tener Ten
Venir Ven
Negative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
1) Put in ‘yo’ form2) Change vowel3) Add ‘s’
Tener No Tengas
Venir No Vengas
Dar/Decir No Des/Digas
Ir No Vayas
Ser No Seas
Hacer No Hagas
Estar No Estes
Saber No sepas
Irregular Commands:
Example:
InfinitiveYo FormNeg. Command
HablarHablo No Hables
Sequencing Events
Sequencing Events
Primero First
Entonces Then
Luego/Despues Later/After
Por Fin Finally
Antes de/Despues de Before/After
Por la manana/tarde/noche In/During the…
Los lunes, etc. Monday, etc.
PreteriteAR ER/IR
Yo e i
Tu aste iste
El/ella/ud. o io
Nos amos imos
Ellos/ellas/uds.
aron ieron
Preterite: past tense
Trigger Words
English Translation:
One dayOnceYesterdayAt nightA year agoAlreadyLast monthDay before yesterdayFor one hourFinallyAt eightOn February fifth
Preterito:
Un díaUnavezAyerA nocheHace un añoYaEl mespasadoAnteayerPorunahoraPor finA lasochoEl cinco de febrero
-car, -gar, -zar
-Car Yo que
-Gar Yo gue
-Zar Yo ce
*Note –car ending preterite verbs in the yo form will change to –quein order to keep the hard ‘c’ sound:
Ex: Yosaque (sacar) la basuraayer.
Deber&Infintive
Deber : Should (out to)
Yo : DeboNos : Debemos
Tu : DebesEllos/Ellas/uds : Deben
El/ella/ud. : Debe
Infinitive
Modal Verbs
The first verb is conjugated, while the second verb remains in the infinitive form.
Examples:
No puedonadar.No quiero comer.
Present ProgressivePlacement: 1) Put pronouns before the
conjugated formEstar.2) Attach them to the end of a
present participle
AR ER IR
Ando iendoyendo
Examples:
1) Estoyesperando2) Leo leyendo
AdverbsFor adjectives with –o or –a endings, add –menteto the feminine form to make adverb.
Adjective Adverb
Cuidadoso Cuidadosamente
Rapido Rapidamente
Lento Lentamente
Tranquilo Tranquilamente
When an adjective ends in e, l, or z, simply add –menteto the end.
Adjective Adverb
Reciente Recientemente
Frecuente Frecuentemente
Facil Facilmente
Normal Normalmente