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ONLINE APPENDIX NEWS MEDIA AND THE STOCK MARKET: ASSESSING MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS An Interdisciplinary Multi-Method Study of Financial Journalism, News Media, Emotions, Market Events and the Stock Market

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Page 1: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

ONLINE APPENDIX

NEWS MEDIA AND THE STOCK MARKET

ASSESSING MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS

An Interdisciplinary Multi-Method Study of Financial Journalism News

Media Emotions Market Events and the Stock Market

Nadine Strauszlig

Chapter 2

Financial Journalism in the Post-Crisis Era

APPENDIX 21

Semi-Structured Interview Guides

Interview Guide for Financial Journalists

A) Interviewee Details

1 Name 2 Age 3 Newspaper outlet 4 Position at current news outlet 5 Journalist for which section6 Years of experience at current job

B) Production of Financial News1 How does the process of writing a financial news article look like

a How do you gain information inspirations for an articleb Whatwho are your sourcesc Do you do interviews With whomd Do you consult online sources other media sources news wire

sources blogse Do you use corporate information IR professionals press releases

corporate reportsf Are you in contact with the financial market (eg traders analysts

brokers)2 After you have collected your information for an article how does the process

until the publication of a financial news article look likea Do you double-check sourcesb How do sources influence what you canallowed to writec How does the process of writing look like (eg oriented towards

agency reports episodic vs thematic) d How much influence has the editing on the final financial news articlee To what extent are guidelines or politics of the news outlet influencing

the final appearance of the financial news article (eg due to advertisement clients personal relations etc)

3 What happens after an article has been released a Do you usually experience reactions on the financial marketsb In what way do financial actors contact you as a reaction to your

financial news reportingc How do you deal with that criticism

4 In general what are you reporting on mostly in the financial news section a Do you report on corporate news (eg financial results MampA

lawsuits crises etc)

b Or do you rather focus on general economic news (eg regional national international)

C) Time Pressure1 On average how much time do you have to producewrite a financial news

articlec According to your perception has this time pressure increasedchanged

over the past 5-10 yearsd To what extent is financial news produced automatically nowadays

based on your experiencee Is there more to expect f How do you feel about thatg Do you think that this might change the role as a financial journalisth Or the future of financial news

D) Role Perceptions1 Talking about your role perception how do you perceive your role as a

financial journalista Do you perceive yourself as a watchdog or rather as a laptop of the

financial marketsb Why do you think it is important to report on the financial markets

2 How would you describe your influence as a financial journalist on the financial markets

a Do you think that your reporting and the commentsanalyses that you give in articles are influencing the financial markets

b Who do you think is the majority of your readers3 Do you see yourself limited in the scope of what you are able to write maybe

due to limited knowledge or background information on the financial marketsa What is your educational background concerning financebusiness

topicsb How did you learn about the financial markets

E) Relation with the Financial Market1 Talking about the financial markets how would you describe your relation

with the financial marketa Are you in direct or daily contact with traders investors financial

analystsb How does the information exchange look like (eg per phone email)c Do you feel comfortable talking with financial market actors

2 How would you describe the dynamics between you a financial journalist and them the financial market actors

a Do you think they can be trustedb To what extent do you feel dependent on their informationc Have you made bad experiences with these market actors (eg during

the financial crisis)

Interview Guide for Investor Relations Professionals

A) Interviewee Details

7 Name 8 Age 9 Company 10 Position at current company 11 Years of experience at current job

B) Relevance of Financial News1 What is the role of financial news for your job as an IR professional

a Why is financial news important for IRb Which financial news is important in particular (eg specific outlets

print online social media blogs TV etc)1 Have you experienced any changes of the role of financial news for your job

as an IR professional in the past 5-10 yearsa Financial news is increasingly produced automatically and in real time

How does this impact your daily job Have you experienced any changes with regard to your daily job activities

b Does high-frequency trading have an influence on your daily IR work

C) Relation with Financial NewsFinancial Journalists1 How would you describe your relation as an IR professional with financial

news outlets (specific outlets in general)a Are there differences among financial news outletsb Would you describe these relations as rather hostile or cooperative

2 How does the contact with financial journalists look likea Do you have particular financial journalists with whom you are in

directdaily contactb How does the dailyregular contact look likec How does this relation differ in times of crisescritical timesd In what way do you think you can trust financial journalists

3 Are there other channels (except the financial news) through which you communicate with your stakeholders

a Whatwho are these channelsb How do you communicate with your stakeholders through these

channels4 Who would you say is the main audience you are communicating withto

D) Relation with Financial Market (TradersInvestorsAnalysts)1 What role does the financial market play for you as an IR professional for

your daily worka Who is your main target group on the financial marketb What role does the stock market price play (eg for the company you

do IR)

c In what way do you think your work influences the stock market prices of the companies you do IR for

d Is your workperformance of IR communications measured by the stock market price

2 How would you describe your relations with financial analysts or the financial community

a How do you communicate with financial analysts (eg via financial news media email phone face-to-face)

b How do you manage the expectations of shareholdersfinancial professionals (eg via media roadshows personal talks etc)

c To what extent do you try to influence their expectationsevaluations of the company you do IR for

E) Role Perception1 In general how would you describe your role as an IR professional

a To what extent do you have an influence on the IR strategy of companies

b In what way do you think your work has a (positive) impact for the companies you work for (eg performance reputation etc)

c What are your thoughts on how the role as an IR professional has changed with the rise of social mediaor in general in the past years

2 How would you describe the future of IR professionals

Interview Guide for Investors

A) Interviewee Details

12 Name 13 Age14 Company 15 Position at current job 16 Years of experience at current job

B) Consumption of Financial News1 What role does financial news play for your daily work

a What kind of financial news do you consumeb Can you name news that you use on a daily basis (eg Financial

Times WSJ Bloomberg Reuters)c Through which channel do you consume financial news (eg online

Bloomberg terminal news wire services newspaper magazines Twitter blogs etc)

d How often do you usually read the financial news (eg on a daily basis checking several times a day only in the morning constantly etc)

e Are there opinion leaders on the financial market that you think ndash ldquothey have to be followedrdquo (eg blog ldquoThe Streetrdquo or the FT)

f To what extent ndash and why ndash do you think these outlets are influential for the market

2 What kind of information from financial news is most valuable for your trading decisions

a Can you think of specific characteristics that make a news item more important for your trading decisions than others

b Are commentaries in the financial news more valuable than regular news reports

c Do you follow the news when market indicators are released (eg CPI unemployment rate GDP FED decisions etc)

C) Influence on Trading Decisions1 In general how would you say does financial news influence your trading

decisionsa How would you describe your trading strategy Are you following the

news fundamentals or algorithmsb To what extent does the release of company information via financial

news play a role for your trading decisionsc Are there differences between information on small vs large

companiesd Is there a specific time when financial news is more influential than

normally (eg quarterly results Fed decisions high volatility crises etc)

2 And now NOT talking about yourself how do you think does financial news influence other investors

a What financial information do you think is most influential to influence the broader marketconsensus opinion

b Does their reactions play a role for your trading activities c Do you observe othersrsquo trading decisions based on the release of

financial news d And if so in what way do you observe them Can you describe this

process a little bit more in detail3 High frequency trading (HFT) and algorithmic trading (At) are recent

developments on the financial market and make up a large share of todayrsquos daily trading To what extent are you involved in this sort of trading

a Although it seems that everything is automized with HFT and AT according to your experience does financial news also play a role here

b To what extent is HFT and AT based on financial news4 Where do you see the future of trading

a Do you think HFT and AT will become more important

D) Relation with Financial MediaJournalists1 How would you describe your relation towards financial newsfinancial

journalistsa In general how do you interact with financial newsfinancial

journalists (daily occasionally via email phone face-to-face)2 How do you think about financial newsfinancial journalists

a Do you think they understand what you are trying to tell themb Do you trust financial journalists

3 Now I just wanted to remind you that this is all anonymous Being honest do you always tell the truth when you are talking with financial newsfinancial journalists

a Can you think of an exampleincident where you tried to influence the financial media to cover a story in a certain way (eg specific analysis assessment of stocksindustry)

E) Relation with Investor Relations Professionals1 How would you describe your relations with investor relations professionals

a Are you in daily regular contact with IR professionalsb How does the information exchange look likec Would you describe the relation as rather hostile or cooperative

2 Do you sometimes feel that IR is influencing your work If so in what waya Is the information that IR professionals provide you with useful for

your workb What kind of strategies do IR professionals use to convince you of

certain messagesevaluations of companiesc Are they successful with these strategies d How do you deal with them knowing that they have a certain agenda

APPENDIX 22

Survey Questions

A) Role Perceptions (adjusted from Skovsgaard et al 2013)1 Here is a list of things that the media do or try to do today How important

do you think each of the following things should be in financial journalistic work (randomized 1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Investigate claims and statements from the government [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis public officials [watchdog] Provide analysis and interpretation of complex problems [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis business [watchdog] Be a representative of the public and ask questions on its behalf

[watchdog] Discuss policy proposals while they are still being developed

[watchdog] Motivate ordinary people to engage in the public debate on important

societal issues [public forum] Give ordinary people a chance to express their views on public affairs

[public forum] Mirror the public opinion neutrally [passive mirror] Lead people towards solutions to societyrsquos problems [public

mobilizer]

B) Relationship Characteristics with Other Actors 1 In terms of cooperation how would you describe your relationship with

the following market actors on average (1 not at all cooperative ndash 7 very much cooperative) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 In terms of dependency how would you describe your relationship with the following market actors on average (1 very much independent from each other ndash 7 very much dependent on each other) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

3 On average to what extent do you think you can trust the following market actors (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

4 In general to what extent do you feel comfortable talking to the following market actors Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

C) Sources (partly based on Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 On average how important are the following human sources for you

when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Professionals from investment institutes (eg asset management fonds

management insurance) Financial analysts Brokers Executives of companies (eg CEO CFO) Opinion leaders (eg bloggers financial experts) Public sector personnel (eg SEC political parties associations) Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) employees Colleagues from the same news organization Colleagues from other news organizations Investor relations professionals Public relations professionals Lawyers

2 On average how important are the following news media sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Bloomberg terminal Reuters terminal Other wire services (in general) Daily newspapers national Daily newspapers international Daily newspapers regional Financial newspapers Magazines and journals Financial television Financial online news Other online news media Blogs Social media (eg Twitter)

3 On average how important are the following corporate sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Press conferences (eg annual meetings) Conference calls Webcasts IR websites IR newsletters Corporate press releases Corporate reports (eg annual earnings report) Corporate social media (eg Twitter YouTube) Corporate media outlets (eg magazines)

4 On average how important are the following other sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Financial analyst reports SEC filings

Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) releases Governmental information (eg briefings press conferences) Economic data bases (eg CPI GDP Fed rate) Historical market data (eg of shares commodities etc) Other internet sources (not news media) External conferences (eg on recent trendstopics in the financial

sector) Scientificacademic journals

D) Frequency of Contact with Market Actors1 On average how many times are you in contact with the following market

actors (never less than once a week 2-3 times a week once a day multiple times per day) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

E) Perceived Influences1 On average to what extent do you think the following market actors want

to influence your work (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 To what extent do you try to influence the work of the following market actors on average (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

F) Daily Working Practices1 To what extent do the statements below apply to your daily working

experiences (randomized1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) I have to rely on the interpretations from intermediaries (eg financial

analysts) when writing an article My sources limit me in terms of what I am ABLE to write My sources limit me in terms of what I am ALLOWED to write My reporting is dependent on my readersrsquo expectations The final review by the editor has an influence on the tone of my

article

G) Perceived Own Influences on the Market1 Assuming you cover various financial topics please indicate for each

statement below to what extent you agree or disagree I think my financial news articles have an influence onhellip(1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) the overall stock market the industry that I have covered the share value of the company that I have covered the investment decisions of my readers

H) Perceived Influences on the Market1 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is

an influence of expected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

2 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is an influence of unexpected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

I) Trends (partly from Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 Below you find some statements regarding trends in financial journalism

and the financial market Please indicate for each statement to what extent you agree or disagree with these developments (randomized) (1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) Social media continue to play an important role for financial journalists

(eg Twitter) News media technology has increased risk of reporting unverified

news The financial market becomes more and more complex for financial

journalists to understand Reporting of immediate events has become more important to the

market than background analysis The speed of financial news reporting will increase further In financial news reporting speed has become a more decisive factor

than contents Financial news will increasingly become produced automatically My job as a financial journalist will soon be replaced by artificial

intelligence (AI) High-speed trading will become more important for financial

journalism in the future

Chapter 3

Lagging Behind Emotions in Newspaper Articles and Stock Market Prices in the Netherlands

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 2: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

Chapter 2

Financial Journalism in the Post-Crisis Era

APPENDIX 21

Semi-Structured Interview Guides

Interview Guide for Financial Journalists

A) Interviewee Details

1 Name 2 Age 3 Newspaper outlet 4 Position at current news outlet 5 Journalist for which section6 Years of experience at current job

B) Production of Financial News1 How does the process of writing a financial news article look like

a How do you gain information inspirations for an articleb Whatwho are your sourcesc Do you do interviews With whomd Do you consult online sources other media sources news wire

sources blogse Do you use corporate information IR professionals press releases

corporate reportsf Are you in contact with the financial market (eg traders analysts

brokers)2 After you have collected your information for an article how does the process

until the publication of a financial news article look likea Do you double-check sourcesb How do sources influence what you canallowed to writec How does the process of writing look like (eg oriented towards

agency reports episodic vs thematic) d How much influence has the editing on the final financial news articlee To what extent are guidelines or politics of the news outlet influencing

the final appearance of the financial news article (eg due to advertisement clients personal relations etc)

3 What happens after an article has been released a Do you usually experience reactions on the financial marketsb In what way do financial actors contact you as a reaction to your

financial news reportingc How do you deal with that criticism

4 In general what are you reporting on mostly in the financial news section a Do you report on corporate news (eg financial results MampA

lawsuits crises etc)

b Or do you rather focus on general economic news (eg regional national international)

C) Time Pressure1 On average how much time do you have to producewrite a financial news

articlec According to your perception has this time pressure increasedchanged

over the past 5-10 yearsd To what extent is financial news produced automatically nowadays

based on your experiencee Is there more to expect f How do you feel about thatg Do you think that this might change the role as a financial journalisth Or the future of financial news

D) Role Perceptions1 Talking about your role perception how do you perceive your role as a

financial journalista Do you perceive yourself as a watchdog or rather as a laptop of the

financial marketsb Why do you think it is important to report on the financial markets

2 How would you describe your influence as a financial journalist on the financial markets

a Do you think that your reporting and the commentsanalyses that you give in articles are influencing the financial markets

b Who do you think is the majority of your readers3 Do you see yourself limited in the scope of what you are able to write maybe

due to limited knowledge or background information on the financial marketsa What is your educational background concerning financebusiness

topicsb How did you learn about the financial markets

E) Relation with the Financial Market1 Talking about the financial markets how would you describe your relation

with the financial marketa Are you in direct or daily contact with traders investors financial

analystsb How does the information exchange look like (eg per phone email)c Do you feel comfortable talking with financial market actors

2 How would you describe the dynamics between you a financial journalist and them the financial market actors

a Do you think they can be trustedb To what extent do you feel dependent on their informationc Have you made bad experiences with these market actors (eg during

the financial crisis)

Interview Guide for Investor Relations Professionals

A) Interviewee Details

7 Name 8 Age 9 Company 10 Position at current company 11 Years of experience at current job

B) Relevance of Financial News1 What is the role of financial news for your job as an IR professional

a Why is financial news important for IRb Which financial news is important in particular (eg specific outlets

print online social media blogs TV etc)1 Have you experienced any changes of the role of financial news for your job

as an IR professional in the past 5-10 yearsa Financial news is increasingly produced automatically and in real time

How does this impact your daily job Have you experienced any changes with regard to your daily job activities

b Does high-frequency trading have an influence on your daily IR work

C) Relation with Financial NewsFinancial Journalists1 How would you describe your relation as an IR professional with financial

news outlets (specific outlets in general)a Are there differences among financial news outletsb Would you describe these relations as rather hostile or cooperative

2 How does the contact with financial journalists look likea Do you have particular financial journalists with whom you are in

directdaily contactb How does the dailyregular contact look likec How does this relation differ in times of crisescritical timesd In what way do you think you can trust financial journalists

3 Are there other channels (except the financial news) through which you communicate with your stakeholders

a Whatwho are these channelsb How do you communicate with your stakeholders through these

channels4 Who would you say is the main audience you are communicating withto

D) Relation with Financial Market (TradersInvestorsAnalysts)1 What role does the financial market play for you as an IR professional for

your daily worka Who is your main target group on the financial marketb What role does the stock market price play (eg for the company you

do IR)

c In what way do you think your work influences the stock market prices of the companies you do IR for

d Is your workperformance of IR communications measured by the stock market price

2 How would you describe your relations with financial analysts or the financial community

a How do you communicate with financial analysts (eg via financial news media email phone face-to-face)

b How do you manage the expectations of shareholdersfinancial professionals (eg via media roadshows personal talks etc)

c To what extent do you try to influence their expectationsevaluations of the company you do IR for

E) Role Perception1 In general how would you describe your role as an IR professional

a To what extent do you have an influence on the IR strategy of companies

b In what way do you think your work has a (positive) impact for the companies you work for (eg performance reputation etc)

c What are your thoughts on how the role as an IR professional has changed with the rise of social mediaor in general in the past years

2 How would you describe the future of IR professionals

Interview Guide for Investors

A) Interviewee Details

12 Name 13 Age14 Company 15 Position at current job 16 Years of experience at current job

B) Consumption of Financial News1 What role does financial news play for your daily work

a What kind of financial news do you consumeb Can you name news that you use on a daily basis (eg Financial

Times WSJ Bloomberg Reuters)c Through which channel do you consume financial news (eg online

Bloomberg terminal news wire services newspaper magazines Twitter blogs etc)

d How often do you usually read the financial news (eg on a daily basis checking several times a day only in the morning constantly etc)

e Are there opinion leaders on the financial market that you think ndash ldquothey have to be followedrdquo (eg blog ldquoThe Streetrdquo or the FT)

f To what extent ndash and why ndash do you think these outlets are influential for the market

2 What kind of information from financial news is most valuable for your trading decisions

a Can you think of specific characteristics that make a news item more important for your trading decisions than others

b Are commentaries in the financial news more valuable than regular news reports

c Do you follow the news when market indicators are released (eg CPI unemployment rate GDP FED decisions etc)

C) Influence on Trading Decisions1 In general how would you say does financial news influence your trading

decisionsa How would you describe your trading strategy Are you following the

news fundamentals or algorithmsb To what extent does the release of company information via financial

news play a role for your trading decisionsc Are there differences between information on small vs large

companiesd Is there a specific time when financial news is more influential than

normally (eg quarterly results Fed decisions high volatility crises etc)

2 And now NOT talking about yourself how do you think does financial news influence other investors

a What financial information do you think is most influential to influence the broader marketconsensus opinion

b Does their reactions play a role for your trading activities c Do you observe othersrsquo trading decisions based on the release of

financial news d And if so in what way do you observe them Can you describe this

process a little bit more in detail3 High frequency trading (HFT) and algorithmic trading (At) are recent

developments on the financial market and make up a large share of todayrsquos daily trading To what extent are you involved in this sort of trading

a Although it seems that everything is automized with HFT and AT according to your experience does financial news also play a role here

b To what extent is HFT and AT based on financial news4 Where do you see the future of trading

a Do you think HFT and AT will become more important

D) Relation with Financial MediaJournalists1 How would you describe your relation towards financial newsfinancial

journalistsa In general how do you interact with financial newsfinancial

journalists (daily occasionally via email phone face-to-face)2 How do you think about financial newsfinancial journalists

a Do you think they understand what you are trying to tell themb Do you trust financial journalists

3 Now I just wanted to remind you that this is all anonymous Being honest do you always tell the truth when you are talking with financial newsfinancial journalists

a Can you think of an exampleincident where you tried to influence the financial media to cover a story in a certain way (eg specific analysis assessment of stocksindustry)

E) Relation with Investor Relations Professionals1 How would you describe your relations with investor relations professionals

a Are you in daily regular contact with IR professionalsb How does the information exchange look likec Would you describe the relation as rather hostile or cooperative

2 Do you sometimes feel that IR is influencing your work If so in what waya Is the information that IR professionals provide you with useful for

your workb What kind of strategies do IR professionals use to convince you of

certain messagesevaluations of companiesc Are they successful with these strategies d How do you deal with them knowing that they have a certain agenda

APPENDIX 22

Survey Questions

A) Role Perceptions (adjusted from Skovsgaard et al 2013)1 Here is a list of things that the media do or try to do today How important

do you think each of the following things should be in financial journalistic work (randomized 1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Investigate claims and statements from the government [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis public officials [watchdog] Provide analysis and interpretation of complex problems [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis business [watchdog] Be a representative of the public and ask questions on its behalf

[watchdog] Discuss policy proposals while they are still being developed

[watchdog] Motivate ordinary people to engage in the public debate on important

societal issues [public forum] Give ordinary people a chance to express their views on public affairs

[public forum] Mirror the public opinion neutrally [passive mirror] Lead people towards solutions to societyrsquos problems [public

mobilizer]

B) Relationship Characteristics with Other Actors 1 In terms of cooperation how would you describe your relationship with

the following market actors on average (1 not at all cooperative ndash 7 very much cooperative) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 In terms of dependency how would you describe your relationship with the following market actors on average (1 very much independent from each other ndash 7 very much dependent on each other) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

3 On average to what extent do you think you can trust the following market actors (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

4 In general to what extent do you feel comfortable talking to the following market actors Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

C) Sources (partly based on Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 On average how important are the following human sources for you

when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Professionals from investment institutes (eg asset management fonds

management insurance) Financial analysts Brokers Executives of companies (eg CEO CFO) Opinion leaders (eg bloggers financial experts) Public sector personnel (eg SEC political parties associations) Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) employees Colleagues from the same news organization Colleagues from other news organizations Investor relations professionals Public relations professionals Lawyers

2 On average how important are the following news media sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Bloomberg terminal Reuters terminal Other wire services (in general) Daily newspapers national Daily newspapers international Daily newspapers regional Financial newspapers Magazines and journals Financial television Financial online news Other online news media Blogs Social media (eg Twitter)

3 On average how important are the following corporate sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Press conferences (eg annual meetings) Conference calls Webcasts IR websites IR newsletters Corporate press releases Corporate reports (eg annual earnings report) Corporate social media (eg Twitter YouTube) Corporate media outlets (eg magazines)

4 On average how important are the following other sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Financial analyst reports SEC filings

Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) releases Governmental information (eg briefings press conferences) Economic data bases (eg CPI GDP Fed rate) Historical market data (eg of shares commodities etc) Other internet sources (not news media) External conferences (eg on recent trendstopics in the financial

sector) Scientificacademic journals

D) Frequency of Contact with Market Actors1 On average how many times are you in contact with the following market

actors (never less than once a week 2-3 times a week once a day multiple times per day) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

E) Perceived Influences1 On average to what extent do you think the following market actors want

to influence your work (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 To what extent do you try to influence the work of the following market actors on average (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

F) Daily Working Practices1 To what extent do the statements below apply to your daily working

experiences (randomized1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) I have to rely on the interpretations from intermediaries (eg financial

analysts) when writing an article My sources limit me in terms of what I am ABLE to write My sources limit me in terms of what I am ALLOWED to write My reporting is dependent on my readersrsquo expectations The final review by the editor has an influence on the tone of my

article

G) Perceived Own Influences on the Market1 Assuming you cover various financial topics please indicate for each

statement below to what extent you agree or disagree I think my financial news articles have an influence onhellip(1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) the overall stock market the industry that I have covered the share value of the company that I have covered the investment decisions of my readers

H) Perceived Influences on the Market1 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is

an influence of expected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

2 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is an influence of unexpected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

I) Trends (partly from Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 Below you find some statements regarding trends in financial journalism

and the financial market Please indicate for each statement to what extent you agree or disagree with these developments (randomized) (1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) Social media continue to play an important role for financial journalists

(eg Twitter) News media technology has increased risk of reporting unverified

news The financial market becomes more and more complex for financial

journalists to understand Reporting of immediate events has become more important to the

market than background analysis The speed of financial news reporting will increase further In financial news reporting speed has become a more decisive factor

than contents Financial news will increasingly become produced automatically My job as a financial journalist will soon be replaced by artificial

intelligence (AI) High-speed trading will become more important for financial

journalism in the future

Chapter 3

Lagging Behind Emotions in Newspaper Articles and Stock Market Prices in the Netherlands

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 3: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

APPENDIX 21

Semi-Structured Interview Guides

Interview Guide for Financial Journalists

A) Interviewee Details

1 Name 2 Age 3 Newspaper outlet 4 Position at current news outlet 5 Journalist for which section6 Years of experience at current job

B) Production of Financial News1 How does the process of writing a financial news article look like

a How do you gain information inspirations for an articleb Whatwho are your sourcesc Do you do interviews With whomd Do you consult online sources other media sources news wire

sources blogse Do you use corporate information IR professionals press releases

corporate reportsf Are you in contact with the financial market (eg traders analysts

brokers)2 After you have collected your information for an article how does the process

until the publication of a financial news article look likea Do you double-check sourcesb How do sources influence what you canallowed to writec How does the process of writing look like (eg oriented towards

agency reports episodic vs thematic) d How much influence has the editing on the final financial news articlee To what extent are guidelines or politics of the news outlet influencing

the final appearance of the financial news article (eg due to advertisement clients personal relations etc)

3 What happens after an article has been released a Do you usually experience reactions on the financial marketsb In what way do financial actors contact you as a reaction to your

financial news reportingc How do you deal with that criticism

4 In general what are you reporting on mostly in the financial news section a Do you report on corporate news (eg financial results MampA

lawsuits crises etc)

b Or do you rather focus on general economic news (eg regional national international)

C) Time Pressure1 On average how much time do you have to producewrite a financial news

articlec According to your perception has this time pressure increasedchanged

over the past 5-10 yearsd To what extent is financial news produced automatically nowadays

based on your experiencee Is there more to expect f How do you feel about thatg Do you think that this might change the role as a financial journalisth Or the future of financial news

D) Role Perceptions1 Talking about your role perception how do you perceive your role as a

financial journalista Do you perceive yourself as a watchdog or rather as a laptop of the

financial marketsb Why do you think it is important to report on the financial markets

2 How would you describe your influence as a financial journalist on the financial markets

a Do you think that your reporting and the commentsanalyses that you give in articles are influencing the financial markets

b Who do you think is the majority of your readers3 Do you see yourself limited in the scope of what you are able to write maybe

due to limited knowledge or background information on the financial marketsa What is your educational background concerning financebusiness

topicsb How did you learn about the financial markets

E) Relation with the Financial Market1 Talking about the financial markets how would you describe your relation

with the financial marketa Are you in direct or daily contact with traders investors financial

analystsb How does the information exchange look like (eg per phone email)c Do you feel comfortable talking with financial market actors

2 How would you describe the dynamics between you a financial journalist and them the financial market actors

a Do you think they can be trustedb To what extent do you feel dependent on their informationc Have you made bad experiences with these market actors (eg during

the financial crisis)

Interview Guide for Investor Relations Professionals

A) Interviewee Details

7 Name 8 Age 9 Company 10 Position at current company 11 Years of experience at current job

B) Relevance of Financial News1 What is the role of financial news for your job as an IR professional

a Why is financial news important for IRb Which financial news is important in particular (eg specific outlets

print online social media blogs TV etc)1 Have you experienced any changes of the role of financial news for your job

as an IR professional in the past 5-10 yearsa Financial news is increasingly produced automatically and in real time

How does this impact your daily job Have you experienced any changes with regard to your daily job activities

b Does high-frequency trading have an influence on your daily IR work

C) Relation with Financial NewsFinancial Journalists1 How would you describe your relation as an IR professional with financial

news outlets (specific outlets in general)a Are there differences among financial news outletsb Would you describe these relations as rather hostile or cooperative

2 How does the contact with financial journalists look likea Do you have particular financial journalists with whom you are in

directdaily contactb How does the dailyregular contact look likec How does this relation differ in times of crisescritical timesd In what way do you think you can trust financial journalists

3 Are there other channels (except the financial news) through which you communicate with your stakeholders

a Whatwho are these channelsb How do you communicate with your stakeholders through these

channels4 Who would you say is the main audience you are communicating withto

D) Relation with Financial Market (TradersInvestorsAnalysts)1 What role does the financial market play for you as an IR professional for

your daily worka Who is your main target group on the financial marketb What role does the stock market price play (eg for the company you

do IR)

c In what way do you think your work influences the stock market prices of the companies you do IR for

d Is your workperformance of IR communications measured by the stock market price

2 How would you describe your relations with financial analysts or the financial community

a How do you communicate with financial analysts (eg via financial news media email phone face-to-face)

b How do you manage the expectations of shareholdersfinancial professionals (eg via media roadshows personal talks etc)

c To what extent do you try to influence their expectationsevaluations of the company you do IR for

E) Role Perception1 In general how would you describe your role as an IR professional

a To what extent do you have an influence on the IR strategy of companies

b In what way do you think your work has a (positive) impact for the companies you work for (eg performance reputation etc)

c What are your thoughts on how the role as an IR professional has changed with the rise of social mediaor in general in the past years

2 How would you describe the future of IR professionals

Interview Guide for Investors

A) Interviewee Details

12 Name 13 Age14 Company 15 Position at current job 16 Years of experience at current job

B) Consumption of Financial News1 What role does financial news play for your daily work

a What kind of financial news do you consumeb Can you name news that you use on a daily basis (eg Financial

Times WSJ Bloomberg Reuters)c Through which channel do you consume financial news (eg online

Bloomberg terminal news wire services newspaper magazines Twitter blogs etc)

d How often do you usually read the financial news (eg on a daily basis checking several times a day only in the morning constantly etc)

e Are there opinion leaders on the financial market that you think ndash ldquothey have to be followedrdquo (eg blog ldquoThe Streetrdquo or the FT)

f To what extent ndash and why ndash do you think these outlets are influential for the market

2 What kind of information from financial news is most valuable for your trading decisions

a Can you think of specific characteristics that make a news item more important for your trading decisions than others

b Are commentaries in the financial news more valuable than regular news reports

c Do you follow the news when market indicators are released (eg CPI unemployment rate GDP FED decisions etc)

C) Influence on Trading Decisions1 In general how would you say does financial news influence your trading

decisionsa How would you describe your trading strategy Are you following the

news fundamentals or algorithmsb To what extent does the release of company information via financial

news play a role for your trading decisionsc Are there differences between information on small vs large

companiesd Is there a specific time when financial news is more influential than

normally (eg quarterly results Fed decisions high volatility crises etc)

2 And now NOT talking about yourself how do you think does financial news influence other investors

a What financial information do you think is most influential to influence the broader marketconsensus opinion

b Does their reactions play a role for your trading activities c Do you observe othersrsquo trading decisions based on the release of

financial news d And if so in what way do you observe them Can you describe this

process a little bit more in detail3 High frequency trading (HFT) and algorithmic trading (At) are recent

developments on the financial market and make up a large share of todayrsquos daily trading To what extent are you involved in this sort of trading

a Although it seems that everything is automized with HFT and AT according to your experience does financial news also play a role here

b To what extent is HFT and AT based on financial news4 Where do you see the future of trading

a Do you think HFT and AT will become more important

D) Relation with Financial MediaJournalists1 How would you describe your relation towards financial newsfinancial

journalistsa In general how do you interact with financial newsfinancial

journalists (daily occasionally via email phone face-to-face)2 How do you think about financial newsfinancial journalists

a Do you think they understand what you are trying to tell themb Do you trust financial journalists

3 Now I just wanted to remind you that this is all anonymous Being honest do you always tell the truth when you are talking with financial newsfinancial journalists

a Can you think of an exampleincident where you tried to influence the financial media to cover a story in a certain way (eg specific analysis assessment of stocksindustry)

E) Relation with Investor Relations Professionals1 How would you describe your relations with investor relations professionals

a Are you in daily regular contact with IR professionalsb How does the information exchange look likec Would you describe the relation as rather hostile or cooperative

2 Do you sometimes feel that IR is influencing your work If so in what waya Is the information that IR professionals provide you with useful for

your workb What kind of strategies do IR professionals use to convince you of

certain messagesevaluations of companiesc Are they successful with these strategies d How do you deal with them knowing that they have a certain agenda

APPENDIX 22

Survey Questions

A) Role Perceptions (adjusted from Skovsgaard et al 2013)1 Here is a list of things that the media do or try to do today How important

do you think each of the following things should be in financial journalistic work (randomized 1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Investigate claims and statements from the government [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis public officials [watchdog] Provide analysis and interpretation of complex problems [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis business [watchdog] Be a representative of the public and ask questions on its behalf

[watchdog] Discuss policy proposals while they are still being developed

[watchdog] Motivate ordinary people to engage in the public debate on important

societal issues [public forum] Give ordinary people a chance to express their views on public affairs

[public forum] Mirror the public opinion neutrally [passive mirror] Lead people towards solutions to societyrsquos problems [public

mobilizer]

B) Relationship Characteristics with Other Actors 1 In terms of cooperation how would you describe your relationship with

the following market actors on average (1 not at all cooperative ndash 7 very much cooperative) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 In terms of dependency how would you describe your relationship with the following market actors on average (1 very much independent from each other ndash 7 very much dependent on each other) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

3 On average to what extent do you think you can trust the following market actors (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

4 In general to what extent do you feel comfortable talking to the following market actors Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

C) Sources (partly based on Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 On average how important are the following human sources for you

when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Professionals from investment institutes (eg asset management fonds

management insurance) Financial analysts Brokers Executives of companies (eg CEO CFO) Opinion leaders (eg bloggers financial experts) Public sector personnel (eg SEC political parties associations) Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) employees Colleagues from the same news organization Colleagues from other news organizations Investor relations professionals Public relations professionals Lawyers

2 On average how important are the following news media sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Bloomberg terminal Reuters terminal Other wire services (in general) Daily newspapers national Daily newspapers international Daily newspapers regional Financial newspapers Magazines and journals Financial television Financial online news Other online news media Blogs Social media (eg Twitter)

3 On average how important are the following corporate sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Press conferences (eg annual meetings) Conference calls Webcasts IR websites IR newsletters Corporate press releases Corporate reports (eg annual earnings report) Corporate social media (eg Twitter YouTube) Corporate media outlets (eg magazines)

4 On average how important are the following other sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Financial analyst reports SEC filings

Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) releases Governmental information (eg briefings press conferences) Economic data bases (eg CPI GDP Fed rate) Historical market data (eg of shares commodities etc) Other internet sources (not news media) External conferences (eg on recent trendstopics in the financial

sector) Scientificacademic journals

D) Frequency of Contact with Market Actors1 On average how many times are you in contact with the following market

actors (never less than once a week 2-3 times a week once a day multiple times per day) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

E) Perceived Influences1 On average to what extent do you think the following market actors want

to influence your work (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 To what extent do you try to influence the work of the following market actors on average (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

F) Daily Working Practices1 To what extent do the statements below apply to your daily working

experiences (randomized1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) I have to rely on the interpretations from intermediaries (eg financial

analysts) when writing an article My sources limit me in terms of what I am ABLE to write My sources limit me in terms of what I am ALLOWED to write My reporting is dependent on my readersrsquo expectations The final review by the editor has an influence on the tone of my

article

G) Perceived Own Influences on the Market1 Assuming you cover various financial topics please indicate for each

statement below to what extent you agree or disagree I think my financial news articles have an influence onhellip(1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) the overall stock market the industry that I have covered the share value of the company that I have covered the investment decisions of my readers

H) Perceived Influences on the Market1 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is

an influence of expected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

2 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is an influence of unexpected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

I) Trends (partly from Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 Below you find some statements regarding trends in financial journalism

and the financial market Please indicate for each statement to what extent you agree or disagree with these developments (randomized) (1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) Social media continue to play an important role for financial journalists

(eg Twitter) News media technology has increased risk of reporting unverified

news The financial market becomes more and more complex for financial

journalists to understand Reporting of immediate events has become more important to the

market than background analysis The speed of financial news reporting will increase further In financial news reporting speed has become a more decisive factor

than contents Financial news will increasingly become produced automatically My job as a financial journalist will soon be replaced by artificial

intelligence (AI) High-speed trading will become more important for financial

journalism in the future

Chapter 3

Lagging Behind Emotions in Newspaper Articles and Stock Market Prices in the Netherlands

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 4: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

b Or do you rather focus on general economic news (eg regional national international)

C) Time Pressure1 On average how much time do you have to producewrite a financial news

articlec According to your perception has this time pressure increasedchanged

over the past 5-10 yearsd To what extent is financial news produced automatically nowadays

based on your experiencee Is there more to expect f How do you feel about thatg Do you think that this might change the role as a financial journalisth Or the future of financial news

D) Role Perceptions1 Talking about your role perception how do you perceive your role as a

financial journalista Do you perceive yourself as a watchdog or rather as a laptop of the

financial marketsb Why do you think it is important to report on the financial markets

2 How would you describe your influence as a financial journalist on the financial markets

a Do you think that your reporting and the commentsanalyses that you give in articles are influencing the financial markets

b Who do you think is the majority of your readers3 Do you see yourself limited in the scope of what you are able to write maybe

due to limited knowledge or background information on the financial marketsa What is your educational background concerning financebusiness

topicsb How did you learn about the financial markets

E) Relation with the Financial Market1 Talking about the financial markets how would you describe your relation

with the financial marketa Are you in direct or daily contact with traders investors financial

analystsb How does the information exchange look like (eg per phone email)c Do you feel comfortable talking with financial market actors

2 How would you describe the dynamics between you a financial journalist and them the financial market actors

a Do you think they can be trustedb To what extent do you feel dependent on their informationc Have you made bad experiences with these market actors (eg during

the financial crisis)

Interview Guide for Investor Relations Professionals

A) Interviewee Details

7 Name 8 Age 9 Company 10 Position at current company 11 Years of experience at current job

B) Relevance of Financial News1 What is the role of financial news for your job as an IR professional

a Why is financial news important for IRb Which financial news is important in particular (eg specific outlets

print online social media blogs TV etc)1 Have you experienced any changes of the role of financial news for your job

as an IR professional in the past 5-10 yearsa Financial news is increasingly produced automatically and in real time

How does this impact your daily job Have you experienced any changes with regard to your daily job activities

b Does high-frequency trading have an influence on your daily IR work

C) Relation with Financial NewsFinancial Journalists1 How would you describe your relation as an IR professional with financial

news outlets (specific outlets in general)a Are there differences among financial news outletsb Would you describe these relations as rather hostile or cooperative

2 How does the contact with financial journalists look likea Do you have particular financial journalists with whom you are in

directdaily contactb How does the dailyregular contact look likec How does this relation differ in times of crisescritical timesd In what way do you think you can trust financial journalists

3 Are there other channels (except the financial news) through which you communicate with your stakeholders

a Whatwho are these channelsb How do you communicate with your stakeholders through these

channels4 Who would you say is the main audience you are communicating withto

D) Relation with Financial Market (TradersInvestorsAnalysts)1 What role does the financial market play for you as an IR professional for

your daily worka Who is your main target group on the financial marketb What role does the stock market price play (eg for the company you

do IR)

c In what way do you think your work influences the stock market prices of the companies you do IR for

d Is your workperformance of IR communications measured by the stock market price

2 How would you describe your relations with financial analysts or the financial community

a How do you communicate with financial analysts (eg via financial news media email phone face-to-face)

b How do you manage the expectations of shareholdersfinancial professionals (eg via media roadshows personal talks etc)

c To what extent do you try to influence their expectationsevaluations of the company you do IR for

E) Role Perception1 In general how would you describe your role as an IR professional

a To what extent do you have an influence on the IR strategy of companies

b In what way do you think your work has a (positive) impact for the companies you work for (eg performance reputation etc)

c What are your thoughts on how the role as an IR professional has changed with the rise of social mediaor in general in the past years

2 How would you describe the future of IR professionals

Interview Guide for Investors

A) Interviewee Details

12 Name 13 Age14 Company 15 Position at current job 16 Years of experience at current job

B) Consumption of Financial News1 What role does financial news play for your daily work

a What kind of financial news do you consumeb Can you name news that you use on a daily basis (eg Financial

Times WSJ Bloomberg Reuters)c Through which channel do you consume financial news (eg online

Bloomberg terminal news wire services newspaper magazines Twitter blogs etc)

d How often do you usually read the financial news (eg on a daily basis checking several times a day only in the morning constantly etc)

e Are there opinion leaders on the financial market that you think ndash ldquothey have to be followedrdquo (eg blog ldquoThe Streetrdquo or the FT)

f To what extent ndash and why ndash do you think these outlets are influential for the market

2 What kind of information from financial news is most valuable for your trading decisions

a Can you think of specific characteristics that make a news item more important for your trading decisions than others

b Are commentaries in the financial news more valuable than regular news reports

c Do you follow the news when market indicators are released (eg CPI unemployment rate GDP FED decisions etc)

C) Influence on Trading Decisions1 In general how would you say does financial news influence your trading

decisionsa How would you describe your trading strategy Are you following the

news fundamentals or algorithmsb To what extent does the release of company information via financial

news play a role for your trading decisionsc Are there differences between information on small vs large

companiesd Is there a specific time when financial news is more influential than

normally (eg quarterly results Fed decisions high volatility crises etc)

2 And now NOT talking about yourself how do you think does financial news influence other investors

a What financial information do you think is most influential to influence the broader marketconsensus opinion

b Does their reactions play a role for your trading activities c Do you observe othersrsquo trading decisions based on the release of

financial news d And if so in what way do you observe them Can you describe this

process a little bit more in detail3 High frequency trading (HFT) and algorithmic trading (At) are recent

developments on the financial market and make up a large share of todayrsquos daily trading To what extent are you involved in this sort of trading

a Although it seems that everything is automized with HFT and AT according to your experience does financial news also play a role here

b To what extent is HFT and AT based on financial news4 Where do you see the future of trading

a Do you think HFT and AT will become more important

D) Relation with Financial MediaJournalists1 How would you describe your relation towards financial newsfinancial

journalistsa In general how do you interact with financial newsfinancial

journalists (daily occasionally via email phone face-to-face)2 How do you think about financial newsfinancial journalists

a Do you think they understand what you are trying to tell themb Do you trust financial journalists

3 Now I just wanted to remind you that this is all anonymous Being honest do you always tell the truth when you are talking with financial newsfinancial journalists

a Can you think of an exampleincident where you tried to influence the financial media to cover a story in a certain way (eg specific analysis assessment of stocksindustry)

E) Relation with Investor Relations Professionals1 How would you describe your relations with investor relations professionals

a Are you in daily regular contact with IR professionalsb How does the information exchange look likec Would you describe the relation as rather hostile or cooperative

2 Do you sometimes feel that IR is influencing your work If so in what waya Is the information that IR professionals provide you with useful for

your workb What kind of strategies do IR professionals use to convince you of

certain messagesevaluations of companiesc Are they successful with these strategies d How do you deal with them knowing that they have a certain agenda

APPENDIX 22

Survey Questions

A) Role Perceptions (adjusted from Skovsgaard et al 2013)1 Here is a list of things that the media do or try to do today How important

do you think each of the following things should be in financial journalistic work (randomized 1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Investigate claims and statements from the government [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis public officials [watchdog] Provide analysis and interpretation of complex problems [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis business [watchdog] Be a representative of the public and ask questions on its behalf

[watchdog] Discuss policy proposals while they are still being developed

[watchdog] Motivate ordinary people to engage in the public debate on important

societal issues [public forum] Give ordinary people a chance to express their views on public affairs

[public forum] Mirror the public opinion neutrally [passive mirror] Lead people towards solutions to societyrsquos problems [public

mobilizer]

B) Relationship Characteristics with Other Actors 1 In terms of cooperation how would you describe your relationship with

the following market actors on average (1 not at all cooperative ndash 7 very much cooperative) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 In terms of dependency how would you describe your relationship with the following market actors on average (1 very much independent from each other ndash 7 very much dependent on each other) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

3 On average to what extent do you think you can trust the following market actors (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

4 In general to what extent do you feel comfortable talking to the following market actors Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

C) Sources (partly based on Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 On average how important are the following human sources for you

when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Professionals from investment institutes (eg asset management fonds

management insurance) Financial analysts Brokers Executives of companies (eg CEO CFO) Opinion leaders (eg bloggers financial experts) Public sector personnel (eg SEC political parties associations) Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) employees Colleagues from the same news organization Colleagues from other news organizations Investor relations professionals Public relations professionals Lawyers

2 On average how important are the following news media sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Bloomberg terminal Reuters terminal Other wire services (in general) Daily newspapers national Daily newspapers international Daily newspapers regional Financial newspapers Magazines and journals Financial television Financial online news Other online news media Blogs Social media (eg Twitter)

3 On average how important are the following corporate sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Press conferences (eg annual meetings) Conference calls Webcasts IR websites IR newsletters Corporate press releases Corporate reports (eg annual earnings report) Corporate social media (eg Twitter YouTube) Corporate media outlets (eg magazines)

4 On average how important are the following other sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Financial analyst reports SEC filings

Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) releases Governmental information (eg briefings press conferences) Economic data bases (eg CPI GDP Fed rate) Historical market data (eg of shares commodities etc) Other internet sources (not news media) External conferences (eg on recent trendstopics in the financial

sector) Scientificacademic journals

D) Frequency of Contact with Market Actors1 On average how many times are you in contact with the following market

actors (never less than once a week 2-3 times a week once a day multiple times per day) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

E) Perceived Influences1 On average to what extent do you think the following market actors want

to influence your work (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 To what extent do you try to influence the work of the following market actors on average (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

F) Daily Working Practices1 To what extent do the statements below apply to your daily working

experiences (randomized1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) I have to rely on the interpretations from intermediaries (eg financial

analysts) when writing an article My sources limit me in terms of what I am ABLE to write My sources limit me in terms of what I am ALLOWED to write My reporting is dependent on my readersrsquo expectations The final review by the editor has an influence on the tone of my

article

G) Perceived Own Influences on the Market1 Assuming you cover various financial topics please indicate for each

statement below to what extent you agree or disagree I think my financial news articles have an influence onhellip(1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) the overall stock market the industry that I have covered the share value of the company that I have covered the investment decisions of my readers

H) Perceived Influences on the Market1 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is

an influence of expected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

2 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is an influence of unexpected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

I) Trends (partly from Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 Below you find some statements regarding trends in financial journalism

and the financial market Please indicate for each statement to what extent you agree or disagree with these developments (randomized) (1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) Social media continue to play an important role for financial journalists

(eg Twitter) News media technology has increased risk of reporting unverified

news The financial market becomes more and more complex for financial

journalists to understand Reporting of immediate events has become more important to the

market than background analysis The speed of financial news reporting will increase further In financial news reporting speed has become a more decisive factor

than contents Financial news will increasingly become produced automatically My job as a financial journalist will soon be replaced by artificial

intelligence (AI) High-speed trading will become more important for financial

journalism in the future

Chapter 3

Lagging Behind Emotions in Newspaper Articles and Stock Market Prices in the Netherlands

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 5: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

A) Interviewee Details

7 Name 8 Age 9 Company 10 Position at current company 11 Years of experience at current job

B) Relevance of Financial News1 What is the role of financial news for your job as an IR professional

a Why is financial news important for IRb Which financial news is important in particular (eg specific outlets

print online social media blogs TV etc)1 Have you experienced any changes of the role of financial news for your job

as an IR professional in the past 5-10 yearsa Financial news is increasingly produced automatically and in real time

How does this impact your daily job Have you experienced any changes with regard to your daily job activities

b Does high-frequency trading have an influence on your daily IR work

C) Relation with Financial NewsFinancial Journalists1 How would you describe your relation as an IR professional with financial

news outlets (specific outlets in general)a Are there differences among financial news outletsb Would you describe these relations as rather hostile or cooperative

2 How does the contact with financial journalists look likea Do you have particular financial journalists with whom you are in

directdaily contactb How does the dailyregular contact look likec How does this relation differ in times of crisescritical timesd In what way do you think you can trust financial journalists

3 Are there other channels (except the financial news) through which you communicate with your stakeholders

a Whatwho are these channelsb How do you communicate with your stakeholders through these

channels4 Who would you say is the main audience you are communicating withto

D) Relation with Financial Market (TradersInvestorsAnalysts)1 What role does the financial market play for you as an IR professional for

your daily worka Who is your main target group on the financial marketb What role does the stock market price play (eg for the company you

do IR)

c In what way do you think your work influences the stock market prices of the companies you do IR for

d Is your workperformance of IR communications measured by the stock market price

2 How would you describe your relations with financial analysts or the financial community

a How do you communicate with financial analysts (eg via financial news media email phone face-to-face)

b How do you manage the expectations of shareholdersfinancial professionals (eg via media roadshows personal talks etc)

c To what extent do you try to influence their expectationsevaluations of the company you do IR for

E) Role Perception1 In general how would you describe your role as an IR professional

a To what extent do you have an influence on the IR strategy of companies

b In what way do you think your work has a (positive) impact for the companies you work for (eg performance reputation etc)

c What are your thoughts on how the role as an IR professional has changed with the rise of social mediaor in general in the past years

2 How would you describe the future of IR professionals

Interview Guide for Investors

A) Interviewee Details

12 Name 13 Age14 Company 15 Position at current job 16 Years of experience at current job

B) Consumption of Financial News1 What role does financial news play for your daily work

a What kind of financial news do you consumeb Can you name news that you use on a daily basis (eg Financial

Times WSJ Bloomberg Reuters)c Through which channel do you consume financial news (eg online

Bloomberg terminal news wire services newspaper magazines Twitter blogs etc)

d How often do you usually read the financial news (eg on a daily basis checking several times a day only in the morning constantly etc)

e Are there opinion leaders on the financial market that you think ndash ldquothey have to be followedrdquo (eg blog ldquoThe Streetrdquo or the FT)

f To what extent ndash and why ndash do you think these outlets are influential for the market

2 What kind of information from financial news is most valuable for your trading decisions

a Can you think of specific characteristics that make a news item more important for your trading decisions than others

b Are commentaries in the financial news more valuable than regular news reports

c Do you follow the news when market indicators are released (eg CPI unemployment rate GDP FED decisions etc)

C) Influence on Trading Decisions1 In general how would you say does financial news influence your trading

decisionsa How would you describe your trading strategy Are you following the

news fundamentals or algorithmsb To what extent does the release of company information via financial

news play a role for your trading decisionsc Are there differences between information on small vs large

companiesd Is there a specific time when financial news is more influential than

normally (eg quarterly results Fed decisions high volatility crises etc)

2 And now NOT talking about yourself how do you think does financial news influence other investors

a What financial information do you think is most influential to influence the broader marketconsensus opinion

b Does their reactions play a role for your trading activities c Do you observe othersrsquo trading decisions based on the release of

financial news d And if so in what way do you observe them Can you describe this

process a little bit more in detail3 High frequency trading (HFT) and algorithmic trading (At) are recent

developments on the financial market and make up a large share of todayrsquos daily trading To what extent are you involved in this sort of trading

a Although it seems that everything is automized with HFT and AT according to your experience does financial news also play a role here

b To what extent is HFT and AT based on financial news4 Where do you see the future of trading

a Do you think HFT and AT will become more important

D) Relation with Financial MediaJournalists1 How would you describe your relation towards financial newsfinancial

journalistsa In general how do you interact with financial newsfinancial

journalists (daily occasionally via email phone face-to-face)2 How do you think about financial newsfinancial journalists

a Do you think they understand what you are trying to tell themb Do you trust financial journalists

3 Now I just wanted to remind you that this is all anonymous Being honest do you always tell the truth when you are talking with financial newsfinancial journalists

a Can you think of an exampleincident where you tried to influence the financial media to cover a story in a certain way (eg specific analysis assessment of stocksindustry)

E) Relation with Investor Relations Professionals1 How would you describe your relations with investor relations professionals

a Are you in daily regular contact with IR professionalsb How does the information exchange look likec Would you describe the relation as rather hostile or cooperative

2 Do you sometimes feel that IR is influencing your work If so in what waya Is the information that IR professionals provide you with useful for

your workb What kind of strategies do IR professionals use to convince you of

certain messagesevaluations of companiesc Are they successful with these strategies d How do you deal with them knowing that they have a certain agenda

APPENDIX 22

Survey Questions

A) Role Perceptions (adjusted from Skovsgaard et al 2013)1 Here is a list of things that the media do or try to do today How important

do you think each of the following things should be in financial journalistic work (randomized 1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Investigate claims and statements from the government [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis public officials [watchdog] Provide analysis and interpretation of complex problems [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis business [watchdog] Be a representative of the public and ask questions on its behalf

[watchdog] Discuss policy proposals while they are still being developed

[watchdog] Motivate ordinary people to engage in the public debate on important

societal issues [public forum] Give ordinary people a chance to express their views on public affairs

[public forum] Mirror the public opinion neutrally [passive mirror] Lead people towards solutions to societyrsquos problems [public

mobilizer]

B) Relationship Characteristics with Other Actors 1 In terms of cooperation how would you describe your relationship with

the following market actors on average (1 not at all cooperative ndash 7 very much cooperative) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 In terms of dependency how would you describe your relationship with the following market actors on average (1 very much independent from each other ndash 7 very much dependent on each other) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

3 On average to what extent do you think you can trust the following market actors (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

4 In general to what extent do you feel comfortable talking to the following market actors Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

C) Sources (partly based on Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 On average how important are the following human sources for you

when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Professionals from investment institutes (eg asset management fonds

management insurance) Financial analysts Brokers Executives of companies (eg CEO CFO) Opinion leaders (eg bloggers financial experts) Public sector personnel (eg SEC political parties associations) Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) employees Colleagues from the same news organization Colleagues from other news organizations Investor relations professionals Public relations professionals Lawyers

2 On average how important are the following news media sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Bloomberg terminal Reuters terminal Other wire services (in general) Daily newspapers national Daily newspapers international Daily newspapers regional Financial newspapers Magazines and journals Financial television Financial online news Other online news media Blogs Social media (eg Twitter)

3 On average how important are the following corporate sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Press conferences (eg annual meetings) Conference calls Webcasts IR websites IR newsletters Corporate press releases Corporate reports (eg annual earnings report) Corporate social media (eg Twitter YouTube) Corporate media outlets (eg magazines)

4 On average how important are the following other sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Financial analyst reports SEC filings

Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) releases Governmental information (eg briefings press conferences) Economic data bases (eg CPI GDP Fed rate) Historical market data (eg of shares commodities etc) Other internet sources (not news media) External conferences (eg on recent trendstopics in the financial

sector) Scientificacademic journals

D) Frequency of Contact with Market Actors1 On average how many times are you in contact with the following market

actors (never less than once a week 2-3 times a week once a day multiple times per day) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

E) Perceived Influences1 On average to what extent do you think the following market actors want

to influence your work (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 To what extent do you try to influence the work of the following market actors on average (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

F) Daily Working Practices1 To what extent do the statements below apply to your daily working

experiences (randomized1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) I have to rely on the interpretations from intermediaries (eg financial

analysts) when writing an article My sources limit me in terms of what I am ABLE to write My sources limit me in terms of what I am ALLOWED to write My reporting is dependent on my readersrsquo expectations The final review by the editor has an influence on the tone of my

article

G) Perceived Own Influences on the Market1 Assuming you cover various financial topics please indicate for each

statement below to what extent you agree or disagree I think my financial news articles have an influence onhellip(1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) the overall stock market the industry that I have covered the share value of the company that I have covered the investment decisions of my readers

H) Perceived Influences on the Market1 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is

an influence of expected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

2 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is an influence of unexpected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

I) Trends (partly from Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 Below you find some statements regarding trends in financial journalism

and the financial market Please indicate for each statement to what extent you agree or disagree with these developments (randomized) (1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) Social media continue to play an important role for financial journalists

(eg Twitter) News media technology has increased risk of reporting unverified

news The financial market becomes more and more complex for financial

journalists to understand Reporting of immediate events has become more important to the

market than background analysis The speed of financial news reporting will increase further In financial news reporting speed has become a more decisive factor

than contents Financial news will increasingly become produced automatically My job as a financial journalist will soon be replaced by artificial

intelligence (AI) High-speed trading will become more important for financial

journalism in the future

Chapter 3

Lagging Behind Emotions in Newspaper Articles and Stock Market Prices in the Netherlands

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 6: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

c In what way do you think your work influences the stock market prices of the companies you do IR for

d Is your workperformance of IR communications measured by the stock market price

2 How would you describe your relations with financial analysts or the financial community

a How do you communicate with financial analysts (eg via financial news media email phone face-to-face)

b How do you manage the expectations of shareholdersfinancial professionals (eg via media roadshows personal talks etc)

c To what extent do you try to influence their expectationsevaluations of the company you do IR for

E) Role Perception1 In general how would you describe your role as an IR professional

a To what extent do you have an influence on the IR strategy of companies

b In what way do you think your work has a (positive) impact for the companies you work for (eg performance reputation etc)

c What are your thoughts on how the role as an IR professional has changed with the rise of social mediaor in general in the past years

2 How would you describe the future of IR professionals

Interview Guide for Investors

A) Interviewee Details

12 Name 13 Age14 Company 15 Position at current job 16 Years of experience at current job

B) Consumption of Financial News1 What role does financial news play for your daily work

a What kind of financial news do you consumeb Can you name news that you use on a daily basis (eg Financial

Times WSJ Bloomberg Reuters)c Through which channel do you consume financial news (eg online

Bloomberg terminal news wire services newspaper magazines Twitter blogs etc)

d How often do you usually read the financial news (eg on a daily basis checking several times a day only in the morning constantly etc)

e Are there opinion leaders on the financial market that you think ndash ldquothey have to be followedrdquo (eg blog ldquoThe Streetrdquo or the FT)

f To what extent ndash and why ndash do you think these outlets are influential for the market

2 What kind of information from financial news is most valuable for your trading decisions

a Can you think of specific characteristics that make a news item more important for your trading decisions than others

b Are commentaries in the financial news more valuable than regular news reports

c Do you follow the news when market indicators are released (eg CPI unemployment rate GDP FED decisions etc)

C) Influence on Trading Decisions1 In general how would you say does financial news influence your trading

decisionsa How would you describe your trading strategy Are you following the

news fundamentals or algorithmsb To what extent does the release of company information via financial

news play a role for your trading decisionsc Are there differences between information on small vs large

companiesd Is there a specific time when financial news is more influential than

normally (eg quarterly results Fed decisions high volatility crises etc)

2 And now NOT talking about yourself how do you think does financial news influence other investors

a What financial information do you think is most influential to influence the broader marketconsensus opinion

b Does their reactions play a role for your trading activities c Do you observe othersrsquo trading decisions based on the release of

financial news d And if so in what way do you observe them Can you describe this

process a little bit more in detail3 High frequency trading (HFT) and algorithmic trading (At) are recent

developments on the financial market and make up a large share of todayrsquos daily trading To what extent are you involved in this sort of trading

a Although it seems that everything is automized with HFT and AT according to your experience does financial news also play a role here

b To what extent is HFT and AT based on financial news4 Where do you see the future of trading

a Do you think HFT and AT will become more important

D) Relation with Financial MediaJournalists1 How would you describe your relation towards financial newsfinancial

journalistsa In general how do you interact with financial newsfinancial

journalists (daily occasionally via email phone face-to-face)2 How do you think about financial newsfinancial journalists

a Do you think they understand what you are trying to tell themb Do you trust financial journalists

3 Now I just wanted to remind you that this is all anonymous Being honest do you always tell the truth when you are talking with financial newsfinancial journalists

a Can you think of an exampleincident where you tried to influence the financial media to cover a story in a certain way (eg specific analysis assessment of stocksindustry)

E) Relation with Investor Relations Professionals1 How would you describe your relations with investor relations professionals

a Are you in daily regular contact with IR professionalsb How does the information exchange look likec Would you describe the relation as rather hostile or cooperative

2 Do you sometimes feel that IR is influencing your work If so in what waya Is the information that IR professionals provide you with useful for

your workb What kind of strategies do IR professionals use to convince you of

certain messagesevaluations of companiesc Are they successful with these strategies d How do you deal with them knowing that they have a certain agenda

APPENDIX 22

Survey Questions

A) Role Perceptions (adjusted from Skovsgaard et al 2013)1 Here is a list of things that the media do or try to do today How important

do you think each of the following things should be in financial journalistic work (randomized 1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Investigate claims and statements from the government [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis public officials [watchdog] Provide analysis and interpretation of complex problems [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis business [watchdog] Be a representative of the public and ask questions on its behalf

[watchdog] Discuss policy proposals while they are still being developed

[watchdog] Motivate ordinary people to engage in the public debate on important

societal issues [public forum] Give ordinary people a chance to express their views on public affairs

[public forum] Mirror the public opinion neutrally [passive mirror] Lead people towards solutions to societyrsquos problems [public

mobilizer]

B) Relationship Characteristics with Other Actors 1 In terms of cooperation how would you describe your relationship with

the following market actors on average (1 not at all cooperative ndash 7 very much cooperative) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 In terms of dependency how would you describe your relationship with the following market actors on average (1 very much independent from each other ndash 7 very much dependent on each other) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

3 On average to what extent do you think you can trust the following market actors (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

4 In general to what extent do you feel comfortable talking to the following market actors Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

C) Sources (partly based on Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 On average how important are the following human sources for you

when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Professionals from investment institutes (eg asset management fonds

management insurance) Financial analysts Brokers Executives of companies (eg CEO CFO) Opinion leaders (eg bloggers financial experts) Public sector personnel (eg SEC political parties associations) Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) employees Colleagues from the same news organization Colleagues from other news organizations Investor relations professionals Public relations professionals Lawyers

2 On average how important are the following news media sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Bloomberg terminal Reuters terminal Other wire services (in general) Daily newspapers national Daily newspapers international Daily newspapers regional Financial newspapers Magazines and journals Financial television Financial online news Other online news media Blogs Social media (eg Twitter)

3 On average how important are the following corporate sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Press conferences (eg annual meetings) Conference calls Webcasts IR websites IR newsletters Corporate press releases Corporate reports (eg annual earnings report) Corporate social media (eg Twitter YouTube) Corporate media outlets (eg magazines)

4 On average how important are the following other sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Financial analyst reports SEC filings

Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) releases Governmental information (eg briefings press conferences) Economic data bases (eg CPI GDP Fed rate) Historical market data (eg of shares commodities etc) Other internet sources (not news media) External conferences (eg on recent trendstopics in the financial

sector) Scientificacademic journals

D) Frequency of Contact with Market Actors1 On average how many times are you in contact with the following market

actors (never less than once a week 2-3 times a week once a day multiple times per day) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

E) Perceived Influences1 On average to what extent do you think the following market actors want

to influence your work (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 To what extent do you try to influence the work of the following market actors on average (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

F) Daily Working Practices1 To what extent do the statements below apply to your daily working

experiences (randomized1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) I have to rely on the interpretations from intermediaries (eg financial

analysts) when writing an article My sources limit me in terms of what I am ABLE to write My sources limit me in terms of what I am ALLOWED to write My reporting is dependent on my readersrsquo expectations The final review by the editor has an influence on the tone of my

article

G) Perceived Own Influences on the Market1 Assuming you cover various financial topics please indicate for each

statement below to what extent you agree or disagree I think my financial news articles have an influence onhellip(1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) the overall stock market the industry that I have covered the share value of the company that I have covered the investment decisions of my readers

H) Perceived Influences on the Market1 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is

an influence of expected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

2 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is an influence of unexpected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

I) Trends (partly from Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 Below you find some statements regarding trends in financial journalism

and the financial market Please indicate for each statement to what extent you agree or disagree with these developments (randomized) (1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) Social media continue to play an important role for financial journalists

(eg Twitter) News media technology has increased risk of reporting unverified

news The financial market becomes more and more complex for financial

journalists to understand Reporting of immediate events has become more important to the

market than background analysis The speed of financial news reporting will increase further In financial news reporting speed has become a more decisive factor

than contents Financial news will increasingly become produced automatically My job as a financial journalist will soon be replaced by artificial

intelligence (AI) High-speed trading will become more important for financial

journalism in the future

Chapter 3

Lagging Behind Emotions in Newspaper Articles and Stock Market Prices in the Netherlands

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 7: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

Interview Guide for Investors

A) Interviewee Details

12 Name 13 Age14 Company 15 Position at current job 16 Years of experience at current job

B) Consumption of Financial News1 What role does financial news play for your daily work

a What kind of financial news do you consumeb Can you name news that you use on a daily basis (eg Financial

Times WSJ Bloomberg Reuters)c Through which channel do you consume financial news (eg online

Bloomberg terminal news wire services newspaper magazines Twitter blogs etc)

d How often do you usually read the financial news (eg on a daily basis checking several times a day only in the morning constantly etc)

e Are there opinion leaders on the financial market that you think ndash ldquothey have to be followedrdquo (eg blog ldquoThe Streetrdquo or the FT)

f To what extent ndash and why ndash do you think these outlets are influential for the market

2 What kind of information from financial news is most valuable for your trading decisions

a Can you think of specific characteristics that make a news item more important for your trading decisions than others

b Are commentaries in the financial news more valuable than regular news reports

c Do you follow the news when market indicators are released (eg CPI unemployment rate GDP FED decisions etc)

C) Influence on Trading Decisions1 In general how would you say does financial news influence your trading

decisionsa How would you describe your trading strategy Are you following the

news fundamentals or algorithmsb To what extent does the release of company information via financial

news play a role for your trading decisionsc Are there differences between information on small vs large

companiesd Is there a specific time when financial news is more influential than

normally (eg quarterly results Fed decisions high volatility crises etc)

2 And now NOT talking about yourself how do you think does financial news influence other investors

a What financial information do you think is most influential to influence the broader marketconsensus opinion

b Does their reactions play a role for your trading activities c Do you observe othersrsquo trading decisions based on the release of

financial news d And if so in what way do you observe them Can you describe this

process a little bit more in detail3 High frequency trading (HFT) and algorithmic trading (At) are recent

developments on the financial market and make up a large share of todayrsquos daily trading To what extent are you involved in this sort of trading

a Although it seems that everything is automized with HFT and AT according to your experience does financial news also play a role here

b To what extent is HFT and AT based on financial news4 Where do you see the future of trading

a Do you think HFT and AT will become more important

D) Relation with Financial MediaJournalists1 How would you describe your relation towards financial newsfinancial

journalistsa In general how do you interact with financial newsfinancial

journalists (daily occasionally via email phone face-to-face)2 How do you think about financial newsfinancial journalists

a Do you think they understand what you are trying to tell themb Do you trust financial journalists

3 Now I just wanted to remind you that this is all anonymous Being honest do you always tell the truth when you are talking with financial newsfinancial journalists

a Can you think of an exampleincident where you tried to influence the financial media to cover a story in a certain way (eg specific analysis assessment of stocksindustry)

E) Relation with Investor Relations Professionals1 How would you describe your relations with investor relations professionals

a Are you in daily regular contact with IR professionalsb How does the information exchange look likec Would you describe the relation as rather hostile or cooperative

2 Do you sometimes feel that IR is influencing your work If so in what waya Is the information that IR professionals provide you with useful for

your workb What kind of strategies do IR professionals use to convince you of

certain messagesevaluations of companiesc Are they successful with these strategies d How do you deal with them knowing that they have a certain agenda

APPENDIX 22

Survey Questions

A) Role Perceptions (adjusted from Skovsgaard et al 2013)1 Here is a list of things that the media do or try to do today How important

do you think each of the following things should be in financial journalistic work (randomized 1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Investigate claims and statements from the government [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis public officials [watchdog] Provide analysis and interpretation of complex problems [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis business [watchdog] Be a representative of the public and ask questions on its behalf

[watchdog] Discuss policy proposals while they are still being developed

[watchdog] Motivate ordinary people to engage in the public debate on important

societal issues [public forum] Give ordinary people a chance to express their views on public affairs

[public forum] Mirror the public opinion neutrally [passive mirror] Lead people towards solutions to societyrsquos problems [public

mobilizer]

B) Relationship Characteristics with Other Actors 1 In terms of cooperation how would you describe your relationship with

the following market actors on average (1 not at all cooperative ndash 7 very much cooperative) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 In terms of dependency how would you describe your relationship with the following market actors on average (1 very much independent from each other ndash 7 very much dependent on each other) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

3 On average to what extent do you think you can trust the following market actors (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

4 In general to what extent do you feel comfortable talking to the following market actors Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

C) Sources (partly based on Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 On average how important are the following human sources for you

when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Professionals from investment institutes (eg asset management fonds

management insurance) Financial analysts Brokers Executives of companies (eg CEO CFO) Opinion leaders (eg bloggers financial experts) Public sector personnel (eg SEC political parties associations) Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) employees Colleagues from the same news organization Colleagues from other news organizations Investor relations professionals Public relations professionals Lawyers

2 On average how important are the following news media sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Bloomberg terminal Reuters terminal Other wire services (in general) Daily newspapers national Daily newspapers international Daily newspapers regional Financial newspapers Magazines and journals Financial television Financial online news Other online news media Blogs Social media (eg Twitter)

3 On average how important are the following corporate sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Press conferences (eg annual meetings) Conference calls Webcasts IR websites IR newsletters Corporate press releases Corporate reports (eg annual earnings report) Corporate social media (eg Twitter YouTube) Corporate media outlets (eg magazines)

4 On average how important are the following other sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Financial analyst reports SEC filings

Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) releases Governmental information (eg briefings press conferences) Economic data bases (eg CPI GDP Fed rate) Historical market data (eg of shares commodities etc) Other internet sources (not news media) External conferences (eg on recent trendstopics in the financial

sector) Scientificacademic journals

D) Frequency of Contact with Market Actors1 On average how many times are you in contact with the following market

actors (never less than once a week 2-3 times a week once a day multiple times per day) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

E) Perceived Influences1 On average to what extent do you think the following market actors want

to influence your work (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 To what extent do you try to influence the work of the following market actors on average (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

F) Daily Working Practices1 To what extent do the statements below apply to your daily working

experiences (randomized1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) I have to rely on the interpretations from intermediaries (eg financial

analysts) when writing an article My sources limit me in terms of what I am ABLE to write My sources limit me in terms of what I am ALLOWED to write My reporting is dependent on my readersrsquo expectations The final review by the editor has an influence on the tone of my

article

G) Perceived Own Influences on the Market1 Assuming you cover various financial topics please indicate for each

statement below to what extent you agree or disagree I think my financial news articles have an influence onhellip(1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) the overall stock market the industry that I have covered the share value of the company that I have covered the investment decisions of my readers

H) Perceived Influences on the Market1 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is

an influence of expected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

2 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is an influence of unexpected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

I) Trends (partly from Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 Below you find some statements regarding trends in financial journalism

and the financial market Please indicate for each statement to what extent you agree or disagree with these developments (randomized) (1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) Social media continue to play an important role for financial journalists

(eg Twitter) News media technology has increased risk of reporting unverified

news The financial market becomes more and more complex for financial

journalists to understand Reporting of immediate events has become more important to the

market than background analysis The speed of financial news reporting will increase further In financial news reporting speed has become a more decisive factor

than contents Financial news will increasingly become produced automatically My job as a financial journalist will soon be replaced by artificial

intelligence (AI) High-speed trading will become more important for financial

journalism in the future

Chapter 3

Lagging Behind Emotions in Newspaper Articles and Stock Market Prices in the Netherlands

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 8: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

2 And now NOT talking about yourself how do you think does financial news influence other investors

a What financial information do you think is most influential to influence the broader marketconsensus opinion

b Does their reactions play a role for your trading activities c Do you observe othersrsquo trading decisions based on the release of

financial news d And if so in what way do you observe them Can you describe this

process a little bit more in detail3 High frequency trading (HFT) and algorithmic trading (At) are recent

developments on the financial market and make up a large share of todayrsquos daily trading To what extent are you involved in this sort of trading

a Although it seems that everything is automized with HFT and AT according to your experience does financial news also play a role here

b To what extent is HFT and AT based on financial news4 Where do you see the future of trading

a Do you think HFT and AT will become more important

D) Relation with Financial MediaJournalists1 How would you describe your relation towards financial newsfinancial

journalistsa In general how do you interact with financial newsfinancial

journalists (daily occasionally via email phone face-to-face)2 How do you think about financial newsfinancial journalists

a Do you think they understand what you are trying to tell themb Do you trust financial journalists

3 Now I just wanted to remind you that this is all anonymous Being honest do you always tell the truth when you are talking with financial newsfinancial journalists

a Can you think of an exampleincident where you tried to influence the financial media to cover a story in a certain way (eg specific analysis assessment of stocksindustry)

E) Relation with Investor Relations Professionals1 How would you describe your relations with investor relations professionals

a Are you in daily regular contact with IR professionalsb How does the information exchange look likec Would you describe the relation as rather hostile or cooperative

2 Do you sometimes feel that IR is influencing your work If so in what waya Is the information that IR professionals provide you with useful for

your workb What kind of strategies do IR professionals use to convince you of

certain messagesevaluations of companiesc Are they successful with these strategies d How do you deal with them knowing that they have a certain agenda

APPENDIX 22

Survey Questions

A) Role Perceptions (adjusted from Skovsgaard et al 2013)1 Here is a list of things that the media do or try to do today How important

do you think each of the following things should be in financial journalistic work (randomized 1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Investigate claims and statements from the government [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis public officials [watchdog] Provide analysis and interpretation of complex problems [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis business [watchdog] Be a representative of the public and ask questions on its behalf

[watchdog] Discuss policy proposals while they are still being developed

[watchdog] Motivate ordinary people to engage in the public debate on important

societal issues [public forum] Give ordinary people a chance to express their views on public affairs

[public forum] Mirror the public opinion neutrally [passive mirror] Lead people towards solutions to societyrsquos problems [public

mobilizer]

B) Relationship Characteristics with Other Actors 1 In terms of cooperation how would you describe your relationship with

the following market actors on average (1 not at all cooperative ndash 7 very much cooperative) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 In terms of dependency how would you describe your relationship with the following market actors on average (1 very much independent from each other ndash 7 very much dependent on each other) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

3 On average to what extent do you think you can trust the following market actors (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

4 In general to what extent do you feel comfortable talking to the following market actors Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

C) Sources (partly based on Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 On average how important are the following human sources for you

when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Professionals from investment institutes (eg asset management fonds

management insurance) Financial analysts Brokers Executives of companies (eg CEO CFO) Opinion leaders (eg bloggers financial experts) Public sector personnel (eg SEC political parties associations) Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) employees Colleagues from the same news organization Colleagues from other news organizations Investor relations professionals Public relations professionals Lawyers

2 On average how important are the following news media sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Bloomberg terminal Reuters terminal Other wire services (in general) Daily newspapers national Daily newspapers international Daily newspapers regional Financial newspapers Magazines and journals Financial television Financial online news Other online news media Blogs Social media (eg Twitter)

3 On average how important are the following corporate sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Press conferences (eg annual meetings) Conference calls Webcasts IR websites IR newsletters Corporate press releases Corporate reports (eg annual earnings report) Corporate social media (eg Twitter YouTube) Corporate media outlets (eg magazines)

4 On average how important are the following other sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Financial analyst reports SEC filings

Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) releases Governmental information (eg briefings press conferences) Economic data bases (eg CPI GDP Fed rate) Historical market data (eg of shares commodities etc) Other internet sources (not news media) External conferences (eg on recent trendstopics in the financial

sector) Scientificacademic journals

D) Frequency of Contact with Market Actors1 On average how many times are you in contact with the following market

actors (never less than once a week 2-3 times a week once a day multiple times per day) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

E) Perceived Influences1 On average to what extent do you think the following market actors want

to influence your work (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 To what extent do you try to influence the work of the following market actors on average (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

F) Daily Working Practices1 To what extent do the statements below apply to your daily working

experiences (randomized1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) I have to rely on the interpretations from intermediaries (eg financial

analysts) when writing an article My sources limit me in terms of what I am ABLE to write My sources limit me in terms of what I am ALLOWED to write My reporting is dependent on my readersrsquo expectations The final review by the editor has an influence on the tone of my

article

G) Perceived Own Influences on the Market1 Assuming you cover various financial topics please indicate for each

statement below to what extent you agree or disagree I think my financial news articles have an influence onhellip(1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) the overall stock market the industry that I have covered the share value of the company that I have covered the investment decisions of my readers

H) Perceived Influences on the Market1 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is

an influence of expected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

2 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is an influence of unexpected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

I) Trends (partly from Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 Below you find some statements regarding trends in financial journalism

and the financial market Please indicate for each statement to what extent you agree or disagree with these developments (randomized) (1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) Social media continue to play an important role for financial journalists

(eg Twitter) News media technology has increased risk of reporting unverified

news The financial market becomes more and more complex for financial

journalists to understand Reporting of immediate events has become more important to the

market than background analysis The speed of financial news reporting will increase further In financial news reporting speed has become a more decisive factor

than contents Financial news will increasingly become produced automatically My job as a financial journalist will soon be replaced by artificial

intelligence (AI) High-speed trading will become more important for financial

journalism in the future

Chapter 3

Lagging Behind Emotions in Newspaper Articles and Stock Market Prices in the Netherlands

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 9: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

APPENDIX 22

Survey Questions

A) Role Perceptions (adjusted from Skovsgaard et al 2013)1 Here is a list of things that the media do or try to do today How important

do you think each of the following things should be in financial journalistic work (randomized 1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Investigate claims and statements from the government [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis public officials [watchdog] Provide analysis and interpretation of complex problems [watchdog] Be the devilrsquos advocate vis-aacute-vis business [watchdog] Be a representative of the public and ask questions on its behalf

[watchdog] Discuss policy proposals while they are still being developed

[watchdog] Motivate ordinary people to engage in the public debate on important

societal issues [public forum] Give ordinary people a chance to express their views on public affairs

[public forum] Mirror the public opinion neutrally [passive mirror] Lead people towards solutions to societyrsquos problems [public

mobilizer]

B) Relationship Characteristics with Other Actors 1 In terms of cooperation how would you describe your relationship with

the following market actors on average (1 not at all cooperative ndash 7 very much cooperative) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 In terms of dependency how would you describe your relationship with the following market actors on average (1 very much independent from each other ndash 7 very much dependent on each other) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

3 On average to what extent do you think you can trust the following market actors (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

4 In general to what extent do you feel comfortable talking to the following market actors Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

C) Sources (partly based on Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 On average how important are the following human sources for you

when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Professionals from investment institutes (eg asset management fonds

management insurance) Financial analysts Brokers Executives of companies (eg CEO CFO) Opinion leaders (eg bloggers financial experts) Public sector personnel (eg SEC political parties associations) Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) employees Colleagues from the same news organization Colleagues from other news organizations Investor relations professionals Public relations professionals Lawyers

2 On average how important are the following news media sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Bloomberg terminal Reuters terminal Other wire services (in general) Daily newspapers national Daily newspapers international Daily newspapers regional Financial newspapers Magazines and journals Financial television Financial online news Other online news media Blogs Social media (eg Twitter)

3 On average how important are the following corporate sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Press conferences (eg annual meetings) Conference calls Webcasts IR websites IR newsletters Corporate press releases Corporate reports (eg annual earnings report) Corporate social media (eg Twitter YouTube) Corporate media outlets (eg magazines)

4 On average how important are the following other sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Financial analyst reports SEC filings

Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) releases Governmental information (eg briefings press conferences) Economic data bases (eg CPI GDP Fed rate) Historical market data (eg of shares commodities etc) Other internet sources (not news media) External conferences (eg on recent trendstopics in the financial

sector) Scientificacademic journals

D) Frequency of Contact with Market Actors1 On average how many times are you in contact with the following market

actors (never less than once a week 2-3 times a week once a day multiple times per day) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

E) Perceived Influences1 On average to what extent do you think the following market actors want

to influence your work (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 To what extent do you try to influence the work of the following market actors on average (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

F) Daily Working Practices1 To what extent do the statements below apply to your daily working

experiences (randomized1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) I have to rely on the interpretations from intermediaries (eg financial

analysts) when writing an article My sources limit me in terms of what I am ABLE to write My sources limit me in terms of what I am ALLOWED to write My reporting is dependent on my readersrsquo expectations The final review by the editor has an influence on the tone of my

article

G) Perceived Own Influences on the Market1 Assuming you cover various financial topics please indicate for each

statement below to what extent you agree or disagree I think my financial news articles have an influence onhellip(1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) the overall stock market the industry that I have covered the share value of the company that I have covered the investment decisions of my readers

H) Perceived Influences on the Market1 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is

an influence of expected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

2 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is an influence of unexpected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

I) Trends (partly from Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 Below you find some statements regarding trends in financial journalism

and the financial market Please indicate for each statement to what extent you agree or disagree with these developments (randomized) (1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) Social media continue to play an important role for financial journalists

(eg Twitter) News media technology has increased risk of reporting unverified

news The financial market becomes more and more complex for financial

journalists to understand Reporting of immediate events has become more important to the

market than background analysis The speed of financial news reporting will increase further In financial news reporting speed has become a more decisive factor

than contents Financial news will increasingly become produced automatically My job as a financial journalist will soon be replaced by artificial

intelligence (AI) High-speed trading will become more important for financial

journalism in the future

Chapter 3

Lagging Behind Emotions in Newspaper Articles and Stock Market Prices in the Netherlands

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 10: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

C) Sources (partly based on Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 On average how important are the following human sources for you

when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Professionals from investment institutes (eg asset management fonds

management insurance) Financial analysts Brokers Executives of companies (eg CEO CFO) Opinion leaders (eg bloggers financial experts) Public sector personnel (eg SEC political parties associations) Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) employees Colleagues from the same news organization Colleagues from other news organizations Investor relations professionals Public relations professionals Lawyers

2 On average how important are the following news media sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Bloomberg terminal Reuters terminal Other wire services (in general) Daily newspapers national Daily newspapers international Daily newspapers regional Financial newspapers Magazines and journals Financial television Financial online news Other online news media Blogs Social media (eg Twitter)

3 On average how important are the following corporate sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Press conferences (eg annual meetings) Conference calls Webcasts IR websites IR newsletters Corporate press releases Corporate reports (eg annual earnings report) Corporate social media (eg Twitter YouTube) Corporate media outlets (eg magazines)

4 On average how important are the following other sources for you when writing a financial news article (1 not at all important ndash 7 very much important) Financial analyst reports SEC filings

Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) releases Governmental information (eg briefings press conferences) Economic data bases (eg CPI GDP Fed rate) Historical market data (eg of shares commodities etc) Other internet sources (not news media) External conferences (eg on recent trendstopics in the financial

sector) Scientificacademic journals

D) Frequency of Contact with Market Actors1 On average how many times are you in contact with the following market

actors (never less than once a week 2-3 times a week once a day multiple times per day) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

E) Perceived Influences1 On average to what extent do you think the following market actors want

to influence your work (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 To what extent do you try to influence the work of the following market actors on average (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

F) Daily Working Practices1 To what extent do the statements below apply to your daily working

experiences (randomized1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) I have to rely on the interpretations from intermediaries (eg financial

analysts) when writing an article My sources limit me in terms of what I am ABLE to write My sources limit me in terms of what I am ALLOWED to write My reporting is dependent on my readersrsquo expectations The final review by the editor has an influence on the tone of my

article

G) Perceived Own Influences on the Market1 Assuming you cover various financial topics please indicate for each

statement below to what extent you agree or disagree I think my financial news articles have an influence onhellip(1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) the overall stock market the industry that I have covered the share value of the company that I have covered the investment decisions of my readers

H) Perceived Influences on the Market1 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is

an influence of expected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

2 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is an influence of unexpected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

I) Trends (partly from Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 Below you find some statements regarding trends in financial journalism

and the financial market Please indicate for each statement to what extent you agree or disagree with these developments (randomized) (1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) Social media continue to play an important role for financial journalists

(eg Twitter) News media technology has increased risk of reporting unverified

news The financial market becomes more and more complex for financial

journalists to understand Reporting of immediate events has become more important to the

market than background analysis The speed of financial news reporting will increase further In financial news reporting speed has become a more decisive factor

than contents Financial news will increasingly become produced automatically My job as a financial journalist will soon be replaced by artificial

intelligence (AI) High-speed trading will become more important for financial

journalism in the future

Chapter 3

Lagging Behind Emotions in Newspaper Articles and Stock Market Prices in the Netherlands

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 11: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

Federal Reserve Systems (Fed) releases Governmental information (eg briefings press conferences) Economic data bases (eg CPI GDP Fed rate) Historical market data (eg of shares commodities etc) Other internet sources (not news media) External conferences (eg on recent trendstopics in the financial

sector) Scientificacademic journals

D) Frequency of Contact with Market Actors1 On average how many times are you in contact with the following market

actors (never less than once a week 2-3 times a week once a day multiple times per day) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

E) Perceived Influences1 On average to what extent do you think the following market actors want

to influence your work (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

2 To what extent do you try to influence the work of the following market actors on average (1 not at all ndash 7 very much) Financial analysts Institutional investors Investor relations professionals

F) Daily Working Practices1 To what extent do the statements below apply to your daily working

experiences (randomized1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) I have to rely on the interpretations from intermediaries (eg financial

analysts) when writing an article My sources limit me in terms of what I am ABLE to write My sources limit me in terms of what I am ALLOWED to write My reporting is dependent on my readersrsquo expectations The final review by the editor has an influence on the tone of my

article

G) Perceived Own Influences on the Market1 Assuming you cover various financial topics please indicate for each

statement below to what extent you agree or disagree I think my financial news articles have an influence onhellip(1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) the overall stock market the industry that I have covered the share value of the company that I have covered the investment decisions of my readers

H) Perceived Influences on the Market1 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is

an influence of expected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

2 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is an influence of unexpected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

I) Trends (partly from Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 Below you find some statements regarding trends in financial journalism

and the financial market Please indicate for each statement to what extent you agree or disagree with these developments (randomized) (1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) Social media continue to play an important role for financial journalists

(eg Twitter) News media technology has increased risk of reporting unverified

news The financial market becomes more and more complex for financial

journalists to understand Reporting of immediate events has become more important to the

market than background analysis The speed of financial news reporting will increase further In financial news reporting speed has become a more decisive factor

than contents Financial news will increasingly become produced automatically My job as a financial journalist will soon be replaced by artificial

intelligence (AI) High-speed trading will become more important for financial

journalism in the future

Chapter 3

Lagging Behind Emotions in Newspaper Articles and Stock Market Prices in the Netherlands

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 12: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

H) Perceived Influences on the Market1 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is

an influence of expected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

2 Talking about different time spans On average how likely do you think is an influence of unexpected financial news on stock market movementhellip (1 not at all likelyndash 7 very much likely) within milliseconds within seconds within minutes within hours at the end of a trading day over one trading week over a couple of trading weeks

I) Trends (partly from Oberlechner amp Hocking 2004)1 Below you find some statements regarding trends in financial journalism

and the financial market Please indicate for each statement to what extent you agree or disagree with these developments (randomized) (1 strongly disagree ndash 7 strongly agree) Social media continue to play an important role for financial journalists

(eg Twitter) News media technology has increased risk of reporting unverified

news The financial market becomes more and more complex for financial

journalists to understand Reporting of immediate events has become more important to the

market than background analysis The speed of financial news reporting will increase further In financial news reporting speed has become a more decisive factor

than contents Financial news will increasingly become produced automatically My job as a financial journalist will soon be replaced by artificial

intelligence (AI) High-speed trading will become more important for financial

journalism in the future

Chapter 3

Lagging Behind Emotions in Newspaper Articles and Stock Market Prices in the Netherlands

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 13: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

Chapter 3

Lagging Behind Emotions in Newspaper Articles and Stock Market Prices in the Netherlands

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 14: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

APPENDIX 31

List of NegativePositive Emotional Words from the Dutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program

Positive Emotional Words

aannemelijk aanvaard aanvaardde aanvaardden aanvaarden aanvaardt acceptabel acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren akkoord beaam beaamd beaamde beaamden beaamt beamen geaccepteerd goedgekeurd goedgevonden goedkeuren goedvinden inderdaad ingewilligd ja jawel juist okay okEgrave orde overeengekomen overeengestemd overeenkomen overeenkomst overeenstemmen overeenstemming prima toegestemd toestemmen toestemming verleen verleend verleende verleenden verleent verlenen zeker aaien aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aangemoedigd aangenaam aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing aantrekkelijk aardig acceptatie accepteer accepteerde accepteerden accepteert accepteren actief alleraardigst allerliefst amicaal amusant amuseer amuseerde amuseerden amuseert amuseren attent avontuur avontuurlijk baat band bedaard bedachtzaam bedank bedanken bedankje bedankt bedankte bedankten bedreven begaafd begreep begrepen begrijp begrijpelijk begrijpen begrijpt begrip begripvol behaaglijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behagen behalen behulpzaam bekoren bekroning bekroond bekwaam belangstellend belangstelling belonen beloning beloon beloond beloonde beloonden beloont bemin bemind beminde beminden beminnen bemint bereidwillig beter beterschap betrouwbaar bevredig bevredigd bevredigde bevredigden bevredigen bevredigend bevrediging bevredigt bevrijd bevrijdde bevrijdden bevrijden bevrijdt bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid boeien boeiend bof boffen boft bofte boften braaf briljant charmant charme comfort concentratie concentreer concentreerde concentreerden concentreert concentreren confrontatie confronteer confronteerde confronteerden confronteert confronteren controle creatief dank dankbaar dapper deugd dierbaar doeltreffend doorsta doorstaan doorstaat doorstond doorstonden doortastend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch eer eergevoel eerlijk eerlijkheid eervol elegant energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast erkentelijk extase fantastisch feest feestelijk feestvreugde fijn fijngevoelig flink flirten foutloos fraai gaaf gave geaccepteerd geamuseerd geamuseerdheid geboeid geboft geborgen geborgenheid geconcentreerd geconfronteerd gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig geestig geestkracht geflirt gegiechel gegiecheld gegniffeld gehecht gehechtheid gehoopt geOcircnspireerd geOcircnteresseerd gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefd geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig gemak gemakkelijk gemoedsrust genegenheid genieten genoegen genot geriefelijk geromantiseerd gerust gerustgesteld geruststellen gesteund gestimuleerd gestreeld getroost getrotseerd getrouw gevat gewaagd gewaardeerd geweldig gewiekst gewijd gewild gewonnen gezegend gezellig gezelligheid gezoend giechel giechelde giechelden giechelen giechelt glansrijk glimlach glimlachen glimlacht glimlachte glimlachten gniffel gniffelde gniffelden gniffelen gniffelt goddelijk goed goedaardig goedgekeurd goedgezind goedheid goedkeuren goedkeuring grap grappig grijns groots gunst gunstig harmonie hartelijk hartelijkheid hartstocht hartstochtelijk heerlijk heilzaam held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hemel hemels hilarisch hoop

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 15: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen hulpvaardig humor ideaal idealisering idealisme idealistisch ijverig indrukwekkend innemend innig inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend intellect intellectueel intellectuelen intelligent intelligentie intens interessant interesse interesseer interesseerde interesseerden interesseert interesseren jolig juich juichen juicht juichte juichten kalm kalmte keurig knap koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert komisch kostelijk kracht krachtdadig krachtig kus kussen lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lekker leuk levendig lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen liefkozing lieftallig lieveling lol lolletje lollig losgelaten loslaten loyaal loyaliteit lust mild minnaar moed moedig mooi mooier netjes nobel nut nuttig okay okEgrave onbekommerd onberispelijk onbezorgd onderhoudend ondersteun ondersteund ondersteunde ondersteunden ondersteunen ondersteunt ongedwongen onschatbaar ontlast ontlasten ontlastte ontlastten ontspan ontspande ontspanden ontspannen ontspanning ontspant ontzagwekkend opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgemonterd opgeruimd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opgewekt opmonteren oppermachtig oprecht oprechtheid optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken opwindend overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overvloed overwinning paradijs passie perfect pienter pijnloos plezier plezierig populair populariteit positief prachtig pret pretje prettig prima profijt rechtschapen rijk roem romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren rust rustig schat schitterend schoonheid slimmerik snoezig spannend speciaal stellig sterk steun steunde steunden steunen steunt stimuleer stimuleerde stimuleerden stimuleert stimuleren stoutmoedig stralend streel streelde streelden streelt strelen succes super sympathie sympathiek talent talentvol teder teer teergevoelig tevreden tevredenheid toegejuicht toegekend toegenegen toegewijd toejuichen toekennen toekenning toeschietelijk toewijden toewijding triomf triomfantelijk triomferend troost troost troosten troostte troostten trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren trouw uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgelaten uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend vastberaden vastberadenheid vastbesloten veelbelovend veilig veiligheid verbeter verbeterd verbeterde verbeterden verbeteren verbetering verbetert verdienste verdraagzaam vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugend verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verleid verleidde verleidden verleiden verleidt verlichting vermaak vermaakt vermaakte vermaakten vermakelijk vermaken verras verrassen verrassing verrast verraste verrasten verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt verstand verstandelijk verstandig vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten verwelkom verwelkomd verwelkomde verwelkomden verwelkomen verwelkomt verzeker verzekerd verzekerde verzekerden verzekeren verzekert verzorg verzorgd verzorgde verzorgden verzorgen verzorgt vitaal vitaliteit voldoening volmaakt voorkomend voorspoedig voortreffelijk vooruitgaan vooruitgegaan voorzichtig vordering vrede vredelievend vredig vreedzaam vreugde vriendelijk vriendelijkheid vriendschappelijk vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vrolijk vrolijkheid vurig waardeer waardeerde waardeerden waardeert waarderen waardering waardevol waardig waardigheid waarheid warm warmte weelde wijden wijs wijsheid wilskracht wilskrachtig win winnaar winnen wint won wonderbaarlijk wonnen zachtaardig zachtmoedig zalig zege zegen zegenen zegening zekerheid zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd zoen zoende zoenden zoenen zoent aanbad aanbaden aanbeden aanbid aanbidden aanbidt aanhankelijk aanhankelijkheid band bemin bemind beminde

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 16: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

beminden beminnen bemint bewonder bewonderd bewonderde bewonderden bewonderen bewondert blij blijdschap blijheid dierbaar extase fijn gegiechel gehecht gehechtheid gejuicht gekoesterd gelachen geliefkoosd geluk gelukkig genegenheid genieten genot geromantiseerd gestreeld gewijd hartstocht hartstochtelijk innig intens juich juichen juicht juichte juichten koester koesterde koesterden koesteren koestert lach lachen lacht lachte lachten lachwekkend lief liefde liefdevol liefgehad liefhebben liefhebbend liefkozen lieveling minnaar opgemonterd opgetogenheid opgevrolijkt opmonteren opvrolijken passie romance romanticus romantiek romantisch romantiseer romantiseerde romantiseerden romantiseert romantiseren schat streel streelde streelden streelt strelen teder tevreden tevredenheid toegenegen toegewijd toewijden toewijding vereer vereerd vereerde vereerden vereert vereren vergaf vergaven vergeef vergeeft vergeven vergiffenis verheug verheugd verheugde verheugden verheugen verheugt verknocht verknochtheid verrukkelijk verrukking verrukt vreugde vrolijk vrolijkheid wijden aangemoedigd aanmoedigen aanmoediging aansporing actief avontuur avontuurlijk behaal behaald behaalde behaalden behaalt behalen dapper doeltreffend durf durfde durfden durft durven dynamiek dynamisch energie energiek enthousiasme enthousiast fantastisch flink gedurfd geestdrift geestdriftig gehoopt geOcircnspireerd getrotseerd gewaagd geweldig glansrijk held heldhaftig heldhaftigheid heldin hilarisch hoop hoopgevend hoopt hoopte hoopten hoopvol hopelijk hopen inspiratie inspireer inspireerde inspireerden inspireert inspireren inspirerend kracht krachtdadig krachtig levendig moed moedig onbekommerd opbeuren opfleuren opgebeurd opgefleurd opgevrolijkt opgewekt oppermachtig optimisme optimist optimistisch opvrolijken overtref overtreffen overtreft overtrof overtroffen overwinning passie roem sterk stralend super toegejuicht toejuichen triomf triomfantelijk triomferend trots trotseer trotseerde trotseerden trotseert trotseren uitblinken uitdaging uitgeblonken uitgemunt uitmunten uitmuntend uitstekend veelbelovend verlichting vertrouw vertrouwd vertrouwde vertrouwden vertrouwen vertrouwt verwacht verwachten verwachting verwachtte verwachtten vitaal vitaliteit vrij vrijheid vrijmoedig vurig wilskracht wilskrachtig zege zelfvertrouwen zelfverzekerd boven bovenop bovenste hoger hoog hoogste hoogte op top verhogen west westelijk westelijke westen westwaarts

Negative Emotional Words

buiten desondanks geen herriep herriepen herroep herroepen herroept nee neen nergens niet niets niettemin nimmer noch nooit ontken ontkend ontkende ontkenden ontkennen ontkenning ontkent verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verworpen weerlegd weerleggen weerspreken weersproken zonder aangerand aangericht aanranden aanranding aanrichten aanval aanvallend abnormaal achterdochtig afgang afgekeurd afgekraakt afgemat afgeschrikt afgestompt afgestraft afgewezen afgezonderd afgrijselijk afgunst afgunstig afkeer afkeuren afkeuring afkraken afmatten afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk afstraffen afstraffing aftakeling afwijzen afwijzing afzonderen afzondering ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief alleen angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig antipathie argwanend arrogant arrogantie aversie baatzucht baatzuchtig bah bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt bedenkelijk bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedremmeld bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 17: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

bedroefd bedroevend bedrog bedrogen bedroog bedrukt bedruktheid bedwang bedwing bedwingen bedwingt bedwong bedwongen beef beefde beefden beeft begaf begaven begeef begeeft begeven beklaag beklaagd beklaagde beklaagden beklaagt beklag beklagen beklemmend bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk belast belasten belastte belastten beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt belemmer belemmerd belemmerde belemmerden belemmeren belemmerend belemmering belemmert benauwd benauwen benauwt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten beroerd beroof beroofd beroofde beroofden berooft berouw berouwen berouwvol beroven berust berusten berusting berustte berustten beschaamd bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften beteugeld beteugelen betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bevecht bevechten beven bevocht bevochten bezeten bezorgd bezorgdheid bezwaar bezwarend bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt bitter bittere bizar boet boeten boette boetten boos boosheid bot bullshit catastrofe cynisch defensief depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren destructief dodelijk doden doemdenken dom domineer domineerde domineerden domineert domineren domkop donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan doodsstrijd dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop droefheid droevig druk dubieus duivel duivels dupe dwaas dwang dwarsbomen dwing dwingen dwingt dwong dwongen eenzaam eenzaamheid egoOcircsme egoOcircst egoOcircstisch eigenaardig eigengereid eigenzinnig ellende ellendig emotioneel erbarmelijk erg erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert ernst ernstig ernstigheid faal faalde faalden faalt falen fanaat fel fiasco flop foltering forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren fout fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden freak frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebeefd gebelgd geboet gebrek gebrekkig gedeprimeerd gedomineerd gedood gedreigd gedwarsboomd gedwongen geIcircmotioneerd geIcircrgerd gefaald geforceerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gegeneerd gegild gehaat gehinderd gehuild geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejend gejengeld gek gekanker gekrenkt gekweld gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gelogen gelul gemeden gemeen gemist gemolesteerd gIacutenant gIacutene geneer geneerde geneerden geneert genegeerd generen geobsedeerd geouwehoer gepest gepiekerd geplaagd geprikkeld geprotesteerd geradbraakt geremdheid geroddel geroddeld gerouwd geruOcircneerd geschaad geschaamd geschil gescholden geschonden geschreeuwd geschrokken gespannen gestoord gestraft gestresst geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getikt getobd getreiterd getreurd gevaar gevaarlijk gevecht gevit gevochten gevreesd gewalgd gewanhoopt gewantrouwd geweigerd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd gezondigd gil gilde gilden gillen gilt goddomme godverdomme godverdorie griezel griezelig gril grimmig grof gruwel gruwelijk haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig harteloos hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig hectisch heftig hel helaas hels hetze hevig hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hulpeloos humeurig hypernerveus idioot ijdel ijdelheid inadequaat incapabel ineffectief inefficiIcircnt inferieur inspanning interruptie intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irrationeel irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend isolement isoleren jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jen jende jenden jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt jennen jent kankeren kinderachtig kleingeestig kleinzielig klere kletstante klojo klootzak klote knoeiboel koppig

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 18: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

krankzinnig krankzinnigheid kreng krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk kwel kwelde kwelden kwellen kwelt kwets kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten kwijtgeraakt kwijtraken last lastig leden leed leeg leegheid lelijk lesbo leugen leugenaar leugens lieg liegen liegt lijd lijden lijdt list listig logen lomp loog losgerukt losrukken lul lullig machteloos manie mat matig medelijden meden meed meedogenloos mensonwaardig mijd mijden mijdt minderwaardig mis misbruik misbruiken misbruikt misdadig miserabel misEumlre misgelopen misgund misgunnen mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt mislopen misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten misselijk missen misser mist miste misten moedeloos moeilijk moeilijke moeilijkheid molesteren nadeel nadelig narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nerveus netelige nijd nijdig nonchalant nood noodlottig nutteloos obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie offensief onaangenaam onaantrekkelijk onachtzaam onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbeholpen onbeleefd onbeschaafd onbeschermd onbeschoft onbestendig onbetrouwbaar onbevredigend onderbrak onderbraken onderbreek onderbreekt onderbreken onderbreking onderbroken onderdruk onderdrukken onderdrukking onderdrukt onderdrukte onderdrukten ondergang ondoelmatig ondraaglijk oneens onenigheid ongeduld ongeduldig ongeduldigheid ongedurig ongelukkig ongelukkige ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid ongunstig onheil onheilspellend onkunde onkundig onnozel onplezierig onrecht onrechtmatig onrechtvaardig onredelijk onrust onrustig onruststoker ontbering ontevreden ontliep ontliepen ontloop ontloopt ontlopen ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen ontraad ontraadde ontraadden ontraadt ontraden ontrouw ontsteld ontsteltenis ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt ontzetting onuitstaanbaar onveilig onveiligheid onvermogen onverschillig onverschilligheid onverzettelijk onvoldoende onvolkomen onvoordelig onwetend onwetendheid onwillig onzeker onzekerheid onzinnig opbreken opbrengen opdonderen opgebracht opgebroken opgedonderd opgegeven opgejaagd opgejaagd opgeven opjagen oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overdreven overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overtreder overtreding overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pathetisch pech pervers pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch pest pesten pestte pestten pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert pijn pijnlijk pijnlijke pissig plaag plaagde plaagden plaaggeest plaagt plagen plagerij pressie prikkelbaar profiteur protest protesteer protesteerde protesteerden protesteert protesteren puinhoop raar radeloos ramp rampzalig razend razernij rebel rebels redeloos rem remmend remming rigide roddel roddelde roddelden roddelen roddelt rotzooi rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt ruig ruOcircneren rusteloos ruw ruzie saai sarcasme sarcastisch schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schaam schaamde schaamden schaamt schaamte schaamteloos schade schadelijk schaden schamen schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schend schenden schendt schichtig schijt schoft schok schold scholden schond schonden schoorvoetend schreeuw schreeuwde schreeuwden schreeuwen schreeuwend schreeuwt schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuld schuldgevoel schuldig schuw shit shock slachtoffer slag slap slecht slechter sloerie slordig smaad smakeloos smeerboel smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter somber

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 19: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

somberheid spanning spijt spot spuugzat star starheid stom stommerik stoor stoorde stoorden stoort storen straf straffen straft strafte straften streng strengheid stress strijd stuitend suf sullig teef tegenspoed tegenstand tegenstander tegenvaller tegenwerking tegenzin teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert tekortgeschoten tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen tenietdoen tenietgedaan terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tevergeefs tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt toegetakeld toetakelen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt trut uitgeput uitgescholden uitgevochten uitputten uitputtend uitputting uitschelden uitvechten uitzichtloos vaag vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbeten verbied verbieden verbiedt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verbijten verbitterd verboden verbood verbrak verbraken verbreek verbreekt verbreken verbroken verdacht verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verderf verderfelijk verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie verdraag verdraagt verdragen verdragen verdriet verdrietig verdring verdringen verdringing verdringt verdroeg verdroegen verdrong verdrongen vererger verergerd verergerde verergerden verergeren verergering verergert vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verhinder verhinderd verhinderde verhinderden verhinderen verhindert verijdeld verijdelen verkeerd verknoei verknoeid verknoeide verknoeiden verknoeien verknoeit verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlaat verlagen verlang verlangd verlangde verlangden verlangen verlangend verlangt verlaten verlegen verlegenheid verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren vermeden vermeed vermijd vermijdbaar vermijden vermijding vermijdt verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verontrust verontrusten verontrustend veroordeel veroordeeld veroordeelde veroordeelden veroordeelt veroordelen verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verslagenheid verslechtering verspeeld verspelen verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven verstikkend versuft vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verveel verveeld verveelde verveelden verveelt vervelen vervelend verveling vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verwaarloos verwaarloosd verwaarloosde verwaarloosden verwaarloost verwaarlozen verwaarlozing verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart verweer verwerp verwerpen verwerpt verwierp verwierpen verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten verworpen vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vooringenomen vooroordeel vreemd vreemdsoortig vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen waardeloos walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig wanordelijk wantrouw wantrouwde wantrouwden wantrouwen wantrouwig wantrouwt warboel wazig weerloos weerzin weerzinwekkend weiger weigerde weigerden weigeren weigering weigert woede woedend woest worsteling wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wroeging wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt zonde zonden zondig zondigde zondigden zondigen zondigt zwak

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 20: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

afgeschrikt afgrijselijk afschrikken afschuw afschuwelijk angst angstaanval angstaanvallen angsten angstig argwanend aversie bang beangstig beangstigd beangstigde beangstigden beangstigen beangstigt beef beefde beefden beeft beklemmend benauwd benauwen benauwt beven bezeten bezorgdheid forceer forceerde forceerden forceert forceren gebeefd geforceerd gegeneerd geneer geneerde geneerden geneert generen geobsedeerd gepiekerd geschrokken geterroriseerd getobd gevaar gevaarlijk gevreesd gewanhoopt griezel griezelig gruwel gruwelijk huiverig huivering huiveringwekkend hypernerveus kwetsbaar kwetsbaarheid misselijk nerveus nood obsedeer obsedeerde obsedeerden obsedeert obsederen obsessie onbehaaglijk onbehaaglijkheid onbestendig ongemak ongemakkelijk ongerust ongerustheid onrust onrustig ontbering ontweek ontweken ontwijk ontwijken ontwijkt onveilig onveiligheid onzeker onzekerheid opgejaagd opjagen overstelp overstelpen overstelpend overstelpt overstelpte overstelpten overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt paniek paniekerig paniekzaaier paranoia paranoOcircde pieker piekerde piekerden piekeren piekert radeloos ramp rampzalig rusteloos schichtig schoorvoetend schrik schrikbarend schrikbeeld schrikken schrikt schrikwekkend schrok schrokken schuw shock spanning stress terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist teruggeschrokken terugschrikken tob tobben tobberig tobde tobden tobt verbijster verbijsterd verbijsterd verbijsterde verbijsterden verbijsteren verbijsterend verbijstering verbijstert verlegen verlegenheid verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verontrust verontrusten verontrustend verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verschrikkelijk verschrikking verstijf verstijfd verstijfde verstijfden verstijft verstijven vertwijfeld vertwijfeling verwar verward verwarde verwarden verwardheid verwarren verwarrend verwarring verwart vrees vrees vreesde vreesden vreest vreselijk vrezen wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig weerloos zenuwachtig zenuwinzinking aangerand aanranden aanranding aanval aanvallend afgekraakt afgestraft afgunst afgunstig afkraken afstraffen afstraffing ageer ageerde ageerden ageert ageren agressie agressief antipathie bederft bederven bedorven bedreig bedreigd bedreigde bedreigden bedreigen bedreigend bedreigt bedrieg bedriegen bedrieger bedrieglijk bedriegt bedrog bedrogen bedroog bekritiseer bekritiseerde bekritiseerden bekritiseert bekritiseren belachelijk beledig beledigd beledigde beledigden beledigen beledigend belediging beledigt berisp berispen berispt berispte berispten bespottelijk bestraf bestraffen bestraffing bestraft bestrafte bestraften bevecht bevechten bevocht bevochten bitter bittere boos boosheid bullshit cynisch defensief destructief donderop doodgeslagen doodslaan dreig dreigde dreigden dreigen dreigend dreigt driftig driftkop dupe dwarsbomen erger ergerde ergerden ergeren ergerlijk ergernis ergert fel fraude frauderen fraudeer fraudeert fraudeerde fraudeerden frustratie frustreer frustreerde frustreerden frustreert frustreren furieus geageerd gebelgd gedreigd gedwarsboomd geIcircrgerd gefraudeerd gefrustreerd gehaat gehinderd geOcircntimideerd geOcircrriteerd gejend gekanker gelul gemeen gemolesteerd genegeerd geouwehoer gepest geprikkeld geschil gescholden gestraft geteisterd getergd geterroriseerd getierd getreiterd gevecht gevit gevochten gewalgd gewelddadig gewroken gezanik gezanikt gezeur gezeurd goddomme godverdomme godverdorie grof haat haatdragend haatte haatten halsstarrig hardnekkig hatelijk haten hebzucht hebzuchtig heftig hels hetze hinder hinderde hinderden hinderen hinderlijk hindert humeurig idioot intimidatie intimideer intimideerde intimideerden intimideert intimideren irritant irritatie irriteer irriteerde irriteerden irriteert irriteren irriterend jaloers jaloersheid jaloezie jen jende jenden

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 21: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

jennen jent kankeren klere klojo klootzak klote koppig kreng kritiek kritisch kritische kut kwaad kwaadaardig kwalijk last lastig lesbo leugenaar list listig lomp lul lullig mishandel mishandeld mishandelde mishandelden mishandelen mishandelt molesteren negeer negeerde negeerden negeert negeren nijd nijdig offensief onbeschoft onenigheid onruststoker onuitstaanbaar onverzettelijk onzinnig opdonderen opgedonderd oproer opschudding opstand opstandig overheers overheersen overheerst overheerste overheersten pest pesten pestte pestten pissig plaaggeest razend razernij rebel rebels ruig ruw ruzie sarcasme sarcastisch schandalig schande schandelijk scheld schelden scheldt schijt schoft schold scholden shit slag sloerie smaad smeerlap snertding snob sodemieter spot spuugzat stom stommerik straf straffen straft strafte straften strijd teef tegenstand tegenstander teister teisterde teisterden teisteren teistert terg tergde tergden tergen tergt terreur terroriseren terrorisme terrorist tier tierde tierden tieren tierend tiert tik toegetakeld toetakelen treiter treiteraar treiterde treiterden treiteren treitert trut uitgescholden uitgevochten uitschelden uitvechten vals vecht vechten venijnig veracht verachten verachtte verachtten verbitterd verdedig verdedigd verdedigde verdedigden verdedigen verdedigend verdediging verdedigt verdoemd verdoemen verdomme verdorie vergal vergald vergalde vergalden vergallen vergalt vergiftigd vergiftigen vergrijp verijdeld verijdelen verkracht verkrachten verkrachting verneder vernederd vernederde vernederden vernederen vernederend vernedering vernedert verniel vernield vernielde vernielden vernielen vernieler vernieling vernielt vernielzuchtig vernietig vernietigd vernietigde vernietigden vernietigen vernietigend vernietigt verschrikkelijk verstikkend vervelend vervloek vervloeken vervloekt vervloekte vervloekten verweer verwoest verwoesten verwoestend verwoestte verwoestten vijand vijandelijk vijandig vijandigheid vijandschap vit vitte vitten vocht vochten vreselijk walg walgde walgden walgelijk walgen walging walgt woede woedend woest wraak wraakzucht wraakzuchtig wreed wreedheid wreek wreekt wreekte wreekten wreken wrevel wrevelig wrok zanik zaniken zanikt zanikte zanikten zeur zeurde zeurden zeuren zeurt afgang afgestompt afgezonderd afzonderen afzondering alleen bedremmeld bedroefd bedroevend bedrukt bedruktheid beroerd berust berusten berusting berustte berustten betreur betreurd betreurde betreurden betreuren betreurenswaardig betreurt bezweek bezweken bezwijk bezwijken bezwijkt boet boeten boette boetten depressie depressief deprimeer deprimeerde deprimeerden deprimeert deprimeren doodsstrijd droefheid droevig eenzaam eenzaamheid ellende ellendig erbarmelijk faal faalde faalden faalt falen fiasco foltering geboet gedeprimeerd gefaald gehuild geOcircsoleerd gejammerd gejankt gejengeld gekrenkt gekwetst gelaten gelatenheid geleden gemist gerouwd geschaad getreurd gewanhoopt hopeloos huil huilbui huilde huilden huilen huilend huilerig huilt hulpeloos isolement isoleren jammer jammeren jank janken jankt jankte jankten jengel jengelde jengelden jengelen jengelt krenk krenken krenkend krenking krenkt krenkte krenkten kwets kwetsen kwetst kwetste kwetsten leden leed leeg leegheid lijd lijden lijdt machteloos mat medelijden mis miserabel misEumlre misluk mislukken mislukking mislukt mislukte mislukten missen mist miste misten moedeloos narigheid nederlaag neerslachtig neerslachtigheid nutteloos ondergang ondraaglijk ongelukkig ongelukkige ontmoedig ontmoedigd ontmoedigde ontmoedigden ontmoedigen ontmoedigend ontmoediging ontmoedigt ontnam ontnamen ontneem ontneemt ontnemen ontnomen opgegeven opgeven overstuur overweldig overweldigd overweldigde overweldigden overweldigen overweldigend overweldigt pathetisch pessimisme pessimist pessimistisch ramp rampzalig rouw rouwde rouwden rouwen rouwt schaad schaadde schaadden schaadt schade schadelijk schaden somber somberheid tegenspoed tekortgeschoten

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 22: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

tekortschieten teleurgesteld teleurstellen teleurstelling teneergeslagen traan tragedie tragiek tragisch tranen treur treurde treurden treuren treurend treurende treurig treurt uitzichtloos verdriet verdrietig verlaat verlaten verlies verliest verliet verlieten verliezen verliezer verliezers verloor verloren verpletterd verpletteren verpletterend verslagenheid verspeeld verspelen waardeloos wanhoop wanhoopt wanhoopte wanhoopten wanhopen wanhopig worsteling beneden dieper laag laagst laagste lager onder onderste verlaag verlaagd verlaagde verlaagden verlaagt verlagen

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 23: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

Chapter 4

Intraday News Trading The Reciprocal Relationships Between the Stock Market and Economic News

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 24: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

APPENDIX 41

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1 Please read the tweet carefully before starting with the coding2 To code the tweet please use the following Qualtrics online survey

httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_3wLeQYIekH3PlfT3 Code the tweet according to the ALL questions asked in the online survey 4 The tweet will be shown on your screen constantly while working with Qualtrics 5 BE AWARE Follow the order of the tweets in the excel files given to you to make

sure that you capture the novelty character of the news items (code item C3) 6 In order to code the items for ldquoRelevance of Newsrdquo (C1-C2) and ldquoInformation Depthrdquo

(H1-H2) you have to look up the tweet on the Internet Do that by simply copy and paste the tweet to googlecom If the tweet is not retrievable anymore indicate ldquoTweet online not available anymorerdquo for the items C1-C2 and H1

7 Do NOT look up Retweets (RT) on the Internet because they are difficult to trace back on the Internet and usually not provided by Twitter anymore

8 Check when you code C1-C2 and H1-H2 that it is the CORRECT tweet ndash namely from the Twitter account as stated in the Excel file

9 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

10 If there were any problems during the coding process or if you would like to change any answer you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

11 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 12 Start with the coding of a new tweet

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 25: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is the coder

1 Coder A2 Coder B

A2 What is the ID code of the tweet

________________________

A3 Please copy the tweet in the field below

A4 What is the Twitter account of this tweet Choose one from the drop down list

1 Reuters2 ReutersBiz3 thomsonreuters4 ReutersInsider5 ReutersWorld6 ReutersAgency7 reutersdeals8 business9 BW10 markets11 BloombergDeals12 BloombergEM13 BBGTradebook

A5 On what weekday was the tweet posted

_________________(day drop down list)

A5a Whatrsquos the date (day in September 2015) when the tweet was posted

_________________(eg 2)

A5b Whatrsquos the time when the tweet was posted

_________________(hoursminutesseconds)

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 26: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

A6 What kind of tweet is it

1 Tweet (common tweet)2 RT (retweet)3 MT (modified tweet)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the tweet Please indicate the most prominent topic If not sure identify the prominent subjectobject of the tweetIf there is a personpersonality mentioned that can be clearly related to one of the topics (eg economicfinance expert politician) the tweet will be coded with the topic economics or politics respectively

1 EconomyExplanation To be coded as ldquoEconomyrdquo the tweet should deal with anything that links to the economy stock market business financial world money or corporate organizations Economy does also include tweets that deal with particular industrieseconomies (eg electronics technology health) or people from the economic sectorExample ldquoThe EPA will add more spot-checks to cars already on the road following the Volkswagen diesel scandal httptcokB2NfUu8spldquo

2 PoliticsExplanation To be coded as ldquoPoliticsrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with political content (eg news about an election passing a new law statement by a politician a politician meeting among presidents agreement between two countries) Example ldquoRT CassLGarrison President Santos takes the stage httptcoT8yh3FXAUg ReutersLive httptco2WtDV1dsbEldquo

3 SportsExplanation To be coded as ldquoSportsrdquo the tweet should deal with mainly sport news (eg competitions races Olympics etc)Example ldquoHow the HIGH_TIMES_Mag Bonghitters smoked the competition in the NY Media Softball League httptco1Z596xr1Okldquo

4 Human InterestExplanation To be coded as ldquoHuman Interestrdquo the tweet should deal mainly with human-interest topics Human Interest topics include cultural topics celebrities life crime individual persons (not explicitly related to economics or finance) weather the pope religion etcExample ldquoRT ReutersUK Queen Elizabeth II - a record reign From crown jewels to crowd celebrations httptcope2dfiGV62ldquo

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 27: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

4 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the tweet does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the tweet can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before

B2 What is the most prevailing focus of the news Is the tweet primarily dealing with a stockfirm an industry the market as a whole or anything else Please indicate which stockfirm (eg Apple) industry (eg technology) national market (eg US) or international market topic (eg interest rate) is dealt with in the tweet in the box below the applicable answer category The focus can be identified by the main subject or object of the tweet (often mentioned first in the tweet)

Explanation The focus is coded based on whether the tweet is explicitly dealing with a stockfirm a specific industry or the national or international market as a whole Hence when the tweet deals with Apple ldquo1 StockFirmrdquo will be codedExample ldquoVolkswagens pain is beginning to spread throughout Europersquos credit markets httptcoFexUDUcC8K httptco05i9KAQerNldquo Coded as ldquoListed firmstockVolkswagenrdquo

1 Listed firmstock________________

2 Non-listed firmstock_________________

3 Industry________________

4 National market (please indicate the country)________________

5 International market________________

6 Other________________

Routing if B2 ldquoNational Marketrdquo then B2a

B2a What is the topic of the tweet that is dealing with a national market Please indicate in short in the field below

Explanation Here the market topic should be coded that refers to a specific country (eg unemployment rate CPI GDP)Example ldquoPuerto Ricos $72 B debt burden overshadows a government workers pension fund thats set to go broke in 5 years httptcomBCWiRDs0cldquo Coded as ldquoPuerto Ricorsquos debt burdenrdquo

_________

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 28: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

RELEVANCE OF THE NEWS

C1 Has the tweet been retweeted (RT) If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 37ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of RT)2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C2 Has the tweet been liked () If yes how many times

Explanation To get this information the tweet has to be looked up online via googlecom or on twittercom directly Example bdquoBehind the scenes with the designers who create icons and emoticons for screens of all sizes httptco75qibTG5Ie httptco6vq5dEbvCwldquo Coded as bdquoYes 36ldquo

1 Yes ______ (number of )2 No3 Tweet not available anymore

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 29: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

C3 Is the tweet conveying novel information Please indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo for initial news If you read the first time an update on the initial news code Update and insert ldquo1rdquo in the text field ldquo2rdquo when you have read a third time about the initial news and so on Please take notes of topics that you code as ldquoUpdaterdquo on the side and take a tally list each time you read about the same topic in a following tweetAn update is also when a tweet was posted a second time by another account

Explanation Is the tweet dealing with something that you have not read before in another tweet which you have coded for that particular day Indicate ldquonovel informationrdquo when it is a novel news item ldquoUpdaterdquo and ldquo1rdquo when you have already read about it in another tweet that occurred that day Increase the number by 1 each time when you read an additional update on the initial news item An update does not have to be explicitly the same piece of information as read before but deals with the same topic (eg manipulation scandal at Volkswagen)Example The first tweet to be coded reads ldquoRT DavidInglesTV Volkswagen admits to systematically cheating on emissions testing in US for yearsldquo (sent 21092015 063535) The second tweet to be coded is ldquoRT business Volkswagen shares tumble after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B ldquo (sent 21092015 064036) Given that there was no information on the Volkswagen scandal before the first tweet occurred the first tweet would be coded as bdquoNovel informationrdquo Since the second tweet is also dealing with the Volkswagen manipulations it would be coded as an ldquoUpdate1rdquo

1 Novel information2 Update

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 30: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

EMOTIONS

E1 What emotions are explicitly expressed in the tweet Please write down the wordsexpression from which you can explicitly recognize the emotion (fear vs hope) in the box behind the emotion

Explanation Hope refers mainly to positive prospects (eg expected gains for a stockfirm) fear refers mainly to negative prospects (eg expected losses in an industry) Hence positive (negative) sentiment does NOT infer hope (fear) But emotions can be assessed regardless of the objecttopic of the tweet (politics economy sports)The tweet does not have to be written in the future tense (will is going to) but can also be written in simple present (can also mean future) Both emotions can be present within one tweet

Hope

a) Hope can be assessed based on the positive prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook optimistic enthusiastic or promising (eg words as ldquoincreasing growing moving forward bullishrdquo) This includes rising pricesmarket rising election polls winning perspectives positive change in a policymarketregulation a buy-in (merger amp acquisition) introduction of new product employment of more people extension of businesses or similar positive news with expected positive impact in the future (does not have to be explicit)Hope can also be triggered by strong ldquobuyrdquo recommendations or ldquobuyrdquo indications

ExamplesOil speculators at most bullish in 2 months as OPEC calls for $80 crude httptco7Zi73T17bK httptcovAFajrpAtw

For the week the Dow up 2 percent the Sampamp

RT bpolitics Trump and Carson are up Jeb Bush is down and the others are holding on says J Ann Selzer httptcoGuESkmVtvV httppermilUcirc_ (both hope and fear)

RT BloombergTV Beasts of No Nation gives Netflix chance to win an Oscar httptcoBmdYEfj8ec httptco3jG0M7IdiE

SEC can pursue insider trading case against brokers judge httptcoda7kDhq337 (hope because pursuing insider trading is positive news for the future)

KKR Apollo Global seek to buy GEs inventory finance arm httptcoJ8VxJagaUh

RT benscent ICYMI Fosun said in advanced talks to acquire RSAs $200 million Middle Eastern arm httptco7uCOtQLicK $RSA

Oil prices edge up as US drilling declines httptcoHD5y1wXAXm httptcobxGAN4eoZ5 (both fear and hope)

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 31: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

HSBC set to add 4000 jobs in next 4 years in Chinas Pearl River Delta region httptcouYPE9dBTJ1

Taiwans Hon Hai offers to buy Sharps LCD business wants Apple funds Nikkei httptcoyeyhPcsXIM httptco6KoWWIBtr5

b) Positive news that is happening right now and has an explicit positive impact on something (eg the price taking action support) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

Examples The Saudis are winning (explicit because points to the future) the war on shale though theyre paying a heavy price for it httptcokNe3L93n9f httptcocwhugvdqKk

Mitch McConnell embraces the fight to defund (explicit because points to a future act) Planned Parenthood but doesnt support shutting down the government httptcotdNqEOtzjN (both hopefear)

Chinese firms show resilience (explicit because it indicates that the firms are resilience in the future) in third quarter private survey httptcoloQCAmtR4p

A Dutch architecture firm is using shipping containers help people (explicit because action has its effect in the future) in shantytowns httptcopCDPUyj7lK httptcoKzcbVqDbMD

Ex-Barclays CEO Bob Diamond seeks redemption (explicit because he is doing it right now with the hope of a positive outcome) in African banking httptcorPld4hfQ0s httptcoBlJnuwF0hs

RT Jeffrey_Black The global economy caused Janet Yellen to pause for thought It could spur Mario Draghi to act (explicit with positive expectation how Mario will act in the future) httptcohrK0RVmD0caumloacute_

RT mcdonaldsarahj When investors hate US stocks this much its normally a good time to buy httptco4GgoOOffxR via luwangnyc httpaumloacute_(refers to presence ldquothis muchrdquo and implications for the future buy recommendation)

RT lucy_meakin Being bullish on the US bond market just got a lot easier (see above) httptcos2UPX2GCWe via mccormickliz TheRealDFK httpaumloacute_

Analyzing the odds of a Fed rate increase (see above) httptcomwH7sq7gHD httptcoMWz3gqKvbj

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 32: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

c) NO (positive) status quo descriptions

ExamplesThe fascinating history behind the Cascamorras festival in southern Spain httptcojGrcSEA58r httptcoiJneVvQYYC

Fear

a) Fear can be assessed based on the negative prospective that is given for the market a stockfirm or the industry Is the outlook pessimistic bad or depressing (eg words as ldquodecreasing slowing down getting worse bearishrdquo)Fear is also present in expressions of warnings negative financialpolitical outlooks or allegations

Examples Ellen Pao is ending her gender-bias lawsuit but she wont go quietly (warning) httptcoM68ZwABzJW httptcoxtB5iuST6M

RT ReutersPolitics Move over Koch brothers here come (warning) the Wilks httptcoRxvUi9F29A httptcob0KdblX7b4

Credit investors may find bitter after-taste (warning) in Apple according to one strategist httptcoIkKjmLggUx httptcoUKnGC94xco

A salmonella outbreak in Minnesota could hurt (fear of outbreak) Chipotles sales Goldman says httptcoz308YKAZS3 httptcoc6AeR7IShA

UNs Central Africa force hit with new misconduct allegations httptcotp95rYMLls

Pakistani party accuses paramilitary force of extrajudicial killings (allegations) httptco9iyBOYYX0Q

The ethically sourced pork at Whole Foods might not come from the most idyllic pastures (fear of origin of pork) httptcoDkWjWf75ql httptcoQ8TnNjmFi0

Pope meets Fidel Castro warns against ideology on Cuba trip httptcoPsk4mwz1MB

RT fion_li Chinas Bonds Decline (negative financial outlook) Amid Signs Economy Not as Weak as Thought business httptco0lKNvZnSrv (both fear and hope)

RT mcdonaldsarahj Not a happy (see above) Monday for stocks Australia bearing the brunt -26 ausbiz httptcotq8MHP2bhd httptconTUGiZgtXr

RT business Volkswagen shares tumble (see above) after it admits cheating on US emission tests httptcoCz3z8h9ELr httptcofO7Pvbpl7B

Record high for UK house prices as property shortage creates extremes (fear of record high prices) httptcoj8CTMMI8CH httptcoue0xLnL95C

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 33: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

INSIGHT-Wildfires push Californians to high-risk (fear of high risk insurance market) insurance market httptco1VvGJVHIVH

Its not only Volkswagen thats plunging - RSA Insurance shares hit (expected financial loss) after Zurich scraps bid httptcofSQKUUhaAB httptcoqFoNh6KxYe

VW shares plunge the most (see above) in six years on US emission issue httptcozPq99ZY7ye

b) Negative news that is happening right now and will have an explicit negative impact on something (eg the price taking action scandalproblems) in the future This is often ndash but does not have to be ndash written in present progressive

ExamplesPeople wait to be rescued (explicit indication) from their homes during heavy flooding in Japan Editors Choice httptcocJFLH6zu1q httptcofT6PsQBB3Y

Slower economic growth in China is having a visible impact (explicit indication) on the medical device sector httptcoEbX244jfc9

Kentucky towns brush with gay marriage spotlight stirs tensions (explicit there is about to be tensions) httptcoKzERWN8yhB

Obama says to anticipate refugee problems for decades (explicit refugee problems are expected for the upcoming decades but both fear and hope ndash hope refers to the anticipation) httptcouSyrC5GS9O

RT M_McDonough Recession (explicit because a recession is going on right now but will have an impact in the future) high rates doomed Brazils Sampamp

Bombs in northeast Nigeria kill at least 12 (explicit because itrsquos not a final finding ndash worse can be expected) httptconllm2AljVt

Serena WilliamspermilUcircordfs US Open loss is also a loss (explicit one loss means another loss for something else) for ticket brokers httptcoAbT0izCWzn httptcoIq0bMa0BJu

Apples iOS App Store suffers first major attack (explicit is happening right now and implies another in the future) httptcoOJMnPL3GmS

Rebels see tougher war with Russians in Syria evoke Afghanistan (explicit implication of war evoking Afghanistan) httptcoGuMb474PVc

Refugee crisis to test EU at summit of divided leaders (explicit ldquoto testrdquo implies that it happens in the future) httptcoZo56vQX0uk

Pacific islanders call for urgent action on climate as seas rise (explicit ldquoas sea risesrdquo gives reference to the future) httptcoJFwI6VoqmP httptcorG4VST1fTc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 34: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

c) NO plain (negative) statements

ExamplesStabbing suspect shot at Washingtons Union Station httptcoPRbGu85YcL httptco9oUyTxIL1h

NYPD releases video of ex-tennis star James Blakes mistaken arrest httptcoh9qvLlKyUb httptco4rQPB1OYuW

TV station that employed camerawoman who kicked migrants says its website was hacked httptcoMxttlub8AU httptcoWuq5QhdNkM

At least 65 people killed 154 injured in crane crash at Meccas Grand Mosque httptcoqoBk5J9tEv

RT business JUST IN Rick Perry says he will drop out of 2016 presidential race httptcolaXF5NAwp9

Syrian toddler Aylans father drove capsized boat other passengers say httptcoLLwYuFKUN5

CODING

1 Hope _______________________________________(wordsexpression)

2 Fear_______________________________________(wordsexpression)

3 None

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 35: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

EXPERT OPINION

F1 Is the tweet conveying an expert opinion Is the tweet based on an expert view on the market In case of uncertainty please LOOK UP THE NAMEINSTITUTE from the tweet on the Internet Expert opinion can be expressed by a market analyst financial expert market research institute (eg OECD) or pollingsurvey companies

Explanation The presence of an expert opinion can be identified when the tweet is mentioning references such as ldquomarket analystrdquo ldquofinancial analystrdquo ldquospecialistrdquo ldquoprofessionalrdquo etc or when it becomes apparent from the source (eg OECD) in the tweet that an expert expresses hisher opinion Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Buy oil financial stocks on dips - analyst httptcoIJzjmqnL6p HavenTowerGroup ReutersMoneyldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquo

1 Yes2 No

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 36: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

CORPORATE INFORMATION

G1 Is the tweet explicitly dealing with corporate information of a stock Is the content of the tweet originating or relating to a specific company or organization which is listed on the stock market Please indicate to which stock the tweet is mainly referring If you are not sure whether the firm in the tweet is listed look up the company on the Internet and check whether it is a stock

Example ldquoRT freddiethekat Google looks to auto industry exec to drive its autonomous car project httptcoTA6jCSw4e6 httptcoPlNSY8Ex3vldquo Coded as ldquoYesrdquoGoogle

1 Yes___________

2 No

Routing if G1 lsquoYesrsquo then G1a if G1 lsquoNorsquo then H1

G1a What is the corporate information about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOther corporate informationrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Example ldquoRT business Cold fusion is Citis answer to fading central bank firepower httptcoKQ67VtCLNR httptcouiEUJ2q9C7ldquo Coded as ldquo7 Other corporate statementsannouncementsanswer to central bank firepowerrdquo

1 Corporate crisisscandal2 Lawsuittrialjuridical cases3 Financialstock performance4 Quarterlyannual earnings5 Information on executivesCEOleadershipboard6 Change in management7 Change in strategy (please indicate below eg expansion closing departments)

_______________________________8 Merger amp acquisition (eg buying-in acquiring a new divisionsectordepartment

from another business)9 Information on productsservices of the company10 New product developments (eg product line)11 Other corporate information

_______________________________

Routing G2 will be asked for each category chosen in G1a

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 37: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

G2 Please indicate whether the category chosen in G1a means mainly positive neutral or negative news for shareholders of the stock

Explanation To code whether the corporate information is positive negative or neutral for shareholders try to put yourself in the position of a shareholder of the listed company Based on the information in the tweet would you buy (positive) sell (negative) or hold (neutral) your shares

1 Positive2 Neutral3 Negative

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 38: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

INFORMATION DEPTH

H1 Is a link present in the tweet Only look at the tweet as presented in the Excel file

Example ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknoperdquo Coded as bdquoYesldquo

1 Yes2 No3 Tweet is online not available anymore

H2 What is the link in the tweet referring to Please indicate the source of the link in the box behind the applicable answer category Multiple answers are possible Be aware Only code the sources that are visible from the tweet itself on Twitter Do NOT look up the link in the tweet and code the sources from the linkIn case of a photo please indicate in short what is shown (eg the White House the logo of VW a Tesla car etc) Only code the picture that is clearly added to the tweet In case there is a small picture from the article the tweet is referring to do NOT code this as picture

1 News itemwebsiteExample ldquoRT fion_li Taiwan Dollar Poised for Worst Quarter Since 2011 Amid Outflows httptcoKOC8NxrGVg via business justinaknopeldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

2 PhotoExample ldquoTesla delivers Model X electric SUV to take on luxury carmakers httptcopwRwh98KLV httptco3IxHtPH1jzldquo Coded as ldquoTesla carrdquo

3 VideoExample ldquoRT ZSchneeweiss Full Video ECBs Nowotny Wary of Expanding QE Program httptcoLgDqPFgXT8 via FerroTV httptcoBTVgx2FQgr ldquo Coded as ldquobloombergcomrdquo

4 Corporate website (eg press release announcement)Exampleldquohttpwwwslbcomnewspress_releases20152015_0826_slb_cameronaspxldquo Coded as ldquoslbcomrdquo

5 OthersPlease indicate _____________

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 39: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

FINAL REMARKS

I1 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 40: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

APPENDIX 42

Cleaning of Dataset

Tweets Dataset

1 Remove duplicates reported by remarks or by close inspection of the data2 Four tweets by Nadine had the tweet ID instead of the time (648508525308739000

648502474710646000 647459422114054000 644177890985279000)3 One date had to be adjusted from 0 to 10 (642006E+17 NY police commissioner

criticizes use of force in tennis stars arrest httptcoHc6HRxu3I1)4 The date of the tweet ldquoRT business Resignation statement from Volkswagen

CEO Martin Winterkornrdquo had to be adjusted to 23095 All tweets were checked for the alignment of days and dates (eg 10 of September all

had to be a Thursday) Monday was coded 14 times too much Tuesday was coded 13 times too less Wednesday was okay Thursday was coded 2 times too much Friday was coded 6 times too less

6 Remark on ldquoprevious tweets on strikes intervention should be coded as politics if politicians mentionedrdquo was checked nothing had to be corrected for that day

7 Tweets to be re-coded because they were not fully extracted by the script (excludes RT because they cannot be reliably found online anymore)

648853E+17 US home price growth steady in July Sampamp

recoded

648856E+17 Goldman Sachs now expects the Sampamp recoded646684E+17 Heres what leading firms are saying about

regulatory change ampamprecoded

641979E+17 Brazils currency stock futures drop on Sampamp

recoded

648871E+17 When it comes to Mampamp recoded but na on Twitter

648885E+17 Credit Suisse Theres a Growing Threat of a Major Top in the Sampamp

recoded

644537E+17 Chileans pick through debris after powerful quake

recoded

644544E+17 Heres what it costs to protect your Sampamp recoded644907E+17 FF insidefinance recoded638748E+17 Exclusive Mexico withheld millions in tax

refunds from Pampamprecoded

638751E+17 LondonpermilUcircordfs Fortnum ampamp recoded but na on Twitter

644556E+17 How sentiment indices can help investors make sense of conversation in news ampamp

recoded

643842E+17 Comparing every financial asset asset manager or investor to the Sampamp

recoded

643851E+17 Malone still seeking common ground for recoded bud

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 41: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

Liberty-Vodafone Mampamp na on Twitter648937E+17 Dow Jones Sampamp recoded but

na on Twitter

8 Stocks were checked for the right spelling and double -checked whether they are really listed 20 stocks had to recoded as non-listed firms

9 Novelty had to be coded manually Some topics needed to be recoded

ndash Goldman and Citi analysts are divided over the durability of the oil rally httptcoV8REM5FU9l httptcoEUPt8j5wCn (01092016) industryoil rally

ndash Russia overhauls budget approach - and iteurotrades because of oil prices httptcoO8RHYDKoVE httptco36eqSdZq2o (0909) national economyrussiabudget

ndash RT business Brazil downgrade leaves firms with $270 billion debt hangover httptco0wYzVvSArq httptcomja5EOOfyn (1809) UStreasuries

Stock Market Datasets

1 DJI 16092015 16500 is missing ndash therefore 165500 was used for 20 minute interval in the trading strategy analysis

2 Missing 5-minute intervals were substituted with the mean of the previous and the following stock market price (closing price) This occurred only four times in total

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 42: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

APPENDIX 43

Table for Descriptives

Descriptives of Variables for VAR Analyses

Notes The high standard deviations are due to the counting characteristics of the variables (eg number of retweets favorites) The VAR models were checked for robustness by means of the LM test the Portmanteau (Q) statistics and the Eigenvalue stability condition testVariables 1-Hour 20-Minutes 5-Minutes

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SDAll News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

536410

-1014-1514849027021007

544938406

348925152285544118

38939153728

24549

-019-692-246-017

0-005-014

211133392

14281072341221603205518511918

130570

-076-023

000

-001

177241358740583800674923786906967

Market-Wide News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-048-161-4383301007-007-048

544937283

273556112483539276358130342990

24549

-014-578-179-017

00

-0143

2111328711163358697216502191314141632

Firm-Specific News|∆DJI Closing |∆News Volume∆Retweets∆Favorites∆Updates∆Expert Opinion∆Hope∆Fear

53641-014-329-192

00

-0210

544933937

21318510021984691121522112094

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 43: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

Chapter 5

News Media Coverage and Initial Public Offerings in Germany Explaining Flotation Performance

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 44: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

APPENDIX 51

Codebook for Manual Content Analysis

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

13 To code the article please use the following Qualtrics online survey httpsuvacommsciencequaltricscomSESID=SV_ewKlBHWdtGk82R7

14 Code the article according to the questions asked in the online survey 15 Be aware Do not code the disclaimer of an article This information is provided by

the companyIPO itself and is just copied and pasted The disclaimer does also include a short description of the company

16 In case of any uncertainties please refer back to the instructions given in the codebook

17 If there were any problems during the coding process you can leave your comments in the box ldquoRemarksrdquo which appears at the end of each online survey round

18 Finish the survey by clicking on ldquoProcessingrdquo 19 Start with the coding of a new article

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 45: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

GENERAL INFORMATION

A1 Who is coding3 Jeannine4 Sibylle5 Nadine

A2 What is the identification name of the article (eg ldquoAdlermodemaumlrkte_0txtrdquo)____________________

A3 Is the article dealing with the IPO firm that is assigned to the article you are coding Explanation Some articles might mention the nameword ldquoFerrarirdquo or ldquoO2rdquo but are not specifically dealing with the firms that are going public (IPO) In those cases the article is perceived as NOT RELEVANT and is coded as ldquoNordquo You can find out about this by using the keyword search looking for the name of the IPO and reading the sentencesparagraphs in which the name occurs This does not mean that it has to be specifically mentioned that the company is going to have an emission (IPO) The plain mentioning of the company as such is sufficient to be coded as a relevant article Example bdquoDer Sportwagenverkaumlufer zeigt ein Video in dem ein Herrenschneider im roten Ferrari durch Lissabon braust und seiner betuchten Kundschaft Maszliganzuumlge vorbeibringtrdquo Coded as ldquoNordquo because itrsquos NOT about the company Ferrari but about the car

1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A4 Is the article written in German1 Yes2 No

Routing if ldquoNordquo then directed to the end of the survey

A5 What is the name of the stockIPO you are coding To which stockIPO is the article assigned Choose one from the drop down menu

1 BAIC2 Zalando3 Rocket Internet4 etc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 46: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

A6 What is the name of the newspapersource Choose one from the dropdown list

1 Aachener Nachrichten2 Aachener Zeitung3 Etc4 Others

Routing if ldquoOthersrdquo then directed to A6a

A6a What is the name of the source______________________

A7 Whatrsquos the date of the article _________________(daymonthyear)

A8 How many words does the article encompass________(number of words)

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 47: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

FOCUS OF THE NEWS

B1 What is the most prevailing topic of the entire article Please indicate to which type of financial news the article can be allocated

1 Stock ExchangeFinancial Market NewsExplanation The article deals about recent news on the stock market how the stocksmarkets performed the day before how they are assumed to perform in the future or any stock market recommendation analysis Articles dealing with the preparation of an emission of a company are also considered as stock exchange news

2 General News on BusinessesFirmsOrganizationsExplanation The article deals about news concerning a certain firmcompanyorganization This could be news about a new product of a company restructuring of an organization cutting jobs CEO statements interviews etc

3 General News on Economic TopicsExplanation The article deals with economic news on a regional national or international level News can be about market indicators (eg CPI GDP) financial institutions (eg ECB FED) or other market assessments

3 WeeklyDaily Preview amp Upcoming AppointmentsExplanation The article is a preview of economic dates in the upcoming dayweek The article mainly lists upcoming appointments on the stock market (eg date of an IPO) economy (eg release of CPI GDP) or businesses (eg release of quarterly earnings)

5 OthersExplanation To be coded as ldquoOtherrdquo the article does not fit in the above-mentioned topics Code ldquoOtherrdquo only when the article can really not be assigned to one of the topics mentioned before Please indicate in short the most prevalent news topicfocus of the article instead

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 48: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

SENTIMENT

C1 What is the sentiment expressed towards the IPO

Explanation Read the paragraphssentences in which the IPO is mentioned and assess whether the sentiment directed towards the IPO is mainly positive negative or neutral Sentiment can be assessed regardless of the time frame that is addressed (past present future) In case of uncertainty try to weight the positive paragraphs against the negative and neutral paragraphs and identify which sentiment is more present For example an article is perceived positive when there are three positive paragraphs but only one negative Three neutral but only one negative would be neutral If there is one negative one positive and one neutral paragraph the article would be coded as neutral ndash because the negative and the positive paragraph cancel each other out

Rather positive The articleparagraphs are expressing foremost positive sentiment towards the IPO (eg enthusiasm a positive tone of voice) Upper range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means positive newsExample ldquoDie Aktien der Cosmo-Tochter Cassiopea sind fruumlher als erwartet an die Boumlrse gekommen Der erste Kurs der Aktien lag bei 35 CHF und damit uumlber dem Ausgabepreis von 34 CHF ldquo

Neutralbalanced No clear prevalence of positive or negative expressions The articleparagraphs are perceived as neutral Example ldquoEvonik wird zum Boumlrsenstart mit 15 Milliarden Euro bewertetldquoRather negative The tone of voice of the articleparagraphs is foremost negative (eg aggression skepticism offence) Sarcasm is also understood as a negative sentiment Bottom range of a share price in the preparation of an IPO means negative news Example ldquoKeinem der chinesischen Joint-Venture-Partner mit deutschem Partner - ob SAIC FAW (Audi und VW) BAIC (Daimler) oder Brilliance (BMW) - ist es bislang gelungen ein weltmarkttaugliches Auto zu produzierenldquo

1 Rather positive2 Neutralbalanced3 Rather negative

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 49: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

CORPORATE INFORMATION

D1a What is the information on the IPO about Please choose from the options below or write down an alternative behind the box ldquoOtherrdquo Multiple answers are possible

Explanation Read the paragraphs in which the IPO is mentioned and identify the category of corporation information Example ldquoTatsaumlchlich versucht die LEG mit einer anderen Story zu uumlberzeugen Aufgrund der niedrigen Verschuldung von lediglich 48 Prozent (LTV) koumlnnten mit den erwarteten Erloumlsen aus dem Boumlrsengang kurzfristig 10 000 Wohnungen erworben und dank moderner IT-Plattform nahezu ohne zusaumltzlichen Sachaufwand gemanagt werdenldquo Coded as ldquo4 Change in strategyErwerbung neuer Wohnungen moderne IT-Plattformen ermoumlglichen einfaches ManagementrdquoExample Im fruumlhen Handel an der Wall Street wurden die Titel zuletzt allerdings 100 Prozent tiefer bei 2277 Dollar gehandeltrdquo Coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo because share value on the day of the IPO

12 Preparationplansdate of the IPO Explanation All information on the emission before the actual IPO takes place This includes the price determination the demand for shares of the IPO beforehand price range of shares of the IPO

13 Performance of the IPO Explanation This includes information on how the emission of the firm went Was the emission successful or not What happened on the day when the IPO went public Did the shares of the company fallrise Has the closing price of the shares exceeded expectations or not This item also includes information on the performance of an IPO in another country (eg when the article deals with the performance of an emission of company XY on another stock market

14 Crisisscandals Explanation Does the article deal with a manipulation scandal evasion scandal the financial crisis or other crisesscandals The crisis should be stated as such or should become prevalent from the article itself a postponed IPO is not a scandalcrisis per se ndash only if stated as such in the article eg ldquocauses financial problems for the companyldquo ldquothe firm faces insecuritiesrdquo ldquoitrsquos the companyrsquos last chance to raise moneyrdquo

15 Lawsuittrialjuridical casesExplanation The article deals with a lawsuit a juridical case of the companyIPO Is the company or significant personalities of the company (CEOCFO) charged with a crime This also includes articles in which the outcome of a trial is reported

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 50: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

16 Financial performance Explanation Financial performance is present when the article deals with the companyrsquos turnovers earnings or the share value However NOT the opening price of the IPO and also not the performance of the share value during the day of the IPO This will be coded as ldquoPerformance of the IPOrdquo Share value is only coded as financial performance when the article deals with the share value of the companyIPO in another countrystock exchange where the company is already traded publicly on the market Furthermore financial performance is also coded when the article deals about ldquogrowthrdquo or growth in the industry where the IPO can be situated Another indicator of financial performance is the increase of credit volume

17 News on CEOmanagementexecutivesboardExplanation Is the article dealing with news on the management of the companyIPO This does NOT mean that the CEO is cited in the article but the information should clearly be related to the CEO (eg past education new election of a board member information about the private life)

18 Change in managementExplanation Is the article dealing with a change in the constellation of the executive board Is there a management shift Is a member of the executives team exchanged Or is a new member elected to the managing board

19 Change in strategy Explanation Change in strategy does include information on changing structures within the company For example the expansion (eg opening up a new headquarterdepartment) closing departments investments in an existingor new division job cuts plans to invest in growth or debt reduction Please state in short below_______________________

20 Merger amp acquisition Explanation Merger amp acquisition includes the buying-in of new businesses the acquisition of a new divisionsectordepartment from another business However this item is only coded for recent actions not MampAs in the past it does NOT mean investments per se (see category ldquoChange in strategyrdquo) but deals with the acquisition of new businesses from another firm

21 Product of the companyExplanation Is the article dealing with a productservice of the companyIPO Is the quality the success of a particular product or the demand for a particular product discussedmentioned in the article

22 New product developmentsExplanation Is the article dealing with a new product of the firmIPO Is the company going to release a new product Are they developing a new techniqueservice Are there plans to expand the product rangeservice range

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 51: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

23 Other corporate informationExplanation Please state relevant corporate information here in short if they cannot be allocated to one of the categories listed above_______________________________

FINAL REMARKS

E1 Was the article fully available

1 Yes2 No

E2 Do you have any remarks Would you like to change any answer Please state in the field below

__________________________

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 52: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

WIKI LIST OF IPO EXPRESSIONS AND THEIR MEANINGS

Uumlberzeichnung Von einer Uumlberzeichnung im Rahmen eines Boumlrsenganges einer Umplatzierung oder der Emission von jungen Aktien nach einer Kapitalerhoumlhung spricht man wenn bei einer Wertpapieremission die Nachfrage nach dem emittierten Wertpapier groumlszliger als das Angebot ist Kann dagegen nur ein Teil der angebotenen Papiere platziert werden so spricht man von einer Unterzeichnung( httpsdewikipediaorgwikiUumlberzeichnung)

Emission Emission ist die Ausgabe von Wertpapieren und deren Platzierung an einem organisierten Geld- oder Kapitalmarkt (Boumlrse oder Private Placement) Auch die Ausgabe von Geld als gesetzlichem Zahlungsmittel durch die Notenbank wird Emission genannt (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiEmission_(Wirtschaft)

Privatplatzierung Eine Privatplatzierung auch englisch Private Placement und umgangssprachlich Placing ist eine nicht oumlffentliche (bdquoprivateldquo) Emission von Vermoumlgensgegenstaumlnden (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiPrivate_Placement)

Greenshoe-Option Eine Greenshoe-Option (auch Over-allotment Option oder Mehrzuteilungsoption) ist eine Wertpapierreserve eines Emittenten (Aktiengesellschaft) bei einem Boumlrsengang im Rahmen eines Bookbuilding-Verfahrens Genauer handelt es sich um eine Put-Option die der oder den Konsortialbanken (Lead-Underwriter) das Recht einraumlumt nachtraumlglich zusaumltzliche Wertpapiere zum Emissionspreis auszugeben Der englische Name kommt von dem gleichnamigen Unternehmen (heute Stride Rite Corporation) das als erstes solche Papiere ausgab (httpsdewikipediaorgwikiGreenshoe)

(nicht) vollstaumlndig platziert

Ein IPO erfolgt erfolgreich wenn alle Aktien vollstaumlndig platziert wurden Ein Boumlrsengang waumlre weniger erfolgreich wenn nicht alle Aktien platziert werden koumlnnen Mit anderen Worten es gibt zu wenig Nachfrage fuumlr die IPO Aktien und es stehen noch Aktien der IPO Firma zum Verkauf (siehe httpsdewikipediaorgwiakiBoumlrsengang)

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 53: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

APPENDIX 52

Cleaning of Dataset

Steps of Data Cleaning

1 Original Dataset = 6370 articles2 Deleting non-relevant articles non-German articles duplicates deleting all stocks that

were not first listed in Frankfurt articles that are not within 6 days before the IPO and the day of the IPO itself

3 Reviewing remarks ndash Deleting duplicates 11articlesndash Deleting articles that only contain a table of contents or description of a picturendash Variables to change

ChinaSpeciality_9 Date30062011 Braas Monier_112txt 20062014 Braas Monier_105t 23062014 Schaeffler1_26 Sentiment positive Zalando17_85 Sentiment neutral Siltronic_splittedSiltronic_0406-11062015_51txt Sentiment

neutral Windeln_8 CorpInfo PerformanceofIPO Stabilus_83 amp Stabilus_89 CorpInfoPerformanceofIPO

PreparationIPO Schaefler3_126 Availability No Talanx2_38 IPOTalanx Kion1_128txt IPOKION Remark ldquoArticles before was not performance of IPOrdquo was checked

but articles were indeed about performance of IPO Schaeffler1_2 and Schaeffler1_5 were checked for the correct IPO

name nothing had to be changed DeutscheAnnington2_15 Date09072013 UnitedPower_32txt Date 10062011 Talanx2_190txt Date 25092012 Hapag-Lloyd2_306 Hapag-Lloyd2_27 Elumeo_36 Availability No Covestro_110txt Availability No Hapag_Lloyd2_46 Availability No Zalando18_172 Availability No Pfandbriefbank_1_2txt Availability No Scout24_79txt Availability No KTGEnergieKTGEnergie_10txt ldquonot relevantrdquo Hapag_Lloyd1_53txt Availability No Scout24_88txt Availability No

4 Check for duplicates ndash Comparing amounts of words with IPO name news source and date

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 54: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

ndash Deleting duplicates Rocket Internet4_44 Rocket Internet4_27 TeleColumbus_16 Zalando17_10 Hapag-Lloyd1_132 TeleColumbus_43 Talanx2_65 Zalando17_91 Zalando17_132 ndash Zalando17_147 Schaefler2_147 Hapag-Lloyd1_82 Rocket Internet4_73 Zalando18_49 Zalando17_113 ndash Zalando17_129 Zalando17_112 Rocket Internet4_38 GSWImmo1_68 RocketInternet3_41 Hella1_48 Deutsche Annington1_134 Covestro_105 Lotto24_54 Hapag-Lloyd1_78 EDAG_splittedEDAG_1 Talanx2_96 ChinaSpeciality_7 Zalando17_79 Talanx2_121 Schaefler3_105 Rocket Internet4_45 Rocket Internet3_195 Zalando17_104 Schaeffler1_1 Schaeffler1_3 - Schaeffler1_9 Zalando17_48 Deutsche Annington1_173 Schaefler2_27 Steilmann_36 Rocket Internet4_48 Rocket Internet4_54 Powerland_93 Rocket Internet4_30 Rocket Internet4_23 Zalando17_94 Talanx2_189 RocketInternet2_107 Zalando16_143 Zalando17_85 Rocket Internet4_53 Elumeo_37 Schaeffler1_10

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 55: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

Hapag-Lloyd1_66 Scout24_25 Hapag-Lloyd1_42 Rocket Internet4_50 Covestro_68 RocketInternet3_198 Zalando17_107 Schaeffler2_48 Zalando17_82 EDAG_splittedEDAG_29 ndash EDAG_splittedEDAG_30 Zalando17_9 Sixt_1_3 Rocket Internet4_26 Hapag-Lloyd1_104 Schaefler3_82 Rocket Internet4_41 Talanx2_85 Windeln_6 RocketInternet4_10 Pfandbriefbank_1_33 Pfandbriefbank_1_80 Hella1_11 Schaefler2_172 Rocket Internet4_39 Schaeffler1_75 Schaeffler1_43 Hapag-Lloyd1_46 Schaeffler3_14 Covestro_184 O2_29_84 Talanx2_86 Rocket Internet3_42 amp Rocket Internet3_45 Rocket Internet3_143 Zalando17_8 Zalando17_88 United Power_57 DeutscheAnnington2_57 amp DeutscheAnnington2_58 amp

DeutscheAnnington2_61 - DeutscheAnnington2_64 Schaefler2_94 Covestro_147 Schaefler2_176 Schaeffler1_79

5 CEO should not be citations by CEO with regard to the company but dealing with the management or the CEO himself Articles where CorpInfoCEO was removed

ndash Ferratum_5ndash Pfandbriefbank_1_124ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_27ndash Talanx2_161ndash Hapag-Lloyd2_30

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 56: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

ndash RicketInternet4_123

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 57: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

Chapter 7

Financial Networks Describing Network and Stock Price Dynamics During Quarterly Earnings Announcements

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT

Page 58: s3-eu-west-1. Web viewDutch version of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count ... Is the article dealing with a product/service of the company/IPO? ... Caterpillar; Caterpillar Inc

APPENDIX 71

List of Keywords

Financial Keywords

earnings FY2016 analyst Quarterly Annually Operating results fiscal first-quarter second-quarter third-quarter fourth-quarter revenue margin profit bullish bearishWall Street Wall St FY 2016 full year results quarterly results first quarter second quarter third quarter fourth quarter investor relations earnings release quarterly report annual report meet expectationsQ1 Q2 Q3 Q4trad stock invest option NYSE DJIA tickercompanyname results tickercompanyname report shares of tickercompanyname stock of tickercompanyname stake in tickercompanyname tickercompanyname stock tickercompanyname share

Company NamesNike NKEJPMorgan JPMorgan JPMIBMGoldman Goldman Sachs GoldmanSachs GSJohnson amp Johnson JohnsonampJohnson JampJ JNJMicrosoft MSFTAmerican Express AmericanExpress AXPIntel INTCTravelers Companies Inc TravelersCompaniesInc Travelers Companies TravelersCompanies TRV General Electric GeneralElectric GE3M MMMApple AAPLCaterpillar Caterpillar Inc CaterpillarInc CATDuPont News DuPont_News DuPont Du Pont DDMcDonaldrsquos McDonalds MCDUnited Technologies UnitedTechnologies UTC UTXBoeing BACoca-Cola Coca Cola CocaCola KOChevron CVXExxon Mobil exxonmobil XOMMerck MRKPfizer Pfizer Inc PFEProcter amp Gamble ProcterampGamble ProcterGamble PampG PGDisney DISThe Home Depot Home Depot TheHomeDepot HomeDepot HD Cisco CSCOWal-Mart Walmart WalMart WMT