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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

LECTURER: DR. MAZLAN ABDUL WAHIDhttp://www.fkm.utm.my/~mazlan

Mechanical and Electrical System

SAB 2032

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

Lifts/Elevatorsand

Escalators

Dr. Mazlan Abdul WahidFaculty of Mechanical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysiawww.fkm.utm.my/~mazlan

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

A lift is a transport device used to move goods or people vertically.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

Lift began as simple ropeor chain hoists.

Lift is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means.

A modern day lift consists of a cab (also called a "cage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft, or in Commonwealth countries called a "hoistway".

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

•In the past, lift drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons.

•In a "traction" elevator, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry.

•The weight of the car is balanced with a counterweight. Sometimes two elevators always move synchronously in opposite directions, and they are each other's counterweight.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

The friction between the ropes and the pulley furnishes the traction which gives this type of elevator its name.

•Hydraulic lifts

•Traction lifts

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

Hydraulic Lift

•Conventional Hydraulic

•Roped hydraulic

•Twin post hydraulic

•Holeless hydraulic

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

Conventional Hydraulic

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

•Conventional Hydraulic lift were first developed by Dover Elevator (now ThyssenKrupp Elevator).

•They are quite common for low and medium rise buildings (2-8 floors) and use a hydraulically powered plunger to push the elevator upwards.

•Hydraulic elevators use the principles of hydraulicsto pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car.

Conventional Hydraulic

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

•On some, the hydraulic piston (plunger) consists of telescoping concentric tubes, allowing a shallow tube to contain the mechanism below the lowest floor.

•On others, the piston requires a deeper hole below the bottom landing, usually with a PVC casing (also known as a caisson) for protection.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

•Roped hydraulic lifts use a combination of ropes and hydraulics.

•Roped Hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars.

Roped hydraulic

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

Twin post hydraulic lift

Twin post hydraulic provides higher travel with no underground hole.

Holeless hydraulic lifts do not require holes to be dug for the hydraulic cylinder. In most designs, the cab is lifted by a pair of hydraulic jacks, one on each side of the lift.

Holeless hydraulic lift

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

•The main problem is the size of the equipment. In order for the elevator car to be able to reach higher floors, you have to make the piston longer. •The cylinder has to be a little bit longer than the piston, of course, since the piston needs to be able to collapse all the way when the car is at the bottom floor. •In short, more stories means a longer cylinder. •The problem is that the entire cylinder structure must be buried below the bottom elevator stop. •This means you have to dig deeper as you build higher. •This is an expensive project with buildings over a few stories tall.

Cons of Hydraulics

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

•To install a hydraulic elevator in a 10-story building, for example, you would need to dig at least nine stories deep! •The other disadvantage of hydraulic elevators is that they're fairly inefficient. It takes a lot of energyto raise an elevator car several stories, and in a standard hydraulic elevator, thereis no way to store this energy.•The energy of position(potential energy) only works to push the fluid back into the reservoir. •To raise the elevator car again, the hydraulic system has to generate the energy all over again.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

Traction or cable elevatorsGeared and gearless traction elevators

•The most popular elevator design is the roped elevator. In roped elevators, the car is raised and lowered by traction steel ropes rather than pushed from below.

•Geared Traction machines are driven by ACor DCelectric motors. •Geared machines use worm gearsto control mechanical movement of elevator cars by "rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearboxdriven by a high speed motor. •These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s).

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

•Gearless Traction machines are low speed (low RPM), high torqueelectric motors powered mainly by AC. •In this case, the drive sheave is directly attached to the end of the motor. •Gearless traction elevators can reach speeds of up to 2,000 ft/min. •A brake is mounted between the motor and drive sheave (or gearbox) to hold the elevator stationary at a floor. •This brake is usually an external drum typeand is actuated by spring force and held open electrically; a power failure will cause the brake to engage and prevent the elevator from falling.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

•In each case, cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab or may be "underslung" below a cab, and then looped over the drive sheave to a counterweightattached to the opposite end of the cables which reduces the amount of powerneeded to move the cab.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

•The counterweight is located in the hoist-way and rides a separate rail system; as the car goes up, the counterweight goes down, and vice versa. •This action is powered by the traction machine which is directed by the controller, typically a relay logic or computerized device that directs starting, acceleration, decelerationand stopping of the elevator cab. •The weight of the counterweight is typically equal to the weight of the elevator cab plus 40-50% of the capacity of the elevator. •The grooves in the drive sheave are specially designed to prevent the cables from slipping.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

•"Traction" is provided to the ropes by the grip of the grooves in the sheave, thereby the name. •As the ropes age and the traction grooves wear, some traction is lost and the ropes must be replaced and the sheave repaired or replaced. •Elevators with more than 100' of travel have a system called compensation. •This is a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab. •This makes it easier to control the elevator, as it compensates for the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

•If the elevator cab is at the top of the hoist-way, there is a short length of hoist cable above the car and a long length of compensating cable below the car and vice versa for the counterweight. If the compensation system uses cables, there will be an additional sheave in the pit below the elevator, to guide the cables. •If the compensation system uses chains, the chain is guided by a bar mounted between the counterweight rails.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

Manufacturers of elevators/lifts

AmtechElevator Services (company acquired by Otis) Fujitec(Smallest major brand elevator company) Hitachi Elevator KONE (Fourth largest elevator manufacturer, acquired Armor Elevator in 1981, and Montgomery Elevator in 1994.) LG Goldstar– Korean company now "Sigma" and acquired by OTIS to form LG OTIS. Mitsubishi ElectricElevator Division (maintained by its Ryoden subsidiary in some locales) Otis (World's largest elevator company)

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

Schindler Group(Third largest elevator manufacturer. Acquired Haughton Elevator in 1979 and Westinghouse Elevator in 1989) ThyssenKrupp(acquired Dover Elevator Systems, the second largest elevator manufacturer) Toshiba Elevator and Building Systems Corporation

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SAB 2032