sabry abdel-monem abd-elaal abd-allah(2008) phd thesis full

BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL FOR SOME PESTS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS

SIDE EFFECTS.By

Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-ElAal Abd-AllAh.B.Sc. Agric., (Pesticides), Tanta Univ., 1991.M.Sc. Agric., (Pesticides ), Tanta Univ., 1998.

ThesisSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor

of Philosophy

Supervision's Committee1-Prof. Dr. Tsamoh Khatab Abd El-RaofEmeritus Prof. of Pesticides, Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.

2-Prof. Dr. Helmy Aly Ibrahim AnberProf. of Pesticides, and Dean of the Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.

3- Prof. Dr. Abd-ElRahim. S. Metwally Head of Field Crops Pests Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.

4- Dr. El-Sayed A. KishkLecturer of Pesticides. Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University.

(2008)

Tanta UniversityFaculty of Agriculture

Plant protection


SIDE EFFECTS.By

Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-ElAal Abd-AllAh.B.Sc. Agric., (Pesticides), Tanta Univ.,1991.

M.Sc. Agric., (Pesticides ), Tanta Univ., 1998.

ThesisSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Doctor of PhilosophySupervision's Committee1-Prof. Dr. Tsamoh Khatab Abd El-RaofEmeritus Prof. of Pesticides, Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.

2-Prof. Dr. Helmy Aly Ibrahim AnberProf. of Pesticides, and Dean of the Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.

3- Prof. Dr. Abd-ElRahim. S. Metwally Head of Field Crops Pests Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.

4- Dr. El-Sayed A. KishkLecturer of Pesticides. Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University.

Date:30/7/2008

Head of Department Vice Dean for hight studies and researchers

Prof. Dr. Ibrahim I. Mesbah Prof. Dr. Ibrahim I. Mesbah

Tanta UniversityFaculty of Agriculture

Plant protection


SIDE EFFECTS.

Presented by

Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-El-Aal Abd-AllAhFor the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture Sciences (pesticides).

Examiners committee Approved by1-Prof. Dr. Tsamoh Khatab Abd El-Raof.Emeritus Prof. of Pesticides, Faculty of Agric, Tanta University.

------------------------------

2-Prof. Dr. Attiah Youssef KeratumProf. of Pesticides chemistry, Kafer El-Sheikh University

------------------------------

3- Prof. Dr. Helmy Aly Ibrahim Anber.Prof. of Pesticides, and Dean of the Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.

------------------------------

4- Prof. Dr. Ibrahim I. Mesbah.Prof. of Economic entomology, Head of the Plant Protection Dept. and Vice Dean of Faculty of Agric., Tanta University.

-----------------------------

Date 30 / 7 /2008

Name:Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-El-Aal Abd-Allah

Title: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL FOR SOME PESTS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS SIDE EFFECTS.

Degree:Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture Sciences (pesticides) Plant production Departments, Faculty of Agricultural, Tanta University.

AbstractSeries of field and laboratory experiments had been carried out in Faculty of

Agriculture, Tanta University, for determination the efficiency of some substitute implement as a part of integrated pest management for European Corn Borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.). The results obtained can be summarized as follows:

The toxicity of the Biofly to the aphid species and red spider mite using leaf disk dipping technique could be arranged descendingly as follows: Tetranychus cinnabarinus > Rhopalosiphum maidis > Aphis craccivora > Aphis gossypii. While, the toxicity of the different oils against spider mite T. cinnabarinus using leaf-disc dipping technique could be arranged descendingly as follows: corn oil> cotton oil caster oil mineral oil>canola oil> paraffin oil.

Most tested mixtures of corn and cotton oils with Beauveria bassiana (Biofly) were less toxic than the Biofly formulation. while, the mixtures which consists of 3 parts of Biofly and 1 part caster oil or canola or mineral and paraffin oils more toxic than Biofly formulation against T. cinnabarinus. All tested photostablizers and pigments mixtures with Biofly had increased the mixtures' toxicity to T. cinnabarinus mites. But when increasing the concentration ratio to 1% the toxicity decrease. Mixtures of Biofly + 0.1% acetophenon or 4-nitro acetophenon or 7-nitophenol or benzophenon, Biofly + 0.1% or 0.2% or 0.5%congo red and Biofly + 0.1% or 0.2% or 0.5% titan yellow mixtures had increased the toxicity of the Biofly formulation against adult T. cinnabarinus.

The most persistence mixtures were 3Biofly:1paraffin oil, 3Biofly:1 castor oil, and Biofly+0.1% benzophenon, or +0.5% congo red or +0.1% 7-nitrophenol.

Cultivars S.C.13 and T.W.C. 351 were the most tolerant cultivars against ECB infestation while, T.W.C.323 and 324 cultivars were the most susceptible cultivers. There are a positive relationship between %grain protein and the %damaged grain.

The most potent insecticides against ECB infestation were diazinon and fenpropathrin but methomyl was the least toxic one. Diazinon followed by chlorpyrifos insecticides had the highest values in 100grain weight and grain yield/10plants.

Spraying with diazinon, mixture No.4 [150ml Biofly + 50ml paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon(0.2gm)+ 500ml diazinon] and mixture No.3 [(375gm Agrine + 125ml paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon(0.5gm) + 500ml diazinon] had been reduced holes No./100internodes and cavities No./10plants. Diazinon, mixture No.4 and mixture No.3 had increase both 100 grain weight and grain yield/10plants

Agerin (a Bacillus thuringiensis formulation), Agerin mixtures with oil or/with benzophenon and paraffin oil had no toxicity against adults of predator, Paederus alfierii. The toxicity of the rest biochemicals could be arranged descendingly as follows: mixture No.4 > mixture No.3 > diazinon. While mixture No.2 [150ml Biofly + 50ml paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon(0.2gm)] were more toxic than Biofly.

CONTENTSCONTENTS

II CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................V

LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................IX

ACKNOWLEDGMENT...................................................................................

I - INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1

II - REVIEW OF LITERATURE.................................................................3

II.1 Pesticides efficiency against the European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia

nubilalis (Hubner). ..................................................................................3

II.2 Role of plant tolerance in corn borer control:.....................................11

II.3 The biological control of European Corn Borer.................................15

II.3.1 Role of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana in the biological

control of corn borers.............................................................................15

II.3.1.a Efficiency of Beauveria bassiana against Ostrinia nubilalis

(Hb.).........................................................................................15

II.3.1.b Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with oils.................21

II.3.1.c Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with pesticides. ........28

II.3.1.d Effect of ultraviolet radiations (UV) on the Beauveria

bassiana efficiency. ................................................................32

II.3.2 Efficiency of Beauveria bassiana against Aphis sp and two-spotted

spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus..................................................35

II.3.3 Role of Bacillus thuringiensis on the biological control of European

Corn Borers Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).....................................................36

II.4 Oils efficiency against spider mites Tetranychus spp.........................43

II.5 The side effect of bioinsecticides on some beneficial insects. ...........44

II.6 The side effect of diazinon on some beneficial insects........................47

III - MATERIALS AND METHODS.........................................................49

III.1 Rearing technique of aphids:.............................................................49

III.2 Rearing technique of the two spotted Spider mite, Tetranychus

cinnabarinus (Boisduval). ...................................................................49

III CONTENTS

III.3 Rearing technique of the predator, Paederus alfierii (Kock).............50

III.4 Determination of the Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) potency . .......51

III.4.1 Slide dipping technique........................................................................51

III.4.2 Leaf-disc dipping technique:................................................................52

III.4.3 Determination the effect of ultra violet radiation on B. bassiana

potency...................................................................................................52

III.4.3.a Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with

different oils............................................................................53

III.4.3.b Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with

Photostablizers and pigments..................................................55

III.4.3.c Effect of Ultra Violet radiation (UV) on Beauveria

bassiana ..................................................................................57

III.5 The side effect of bioinsecticides against the predator, Paederus

alfierii (Kock). ......................................................................................58

III.6 L.D.P lines and statistical analysis.....................................................58

III.7 Evaluation of some chemical insecticides efficiency against ECB on

certain maize cultivatrs under natural infestation conditions................59

III.7.1 Chemical insecticides used :................................................................59

III.7.2 Soil analysis.........................................................................................62

III.7.3 Climatological elements.......................................................................62

III.8 Evaluation of some microbial insecticides efficiency against ECB on

certain maize cultivars compared with chemical insecticide under

natural infestation conditions.................................................................64

III.9 Chemical analysis of Corn cultivars..................................................67

III.9.1 Total nitrogen content determination..................................................67

III.9.2 Phosphorus Determination. ................................................................68

III.9.3 Determination of cellulose contents.....................................................69

III.9.4 Determination of ash............................................................................70

IV CONTENTS

III.10 Statistical analysis............................................................................70

IV - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...........................................................71

IV.1 Determination of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) potency. .............71

IV.2 Effect of ultra violet radiation on B. bassiana potency.......................75

IV.2.1 Effect of mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with

different oils..........................................................................................75

IV.2.1.a Effect of different oils against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus

cinnabarinus..........................................................................................76

IV.2.1.b Effect of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with oils against two-spotted

spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus...................................................79

IV.2.2 Effect of Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with

photostaplizers.......................................................................................86

IV.2.3 Effect of Ultra Violet radiation (UV) on Beauveria bassiana

mixtures.................................................................................................94

IV.3 Evaluation of some chemical insecticides efficiency against ECB on

certain maize cultivatars under natural infestation conditions..............96

IV.3.1 Susceptibility of corn cultivars at the late season to infestation with

ECB under natural infestation conditions.............................................97

IV.3.2 Insecticides efficiency against European Corn Borer Ostrinia nubilalis

(Hb.) infestation...................................................................................101

IV.3.2.a Holes No./100 internodes..................................................101

IV.3.2.b Cavities No./10 plant.........................................................102

IV.3.2.c Larvae No. /10plants.........................................................104

IV.3.2.d Holes No./10 ear stalks......................................................105

IV.3.2.e Damaged grains percentage..............................................107

IV.3.2.f Grains protein percentage..................................................108

IV.3.2.g Grains phosphorus percentage...........................................110

IV.3.2.h 100 grain weight (g.). ......................................................111

V CONTENTS

IV.3.2.i Grains yield/10 plants(Kg).................................................113

IV.4 Chemical analysis of Corn cultivars.................................................125

IV.5 Evaluation of some microbial insecticides efficiency against ECB on

certain maize cultivators compared with chemical insecticides under

natural infestation conditions...............................................................127

IV.5.1 Holes No./100 internodes...................................................................127

IV.5.2 Cavities No./10plants.........................................................................129

IV.5.3 Larvae No./10plants...........................................................................131

IV.5.4 100 grain weight.................................................................................133

IV.5.5 Grains yield/10plants.........................................................................135

IV.6 The side effect of biochemicals against the predator, Paederus alfierii

(Kock). ................................................................................................144

V - SUMMARY..........................................................................................147

VI - REFERENCES...................................................................................151

List of TablesList of Tables

VI List of Tables

Table III.1: Some physical and chemical characters of the experiment soils.----63

Table III.2: The monthly average of temperature and relative humidity during 2003 season in both locations. --------------------------------------------63

Table III.3: The mixtures used in the field experiments and their application rates 66

Table III.4: The monthly average temperatures and relative humidity during the two growing seasons 2004 and 2005. -----------------------------------66

Table IV.1: Toxicity of Beauveria bassiana against some aphid species and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using slide dipping and leaf-disc dipping technique respectively. ---------------------------73

Table IV.2: Toxicity of some botanical oils and mineral oil against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique. --------------------------------------------------------------------77

Table IV.3: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (1:3 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique. -----------------------------------------------81



Table IV.6: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (2:1 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.----------------------------------------------- 84

Table IV.7: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (3:1 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.------------------------------------------------85

Table IV.8: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the acetophenone (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.-------------------88

VII List of Tables

Table IV.9: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the 4-nitro acetophenon (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.-------------------89

Table IV.10: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the 7-nitophenol (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.-------------------90

Table IV.11: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the benzophenon (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.-------------------91

Table IV.12: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the titan yellow pigment against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.------------------------------------------------92

Table IV.13: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the congo red pigment against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.------------------------------------------------93

Table IV.14: The effect of exposure to UV radiation interval on the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with botanical and mineral oils against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.-----------------------------------------------------------94

Table IV.15: The effect of exposure to UV radiation interval on the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with some photostabilizers against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.-----------------------------------------------------------95

Table IV.16: Susceptibility of ten corn cultivars to infestation with ECB in El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates under natural infestation conditions(2003 season). --------------------------------------------------99

Table IV.17: 100 grain weight, grains yield and grains yield reduction as a result of natural infestation with ECB on ten corn cultivars at El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates.----------------------------------------------100

Table IV.18: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/100 internodes in the two locations.---------------------------------------------------------------116

VIII List of Tables

Table IV.19: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by cavity number/10plants in the two locations.--------------------------------------------------------------------117

Table IV.20: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by larvae number/10plants in the two locations.--------------------------------------------------------------------118

Table IV.21: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/10 ear stalks in the two locations.--------------------------------------------------------------------119

Table IV.22: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by damage grains% in two locations.120

Table IV.23: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains protein percentage.------------------------------------------------121

Table IV.24: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains phosphors percentage.--------------------------------------------122

Table IV.25: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grains weight (g.).---------------------------------------------------------123

Table IV.26: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains yield/10plants (kg.).-----------------------------------------------124

Table IV.27: Some chemical and physical parameters of ten corn cultivars.----126

Table IV.28: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/100 internodes, during 2004 and 2005 seasons.---------------------------------------------------139

Table IV.29: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by cavity number/10 plants, during 2004 and 2005 seasons.---------------------------------------------------------------140

Table IV.30: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by larvae No./10 plants, during 2004 and 2005 seasons.---------------------------------------------------------------141

Table IV.31: Effect of biocides treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grain weight(g.), during 2004 and 2005 seasons.----------------------------142

IX List of Tables

Table IV.32: Effect of biocides treatments and corn cultivars on grains yield/10plants (kg.), during 2004 and 2005 seasons.------------------143

Table IV.33: Toxicity of biochemicals against adults of the predator, P. alfierii exposed to surface deposit technique.-----------------146

10 List of Tables

List of figuresList of figures

Fig IV.1: Probit regression lines for the toxicity of Biofly to some Aphis spp and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus. -------------74

Fig IV.2: Probit regression lines for the toxicity of some botanical oils and mineral oil to two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.-78

ACKNOWLEDGMENTACKNOWLEDGMENT

I strongly owe my thanks to ALLAH

for lighting me the way and

directing me across every success.

The author wishes to express his deep thanks to Prof. Dr. Tsamoh

Khatab Abd El-Raof Professor of Pesticides, Plant Protection Department,

Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, for suggesting the problem and her

supervision during the course of these studies and during revision of the

manuscript.

Sincere thanks, appreciation and deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Helmy

Aly Ibrahim Anber Prof. of pesticides, and Dean of the Faculty of

Agriculture, Tanta University, for his supervising in my committee and for his

continuous support through the period of study.

Deepest and sincere gratitude to Dr. Abd-ElRhim. S. Metwally Head

of Field Crop Pests Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric.

Research Center, Cairo, Egypt for supervising the work, efforts in revising

the manuscript and discussing data, providing technical help and valuable

scientific assistance.

The author wishes also to thank Dr. EL-Sayed A. Kishk Lecturer of

Pesticides. Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, for his valuable

supervision, scientific suggestions, guidance, and kind help during the period

of the work .

I wish to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ibrahim I. Mesbah

Chairman of the plant protection Department and Vice Dean of Faculty of

Agriculture, Tanta University, for his kind help and advice through this study.

Deep thank are also to all members in pesticides Department Faculty

of Agriculture, Tanta University, for their continuous encouragement and

offering all facilities through out this work.

I - I - INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONCorn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important grains crops in Egypt.

The amount of corn needs is far greater than that produced locally. To

overcome this problem and increase production under limited arable lands in

Egypt, it may be through cultivate corn in the early season (in the beginning

of March) and in the late season (in the beginning of July) as well. But,

European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilials (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae)

infestation increases in the late season and become a limiting factor to

increase the corn production, it causes a stalk damage that results in great

grains yield reductions reached to 45 % (Lutfalla and Sherif 1992).

Over use of insecticides led to increase problems of pest resistance,

destruction of beneficial insects or non-target organisms, insecticides residues

and human hazards.

The increased public awareness and concern for environmental safety

has directed research to the development of alternative control strategies such

as the use of microbial control agents for controlling ECB by using Beauveria

bassina and Bacillus thuringiensis formulations.

One of the major challenges to use the microbial biopesticides is their

lack of persistence in the field due to environmental factors such as sunlight,

high temperature, and water stress. Sunlight particularly UVB (280-320 nm

portion) is likely the most destructive of these environmental factors by the

direct structural effects on DNA or indirect damage caused by the formation

of reactive oxygen molecules (Ignoffo and Garcia, 1978, 1994; Ignoffo,

1992). The half- life of most entomopathogenic fungal conidia ranges from 1

to 4 hr in stimulated sunlight and 4 to 400 hours in natural sunlight on foliage.

Many researchers have screened many additives materials to protect

bioinsecticides from degradation by sunlight. A number of laboratory and

field studies indicates that oil formulations and photo-protective agents

improve the efficacy of entomopathogenic formulations (Inglis et al. 2002;

Moore et al 1993 and Alves et al 1998).

So, the goal of this study is to achieve an integrated biocontrol for the

European Corn Borer(ECB) especially in late season through the following:

1- Enhanced the persistence of bioinsecticides formulations against

UV radiations by mixing them with some botanical oils, mineral oils, some

photostablizer compounds and some pigments.

2- Selection of the most tolerant commercial corn cultivars to use as a

major key of integrated pest management of ECB infestation.

3- Choose the most potent insecticides of the common insecticides

used to control ECB in the late season.

4- Finally, use the mixtures of enhanced bioagents with the most

effective insecticides (in a minimum concentration) and the most tolerant

commercial corn cultivators to obtain the most effective biochemical control

of ECB infestation under the field conditions.

II - II - REVIEW OF LITERATURE.REVIEW OF LITERATURE.

II.1 Pesticides efficiency against the European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner).

Barbulescu (1971), stated that endosulfan (Thiodan), diazinon

(Basudin), bromophos, carbaryl (Sevon) and disulfoton (Solvirex) gave very

good results in controlling the Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) larvae, while those

afforded by trichlorphon (Dipterex) were less satisfactory. No significant

differences in the effectiveness of the compounds were observed between the

different hybrids.

Berry et al. (1972), found that granules of diazinon at 1 libra (lb)

toxicant/acre, Velsicol VCS-506 at 1.5 lb, carbofuran at 0.5 lb, Pennwalt TD-

5032 (hexamethylditin) at 0.75 lb, monocrotophos at 0.75 lb and DDT at 1 lb

and sprays of DDD (TDE) at 1.5 lb, Bay 79845 at 1 lb, carbofuran at 1 lb,

Chevron 9006 at 1 lb and DDT at 1 lb were the most effective against the

first generation of ECB larvae. On the other hand, granules of Pennwalt TD-

5032 at 0.75 lb, carbofuran at 1 lb and Velsicol VCS-506 at 1.5 lb and sprays

of Bay 79845 at 1 lb, carbofuran at 1 lb and Bay 93820 at 1 lb were the most

effective against the second-generation larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis .

Hills et al. (1972), studied the effect of insecticide applications timing

for controlling larvae of Diabrotica virgifera Lec. and first generation larvae

of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) on maize. They found that, the most effective

control of Ostrinia was given by the post-sowing treatments applied on 2nd

July. The timing of applications was particularly critical with diazinon,

which was about the most effective material, but not so critical with Dyfonate,

fensulfothion or carbofuran, which also gave good results.

McClanahan and Founk (1972), reported that in laboratory tests

parathion was the most effective ovicide against Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).

The larvae were more susceptible than the eggs. In 1970 and 1971, heavy

populations of the multivoltine strain of O. nubilalis were controlled on sweet

maize and peppers [Capsicum] by twice-weekly sprays of carbaryl, methomyl

(Lannate) and Phosvel. Carbofuran (Furadan) applied weekly provided good

control, and several experimental compounds were effective.

Gerginov (1973), investigated the effectiveness of some chemical

preparations for the control of the maize stem borer Ostrinia (Pyrausta)

nubilalis (Hb.). He found that, the best results were achieved with 5%

endosulfan (Thiodan), 5% diazinon and 5% bromophos (Nexion) applied in

granules manually at 1 g/plant, which gave 92.25, 81.79 and 77.91% mortality

of first generation larvae and increased the yield by 833, 617 and 653 kg/ha,

respectively. Also with two applications of 5% endosulfan at 0.5 g/plant,

larval mortality was 96.8%. While it was 92.7% with one application of

endosulfan in granules followed by a wettable powder spray of the same

toxicant.

Melia Masia and Almajano Contreras (1973), applied granular

formulations containing 3% phosmet (Imidan), 2.5% diazinon or 5%

monocrotophos at rates of 25, 25 and 20 kg/ha, respectively, to the upper part

of the maize plants on 12th, 14th July, 2- 4 days after the adults flight peak.

They showed that there were no significant differences between the

treatments, on average yield, the populations of Ostrinia had been reduced

by 82.4% as compared with control.

Harrison (1974), investigated the chemical control of ear-infesting

insects of sweet corn Heliothis zea (Boddie), Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) and

Carpophilus lugubris Murr, in field tests and indicated that Dursban

(Lorsban) and leptophos were as effective as carbaryl.

Hudon and Castagner (1976), tested 13 insecticides in the field for

the control of a natural outbreak of Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) on maize. They

indicated that only chlorpyrifos (as Lorsban 10G) gave good results, with only

4% of ears attacked. Chlorpyrifos, triazophos (Hostathion 5G), FMC 33297

4EC, N 2596 10G and carbaryl 85W gave satisfactory results.

McWhorter et al. (1976), evaluated the effectiveness of the spray and

granular formulations of some insecticides (toxaphene, diazinon, carbaryl,

EPN, carbofuran and malathion) for the control of artificial infestations of the

Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) first generation on maize in field plot tests. They

made the infestations by placing egg-masses at the black-head stage on plants

at the mid-whorl stage at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days after treatment. They indicated

that, the granular formulations were effective for the entire eight day period,

whereas the spray formulations were less effective than the granules after five

days.

Mustea (1977), studied the effectiveness of several different

insecticides for the control of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) in maize fields. He

found that the granules reduced attack by 58-71%, with a definite relationship

between the amount of insecticide applied and the numbers of damaged

plants. The best control of the borer was obtained with diazinon (Basudin),

carbofuran (Furadan) and kelevan (Despirol), all in 5% granules, whereas the

highest maize yields were obtained with 5% granules of chlorfenvinphos

5 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

(Birlane), carbofuran and gamma BHC (Lindatox) applied in two treatments

each at 1 kg toxicant/ha. The lower yields recorded for some compounds such

as diazinon, disulfoton (Disyston) and carbaryl (Sevin) were due to phytotoxic

effects of the compounds. He attributed the generally poor results of the most

insecticides to the long flight period of the pest, the late application of the

compounds and their loss of toxicity with time and weathering.

Straub (1977), studied the role of pre-silk applications and leaf

feeding resistance. He found that insecticide spray applications to silks alone

did not provide acceptable control. Multiple pre-silk applications were

unnecessary when methomyl at 0.5 kg/ha or encapsulated methyl-parathion at

0.6 kg were used; a single late-whorl application of either insecticide followed

by 3 silk sprays was sufficient. Carbaryl was ineffective. Use of B49XB68, a

leaf- feeding resistant dent genotype, coupled with 3 silk sprays of any tested

materials, provided a degree of control comparable to a full program (2 whorl

and 3 silk sprays) with the best insecticides on susceptible sweet maize.

Thompson and White (1977), carried out Field-plot tests to

determine the effectiveness of several insecticides applied in granules or as

sprays to whorls for the control of populations of Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) on

silage maize. They assumed that all treatments significantly reduced the

number of larval cavities/plant recorded at the harvest. Carbofuran, parathion,

diazinon, fonofos, permethrin (NRDC-143), WL 43775, N-2596 and

fensulfothion gave the best control. Silage yields were not significantly

affected by any of the treatments, despite excellent larval control. However, a

significant increase in the grain component of the silage was observed in 1974

from plots treated with carbofuran, parathion, carbaryl and diazinon.


Martel and Hudon (1978), stated that only chlorpyrifos and

permethrin of 14 insecticides laboratory tested against first instar larvae of

Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.), were more effective than DDT and carbaryl.

Carbofuran and primidophos were only slightly less effective than DDT and

carbaryl. Also they showed that carbofuran, diazinon, fonofos, N-2596, and

chlorpyrifos were promising as granular treatments, but carbaryl was

ineffective in greenhouse tests with commercial formulations applied to maize

plants at the whorl stage.

Raemisch and Walgenbach (1983), evaluated the effectiveness of

emulsifiable concentrates of permethrin or cypermethrin and granular

formulations of fonofos, carbofuran, phorate or chlorpyrifos at various rates

for the control of 1st generation larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) on maize.

They found that all the treatments significantly reduced borer damage, as

measured by cavity counts within the stalk. The liquid treatments proved to be

as effective as the granular treatments when both were applied over the row.

Also they evaluated the impact of 1st generation larvae on silage yield in two

tests; they found that, in each case, dry-matter yield was reduced by such

infestations. The yield in untreated controls was 14.1 and 14.7% lower than in

cypermethrin treated plots with 0.11 kg a.i./ha.

Straub (1983), evaluated the effectiveness of granular whorl

treatments with several insecticides for the control of 1st generation larvae of

Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) on sweet maize fields. They showed that, when

infestation pressure was light to moderate, a single granular application

compared favourably with multiple foliar sprays of the standard treatment

(methomyl at 0.5 kg a.i./ha), but supplementary sprays were necessary under


heavy infestation pressure. Terbufos at 1.12-2.24 kg, and chlorpyrifos,

fonofos and isofenphos all at 1.12 kg were the best granular treatments. They

concluded that, use of granular whorl treatments could effectively reduces the

number of treatments and could fit well into pest management programmers

for sweet maize.

Khasan and D'Yachenko (1984), determined the effectiveness of the

insecticides diflubenzuron (Dimilin), parathion-methyl (metaphos) and

diazinon (Basudin), Lepidocide [ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki

formulation] and mixtures containing Lepidocide and parathion-methyl or

diazinon against the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) on maize.

They stated that, the most effective treatments were the mixtures of

Lepidocide at 2 liters/ha with either parathion-methyl at 0.15 litre/ha or

diazinon at 0.1 litre/ha.

Mestres and Cabanettes (1985), investigated the target and non target

effects of chemical control measures against the maize pyralid Ostrinia

nubilalis in about 60 trials throughout France in about 1980-84. They

reported that, a granular formulation of chlorpyrifos, (a reference compound)

afforded a mean efficacy of 77% against larvae in the ears and 82% against

those in the stems. Yields were only weakly correlated with the extent of

larval infestation, but the results of treatment were strongly correlated with

yields when yields exceeded 75 quintal(100kg)/hectare.

Molinari and Mazzoni (1986), fulfilled investigations to determine

the damage level caused by natural infestation of several maize hybrids by the

pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) and also the effectiveness of a deltplane for

application of insecticide for the control of the ECB. They assessed the level


of infestation by means of pheromone traps for the adults and visual counts of

egg masses, entrance holes and (at the harvest) mature larvae of the 2nd

generation. They assumed that yield losses were found to be significantly

correlated with the numbers of entrance holes and not with the numbers of

mature larvae; maize plants with 2-4 holes yielded 2.96% less and those with

5 or more holes yielded 14.8% less than uninfested plants. In control tests,

applied a preparation containing Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, by

deltaplane at 2.4×1010 International Unite/hectare (IU/ha) against the 2nd

generation only, and chlorpyrifos at 470 g/ha either once against the 2nd

generation alone or twice against the 1st and 2nd generations reduced the

infestation significantly.

Voinescu and Barbulescu (1986) tested the effectiveness of granules

of eight insecticides, each applied at 2 kg a.i./ha, on maize plants artificially

infested with Ostrinia nubilalis at higher rates than those likely to occur in

nature. They declared that, the best results (in terms of stalk cavity length,

number of larvae per plant, percentage of plants with cob damage, and grains

yield) were afforded by diazinon, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, carbofuran and

profenofos.

Aguilar et al. (1987), determined the optimum timing for insecticides

applications to control the pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis and the noctuid Sesamia

nonagrioides in maize. They applied Ethyl chlorpyrifos to maize at 3 sites

as 17 applications throughout the crop growth period, 7 applications during

the 1st generations of the pests, 10 applications during the 2nd generations of

the pests and an untreated control. They found that, crops which applied with

insecticide against the 2nd generations of the pests contained significantly


lower numbers of borers and fallen plants than the untreated control. They

indicated that the 2nd generations of the maize borers are responsible for the

greatest damage in maize.

Felip et al. (1987), determined the efficacy and persistence of

nine insecticides, against the maize stem borers Ostrinia nubilalis and

Sesamia nonagrioides. They found that, the granular insecticides tended to be

less effective than liquid insecticides. Numbers of O. nubilalis larvae in

lindane and B. thuringiensis treatments and also numbers of both species in

these applications and methamidophos treatments were not lowered than those

in untreated controls. Grain yields and numbers of fallen plants were not

significantly different among treatments when compared with the untreated

control. The best control of O. nubilalis was achieved using chlorpyrifos

(granules and liquid), fenitrothion and trichlorfon liquid formulations and

granular permethrin.

Rinkleff et al. (1995), conducted field and laboratory studies using

selected carbamate, organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides to quantify

their toxicity to Ostrinia nubilalis eggs and the residual mortality to neonate

larvae. They reported that, insecticides with the greatest ovicidal activity in

field trials, in decreasing order, included methomyl encapsulated methyl

parathion permethrin thiodicarb zeta-cypermethrin and lambda-

cyhalothrin. With the exception of methomyl, significant larval mortality was

also observed for each material. They conducted laboratory bioassays to

estimate the LC50 for insecticides showing the greatest ovicidal activity in the

field. Insecticides with the greatest ovicidal activity included, in decreasing

order, zeta-cypermethrin lambda-cyhalothrin permethrin parathion-


methyl esfenvalerate and methomyl, with the exception of methomyl, all

insecticides demonstrated high levels of residual toxicity to neonates.

Mazurek and Hurej (1999), tested Biobit (Bacillus thuringiensis

var. kurstaki) 0.5%, Karate (lambda-cyhalothrin) 0.015%, Larvin

(thiodicarb) 0.2%, Nomolt (teflubenzuron) 0.2% and Diazinon (diazinon) 15

kg/ha, for controlling the European corn borer larvae. They applied All

products only once, at the same time on 10 July. They indicated that Karate

was the most effective insecticide (the rate of damaged ears was 5.5%,

compared to 23.7% on untreated plots).

Musser and Shelton (2005), assessed the influence of post-treatment

temperature on the toxicities of two pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin and

bifenthrin), a carbamate (methomyl) and a spinosyn (spinosad) to Ostrinia

nubilalis(Hubner) larvae in laboratory tests. They found that, from 24 to 35

degrees °C, the toxicities of the pyrethroids decreased 9.5 and 13.6 fold while

spinosad toxicity decreased 3.8-fold. The toxicity of methomyl was not

changed significantly. They demonstrated that the most effective insecticide

against a pest may vary with environmental conditions.

II.2 Role of plant tolerance in corn borer control:

Kazymova and Khrolinskii, (1973), studied the resistance maize

varieties to Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) infestation. They determined the foliar

resistance of maize varieties, lines and hybrids by field tests and by

laboratory assessments using the optical density of maize-leaf extracts, they

found a correlation between the degree of foliar resistance and the optical


density of the leaf extracts.

Khrolinskii and Kazymova (1976), achieved a rapid method to

determine the maize resistance for the stalk borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.)

infestation. It involved analysis of one particular leaf (the third leaf from the

top on plants in the 9-10 leaf stage, cut it in the early morning when the

temperature does not exceed 19ºC) by various analytical methods. They

indicated that, the optical density of extracts appeared to be the most

important characteristic. Optical densities of 0.5 or more indicated resistance,

and those of 0.4 or less indicated partial but insufficient resistance.

Rojanaridpiched (1983), studied the European corn borer (Ostrinia

nubilalis (Hubner)) resistance in maize. He found that the second generation

of O. nubilalis resistance correlated with silica content of the leaf sheath

collar (r = -0.84). Also, the resistance of the first generation O. nubilalis was

highly correlated with DIMBOA in the "whorl" tissue.

Rojanaridpiched et al. (1984), indicated that resistance to the second

generation of Ostrinia nubilalis was significantly correlated with silica

content in the sheath and collar tissues. A relatively high DIMBOA content

was found in the leaf sheath and collar tissues of some lines. DIMBOA had a

secondary role in resistance in some lines.

Bergvinson et al. (1994), studied the putative role of photodimerized

phenolic acids in maize resistance to Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera:

Pyralidae). They grew a five genotypes of maize under three light regimes in

the field. They reported that, artificial infestation with Ostrinia nubilalis, egg

masses resulted in greater leaf feeding damage for plants grown under an

Ultra Violet (UV) absorbing plastic (UV-) than for the same genotypes grown


under UV transmitting (UV+) plastic or in the open. Leaf bioassays

performed on tissue from the three different light regimes showed similar

trends. Foliar nitrogen content was reduced as much as 15% for UV-plants.

2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one levels were consistently

higher in UV-plants as were the levels of cell-wall-bound hydroxycinnamic

acids (HCA). Light-activated dimers of HCA called truxillic and truxinic

acids were lower in UV-plants. They indicated that cell-wall-bound truxillic

and truxinic acids are an additional resistance mechanism that provides an

explanation for increased susceptibility of greenhouse grown plants to

folivores.

Abel et al. (1995), evaluated 1601 accessions of Peruvian maize

maintained in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System for leaf-feeding

resistance to O. nubilalis. They identified eleven resistant accessions, all of

which originated from Peru's north coast. Then analyzed the 11 resistant

accessions for MBOA, the degradation product of DIMBOA and an indicator

of DIMBOA levels in the plant. They found that, all 11 resistant accessions

contained low MBOA concentration, equivalent to that found in susceptible

inbred WF9, this indicating that DIMBOA is not the basis of this resistance.

Warnock et al. (1997), developed a laboratory bioassay incorporating

ear tissues from field resistant and susceptible sweet corn genotypes into a

nutritionally complete O. nubilalis larval diet as an initial step to facilitate the

isolation and identification of potential chemical resistance factors in sweet

corn. They found that, silk tissue from several sweet corn genotypes

significantly reduced larval weight and increased total larval development

time compared with kernel tissue. Silk tissues incorporated on a weight basis


had volumes about 3X than that of an equal weight of kernel tissues.

However, tissues incorporated into a specific diet volume on a weight or

volume basis usually did not alter larval weight or time to pupation within a

genotype. Incorporation on a weight basis was most time efficient.

Binder et al. (1999), indicate that water-soluble factors from resistant

Peruvian accessions inhibit the growth, development time, and survival of

ECB. These resistance factors could be useful in the development of maize

germplasm with insect-resistant traits.

Raspudic et al. (2003), evaluated the resistance of some hybrids to

the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis in field trials. They found that, If

infestation intensity was lower than 40%, the greatest length of damage on

maize stalk was, on average, 1.58 cm per plant. If the intensity of attack was

more than 50%, the average length of damage on maize stalk was 5.78 cm per

plant. Significant positive correlation was observed between the intensity of

attack and length of damage.

Martin et al. (2004), evaluated twelve cycles of bidirectional

selection, which has resulted in increased and decreased stalk strength in the

high and low directions of selection, respectively, for grain yield, stalk

lodging, rind penetrometer resistance, first and second-generation ECB

damage, leaf penetrometer resistance at the whorl stage and anthesis, and stalk

traits including crude fiber, cellulose, lignin, and silica. They explicit that,

there are a decrease in grain yield in both directions of selection. Selection for

high rind penetrometer resistance was effective at providing resistance to

second-generation ECB damage as well as resistance to stalk lodging. Leaf

penetrometer resistance was higher in the high direction of selection at whorl


stage, but reversed by anthesis where the low direction of selection had higher

leaf penetrometer resistance. Crude fiber, cellulose, and lignin increased in the

high direction of selection, but silica decreased in the high direction of

selection. Significant correlations between the stalk traits analyzed

demonstrated that stalk composition was important in providing rind

penetrometer resistance, stalk lodging resistance, and second-generation ECB

resistance.

II.3 The biological control of European Corn Borer.

II.3.1 Role of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana in the biological control of corn borers.

II.3.1.a Efficiency of Beauveria bassiana against Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).

Yashugina (1970), studied the usability of Boverin [a preparation of

Beauveria bassiana] for the maize stem borer control. He found that, the

percentage damage to the plants was reduced to 18.3 and 16.3 and to the ears

was reduced to 3.7 and 4.3, as compared with 30.7 and 7.7 for no treatment,

respectively.

Riba et al. (1983), determine the susceptibility of the eggs, larvae and

pupae of the maize pest Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) to numerous strains of the

fungi Beauveria bassiana, Nomuraea rileyi, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and

Metarhizium anisopliae in laboratory tests. They found that, Strain no. 139 of

M. anisopliae and strain no. 40 of P. fumosoroseus were very pathogenic to

the eggs, the lethal dose being <105 spores/ml. N. rileyi did not kill the eggs,


and the pathogenicity of B. bassiana was low. In the tests with 5th instar non-

diapausing larvae, the LT50 after treatment at 107 spores/ml ranged according

to the strain from 8.4 to 28.2 days for B. bassiana. M. anisopliae, P.

fumosoroseus and N. rileyi were not effective against the larvae. The LT50s

after pupae had been treated with 107 spores/ml were 3-3.55 for P.

fumosoroseus, 7.5 for a strain (no. 60) of M. anisopliae and 12.2-13.4 for B.

bassiana. after a given period of time, mortality percentages for diapausing

larvae were much higher than those for non diapausing 5 th instar larvae treated

with the same concentration of a spore suspension of M. anisopliae. When

larvae in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars were treated with a suspension of spores

of B. bassiana, mortality was significantly higher on the 11th day after

treatment among 5th instar larvae than among those in other instars. It was

found in further tests that the susceptibility of the larvae to the fungi was

increased by the addition of sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos to the suspension.

Rosca and Barbulescu (1983), analyzed the biological factors

causing the death of 31.8% of larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) hatching

from egg-masses collected from maize fields in Romania in 1981 in the

laboratory. They demonstrated that, 31.6% of the died larvae, were infected

with Beauveria bassiana and 32.7% with Bacillus thuringiensis.

Riba and Marcandier (1984), studied the effect of relative humidity

on the virulence and viability of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin

conidia, and of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin, hyphomycetes

pathogenic to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hb in a laboratory

test. They showed that Metarhizium anisopliae could not attack the eggs of

Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) if the relative air humidity was less than 90%, even


for a few hours. At low relative humidity (30-33%), Beauveria bassiana was

able to penetrate larvae of O. nubilalis, but the LT50 was much increased over

that at high humidity (90-100%) and the fungus did not sporulate on the

surface of host cadavers. In addition, the viability of conidia of B. bassiana

and M. anisopliae was reduced by relative humidity between 5 and 70%.

After 25 days at 30% RH, only up to 20% of conidia of B. bassiana were able

to germinate, while M. anisopliae exposed for 1 day to 30% RH at 25 °C

could not attack eggs of O. nubilalis.

Carruthers et al. (1985), studied the temperature-dependent

development of Beauveria bassiana mycosis of the European corn borer,

Ostrinia nubilalis. They found that, in vivo incubation period of Beauveria

bassiana mycosis of Ostrinia nubilalis was varied in response to incubation

temperature, the level of initial exposure (dose) and the larvae age. Incubation

Temperature was found to be the dominant factor affecting disease

development within each of the host instars examined, while a dose produced

significant effects only in the early instars.

Guerin (1986), evaluated a granular formulation of Beauveria

bassiana in 3 trials in France against the maize pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis.

With infestation ranging from 1.3 to 1.9 larvae/stem, He found that, efficacy

approached 70-90%.

Bing and Lewis (1991), applied the entomopathogenic fungus

Beauveria bassiana to whorl-stage maize plants by foliar application of a

granular formulation of conidia and by injection of a conidial suspension.

They found that, in season 1989, 98.3% of the foliar treated plants, 95.0% of

the injected plants and 33.3% of the untreated plants were colonized by B.


bassiana at harvest. In 1988, there were no significant differences between

treatment effects on O. nubilalis tunneling in plants. In 1989, when

environmental conditions were more conducive to fungal growth, tunneling

was significantly greater in the control plants, followed by the injected and

foliar treated plants. When applied to foliage, B. bassiana provided the

greatest amount of O. nubilalis suppression. The entomopathogenic fungus

colonized maize at the whorl stage, moved within the plant, and persisted to

provide season-long suppression of O. nubilalis.

Lewis and Bing (1991), placed a laboratory-reared O. nubilalis eggs

or larvae on the plant during either the whorl stage (V6) or the pollen-

shedding stage (R1) to simulate 1st and 2nd generation O. nubilalis oviposition

periods, respectively. They establish that, in the 1st year, first generation, and

second generation (2nd year) Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana

alone and in combination caused significant reductions in tunneling compared

with that in control populations. There were no significant differences in

tunneling between any treatments in the 2nd generation study of first year.

Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana were independent of each other

in their suppression of insects. They recorded tunneling by the naturally

occurring second-generation larvae (year 2) to determine if Bacillus

thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana applied in the V6 stage persisted in the

plant, excised with samples from nodal plates 7-10 of the maize stalk to

determine the incidence of B. bassiana. They concluded that, there was a

significant correlation between occurrence of B. bassiana in the maize plant

and tunneling by 2nd generation larvae. B. bassiana placed in the whorl of

maize plant may provide season-long suppression of O. nubilalis.


Bing and Lewis (1992), applied the entomopathogenic fungus

Beauveria bassiana to whorl-stage (V7) corn by foliar application of a

granular formulation of maize grits containing conidia, or by the injection of a

conidial suspension In the field . They infested all plants with larvae of

Ostrinia nubilalis at the V7 (whorl), V12 (late-whorl) or V17 (pre tassel)

stage of plant development. They stated that, plants infested at the whorl and

late-whorl stages had significantly more tunneling O. nubilalis than did plants

infested at the pretassel stage. The percentage of plants colonized by B.

bassiana did not differ significantly among the whorl, late-whorl and pretassel

stages. As the plants matured, B. bassiana was isolated from different plant

areas, with the pith more frequently colonized by the fungus than the leaf

collars. Foliar application of B. bassiana provided an immediate suppression

of O. nubilalis in those plants infested at the whorl stage.

Cagan et al. (1995), determine the injuriousness of Ostrinia nubilalis

on maize and study the efficacy of various control measures, in field studies.

They obtained that, there was a strong and positive correlation between the

amount of rainfall and the level of damage caused by O. nubilalis. Pyrethroid

insecticides gave the most effective level of control, with Bacillus

thuringiensis giving only partial control. Larvae of O. nubilalis were infected

by spores of Nosema pyrausta, and the entomogenous fungi Beauveria

bassiana. Also, they tested the various maize hybrids and 18 inbred maize

lines, for their susceptibility to O. nubilalis and found that, the highest level

of resistance was found on B 85, B 85 and B 87 inbred.

Labatte et al. (1996), evaluated the impact of 3 control methods on

the population dynamics of larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis on corn under field


conditions. The control methods studied were an insecticide (chlorpyrifos),

Beauveria bassiana and a transgenic maize hybrid. They showed that B.

bassiana control was similar to chemical control. The transgenic hybrid

control was always very high throughout the maize cycle studied. A

substantial decrease of B. bassiana and chemical control efficacy was

observed with an increase in the delay between treatment and infestation.

Agamy (2002), recovered the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria

bassiana from soil samples from vegetable fields in El-Badrashin, Egypt, and

prepared a spore suspensions in aqua distribution containing 0.01% Tween-

80 and 1% sunflower oil, and bioassayed their against Ostrinia nubilalis

larvae. He found that, all tested concentrations induced 100% kill among

treated larvae. The highest mortality (100%) was reached in shorter period by

increasing the spore concentration. LC50 values of 1.58×104, 2×104 and

1.58×104 spores/ml were calculated for larvae of L1, L2, and L3,

respectively. Meanwhile, LT50 values for L1 reached 12.29, 8.44, 7.34 and

5.48 days for the concentrations 10, 1×102, 1×103 and 1×104 spores/ml,

respectively. For L2, these values recorded 10.96, 8.75, 7.61, 7.08 and 4.47

days compared to 16.06, 9.73, 7.72, 7.46 and 4.44 days for L3 at the

concentrations 10, 1×102, 1×103, 1×104 and 1×105 spores/ml, respectively.

Lewis et al. (2002), evaluated the efficacy of a Beauveria bassiana

application, for season-long suppression of O. nubilalis. They reported that,

whorl-stage application of B. bassiana in 1996 resulted in a significant

reduction in centimeters of tunneling (46-55%) and the percentage plants not

infested by O. nubilalis. In 1997, B. bassiana caused significant reductions in

larval tunneling at all locations (20-53%); however, a significant increase in


the percentage of plants not infested with O. nubilalis occurred at only one

location. Treatment of plants with B. bassiana in 1997 did not significantly

increase the percentage of plants with an endophyte; however, the trend, with

the exception of one site, was for a greater percentage of endophytic plants in

treated versus untreated plots. A whorl-stage application of a granular

formulation of B. bassiana was most efficacious in reducing O. nubilalis

larval damage.

Sabbour (2002), tested the biological control effect of three

bioinsecticides derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and

Verticillium lecanii; three chloroformic plant extracts from Melaleuca

ericifolia and Melaleuca leucadendron leaves; and ursolic acid, a compound

derived from M. ericifolia leaves against the three corn borer pests. In field

trials. They found that, B. bassiana recorded the best results, followed by V.

lecanii and B. thuringiensis. A significant reduction in infestation compared

with the corresponding controls. Yield loss was significantly decreased when

maize plants were treated with B. bassiana, V. lecanii, B. thuringiensis, M.

leucadendron, M. ericifolia and ursolic acid.

II.3.1.b Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with oils.

Batista-Filho, et al. (1994), tested two formulations of mineral oil

(emulsifiable concentrate and emulsion concentrate) with Beauveria bassiana

against Cosmopolites sordidus in the laboratory. They achieved the greatest

mortality with 5% mineral oil and fungus, resulting in 77.5 and 100%

mortality for the emulsifiable concentrate and emulsion concentrate,

respectively. 16 days after treatment compared with fungus alone caused

38% mortality only.


Batista-Filho, et al. (1995a), studied the effect of mineral oil on

Beauveria bassiana and the mortality of Cosmopolites sordidus in the

laboratory. They found that, mineral oil at 5% significantly reduced the

production and germination of B. bassiana conidia. However, a mixture of

mineral oil and fungus resulted in a significant increase of fungus efficacy:

85.0% for B. bassiana + 5% mineral oil and 27.5% for only fungus.

Batista-Filho, et al. (1995b), studied the synergistic and additive

effects of mineral oil on the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana to

Cosmopolites sordidus in the laboratory. They observed excellent mycelial

growth on Banana pseudostems, A synergistic interaction eight days after

application, with 88, 16 and 14% mortality for the combination, mineral oil

and fungus, respectively. They also observed an enhanced activity of the

fungus and oil after 12 days, with 96% mortality for the fungus, compared

with 17 and 29% mortality for the oil and fungus, respectively.

Mesquita-Paiva, et al. (1996), studied the morphogenesis of

Beauveria bassiana strains stored for 7 years in mineral oil or more recently

isolated from the field and maintained in agar media, with scanning electron

microscopy. They hadn't detect any significant morphological alteration in

the development of conidiogenesis in the strains conserved in mineral oil in

relation to recently isolated strains.

Carballo-V (1998), showed that solutions of water with more than

20% oil, or pure oil, led to adult insect mortality even without B. bassiana.

With B. bassiana formulations of 10, 15 or 20% oil and 5×108 fungal

conidia/ml, 100% mortality was observed. Evaluating increasing

concentrations of B. bassiana from 1×107 to 5×108 conidia/ml in water with


15% oil gave a LC50 value of 4.4×107 and a LC95 value of 2.7×108 conidia/ml.

With decreasing fungal concentration, the half lethal time (LT50) increased

from 7.95 days (for 5×108 conidia/ml) to 29.6 days (for 1×107 conidia/ml).

Hidalgo, et al. (1998), formulated Beauveria bassiana conidia as a

dustable powder (DP), oil suspensions (OS) and a novel hydrogenated rape

seed oil pellet. They found that, conidial viability was maintained well in the

fat pellet formulation (84.7% germination after 45 days storage) and in the DP

(83.3%), but less well in the OS formulation (55.3%). Mineral oil and (a

mineral and maize oil mixtures), without conidia, or as OS with B. bassiana at

a concentration of 109 conidia/ml (both at 20 ml/kg grain) showed the highest

level of control in maize grains. The fat pellet formulation resulted in low

levels of mortality (21-31%) when used in maize grains. It means that, oil

formulation reduced the conidia viability, but the oil mixture formulations had

the highest efficiency against the Sitophilus zeamais.

Gurvinder et al. (1999), examined five vegetable oils, one mineral

oil, three powders and a combination of both oils and powders for their effect

on conidial germination and mycelial growth of B. bassiana. They showed

that, there were a significant variation between different formulations in TG50

and the dry weight of the mycelium at 15 days. Sunflower oil and groundnut

oil appeared to accelerate spore germination as well as growth rate, while

some combinations showed additive effect.

Kaaya (2000), tested aqueous and oil-based formulations of two

entomogenous fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae for

their efficacy against Amblyomma variegatum, Rhipicephalus apendiculatus,

and Boophilus decoloratus. They observed that, both fungal species and


formulations had induced high mortalities, especially in the larvae. The oil-

based formulation was found to be more effective than the aqueous

formulation. Monthly application of aqueous formulations of B. bassiana and

M. anisopliae on vegetation in paddocks significantly reduced numbers of the

tick R. appendiculatus on cattle.

Shimizu and Mitani (2000), investigated the effects of temperature

on the survival of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in oil

formulations. They found that, high-temperature treatment killed conidia.

Drying the conidia by adding silica gel to oil formulation greatly increased the

temperature tolerance.

Yasuda, et al. (2000), enhanced the infectivity of oil formulations of

Beauveria bassiana to Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera:

Curculionidae). They found that, formulations of Beauveria bassiana conidia

in a 10% corn oil mixture showed more superior infectivity in both sexes of

Cylas formicarius than the formulation of conidia only in laboratory assays.

The 50% lethal density of conidia of the oil mixed formulation was lower than

that of conidia alone. Mortality of uninfected females reared with males

infected with the formulation of oil mixture was higher than that of females

reared with males infected by conidia alone.

Carballo-V, et al. (2001), evaluated several concentrations of the

fungus in water and oil suspension to determine the (LC50) against pepper

weevil (Anthonomus eugenii). They found that, the suspensions of B.

bassiana, both in water and in water mixed with oil at 3%, increased the

weevil mortality and reduced the LT50 in accordance with the increased

concentration. The LC50 in water was 1.2×106 conidia/ml while the


corresponding value in oil was 2.2×104 conidia/ml, these indicating that the

efficacy of the fungus increased upon adding oil to the suspension.

Consolo, et al. (2003), studied pathogenicity, formulation and storage

of insect pathogenic hyphomycetous fungi tested against Diabrotica speciosa.

They found that, using different temperatures (4, 17 and 26°C) and vegetable

oils (corn, sunflower and canola) for storage, did not significantly affect

viability of conidia. A pathogenicity trial against D. speciosa larvae performed

with the corn oil formulation (1×108 conidia/ml of oil) caused 65% of

mortality.

Hazzard, et al. (2003), evaluated vegetable and mineral oil,

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki

Berliner singly or in combinations for control of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner),

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in sweet

corn (Zea mays L.). Mineral oil alone provided equal (1993) or better (1994)

control compared with corn oil. In both years, mineral or corn oil plus B.

thuringiensis resulted in 93-98% marketable ears, compared with 48-52%

marketable ears in untreated plots. In other hand, in three factorial

experiments with B. bassiana, B. thuringiensis and corn oil, B. bassiana at 5 ×

107 conidia per ear provided little or no control while B. thuringiensis and

corn oil provided significant though not always consistent control of all three

species. They concluded that, the combination of B. thuringiensis and corn oil

provided the largest and most consistent reduction in numbers of larvae and

feeding damage to ears.

Manjula, et al. (2003), evaluated Beauveria bassiana against the

different life stages of Bemisia tabaci in different oil formulations (1% each


of groundnut, sunflower, coconut and castor oils). They found that, Beauveria

bassiana with various oil formulations did not have any effect on the eggs of

Bemisia tabaci. The first, second and third instars were heavily and readily

infected by Beauveria bassiana formulated with coconut oil (35-85%),

followed by formulations with the groundnut, sunflower and castor oil. When

the fourth instars were infected at 120 hours after inoculation with Beauveria

bassiana formulated in every oil with more than 1.83 fungus growth

development index values, the mortality of adults was maximum with

groundnut oil formulation (65.6%) followed by coconut (75.6%), sunflower

(43.3%) and castor (28.9%), even at 24 hours after inoculation. At 72 hours

after inoculation, groundnut oil formulation recorded 100% mortality of the

adults followed by coconut (97.8%), sunflower (85.6%) and castor oil

(64.4%). They suggested that, Beauveria bassiana is a potent bioagent against

Bemisia tabaci, when it was formulated with 1% coconut oil followed by the

groundnut, sunflower and castor oils.

Ramle, et al. (2004), studied the effects of oils on the conidial germi-

nation of four strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (F1, F5, F8

and F10) and their infectivity against the larvae of the oil palm bagworm,

Metisa plana Walker. They reported that, of the five oils tested, soyabean oil

and paraffin gave the highest germination for both two- and four-week-old

conidia. Palm and corn oils completely inhibited the conidial germination.

Germination was influenced by the age of conidia with the mature conidia germinat-

ing better than the younger conidia. The pathogenicity of all the four strains of B.

bassiana conidia formulated in soyabean oil against the larvae of M. plana revealed

that more than 95% mortality at 10 days after treatment.


Akbar, et al. (2005), evaluated the carriers mineral oil and Silwet L-

77 and the botanical insecticides Neemix 4.5 and Hexacide for their impacts

on the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin conidia against

red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), larvae. They found that, the

carriers mineral oil had highly significant effects on the efficacy of B.

bassiana. The lower efficacy of conidia in aqueous Silwet L-77 may have

been the result of conidia loss from the larval surface because of the

siloxane’s spreading properties. Neemix 4.5 (4.5% azadirachtin) delayed

pupation and did not reduce the germination rate of B. bassiana conidia, but it

significantly reduced T. castaneum mortality at two of four tested fungus

doses. Hexacide (5% rosemary oil) caused significant mortality when applied

without B. bassiana, but it did not affect pupation, the germination rate of

conidia, or T. castaneum mortality when used in combination with the fungus.

Luz and Batagin (2005), monitored the development of Beauveria

bassiana conidia when immersed in six concentrations of seven non-ionic

and three anionic surfactants and 11 vegetable oils in vitro . They found that,

With exception of DOS 75 and Surfax 220 germination of conidia on

complete medium was >98% at 24 hours after exposure to surfactants up to

10%. Elevated rates of germination (>25%) were observed in 10% corn,

thistle and linseed oil 8 days after incubation. Pure oils had a significant

repellent effect to T. infestans. Repellency decreased generally at 10% of the

oil and some oils showed some attractiveness for nymphs when tested at 1%.

Nymphs were highly susceptible to oil-water formulated conidia, even at

unfavorable moisture for extrategumental development of the fungus on the

insect cuticle.


Wekesa, et al. (2005), studied the pathogenicity of Beauveria

bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to the tobacco spider mite Tetranychus

evansi. They found that, conidia formulated in oil outperformed the ones

formulated in water.

II.3.1.c Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with pesticides.

Foschi and Grassi (1985), tested the effectiveness of the fungi

Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, applied alone or together

with low doses of chlorpyrifos-ethyl [chlorpyrifos], against Ostrinia nubilalis

on maize . They found that, both fungi (applied at the rate of 1013 conidia/ha)

significantly reduced the number of borer holes/plant, but B. bassiana spread

much more rapidly through the pyralid population and remained effective for

longer than did M. anisopliae. The addition of the chemical insecticide

(applied at 0.9 kg/ha) to the fungal sprays increased the mortality of

overwintering larvae but did not further reduce the number of holes/plant.

Vanninen and Hokkanen (1988), investigated the effects of four

insecticides, five fungicides, four herbicides and a nematicide on the

entomogenous fungi Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana,

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and P. farinosus in vitro. They found that, the

insecticides diazinon, pirimicarb and cypermethrin, and the

nematicide/insecticide oxamyl did not affect the growth or sporulation of any

of the fungi tested.

Vainio and Hokkanen (1990), studied the side-effects of pesticides on

the entomophagous nematode Steinernema feltiae, and the entomopathogenic

fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in the laboratory. They


found that, bentazone, ioxynil, hexaconazole, cyromazine and buprofezin did

not affect N. feltiae, but quizalofop-ethyl, tralkoxydim, sulfur and potassium

soap were toxic. Pirimicarb, cypermethrin, diazinon, simazine and metalaxyl

plus mancozeb did not affect either fungus, but glyphosate, dimethoate,

MCPA, vinclozolin, trifluralin, thiram and propiconazole inhibited at least one

species.

Puzari and Hazarika (1991), determined the effects of Beauveria

bassiana mixed with different stickers and spreaders on adults of Dicladispa

armigera, a pest of summer rice. Tween 80 and Hamam were the most

compatible sticker/spreader with B. bassiana, with 96.3 and 93.26% mortality,

respectively, as compared with 10% in the control.

Batista-Filho, et al. (1996), carried out two experiments to evaluate

the efficiency of fipronil against Cosmopolites sordidus Germar, and its

compatibility with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. They

found that, fipronil did not decrease spore production, although it slightly

affected the average diameter of the colony. Fipronil and carbofuran did not

affect the viability of the fungus.

Marin, et al. (2000), evaluated the mixtures' compatibility of

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and three insecticides incorporated

in a fungus growth media and mixed in an aqueous suspension simulating a

spray tank. They reported that diazinon WP and metacrifos had a heavy

colony growth inhibition for isolate Bb9205 and BrocarilReg. Isazofos caused

the lowest inhibition on Bb9205. Diazinon ES in mixture with BrocarilReg

caused a reduction on growth from 17% at commercial dosage (CD) to 6.8%

at 1/4 CD. Total inhibition of germination of B. bassiana Bb9205 and Bb9002


was achieved when using diazinon WE at CD when mixed in an aqueous

suspension for a period of up to 6 hours ; however, diazinon ES did not cause

inhibition which may be attributed to the solvents used in the formulations.

Diazinon WP and metacrifos had the same inhibitory effect on germination as

showed when the radial growth was measured. Isolate Bb9002 was more

sensible to the insecticides. They demonstrates that there are differences

among isolates of a same fungus and formulation in there effects.

Batista Filho, et al. (2001), studied the compatibility of

entomopathogenic microorganisms with some insecticides in vitro and under

field conditions. They showed that: (1) the action of the pesticides on the

vegetative growth and sporulation of the microorganisms varied as a function

of the chemical nature of the products, its concentration and the microbial

species; (2) thiamethoxam was compatible with all microorganisms studied;

(3) the insecticides endosulfan, monocrotophos and deltamethrin were the

most affected B. thuringiensis, B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and S. insectorum;

(4) thiamethoxam did not affect the inoculum potential of B. thuringiensis, B.

bassiana or M. anisopliae when applied to bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris);

and (5) thiamethoxam did not affect the efficiency of the nuclear polyhedral

virus of A. gemmatalis.

Gupta, et al. (2002), tested the compatibility of Metarhizium

anisopliae and B. bassiana with commonly used pesticides and organic

substrates in vitro. They found that, copper oxychloride (Blitox-50) and

azadirachtin (0.3% EC) were very well tolerated by Metarhizium anisopliae at

1000 and 2000 ppm concentrations. Mancozeb + metalaxyl (Ridomyl MZ-

72), chlorothalonil (Kavach 75 WP), mancozeb (Dithane M-45), TMTD


[thiram], monocrotophos and chlorpyrifos were found moderately tolerable to

the same fungus. Metarhizium anisopliae showed higher tolerance than B.

bassiana. However, both the pathogens were sensitive (70-100% growth

inhabitation) to carbendazim and baynate (thiophanate methyl) even at lower

concentrations (10 and 100 ppm). Nicast stimulated the growth of

Metarhizium anisopliae by 40-50% and no growth inhibition was observed in

B. bassiana. Sugar mill effluent was also found well tolerated by both the

fungi to the extent of 5% in Czapek's agar medium.

Xu, et al. (2002), showed that there are negative effects of the

pesticides on the germination of B. bassiana conidia increased with the

increasing pesticide concentrations. Two fungicides, chlorothalonil 75% WP

and mancozeb 70% WP, killed almost all the conidia of B. bassiana at all

concentrations. Five insecticides, including imidacloprid 10% WP, yashiling

22% WP (a mixture of imidacloprid and buprofezin), methomyl 20% EC,

triazophos 20% EC, and fipronil 5% FF, exhibited high compatibility with B.

bassiana conidia with germination rates exceeding 90% even at the highest

concentration. The other two insecticides, chlorfluazuron 5% EC and

fenvalerate 20% EC, greatly reduced the germination rate of B. bassiana at

the field-spray concentrations recommended, however, at lower

concentrations, the germination rates increased by a big margin. Abamectin

0.5% EC was highly incompatible with B. bassiana conidia at all the

concentrations tested.

Ashutosh, et al. (2005), assessed the compatibility between the

different rates of chemical pesticides and multineem [Azadirachta indica]

with Beauveria bassiana. Their treatments was comprised of : 0.05, 0.025


and 0.0125% endosulfan; 0.03, 0.0225 and 0.015% chloropyrefos 0.20, 0.15

and 0.10% mancozeb; 0.03 and 0.06 multineem and the control. They found

that, an increase in the concentration of the chemicals decreased the radial

growth of B. bassiana. However, the least toxic effect was mancozeb.

Multineem showed similar results.

II.3.1.d Effect of ultraviolet radiations (UV) on the Beauveria bassiana efficiency.

Inglis, et al. (1995), determined the effect of ultraviolet light (UV)

protectants on the persistence of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus

Beauveria bassiana. They found that, the survival of conidia applied in water

onto glass coverslips or crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) leaves was

reduced by >95% after 15 minute exposure to UV-B radiation. Substitution of

oil and water increased the survival of conidia on both substrates. However,

conidial survival in oil was more pronounced on glass (74% mortality after 60

min.) than on leaves (97% mortality after 60 min.). Also they found that, the

water-compatible the fluorescent brightener, Tinopal LPW and a clay

emulsion significantly increased the survival of conidia compared to the

water control, whereas Congo Red and the optical brightener, Blankophor

BSU, were ineffective. Conidial survival, in the field was not enhanced by

the 3 oil-compatible adjuvants tested (oxybenzone, octyl-salicylate and ethyl-

cinnamate). They concluded that, the use of UV-B protectants in formulations

can increase conidial survival and may enhance the efficacy of B. bassiana for

controlling insect pests in epigeal habitats.

Velez and Montoya (1995), studied the effect of exposure to

ultraviolet radiation on the germination of conidia of Beauveria bassiana in


the laboratory, using oil and water suspensions. They hadn't observed any

direct germination of conidia sprayed to coffee leaf discs and exposed to

ultraviolet radiation for 0-60 minutes. However, B. bassiana sprayed on to

leaf discs in a standard mixture of oils was viable after 60 minute exposure.

They observed differences between different formulations of B. bassiana

sprayed on coffee berries. An increase in exposure time to sunlight resulted in

lower viability.

Fargues, et al. (1996), irradiated conidia from 65 isolates of

Beauveria bassiana, 23 of Metarhizium anisopliae, 14 of Metarhizium

flavoviride and 33 isolates of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus by artificial

sunlight for 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours. They found that, survival decreased with

increased exposure to simulated sunlight. Overall, isolates of M. flavoviride

were the most resistant to irradiation followed by B. bassiana and M.

anisopliae. Conidia of P. fumosoroseus were most susceptible. There was

also an intra species variation.

Hu, et al. (1996), evaluated the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana

to the coreid Riptortus linearis in a series of laboratory tests. They found that,

at 25 ° C and above, pathogenicity of B. bassiana decreased with increase in

temperature. They due that to the adverse effect of high temperatures on the

germination of conidia. Ultraviolet irradiation of conidia reduced

pathogenicity of B. bassiana to R. linearis.

Morley-Davies, et al. (1996), screened Metarhizium and Beauveria

spp. conidia with exposure to simulated sunlight and a range of temperatures.

They exposed the isolates to 4, 8, 16 and 24 hours UV light from a sunlight

simulator at 40 °. They found that, conidial viability decreased markedly in


all isolates with increasing UV exposure. Germination ranged between 10 and

50% after 24 hours exposure to UV.

Varela-A and Morales-R (1996), studied the characterization of some

Beauveria bassiana isolates and their virulence toward the coffee berry borer

Hypothenemus hampei. They found that, the viability of conidia decreased

between 45 and 50°C, with total mortality at 55°C for all isolates. There were

significant differences in susceptibility to ultraviolet radiation and in daily

lipase production.

Tang, et al. (1999), found that, resistance to heat and ultraviolet

radiation of conidia of Beauveria bassiana with different moisture contents

varied significantly within different strains. The effects of radiation occurred

more at higher (RH 85 and 93%) and the lowest (5%) moisture contents,

while 10 and 55% RH had less effect on conidial viability.

Edgington, et al. (2000), found that, unprotected B. bassiana spores

were almost completely inactivated by exposure to 60 minutes of direct

sunlight or 20 second of UV light of 302 nm wave length.

Cagan and Svercel (2001), studied the influence of different doses of

ultraviolet (UV) light on the pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus B.

bassiana against the European corn borer, O. nubilalis, and on the radial

growth of the fungus under laboratory conditions. They found that UV light

exposure significantly influenced the pathogenicity of B. bassiana isolates

against O. nubilalis larvae. Variant SK99C showed the highest level of

infectivity. There are a significant differences between these variants.

Nong, et al. (2005), conducted laboratory experiments to study the

UV-screen effect of 17 UV-protectants and 4 combinations for the conidia of


Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Verticillium lacanii

[Verticillium lecanii]. They found that, UVP-2 (benzotriazole ) was confirmed

to be the most effective protectant. Protective efficiency of UVP-2 to spores

of entomopathogenic fungi was over 90%, and the other 4 UVPs

(benzotriazole 3, oxybenzone 2, sodium uranine and Congo red) were

approximately 60% after 30 minutes exposure of spores to UV. The mixture

of UVPs did not show higher effectiveness compared to single UVPs. The

mixture of groundnut oil and n-hexane was a suitable solute for UVP-2. The

effective concentration of UVP-2 should be higher than 0.75% for the

protection of fungal conidia. After 40 and 180 minute exposure of fungal

conidia to UV light (at lambda 254 nm, lambda 312 nm or lambda 365 nm),

the protective efficiency of UVP-2 could be increased over 90 and 56-77%,

respectively.

II.3.2 Efficiency of Beauveria bassiana against Aphis sp and two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus.

Feng, et al. (1990) bioassayed aphid-derived isolates of Beauveria

bassiana (SGBB8601) and Verticillium lecanii (DNVL8701) against 6

species of globally distributed cereal-infesting aphids. And they found that,

B. bassiana was more virulent than V. lecanii. The LC50`s for B. bassiana and

V. lecanii were 2.1×106 and 8.9×105 on Rhopalosiphum maidis. The LT50`s at

all concentration varied between the pathogens and among the aphid hosts,

with B. bassiana tending to kill aphids more rapidly.

Saenz de Cabezon Irigaray Francisco, et al. (2003) determined the

effects of the mycoinsecticide Naturalis-L (Beauveria bassiana conidial


formulation) on the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. The lethal

concentration to kill 50% (LC50) for the juvenile stages was 3184 viable

conidia/ml and 1949 viable conidia/ml for adults.

Simova and Draganova (2003) evaluated the virulence of four

isolates of Beauveria bassiana (isolates 311, 312, 339 and 340) and one

isolate each of Metarhizium anisopliae (isolate 17), Paecilomyces farinosus

(isolate 112) and Verticillium lecanii (isolate 289) to the two-spotted spider

mite, Tetranychus urticae. They established that: The isolate 339 of B.

bassiana was the most virulent in experiments with T. urticae. The calculated

values of the median lethal time (LT50) varied within a narrow confidence

interval with 95% confidence limits from 1.293 to 1.420 days; the average

value was 1.355 days.

Nirmala, et al. (2006) studied the pathogenicity of 12 fungal isolates

belonging to Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Verticillium

lecanii against Aphis craccivora, Aphis gossypii and Rhopalosiphum maidis

using detached leaf bioassay technique. They found that, all 12 isolates of the

three fungi were pathogenic to A. gossypii, Aphis craccivora and R. maidis.

R. maidis was relatively less susceptible to the three fungi than A. craccivora

and A. gossypii.

II.3.3 Role of Bacillus thuringiensis on the biological control of European Corn Borers Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).

Coppolino et al. (1984), found that granular formulations of Bacillus

thuringiensis kurstaki more effective than wettable powders, and more

suitable for application in fields containing low densities of Ostrinia nubilalis


and parasites populations (which are less affected by microbial than by

chemical insecticides).

Lokaj and Marek (1986), found that, Decis [deltamethrin] was

highly effective against Ostrinia nubilalis on maize. Cymbush [cypermethrin]

was also effective. Biological preparations based on Bacillus thuringiensis

and insect growth regulators (Dimilin [diflubenzuron] and Nomolt

[teflubenzuron]) were less effective. They concluded that the success of

treatments depends on the correct timing of applications. The importance of

environmental considerations is emphasized.

McGuire et al. (1990), tested an encapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis

subsp. kurstaki within maize-starch granules with the feeding stimulant Coax

or the UV screen Congo red at 2 field sites against Ostrinia nubilalis feeding

in whorl-stage maize. They found that, all treatments with B. thuringiensis

significantly reduced tunneling by O. nubilalis. At one site, they observed a

significant effects of addition of the phagostimulant. When they added the

coax at 1 or 10% of starch dry weight with 400 IU B. thuringiensis/mg dry

granule weight, the response of O. nubilalis was equivalent to that obtained

with granules containing no feeding stimulant and 1600 IU/mg. Also, granules

with the coax and 400 IU/mg gave a response similar to that obtained with the

commercial product Dipel 10G formulated at 1600 IU/mg. At the other site,

the effect of phagostimulants was not significant, primarily because O.

nubilalis infestation levels were excessively low for precise discrimination

among treatments.

Mile (1993), studied the integrated pest management of European corn

borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hb) in maize. He reported that, in field trials in


1990-92, two preparations based on the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki

(Biobit WP at 1.5 kg/ha and Biobit XL at 2.0 liters/ha) gave good results

against the pest.

Burgio et al. (1994), studied the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis

Berliner subsp. kurstaki based preparations against European corn borer

infesting pepper Capsicum annuum in greenhouses. They reported that, in

1991, one- and three-week interval treatments using Delfin reduced damage

caused by O. nubilalis compared with the untreated control. In 1992, both

Lepinox and Delfin reduced damage compared with the untreated control, but

there was no statistical difference between the two formulations. Two

treatments against 2nd generation larvae were sufficient to reduce damage.

When attacks by O. nubilalis were high, as in 1992, when the percentage

damage ranged between 34.8 and 43.7, spray intervals of six - seven days

were suggested for effective control. The spreader-sticker Vapor Gard

(pinolene) did not affect the efficacy of B.t. subsp. kurstaki and/or its

persistence.

McGuire et al. (1994a), investigated residual insecticidal activity of

Bacillus thuringiensis encapsulated in corn starch. In the 1st test, they stated

that during a wet year (1990) insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis

encapsulated in starch granules was greater than that of B. thuringiensis in a

commercial formulation. In a dry year (1989), there were no significant

differences in activity. In 1991, the commercial formulation had less activity

than the two of the starch formulations. In the 2nd test, They examined the

effect of an early (1st day of insect infestation) versus a late application (7th

day of infestation) of toxicants when whorl-stage plants were infested with


laboratory reared larvae of O. nubilalis over a period of 10 days. They found

that, late application was significantly more effective than early application.

Granules of B. thuringiensis consistently prevented damage by O. nubilalis as

well as or better than a chemical insecticide for the length of the study.

McGuire et al. (1994b), explored the survival of Ostrinia nubilalis

(Hubner) after exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner encapsulated in

flour matrices. They found that, in the greenhouse and at all 3 field sites, 5 of

these formulations were just as effective as Dipel 10G, a commercially

available B. thuringiensis product, for control of larvae of the pest. In all

greenhouse studies and at one of the three field sites, the dose of B.

thuringiensis could be reduced by as much as 75% when a phagostimulant

was added to flour granules without significant loss of control of O. nubilalis.

The phagostimulant dose response was not observed at the other two field

sites in which larval infestations were relatively low. Flour type had no

significant effect on control of O. nubilalis under greenhouse and field

conditions. Greenhouse evaluations provided results significantly similar to

results from two of the field sites, indicating the usefulness of the technique.

Ridgway et al. (1996), developed a low-cost, granular matrix

formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, composed primarily of

corn flour and containing a feeding stimulant composed of cottonseed flour

and sugars, for use against Ostrinia nubilalis, on whorl-stage maize. In

laboratory experiments, they indicated that a maize flour agricultural

commodity product was a suitable carrier, that the feeding stimulant enhanced

the activity of B. thuringiensis, and that the granular matrix protected B.

thuringiensis from photo-degradation. In greenhouse test they showed that,


there was a higher mortality of O. nubilalis on maize plants treated with the

granular matrix than on plants treated with a standard commercial granular

formulation of B. thuringiensis. Mortality with either treatment was increased

by application of simulated rainfall. In a field test, They found that, the

granular matrix applied at a rate of 5.5 kg/ha gave control comparable with

that achieved by the commercial standard applied at a rate of 11 kg/ha. They

indicated that, increased efficacy or reduction in costs of management of O.

nubilalis with B. thuringiensis should be possible through the use of the

granular matrix formulation.

Hafez et al. (1998), reported that, inorganic salts, such as, calcium

oxide, calcium carbonate, zinc sulphate and potassium carbonate at 0.1%

potentiate the activity of the product Dipel 2X (B. t. var. kurstaki) against

Chilo agamemnon and Ostrinia nubilalis in varying degrees. With regard to

protein solubilizing agents, urea, sodium thioglycollate and EDTA enhanced

the potency of B. t. against O. nubilalis with 1.4-2.3 fold increase . The lipid

emulsifying agent Tween 80 (0.5%) caused 1.3 fold increase in the potency of

B. t. With respect to C. agamemnon, sodium thioglycollate and EDTA (0.1%)

were effective in potentiating the activity of B. t. with 3.1 and 1/2 fold

increase, respectively, while urea caused a decrease in the potency of B. t. as

compared with the control. The lipid emulsifying agent Tween 80 (0.5%)

caused 1.3 fold increase in the potency of B. t. The potentiating effect of

aromatic compounds is not obvious with respect to the tested insect species.

With amino acids and amides, it appeared that some of the tested compounds

enhanced the potency of B. t. against the tested insect species but in varying

degrees.


Ivezic et al. (1998), treated maize (in a field experiment) with 3

liters/ha of Biobit XL (Bacillus thuringiensis-based) for controlling Ostrinia

nubilalis at the beginning and/or at the end of July, They found that,

infestation levels had of 53, 35 and 37%, respectively, compared with 83% in

the untreated control.

Raspudic et al. (1999), carried out a biological control of ECB on

silage maize with biological preparation Biobit XL (based on Bacillus

thuringiensis) at a dose of 3 liters/ha. They reported that, intensity of attack

was lower for 41%. The number of cavities and larvae/plant also decreased.

On treated plots 0.64 cavities and 0.67 larvae/plant were found, whereas on

the control plots there were 1.61 cavities and 1.79 larvae/plant. Both cavities

and larvae were above the ear, because these were the larvae of the second

generation. Length of damage of maize stems in the control plots was 4.11

cm, and on treated plots 1.28 cm/plant.

Ridgway and Farrar (1999), compared five commercial granular

formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner marketed for controlling the

European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). They stated that, three

formulations, Dipel 10G(R), Full-Bac ECBG(R), and Strike BT(R), were

similar in terms of both mortality and speed of kill. A formulation containing

a strain of B. thuringiensis developed by plasmid fusion, Condor G(R), caused

mortality similar to the other three formulations, but the speed of kill was

slower. A fifth formulation containing a B. thuringiensis toxin produced by

Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula, M-Peril(R), caused substantially less

mortality than any of the other formulations. An experimental water

dispersible formulation, based on a previously developed granular matrix


formulation containing B. thuringiensis and a nutrient-based phagostimulant,

caused significantly higher mortality of the European corn borer than a similar

formulation without the phagostimulant.

Tamez Guerra et al. (2000), found that, B. thuringiensis stability,

after simulated sunlight (xenon light/8 h) and rain (5 cm/50 min), was

improved using formulations based on lignin, corn flours, or both, with up to

20% of the active ingredient, when compared with technical powder or Dipel

2X in laboratory assays a lignin and lignin + pregelatinized corn flour (PCF)

based formulation showed significantly higher residual activity than Dipel

2X, four and seven days after application.

Pierce et al. (2001), determined the larval susceptibility to

Bacillus thuringiensis for Nosema pyrausta infected and uninfected European

corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). They disseminated that, LC50 values

for N. pyrausta infected larvae were significantly lowered (P<0.0001) than for

uninfected larvae and declined with increasing levels of infection. LC50 values

for a 15 days bioassay using field colony first instar were 0.006 and 0.027 mg

of Dipel ES/kg of diet for larvae moderately infected by N. pyrausta and

uninfected larvae, respectively. Nosema pyrausta infected larvae reared on

Dipel ES-amended diets produced 70-fold fewer spores (P<0.0001) than

larvae reared on standard diet. Infected larvae also weighed less and failed to

mature on Dipel ES-amended diets. They suggested that B.t corn will have a

direct adverse effect on the survival and continual impact of N. pyrausta as a

regulating factor on European corn borer populations.


II.4 Oils efficiency against spider mites Tetranychus spp

Rock and Crabtree (1987) examined the activity of petroleum and

cottonseed oils against adult females of Tetranychus urticae and P. ulmi.

They found that, cottonseed oil was less effective against the mites than

petroleum oil.

Butler and Henneberry (1990a) found that, various mixtures of

maize, coconut, palm, safflower, sunflower, groundnut and soyabean oils in

combination with 5 different liquid detergents effectively reduced numbers of

Tetranychus spp. on bush beans Phaseolus vulgaris, peppers and squash.

Butler and Henneberry (1990b) evaluated the acaricidal activity of

cottonseed oil, raw cottonseed oil and insecticidal soap against spider mites,

Tetranychus spp. (on celery). They found that, cottonseed oil induced high

levels of mortality on spider mites.

Sawires (1992) carried out laboratory and field studies to evaluate the

toxicity of maize and camphor oils on Tetranychus arabicus. They showed

that maize oil was more toxic and repellent than camphor oil.

El-Duweini and Sedrak (1997) studied the efficacy of jojoba

(Simmondsia chinensis) oil (canola oil) against different stages of the

phytophagous mite, Tetranychus arabicus, and the adult female of the

predaceous mite Euseius scutalis. They found that, the LC50 and LC90 for T.

arabicus larvae, deutonymphs, adult females and eggs were 0.53 and 4.28,

1.21 and 5.17, 1.60 and 6.35, and 2.53 and 10.86, respectively.

Amer, et al. (2001) tested the direct toxicity of some mineral and plant

oils to the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch eggs and


females. He found that KZ oil was toxic to the egg stage compared to adult

female. In contrast, the vegetable oil Natur'l has a close toxic effect for both

stages of T. urticae. Bio-dux oil was proved to be toxic to adult female and

relatively in toxic to egg stage.

Lancaster, et al. (2002) evaluated the summer sprays of soyabean oil

for their efficacy against two spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)

(TSSM) on burning bush (Euonymus alatus). They reported that, single

sprays of 1, 2, or 3% soyabean oil or 1% SunSpray reduced TSSM

populations by 97-99% compared to water-sprayed controls. In a second

experiment, a single spray of 0.75, 1.0, or 1.5% soyabean oil reduced the

TSSM population by >95%, compared to the water control. A second spraying

of 0.25-1.5% soyabean oil resulted in <more or ≥ 93% control of TSSM

compared to the water control. A third spray provided little additional TSSM

control.

Lee, et al. (2005) evaluated Bionatrol, specified emulsion nano-

particle soyabean oil, for it's insecticidal efficacy on two spotted spider mites

(Tetranychus urticae), aphids (Aphis gossypii), and white flies (Trialeurodes

vaporariorum) on greenhouse grown english cucumber (Cucumis subsp.

Kasa). They found that, Bionatrol had a relatively high mortality rate against

insects. Bionatrol reduced populations of the insects examined by 88-95%.

II.5 The side effect of bioinsecticides on some beneficial insects.

El-Husseini (1980), showed that treatment with Bactospeine (a

formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis was harmless


against the beneficial insects Labidura riparia and Coccinella

undecimpunctata.

Salama and Zaki (1984), studied the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis

Berl. on the predator complex of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) in cotton

fields. They found that the population curve of the coccinellids (Coccinella

undecimpunctata L., Scymnus interruptus (Goeze) and S. syriacus Mars., the

staphylinid Paederus alfierii Koch, the anthocorids Orius albidipennis (Reut.)

and O. laevigatus (Fieb.) and the chrysopid Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.)

(Chrysopa carnea)) was slightly affected as a result of spraying; this effect

was thought to be related to the population reduction of Spodoptera littoralis,

and the predator populations affected could rebuild together with that of the

host.

Langenbruch (1992), determined the efficacy of B.t. subsp.

tenebrionis on young larvae of Coccinella septempunctata when they had

fed on contaminated aphids [Aphididae]. Larvae of the predator were

unaffected by the recommended dose in the field.

Jayanthi and Padmavathamma (1996), studied the cross infectivity

and safety of nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.

kurstaki Berliner and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuille to pests of

groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) and their natural enemies. They found

that Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was highly effective against the

larvae of lepidopterous pests but not against homopteran insects. B.t. was also

safe to coccinellid predators and larval parasitoids of A. modicella, except

adults of C. carnea. Beauveria bassiana was pathogenic to groundnut pests

and coccinellid predators.


Masarrat and Humayun (1997), showed that the entomogenous

fungus Beauveria bassiana was highly pathogenic to the predatory coccinellid

Coccinella septempunctata.

El-Hamady (1998), found that the commercial preparation of

entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana showed low acute toxicity

against rats (LD50: 8.7×108 conidia/kg body weight ). The fungus was toxic to

A. craccivora but not to C. undecimpunctata.

Haseeb and Murad (1997) conducted a laboratory trial to evaluate

the effect of entomogenous fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. on

insect predators. They revealed that all the predator species were susceptible

to the infection of B. bassiana. However, coccinelid beetles, Coccinella

septempunctata and Coccinella spp. were highly susceptible while

Coccinellid Brumoides suturalis (F.) and syrphid predators were least

susceptible.

Badawy and El-Arnaouty (1999) tested commercial insecticides

in the laboratory for toxicity to eggs and larvae of C. carnea. They reported

that, according to the percent cumulative mortality, the insecticides could be

arranged descendlingly as profenofos, pirimiphos-methyl, methomyl,

malathion, carbosulfan, abamectin, Biofly, pirimicarb, M-pede, MVP II

(delta-endotoxin of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki encapsulated in dead cells

of Pseudomonas fluorescens) and Dipel.

Cagan and Uhlik (1999), tested B. bassiana strains isolated from

O. nubilalis against the larvae of O. nubilalis and coccinellid beetles in

laboratory conditions . They found that B. bassiana killed 50% of coccinellid

larvae during 48 hours. After another 24 hours 83.3% (strain SK78), or 100%


(strain SK99) coccinellid larvae were killed by the fungus. More than 50% of

dead adults of Coccinella septempunctata L. and Propylea

quattuordecimpunctata (L.) was found 72-120 hours after application of

fungus.

Sharma and Kashyap (2002), conducted a field experiment to

investigate the impact of pesticides on pests of tea and their natural enemies.

They found that, Neemark [Azadirachta indica] at 0.3%, Achook at 0.3% and

Bacillus thuringiensis formulation (Dipel 8L at 0.3%) were quite safe to

Syrphis sp. and Coccinella septempunctata.

Bozsik (2006) examined five insecticides (pyriproxifen, imidacloprid,

deltamethrin+heptenophos, lambda-cyhalothrin and Bacillus thuringiensis

Berliner subsp. tenebrionis) for their acute detrimental side-effects at field

rates on adult Coccinella septempunctata L. They found that, pyriproxifen,

imidacloprid and B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis seem to be safe for C.

septempunctata adults.

II.6 The side effect of diazinon on some beneficial insects

Mishra and Satpathy (1984), carried out a laboratory bioassay of 8

insecticides to determine their effects on adults of Brevicoryne brassicae and

its coccinellid predator Coccinella repanda. They found that, demeton-O-

methyl was the least harmful of the compounds tested to C. repanda and was

most toxic to the aphid, followed by diazinon and endosulfan in descending

order of selectivity.

Salim and Heinrichs (1985) studied the relative toxicity of


monocrotophos, diazinon and deltamethrin to Sogatella furcifera and its

predators Lycosa pseudoannulata, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Harmonia

octomaculata and Paederus fuscipes They found that, diazinon was relatively

safe to the 4 predators, causing significantly lower mortality of L.

pseudoannulata, H. octomaculata and P. fuscipes than of S. furcifera.

Bozsik, et al. (2002) investigated the enzyme activity of head

homogenates from adults of Coccinella septempunctata, Chrysoperla carnea

and F. auricularia in the presence of insecticide active ingredients. They

found that, the beneficial insects showed the least susceptibility to diazinon

and the differences between their measured values were not remarkable.

Omar, et al. (2002), evaluated the role of the insecticides profenofos,

diazinon and thiamethoxam against Pegomya mixta [Pegomya cunicularia].

They found that, diazinon and profenofos demonstrated the highest toxic

figures to the certain predators, where the reduction averages were 56.9 and

62.5%, 64.9 and 63.9% and 35.0 and 59.5% for Coccinella undecimpunctata,

Chrysoperla carnea and Paederus alfierii for the 1st and 2nd seasons,

respectively. Thiamethoxam ranked next in this respect. The average

reduction percentages were 27.7, 31.0 and 25.6% for Coccinella

undecimpunctata, Chrysoperla carnea and Paederus alfierii, respectively.


III - III - MATERIALS AND METHODSMATERIALS AND METHODS

III.1 Rearing technique of aphids:

The adult stage of cotton aphid Aphis gossypii (Glover), bean aphid

Aphis craccivora (Kock) and corn aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)

(Homoptera: Aphididae), were collected from okra, faba beans, and corn

plants, respectively from different farms at El-Gharbia Governorate. The

aphid cultures were maintained under laboratory conditions for six months.

Kenaf plants Hibiscus cannabinus, broad bean Vicia faba and corn Zea mays

(L.) Wliczek seedlings were used for rearing aphids' Aphis gossypii, Aphis

craccivora and Rhopalosiphum maidis, respectively according to Zein, et al.

(1982). After 7-15 days aphids were transferred from infested to healthy

seedlings by cutting the heavily infested leaves and placed on the healthy

seedlings.

Contamination between cultures was prevented by placing the

seedlings in special chambers 50×50×60 cm covered with muslin on their

sides. These cultures were kept in a breeding room under the temperature of

252C, 655 relative humidity (R.H) and 12 hours daily illumination by

using two fluorescent bulbs of 40 watts each .

III.2 Rearing technique of the two spotted Spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval).

Spider mite T. cinnabarinus (Boisduval) colonies were obtained from

castor bean plants Ricinus communis (L.) at El-Gharbia Governorate and

reared under laboratory conditions on castor bean leaves for about six months

away from any contamination of pesticides before starting the experiments

according to Zein, et al. (1987). About 6-10 seeds of castor bean were planted

in one pot (30 cm. diameter) and left under the green house conditions for 7-

10 days for germination.

After 7-10 days, seedlings were infested by clean culture of red mites.

Mites were always transferred from infested to healthy plants by cutting

heavily infested leaves into small sections and placed on sound plants.

Contamination was prevented by placing these seedlings in special chambers

50×50×60 cm covered with muslin. These cultures were maintained in a

breeding room under of 25±2C, 65±5 relative humidity (R.H) and 12 hours

daily illumination by using two fluorescent bulbs of 40 watts each. Mites

were collected by placing the infested castor-oil bean leaves on white paper,

then the full mature individuals were chosen and transferred by a fine brush

to leaves discs (1.5 cm diameter) for experimental tests .

III.3 Rearing technique of the predator, Paederus alfierii (Kock).

The tested predator P. alfierii (Kock) (Rove beetles) was collected

from untreated vegetables fields at Elgharbia Governorate by using an insect

trap.

Predators were placed in glass jars (one litter) covered with muslin.

Aphis sp and egg masses of cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littorals were

offered every day to the predator as a constant supply of food. Predators were

kept under laboratory conditions (temperature 25±2 C and 65±5 RH and 12

hours daily illumination by fluorescent light) for at least 2 weeks before

testing (Abd-Allah, 1998).

III.4 Determination of the Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) potency .

To evaluate the effect of UV radiation on Beauveria bassina

formulation (Biofly), the formulation potencies before and after UV radiation

were determined. Cultures of aphids and spider mite were maintained under

laboratory conditions. Many investigators found that Beauveria bassina had

hight efficiency against spider mites and aphids (Feng, et al. 1990; Simova

and Draganova 2003 and Nirmala, et al. 2006). This experiment aims to

study the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) against three

aphid species namely (Aphis gossypii (Glover), Aphis craccivora (Kock) and

Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and also its efficiency against spider mite T.

cinnabarinus. Both of slid dipping and leaf-disc dipping techniques were

used to determine the most susceptible species.

III.4.1 Slide dipping technique.

The slide dipping technique described by El- Sayed, et al. (1978) was

applied to assay the toxicity of Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly)

against aphids. A piece of double faced scotch tape was pressed tightly to the

surface of a glass slide. Using a moist brush, ten adults of aphids (1-2 days

old) were stuck to the tape on their backs so that their legs and antennae were

kept free. The slides were then dipped in the Biofly dilutions (50 : 50000

conidia/ml) and gently agitated for five seconds. Any excess of the solutions

was removed using a filter paper and kept under the same conditions of the

breeding room. Three replicates were used for each concentration. Forty of

insects were also dipped in water according to the above technique and

considered as control check. Mortality counts were recorded after 24 and 48

hours following treatments. Aphids responding to touch of a fine brush were

considered alive.

III.4.2 Leaf-disc dipping technique:

Four castor bean leaves discs (1.5 cm in diameter) were placed upside

down on a filter paper and put over a wet cotton pad in petri-dish, 9 cm in

51 MATERIALS AND METHODS

diameter. Treatments were carried out by immersing the leaf disc in each

pesticidal dilution for five seconds, and the treated discs were left to dry and

returned to the petri-dishes. Ten adult mites were placed on the exposed

surface of each disc and kept under the same conditions of the breeding room.

Each dish contained four discs which considered as four replications for each

dilution. Using microscopical examination, mortality percentages were

counted after 24 and 48 hours, and mites responding to touch of brush were

considered alive (Abo EL -Ghar and El-Rafie, 1961).

III.4.3 Determination the effect of ultra violet radiation on B. bassiana potency.

Sunlight and ultra violet radiation significantly reduce the efficiency of

the biological control agents (fungus, bacteria and virus). So, for obtaining a

satisfy biological control, the effect of adding some chosen photostablizers

and oils to the biological agents formulations were investigated. But this

adding may be synergistic or inhibited their efficiency. So, the investigations

divided into two parts as follow:

a- Study the effect of mixing certain oils and photostaplizers with

Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) on its efficiency as a biocontrol

agent.

b-Study the stability of these mixtures under ultra violet radiation.

III.4.3.a Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with different oils.

III.4.3.a.a Chemical used :

1-Mineral oil (KZ oil)

Structural formula

Mixture of CH3CnH2nCH3 were n=13-39 atoms and cyclic paraffins


were n=3-17 atomsMolecular Formula : CnH2n+2 for alkanes and CnH2n for cyclic paraffins were

n = 15:40 atoms.Called Volk oil, a refined grade colorless oil distillate on 350°F composed mainly of alkanes (15:40 carbons) and cyclic paraffins (15:40 carbons)

Formulations: :E.C. 95 %.Introduced by :Kafr El - Zayat Company.*Recommended rate of application : 750 cm3 / feddan.

2- Paraffin oilStructural formula : the same structure of the mineral oil.Molecular Formula : the same molecular formula of the mineral oil.Introduced by :Elcabten company for oil extracting.

3- Botanical oils: Corn and cotton oilsIntroduced by : Tanta Company for oils and soap.Castor oil Introduced by :Elkabten company for oil extracting.Canola oil Introduced from : National research center, Horticultural department.

4: Beauveria bassiana (Bio-fly)

Formulations : E C. containing 30106 conidia/ml of Beauveria bassiana.

Introduced by: El-Nasr for biopesticides and fertilizers Company. (Bio.)

*Recommended rate of application : 200 ml/100L

Procedures:

In the laboratory, Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) was mixed

with four botanical oils (castor, canola, corn and cotton oil), mineral and

paraffin oils by the ratios of (1 Biofly:1oil, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1 v/v). The

toxicities of different mixtures were tested against spider mites T.

* According to the Ministry of Agricultural technical recommendation for controlling

agriculture pests (2001)




cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping method. Mortality percentages were

recorded after 48 hours and corrected according to Abbott`s formula (1925),

and LC50 values with their 95% confidence limits were estimated for all

treatments and compared with the LC50 for the Biofly formulation alone.

III.4.3.b Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with Photostablizers and pigments.

III.4.3.b.a Chemicals used:

Photostablizers :

A- C

O

Benzophenon

B-

Acetophenon

C-

4, nitro phenol

D-

4-nitro acetophenon


C

O

CH 3

OH NO 2

Pigments:

A-

Titan yellow pigmentChemical Name: 7-Benzothiazolesulfonic acid, 2,2'-(1-triazene-1,3-diyldi-4,1-

phenylene)bis[6-methyl-, disodium salt

B-

Congo red pigmentChemical Name: 4-Amino-3-[(4-{4-[(1-amino-4-sulfo(2-

naphthyl))diazenyl]phenyl}phenyl)diazenyl]naphthalenesulfonic acid

Procedures:

In laboratory test, Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) was

mixed with 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1% of four photostablizers (benzophenon, 4-

nitophenol, 4-nitro acetophenon and acetophenon) and two pigments, titan

yellow and congo red. All compounds were resolved in 1 ml methyl alcohol

to prepare all the mentioned mixtures. All mixtures and Biofly formulation

were tested against spider mite T. cinnabarinus by using leaf-disc dipping

technique. Mortality percentages were recorded after 48 hours and the LC50

were calculated and compared with the LC50 for the Biofly formulation alone.


III.4.3.c Effect of Ultra Violet radiation (UV) on Beauveria bassiana .

Only the most efficient mixtures from the previous experiments were

chosen to study the effect of UV radiation on B. bassiana in the laboratory.

25 ml of each mixtures and the Biofly formulation were placed in 50 ml pyrex

flask. Flasks were stoppered and gently shaken, then kept under UV light

radiation (λ=254 nm) at 12 cm distance above flasks. Sample of 2.5 ml each

was taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after exposure to UV light, placed

in dark glass bottle. Samples were kept for bioassay test in a refrigerator (at

4º C).

The LC84 values against spider mite T. cinnabarinus were calculated

from previous experiments and prepared for all mixtures samples and Biofly

formulation. Fifty adult mites were treated with corresponding concentration

by using leaf-disc dipping technique. Mortality percentages was recorded

after 48 hours and estimated the concentration corresponding to all %

mortality to calculate the half life time T50 for each mixture using the

following equation of Moye et al., 1987.

K

0.6932

K

ln(2)T50

).ln(t

1k

xba

x

Where:

T50 = Half life time (the time needed to reduce the pesticide residue concentration to half )

k = Rate of decomposition . tx = Time in days .

a = Initial residue of pesticide. bx = Concentration residue at x time.


III.5 The side effect of bioinsecticides against the predator, Paederus alfierii (Kock).

Surface deposit technique was used to determine the toxicity of

biochemicals, Agerin, Biofly and their mixtures with oils and photostaplizers

compared with diazinon against the predator Paederus alfierii (Kock) as

described by Moustafa et al., (1980) with slight modification. The dry film of

mixtures was prepared by applying 1 ml methyl alcohol instead of acetone,

containing the desired concentration of each mixtures on 9 cm diameter petri

dish, after the solvent was evaporated, ten adults (previously exposed to low

temperature 4C for 10 min. to slow their movement) of the predators were

transferred to treated petri dishes and each treatment was replicated four

times. Mortality counts were recorded after 48 hours after treatment.

III.6 L.D.P lines and statistical analysis.

All insects' mortality percentages results were corrected according to

Abbott`s formula (1925), and plotted on probit graph papers against

insecticide concentrations. Results were statistically analyzed according to the

method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon, (1949). The obtained data including

slopes of the regression lines and LC50 values with their 95% confidence

limits were calculated.


III.7 Evaluation of some chemical insecticides efficiency against ECB on certain maize cultivatrs under natural infestation conditions.III.7.1 Chemical insecticides used :

1- Diazinon ( Diazinox, Bausudin or Neocidal)

Structural formula :

Chemical name :O,O-diethyl O- 2- isopropyl- 6- methylpyrimidin- 4- yl phosphorothioate.

Molecular Formula :C12H21N2O3PSFormulation :60% E C.Introduced by : Kafr El - Zayat Company. *Recommended rate of application : 1L / feddan.

2- Methymoyl (Lannate)


Chemical name :S- methyl N- (methyl carbamoyloxy) thioacetimidate.Molecular Formula :C5H10N2O2SFormulation : 90% SP.Introduced by : Kafr El - Zayat Company.* Recommended rate of application : 300 gm./ feddan.

3-Fenpropathrin (Meothrin.)


* According to the Ministry of Agricultural technical recommendation for controlling agriculture

pests (2001)


Chemical name :(RS)--cyano-3- phenoxybenzyl 2, 2, 3, 3 tetra methyl-cyclopropane, carboxylate .

Molecular Formula :C22H23NO3

Formulation: :E.C. 20 %.Introduced by : Kafr El - Zayat Company.* Recommended rate of application : 750 cm3 / feddan.

4-Chlorpyrifos. (Pyriban M)Structural formula

Chemical name :O,O-diethyl O-3, 5, 6- trichloro- 2- pyridyl phosphorothioate.

Molecular Formula :C9H11Cl3NO3PS.Formulation: :48% E C.Introduced by : El-Help for importing and exporting Co.*Recommended rate of application : 1L / feddan .

Procedures:

Two field experiments were conducted at El-Gharbia governorate

(Tanta Agriculture Faculty Farm) and El-Behira governorate (OmEl-Momnen

village) during 2003 corn growing season, to evaluate the efficiency of

certain chemical pesticides against ECB infesting different corn cultivars.

Eight white corn cultivars: open pollinated variety (Giza 2), single cross 10

(S.C.10), S.C.13, S.C.123, three way cross 310 (T.W.C.310), T.W.C.321,

T.W.C.323, T.W.C.324 and two yellow corn cultivars T.W.C.351 and

T.W.C.352 were planted at 10th of July(2003) in El-Gharbia region and at

13th of July (2003) in El-Behira region. Seeds of corn cultivars were supplied

from Agricultural Research Center (A.R.C.), Egypt. The experiment was

designed as strip plot with three replicates. Vertical plots assigned to the four

insecticide treatments plus an untreated one (control). All treatments were

randomized distributed in each replication. Each vertical strip plot were




bordered on each side by two rows of untreated corn cultivars to minimize the

insecticide drift to adjacent plots.

The ten corn cultivars were allocated in horizontal plots which

randomize distributed in each replication as well.

Each plot was 10 rows. Each row (3 m long, 0.7 m apart) which

consisted of 13 plants. All plots received regular agricultural practices. The

pesticides were diluted with water at rate 200 liter/Fadden and sprayed using a

knapsack sprayer (Model CP3) fitted with one nozzle. The spray was done

twice 45 and 60 days after sowing (Metwally and Shehata, 1999). At harvest

time, a random sample consists of 10 plants was taken from each plot to the

laboratory for counting the total number of internodes and holes. Number of

holes per 100 internodes were calculated and recorded. The stalks were

dissected longitudinally to permit the counting of larvae and cavities. A

larvae borrowing cavity represented 2.5 cm long was counted as one cavity.

Also holes No./10 ear stalks and damaged grain percentages were recorded.

The ears of each plot were shelled and weighted in the field. Grain yields

were adjusted to 15.5% grain moisture and a random sample of 100 grains

was weighted and recorded for each plot. 100g grain from each plot were

grained into fine powder and stored in paper package to determinate

nitrogen, protein and phosphorus percentage.

III.7.2 Soil analysis.

Soil samples from the experimental sites were collected from different

soil depth (30 and 60cm) and analyzed for soil texture and chemical

properties (Table III.1). In general the soil of the first experimental site

(Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agric., Tanta) was clay in texture, on the

other hand, the texture of the second site (OmEl-Momnen village - Wady El-

Netron, El-Behira Governorate) was sandy in texture, all soil had fairly

uniforms without distinct changes in the texture and is not saline or sodic. The


physical and chemical properties of soil samples were determined according

to the outlined methods of Klute, (1986) and Page, (1982), respectively.

III.7.3 Climatological elements.

Climatological elements values were obtained from the Kotour (El-

Gharbia Governorate) and Wady El-Netron (El-Behira Governorate)

meteorological stations. The maximum and minimum air temperature

monthly means (°C) and averages of relative air humidity (RH%) at El-

Gharbia and El-Behira Governorate during the 2003 seasons are estimated

and summarized in Table (III.2).

Table III.1: Some physical and chemical characters of the experiment soils.

LocationEl-Gharbia site El-Behira site

Soil depth (cm) Soil depth (cm)

Soil characteristics 0-30 30-60 0-30 30-60

Chemical analysis

E.C conductivity (paste extract) (dS/m)

2.6 2.1 2.3 2.2

pH 7.82 7.94 7.9 7.8

Organic matter % 0.91 0.53 1.88 1.42

Soil texture

Sand% 16.19 9.13 92.29 94.46

Silt% 40.14 42.14 2.4 1.34

Clay % 43.48 48.20 3.43 2.78

Table III.2: The monthly average of temperature and relative humidity during 2003 season in both locations.

Month

El-Gharbia site El-Behira site

Temperature º CRH%

Temperature º CRH %

Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Mean

July 35.14 24.91 30.03 66.47 35.4 21.7 28.55 48.5

August 35.72 24.54 30.13 66.18 35.8 22 28.9 52.2

September 33.59 22.18 27.89 64.55 33.2 20.2 26.7 50.5


October 28.87 18.17 23.52 64.63 30.7 17.8 24.25 54.2

November 28.7 19.5 23.8 52.4 26.1 14.9 20.5 60.8

III.8 Evaluation of some microbial insecticides efficiency against ECB on certain maize cultivars compared with chemical insecticide under natural infestation conditions.

Chemical used:

Biopesticides

1-: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aegyptia.(Agerin)Formulation : 6% Wettable power containing 32×106 IU/mg of

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aegyptia.Introduced by : Bioagro-International-Egypt. It was used in Egypt by

permission from Agriculture Genetic Engineering Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture.

*Recommended rate of application : 500 gm/feddan

2-: Beauveria bassiana (Biofly)

As previous described.

Procedures:

To evaluate the effect of the two bioinsecticides, the mixtures of

bioinsecticide with some oils and photostaplizers and the bioinsecticide

mixtures with oils and photostaplizers and half dose of the most efficient

insecticide diazinon (which investigated from previous experiment) on the

most tolerant corn cultivar and two susceptible cultivars, two field




experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agric.,

Tanta Univ. El-Gharbia Governorate during 2004 and 2005 successive

seasons.

The design of the experiments was a strip plot design with three

replications as follows:

Horizontal plots were allocated to three corn cultivars namely:

1. S.C. 10, single cross hybrid (white).

2. Susceptible corn cultivar T.W.C.310, three way cross hybrid (white).

3. Tolerant corn cultivar T.W.C.351, three way cross hybrid (yellow).

Vertical plots were assigned to nine treatments (control and eight

different treatments). Table III.3 shown the different mixtures used and their

application rates. Seeds of corn cultivars were supplied from Agricultural

Research Center (A.R.C.), Cairo.

Seeds cultivars were sown on 10th of July in the two successive

seasons (2004, 2005), all cultural practices were applied as recommended by

the Egyptian Agricultural Ministry . The mixtures were sprayed after 45 and

60 days of planting as the first experiment. Holes No./100 internodes,

cavities No. /10plants, larvae No./10 plants, 100 grain weight and grains

yield/10plants were calculated for each plot.

Climatological elements values, monthly temperature (°C) and

relative humidity (RH%) at El-Gharbia Governorate during the two

successive seasons (2004 and 2005) were obtained from Kotour

meteorological stations and presented in Table III.4.


Table III.3 : The mixtures used in the field experiments and their application rates

No. Chemical mixtures used Rate/ fadden

1 Control. -

2 Agerin. 500 gm/ feddan.

3 Biofly. 200 ml/200L.

4 Diazinon. 1L/ feddan.

5 Paraffin oil. 1L/ feddan.

6Mixture No.1: Agerin + Paraffin oil + benzophenon (1:3:0.1%).

375gm Agerin + 125ml Paraffin oil +0.5 gm benzophenon.

7Mixture No. 2: Biofly + Paraffin oil + benzophenon (1:3:0.1%).

150ml Biofly+ 50ml Paraffin oil + 0.2gm benzophenon.

8Mixture No. 3: Agerin + Paraffin oil+ benzophenon (1:3:0.1%) + Diazinon with ½ recommended dose.

375gm Agerin + 125ml Paraffin oil + 0.5gm benzophenon + ½ L Diazinon.

9Mixture No. 4: Biofly + Paraffin oil +benzophenon (1:3:0.1%) Diazinon with ½ recommended dose.

150ml Biofly + 50ml Paraffin oil + 0.2gm benzophenon + ½ L Diazinon.

Table III.4 : The monthly average temperatures and relative humidity during the two growing seasons 2004 and 2005.

Average temperatures and relative humidity

(A) Season 2004

MonthTemperature º C Humidity %

Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Mean

July 33.9 23.4 28.6 90 44 67

August 33.6 22.4 28.0 78 36 57

September 32.4 36.3 34.4 86 26 56

October 32.4 20.8 26.6 78 27 52

November 27.7 19.1 23.4 74 31 52

(B) Season 2005

July 32.3 21.5 26.9 85 35 60

August 32.0 21.9 26.9 84 45 65

September 31.6 19.3 25.5 89 40 64

October 27.9 17.1 22.5 87 38 63

November 23.7 13.5 18.5 89 42 66

III.9 Chemical analysis of Corn cultivars.

The present investigation was conducted at the experimental farm of


Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tanta, during 2003 growing seasons.

The experimental designed was a factorial complete randomized plot with

three replications and 10 treatments (the previous cultivers) . Each cultivers

were planted in four row at 75 cm. apart and three m in length, and plant to

plant distance in raw was kept at 30cm. The crop was sown at 10 th of July

2003. After 45 days, ten plants from the middle row were harvested and the

stems were cutting, air dried and grinding fine. Samples of 100g were kept

for determinations cellulose contents and percent of ash.

At tasseling stage, the cortex firmness of the internode below the ear

was measured and expressed as Newton, using a dynamometer with (Ge1) an

accessory plunger. Total soluble solid was measured by hand refractometer

(model, ATAGO N-1E) in the stem cellular juice.

III.9.1 Total nitrogen content determination.

The total nitrogen content in corn grains was determined in all the

mentioned treatments by Solorzano method (1969) with slight modification

(solorzano method use to determined the total nitrogen contents in natural

water and its reaction depended on mixture pH (pH = 9). But the digested

solution (sample) had lower pH. So, we change the sample volume to 0.1ml

only to keep the pH in the right value). After convert the nitrogen content to

ammonium sulphate by digested 0.2gm ground corn grains with sulphuric

acid and perchloric acid (4:1) for 4 hours. The digested solution (sample) was

made up to 50ml with distillated water. 0.1ml of digested solution was mixed

well with 2.5 ml phenol solution (110 mg phenol/ml ethyl alcohol 95%), 2.5

ml sodium nitroprusside (50 mg/ml distilled water) and 5 ml oxidizing

solution {100ml alkaline citrate buffer [20gm trisodium citrate + 1gm sodium

hydroxide resolved in 100ml distilled water] + 25 ml sodium hypochlorite

commercial solution} in glass tubes. The glass tubes were leaved for at least

one hour to develop a blue color which measured its optical density by


Pharmacia LKB. Novaspec II colorimeter at a wavelength of λ= 640 nm

against the blank solution.

A standard curve prepared by plotting absorbent readings of known

sample concentration range of ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) dilution.

Samples were computed by comparing sample absorbent with the standard

curve.

The total protein content of the samples was calculated as crud protein,

by multiplying the nitrogen content by 6.25 according to Pirie, (1955). The

results are presented as protein percentage on dry weight basis.

III.9.2 Phosphorus Determination.

Phosphorus was determined according to Chapman and Pratt,

(1961), 0.2 gm of dried and ground samples were digested as previous

mentioned in nitrogen determination. After digestion the solution made up to

50ml with distillated water. An aliquot of digested solution was placed in a

25 ml volumetric flask and then naturalized using ammonium hydroxide, and

para-nitro-phenol (5% in ethyl alcohol) as indicator. Then 5 ml of the

ammonium molybdate solution was added and mixed, the mixture was diluted

to 22 ml by using distilled water. 1 ml of stannous chloride solution (25g

dihydrate stannous chloride, (SnCl2.2H2O) in 50ml concentrated

hydrochloric acid (HCl), dilute to 1 L with distilled water) was added and

mixed immediately then made the final volume to 25 ml and shacked, after

10 minutes the intensity of raised blue color was estimated (at λ= 640 nm)

by using a spectrophotometer (Pharmacia LKB. Novaspec II).

A standard curve of phosphorus (potassium di-hydrogen

orthophosphate) was used to calculate phosphorus percentage in the samples.

III.9.3 Determination of cellulose contents.

Cellulose content were determined according to Updegroff,


method(1969)

Reagents :

1-Acetic acid 80%

2- Nitric acid conc.

3- Ethyl alcohol.

4- Diethyl ether

Procedure:

1-15 ml acetic acid 80% and 1.5 ml nitric acid were added to one gram of

dried sample, heated to boiling and leaved to cool.

2- 20 ml ethyl alcohol were added to the mixture sample, leaved a while and

the contents were filtered on gosh pot.

3- The sediment was washed on gosh pot twice with ethyl alcohol and then

with diethyl ether.

4-The sediment was dried in dried oven at 100 º C until dryness and cooled in

glass discator and weighted many time until the weight become

stable.

5-The sediment sample burned in electrical oven at 550°C for 3 hours ,

cooled and weighted

The cellulose percentages were calculated from the following equation:

% cellulose = [( sediment weight after dryness – ash weight after

burned) / sample weight ] ×

III.9.4 Determination of ash.

A five grams weight of each predried sample was ashed in an electrical

oven at 550°C until light gray ash was formed. The total ash was calculated as

described in Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), 1998.

III.10 Statistical analysis.

Data were subjected to the proper statistical analysis as the technique


of analysis of variance (ANOVA) of strip- split plot design as mentioned by

Gomez and Gomez, (1984). Treatment means were compared using the New

Least Significant Difference (NLSD) test as outlined by Waller and Duncan,

(1969). In case of the error mean squares of strip-split plot design were

homogenous (Bartlett’s test), the combined analysis were calculated for all

parameters in both seasons or location. Computation were done using

computer software MstatC version 3.4.


IV - IV - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRESULTS AND DISCUSSION

IV.1 Determination of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) potency.

The efficiency of Beauveria bassiana formulations measured by

Ostrinia nubilalis larvae (5th instar)(TL50 <4 days)Worthing, 1995. Using

Ostrinia larvae requirer a lot of time and efforts. To simplified this

estimation, The efficiency of Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly)

against three aphid species namely [Aphis gossypii (Glover), Aphis craccivora

(Kock) and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)] and two-spotted spider mite T.

cinnabarinus (Acarina:Tetranychidae) was studied by using slid dipping and

leaf-disc dipping technique to estimate the most susceptibility species, the

suitable time and method for application.

When the mortality percentage had been taken after 24 hours or leaf-

disc dipping technique used to evaluate the toxicity of the Biofly formulation

to the aphid species, there were non liner relationship between the mortality

percentages (probit values of the mortality percentages) and the

concentrations logarithm. So, the slide dipping technique was adopted to

evaluate the toxicity of the Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) to the

adults of different aphid species and leaf-disc dipping technique to the adults

of Tetranychus cinnabarinus mites and the mortality percentages taken after

48 hours. Results are recorded in Table (IV.1) and shown in Fig. (IV.1). The

obtained data show that, The toxicity of the Biofly formulation to aphid

species and red spider mites could be arranged descendingly as follows:

Tetranychus cinnabarinus > Rhopalosiphum maidis >Aphis craccivora >

Aphis gossypii (LC50`s:9.1×103, 5.65×104, 2.20×105, and 2.67×105 conidia/ml,

respectively. From previously mentioned results it could be concluded that:

the most susceptible species against Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly)

and suitable to use as an indicator to Beauveria bassiana potency is the adults

of Tetranychus cinnabarinus mite. These results are accordance with many

investigators who had found that Beauveria bassiana had hight virulence

against two-spotted spider mite Tetranchus cinnabarinus and many aphid

species such as Nirmala, et al., 2006; Simova and Draganova, 2003; Saenz

de Cabezon Irigaray Francisco et al., 2003 and Feng, et al., 1990.

73 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table IV.1: Toxicity of Beauveria bassiana against some aphid species and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using slide dipping and leaf-disc dipping technique respectively.

Organism

Concentrations (condia/ml)

CalculatedLC50

(condia/ml)

CalculatedLC84

(condia/ml)

Confidence limits

Slop values.

102 103 2×103 5×103 104 105 106

Lower Upper

Mortality %

Aphis gossypii 0 0 0 0 13.63 27.27 68.18 2.67×105 63.41×106 1.97×105 3.62×105 3.84

Aphis craccivora 0 0 4.54 4.97 9.09 18.18 77.27 2.20×105 17.23 ×106 1.32×105 3.68×105 6.37

Rhopalosiphum maidis 0 0 0 4.545 68.18 77.27 95.45 5.65×104 9.48×105 3.53×104 9.03×104 3.32

Tetranychus cinnabarinus 0 27.27 36.36 63.63 72.72 77.27 100 9.1×103 1.105×105 4.9×103 1.71 ×104 0.92


Fig IV.1: Probit regression lines for the toxicity of Biofly to some Aphis spp and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.


IV.2 Effect of ultra violet radiation on B. bassiana potency.

Among the fractions of spectrum that reach to the surface of the earth,

UV-B which has great harmful effect on the micro-organisms particularly at

wavelengths between 295-315 nm (Braga et al., 2001 a, b; Goettel et al.,

2000; Goettel and Inglis, 1997 and Inglis et al., 1995). Ultraviolet light has

detrimental effects on conidial culturability, conidial germinability,

germinates and affectivity of entomopathogenic fungi (Braga et al., 2002,

2001 a, b and Fargues et al., 1997). Many attempts have been made to

reduce the negative effects of UV radiation on entomopathogens by adding

photo-protective agents to the formulations (Alves et al., 1998 and Moore et

al., 1993).

Many investigators had been improved the efficiency of Bacillus

thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana formulations by adding

photostaplizers and/or oils. But this adding may be synergistic or inhibited

the efficiency of the biological agents. So, our investigation dived to two

parts:

1- Study the effect of mixing some photostaplizers and oils with

Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) to obtained the most enhanced

compound to the Beauveria bassiana efficiency.

2- Study the stability of these mixtures under ultra violet radiation to

obtain the most efficient compound that protect the bioinsecticide from the

detrimental effect of the UV.

IV.2.1 Effect of mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with different oils.

Oils and wetting agents have been extensively investigated and adopted as

means of enhancing the delivery, persistence, and efficacy of


mycoinsecticides. Oil based formulations of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo)

Vuillemin were introduced by Prior et al., 1988, who reported that coconut oil

was more efficient as a carrier of B. bassiana conidia than 0.01% aqueous

Tween 80 for the weevil Pantorhytes plutus (Oberthur). More recently, oil

based formulations of mycopesticides have been tested against various insect

pests with positive results (Maranga et al., 2005; Wekesa et al., 2005;

Kaaya, 2000; Batista-Filho et al., 1994;Ma et al., 1999 and Huang, 1995).

Because of the lipophilic nature of phialo-conidia that do not bear a mucus

coating, they can be easily suspended in oils to achieve greater efficacies than

when used in water (David-Henriet et al., 1998 and Bateman et al., 1993).

Also, the need for high relative humidity and dosage could be reduced if its

conidia were formulated in oil. So, The toxicity and potentate effect of some

botanical oils (castor, canola, corn and cotton), mineral and paraffin oils had

been evaluated against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.

IV.2.1.a Effect of different oils against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.

The leaf disc dipping technique was adopted to evaluate the toxicity of

the certain oils on the adults of Tetranychus cinnabarinus mites. Results are

recorded in Table (IV.2) and shown in Fig.(IV.2) . The obtained data show

that, The toxicity of the different oils could be arranged descendingly as

follows:corn oil> cotton oil caster oil mineral oil>canola oil> paraffin oil

(LC50`s:99.8, 472.2, 666.7, 1085.7, 1559.2, and 2525.2 ppm respectively.

Many authors had reported that mineral and botanical oils had hight efficiency

against spider mite either in laboratory or under field conditions Lee et al.,

2005; Lancaster et al., 2002; Amer et al., 2001; El-Duweini and Sedrak,

1997; Sawires, 1992; Butler and Henneberry, 1990a,b and Rock and

Crabtree, 1987.


Table IV.2: Toxicity of some botanical oils and mineral oil against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Oils

Concentrations (ppm)

Calculated LC50

(ppm)

CalculatedLC84

(ppm)

Confidence limits

Slop values.

50 102 2×102 5×102 103 2×103 5×103 104 2×104 5×104

Lower UpperMortality %

Corn oil 29.17 29.17 83.00 99.00 100 100 100 100 100 100 99.79 208.05 86.2 115.24 3.13

Cotton oil 0 8.33 39.58 41.67 60.42 - 99.00 100 100 100 472.19 1467.95 365.35 610.27 2.03

Castor oil 0 8.33 10.42 33.33 45.83 - 99.00 100 100 100 666.67 1869.02 501.06 887.00 2.23

Mineral oil 0 0 27.08 29.17 37.50 41.67 93.75 100 100 100 1085.69 5917.66 778.86 1513.4 1.36

Canola oil 0 0 0 0 31.25 47.92 99.00 100 100 100 1559.19 2699.21 1339.3 1815.17 4.2

Paraffin oil 0 0 13.99 15.87 33.33 56.25 64.58 70.83 85.42 91.67 2558.57 356159.55 1505.51 4348.23 1.10

78 CONTENTS

Fig IV.2: Probit regression lines for the toxicity of some botanical oils and mineral oil to two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.


IV.2.1.b Effect of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with oils against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.

The toxicity of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with certain botanical oils,

mineral oil and parraffin oil on the adults' spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus

(TablesIV.3:IV.7) Show that:

When Biofly mixed with oils by the ratio 1Biofly:3oils, 1Biofly:2oils, and

1Biofly:1 oil, the mixtures` toxicities decreased compared with the Biofly

formulation alone (Tables IV.3-IV.5). On the other hand in case of mixing Biofly

with oils by the ratio 2Biofly :1 oils (Table IV.6), all mixtures were more toxic

than the Biofly formulation alone except the mixture of corn oil which was less

toxic than Biofly formulation alone. In case of mixing Biofly with oils by the

ratio 3Biofly :1 oils (Table IV.7), the mixtures` toxicities increased compared

with the Biofly formulation alone except the mixture of cotton oil which was less

toxic of Biofly formulation alone.

From the previous data it could be concluded that: in all tested oils, there

are a negative relationship between oil ratio in the mixtures and mixtures

toxicities. Most tested mixtures of corn and cotton oils had decreased the toxicity

of the Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) against Tetranychus

cinnabarinus adult mites. On the other hand, mixture No.5 (3Biofly:1oil) of

caster, canola, mineral and paraffin oils had increased the toxicity of the

Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) against Tetranychus cinnabarinus adult

mites. Several working including Maranga et al., 2005;Wekesa et al., 2005;

Manjula et al., 2003; Kaaya, 2000; Ma, et al., 1999; Huang, 1995 and Batista-

Filho et al., 1994 found that conidia formulated in oil outperformed the ones

formulated in water. These findings may be due to that oil had synergistic effect


to Beauveria bassiana (Batista-Filho, et al., 1995). That synergistic effect may be

due to enhanced the conidia germination ( Ramle et al., 2004 and Gurvinder et

al., 1999). Also, oil formulations had many advantages compared with water

formulations. Oil could protect the fungal conidia from the UV of sunlight (Moore

et al., 1993) and can give some protection to the conidia from heat (Scherer et al.,

1992). Oil formulations spread rapidly over the hydrophobic surface of leaves

(Burges, 1998) and oil drift evaporates more slowly than water, thus giving the

conidia more time to germinate and infect. Oil formulations also enhances

adhesion of the conidia to the insect cuticle, spreading of oil on the cuticle may

carry conidia into niches on the host cuticle (e.g., inter-segmental folds) that

provide moisture for germination and gave more protection from solar radiation

(Ibrahim et al., 1999). The other advantages of oil over water formulation include

the ready suspension of the lipophilic conidia of B. bassiana in oil (Prior et al.,

1988). But in case of corn oil the results disagree with the findings of Yasuda et

al., 2000, who found that, formulations of Beauveria bassiana conidia in a 10%

corn oil mixture showed more superior infectivity in both sexes of Cylas

formicarius than the formulation of conidia only in laboratory assays. Also,

(Grimm, 2001; Batista-Filho et al., 1995a, b; Smart and Wright, 1992)

reported that cottonseed, soybean, and mineral oils do not adversely affect the

viability of B. bassiana. The antagonism between B. bassiana, corn and cotton oil

may be due to their contents of fatty acids myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic,

linoleic and arachidic which inhibited both growth and lipase production

(Hegedus and Khachatourians, 1988).


Table IV.3: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (1:3 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Mixtures of1Biofly : 3Oil v/v

Biofly conc. (condia/ml) : oil conc. (ppm).

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia

/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia

/ml) Confidence limits

Slo

p v

alu

es.

3750

/348

.75

7500

/697

.5

1500

0/13

95

3750

0/34

87.

5

7500

0/69

75

1500

00/1

395

0

3750

00/3

487

5

7500

000/

6975

0

Lower Upper

Mortality %

Biofly : Corn oil 0 0 33.33 39.58 43.75 81.25 89.58 100 4.90×104 2.80×105 3.03×104 7.94×104 1.32

Biofly : Cotton oil 10.42 20.83 - 47.92 75 99 100 100 2.16×104 6.81×104 1.66×104 2.00×104 2.00

Biofly : Castor oil 16.67 25 35.42 59.97 75 91.67 97.92 99 2.18×104 1.70×105 1.37×104 3.47×104 1.12

Biofly : Mineral oil 0 0 14 27.08 39.58 64.58 95.83 100 7.45×104 2.48×105 5.67×104 9.78×104 1.91

Biofly : Canola oil 0 0 47.92 70.83 95.83 95.83 99 100 1.52×104 5.61×104 1.06×104 2.18×104 1.76

Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 16.67 27.08 41.67 52.08 - 72.92 100 7.55×104 9.16×105 4.63×104 1.23×105 0.92


Mixtures of Biofly conc. (condia/ml ): oil conc. (ppm). C a l c C a l c S


1 Biofly : 2Oil v/v

ula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia

/ml)

ula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia

/ml)

Confidence limits

lop

val

ues

.

3300

/203

6600

/407

1330

0/82

1

3300

0/20

39

6600

0/40

78

1330

00/8

2379

3300

00/2

0394

Lower Upper

Mortality %

Biofly : Corn oil 35.42 43.75 43.75 75 87.5 99 100 9.35×103 3.85×104 7.09×103 1.24×104 1.63

Biofly : Cotton oil 0 0 25 56.25 75 - 83.33 3.16×104 2.42×106 2.12×104 1.13×104 1.13

Biofly : Castor oil 16.67 27.08 33 60.42 81.25 99 100 1.57×104 5.21×104 1.24×104 1.99×104 1.92

Biofly : Mineral oil 0 6.25 27.08 66.67 70.83 70.83 93.75 3.74×104 1.57×105 2.83×104 4.96×104 1.61

Biofly : Canola oil 0 - 52.08 60.42 72.92 72.92 89.58 1.40×104 2.44×105 8.02×103 2.45×104 0.81

Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 - 25.0 56.25 75.0 - 75.0 3.32×104 4.03×105 2.03×104 5.41×104 0.92



Mixtures of1 Biofly : 1Oil v/v


Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia

/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia

/ml)

Confidence limits

Slo

p v

alu

es.

500/

15

2500

/77

5000

/155

1000

0/31

0

2500

0/77

5

5000

0/15

50

1000

0/31

00

2500

00/7

750

Lower Upper

Mortality %

Biofly : Corn oil 0 0 10.42 31.25 52.08 - 56.25 99 2.59×104 9.49×104 1.93×104 3.48×104 1.77

Biofly : Cotton oil 0 0 27.08 56.25 70.83 83.33 93.75 99 1.09×104 4.44×104 8.25×103 1.64×104 1.64

Biofly : Castor oil 10.42 25 - 45.83 75 97.92 99 100 5.49×103 2.29×104 3.97×103 7.59×103 1.61

Biofly : Mineral oil 0 14.58 25 50 75 87.5 97.92 100 1.05×104 3.67×104 8.26×103 1.35×104 1.85

Biofly : Canola oil 0 0 0 35.42 77.08 83.33 85.42 87.5 1.00×104 9.92×104 6.41×103 1.57×104 1.01

Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 0 27.08 56.25 70.83 83.33 93.75 99.00 1.09×104 4.44×104 8.25×103 1.43×104 1.64



Mixtures of2 Biofly : 1Oil v/v


Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia

/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia

/ml)

Confidence limits

Slo

p v

alu

es.

1600

/24

3300

/50

6600

/101

1660

0/25

5

3300

0/50

8

6600

0/10

16

1660

00/2

556

Lower Upper

Mortality %

Biofly : Corn oil 0 6.25 45.88 64.58 75 98 100 1.12×104 2.72×104 9.14×103 1.37×104 2.59

Biofly : Cotton oil 0 0 45.83 64.58 87.5 97.92 98.6 8.44×103 2.84×104 6.03×103 1.90×104 1.90

Biofly : Castor oil 0 31.25 64.58 93.75 98 100 100 4.95×103 1.11×104 3.96×103 6.19×103 2.85

Biofly : Mineral oil 18.75 37.5 52.08 41.67 93.75 98٫6 100 6.33×103 2.18×104 4.96×103 8.06×103 1.86

Biofly : Canola oil 22.92 - 39 56.25 83.33 99 100 7.06×103 2.54×104 5.49×103 9.07×103 1.80

Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 0 45.83 64.58 87.50 97.92 99.00 8434.968 28412.07 6.65×103 1.1×104 1.896



Mixtures of1Biofly : 3Oil v/v

Biofly Conc. (condia/ml) : oil conc. (ppm).

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia

/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia


Slo

p v

alu

es.

250/

2.5

1250

/12.

8

2500

/25

5000

/51

1250

0/12

8

2500

0/25

7

5000

0/51

5

1250

00/1

287

Lower Upper

Mortality %

Biofly : Corn oil 0 0 29.17 33.33 85.42 93.75 99 100 5.35×103 1.42×104 4.09×103 7.01×103 2.36

Biofly : Cotton oil 0 0 0 29.17 37.5 87.5 91.67 99 1.09×104 3.11×104 8.14×103 2.19×104 2.19

Biofly : Castor oil 0 0 45.83 68.75 95.83 99 100 100 1.70×103 1.18×104 9.89×102 2.90×103 1.19

Biofly : Mineral oil 6.25 8.33 18.75 56.25 99 100 100 100 2.93×103 8.44×103 2.19×103 3.93×103 2.18

Biofly : Canola oil 0 0 33.33 75 85.42 99 100 100 3.47×103 8.58×103 2.70×103 4.46×103 2.54

Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 29.17 37.50 87.50 91.67 99.00 100 100 2.44×103 6.76×103 1.99×103 2.98×103 2.77


IV.2.2 Effect of Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with photostaplizers.

All photostaplizers and pigments had no toxicity effect against adults of

two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus up to 104 ppm. The toxicity of

the Biofly/photostaplizers mixtures to the adults of Tetranychus cinnabarinus,

LC50 values and their confidence limits are recorded in Tables (IV.8:IV.12).

In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the acetophenone (Table IV.8):

results reveled that, The most toxic mixture was mixture No.1 (Biofly+0.1%

acetophenone) with LC50 value =6.45×103 conidia/ml while the lowest toxic one

was mixture No.4 (Biofly + 1% acetophenone) with LC50 value =2.68×105

conidia/ml.

In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the 4nitro acetophenon (Table

IV.9), mixture No.1(Biofly + 0.1% acetophenon) was the most toxic one (LC50

=2.48×102), on the other hand mixture No.4 (Biofly+1% acetophenon) was the

lowest toxic one (LC50 =9.68×104).

In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the 7nitophenol (Table IV.10),

results revealed that: adding 0.1% 7nitophenol (mixture No.1) to Biofly

formulation reduced the Biofly LC50 value to 5.57×103 conidia/ml, while adding

1% 7nitophenol to Biofly formulation (mixture No. 4) make the mixture almost

non toxic to Tetranychus cinnabarinus mites (LC50 more than 107 conidia/ml).

In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the benzophenon(Table IV.11),

the mixture No.1(Biofly + 0.1% benzophenon) was the most toxic mixture where

LC50 value = 1.21×104 conidia/ml and the lowest toxic one was mixture No.4

(Biofly + 1% benzophenon) LC50 value = 3.07×104conidia/ml.


In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the titan yellow pigment

(Table IV.12), data showed that, increasing of titan yellow pigment percentage

enhanced the toxicity of Biofly mixtures. There are a negative relationship

between pigment concentration in the mixture and the mixture toxicity . The most

toxic mixture was mixture No.1(Biofly + 0.1% Titan yellow pigment) (LC50

value=4.89×102) and mixture No.4 (Biofly + 1% Titan yellow pigment) was the

lest toxic one (LC50 value =2.02×104 conidia/ml).

When congo red pigment mixed with Biofly formulation (Table IV.13),

also the mixtures` toxicities enhanced compared with the Biofly formulation alone

but with the increase of pigment ratio the LC50 values increased. Where, mixture

No.1 (Biofly + 0.1% congo red pigment) had LC50 value = 3.55×103 conidia/ml

while mixture No.4 (Biofly + 1% congo red pigment) had LC50 value = 9.90×104

conidia/ml.

Generally. All compound had increased the mixtures toxicities to Teteranychus

cinnabarinus mites, but when increasing the compound ratio to 1% the toxicity

decrease. Similar results were obtained by Nong et al., 2005 and Inglis et al.,

1995.


Table IV.8: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the acetophenone (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Biofly mixtures

Conc. (condia/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia

/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(co

nd

ia/m

l) Confidence limits

Slo

p v

alu

es.

102

103

104

2×10

4

5×10

4

105

2×10

5

5×10

5

106

Lower Upper

Mortality %

1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% acetophenone)

6.25 64.58 - 91.67 93.75 95.83 99.00 100 100 6.45×103 2.62×104 4.37×103 9.51×103 1.64

2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% acetophenone

0 - 47.92 56.25 87.50 89.58 91.67 95.83 100 9.39×103 8.27×104 5.74×103 1.54×104 1.06

3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% acetophenone )

0 0 0 23.00 33.00 41.00 50.00 61.00 70.00 1.94×105 4.19×106 5.83×104 6.46×105 0.75

4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% acetophenone

0 0 0 8.33 18.75 25.00 47.92 - 100 2.68×105 1.59×106 1.63×105 4.39×105 1.29


Table IV.9: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the 4-nitro acetophenon (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Biofly mixtures

Conc. (condia/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia

/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(co

nd

ia/m


Slo

p v

alu

es.

103

104

2×10

4

5×10

4

105

2×10

5

5×10

5

106

Lower Upper

Mortality %

1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% 4-nitro acetophenon)

56.25 93.75 95.83 99 100 100 100 100 2.48×102 5.09×102 76 8.11×102 0.76


47.92 56.25 87.5 89.58 91.67 100 100 100 1.73×103 3.17×104 8.98×102 3.34×103 0.79


8.33 18.75 77.17 79.17 85.42 99 100 100 4.25×103 1.25×105 3.52×104 5.14×104 2.13

4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% 4-nitro acetophenon)

0 - 27.08 37.5 43.75 70.83 75 100 9.68×104 9.61×105 6.48×104 1.45×105 1.00


Table IV.10: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the 7-nitophenol (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Biofly mixtures

Conc. (condia/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia

/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia


Slo

p v

alu

es.

103

104

2×10

4

5×10

4

105

2×10

5

5×10

5

106

Lower Upper

Mortality %

1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% 7-nitophenol ) 35.42 39.58 68.75 79.17 93.7 99 100 100 5.57×103 4.01×104 3.78×103 8.19×103 1.17

2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% 7-nitophenol ) - 45.83 64.58 70.83 93.75 99 100 100 1.43×104 5.05×104 1.07×104 1.90×104 1.82

3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% 7-nitophenol ) 0 0 14.58 39.58 41.67 47.92 66.67 - 1.84×105 2.02×106 1.21×105 2.80×106 0.96

4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+ 1% 7-nitophenol ) 0 0 0 0 0 12.5 20.83 20.83 3.56×107 3.23×109 1.29×107 9.88×107 0.51


Table IV.11: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the benzophenon (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Biofly mixtures

Conc. (condia/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia

/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia


Slo

p v

alu

es.

103

104

2×10

4

5×10

4

105

2×10

5

5×10

5

Lower Upper

Mortality %

1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% benzophenon) 27.08 39.58 43.75 56.25 66.67 99 100 1.21×104 1.17×105 8.39×103 1.73×104 1.01

2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% benzophenon) 8.33 62.5 60 64.58 70.83 - 100 1.56×104 1.74×105 9.74×103 2.50×104 0.96

3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% benzophenon) 31.25 41.67 47.92 58.33 64.58 72.92 100 1.85×104 2.29×106 8.56×103 4.00×104 0.48

4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% benzophenon) 0 10.03 18.75 52.08 99 100 100 3.07×104 5.94×104 2.56×104 3.69×104 3.48


Table IV.12: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the titan yellow pigment against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Biofly mixtures

Concentrations (condia/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia

/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(co

nd

ia/m


Slo

p v

alu

es.

103 104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105

Lower Upper

Mortality %

1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% titan yellow pigment)

68.75 93.75 99 100 100 100 100 4.89×102 2.74×103 2.49×102 9.61×102 1.34


22.92 47.92 99 100 100 100 100 3.27×103 1.05×104 2.37×103 4.52×103 1.98


39.58 47.92 81.25 95.83 99 100 100 1.01×103 1.86×104 2.21×103 4.86×103 1.33

4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% titan yellow pigment)

0 31.25 47.92 70.83 85.42 89.52 99 2.02×104 1.64×105 1.26×104 3.24×104 1.1


Table IV.13: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the congo red pigment against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Biofly mixtures

Conc. (condia/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia

/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia


Slo

p v

alu

es.

104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105

Lower Upper

Mortality %

1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% congo red pigment)

43.75 70.83 79.17 99 100 100 3.55×103 8.23×104 1.75×103 7.23×103 0.73


41.67 81.25 91.67 99 100 100 4.04×103 4.52×104 2.34×103 6.98×103 0.95


14.58 39.58 60.42 72.92 99 100 9.07×103 4.21×104 5.92×103 1.39×104 1.50

4- Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% congo red pigment)

0 10.42 18.75 83.3 87.5 89.58 9.90×104 4.35×105 6.57×104 1.49×105 1.56


IV.2.3 Effect of Ultra Violet radiation (UV) on Beauveria bassiana mixtures.

The most efficient mixtures from the previous experiment (which had no

adverse effect on Beauveria bassiana potency), had been subjected to study it's

stability under UV radiation. The chosen mixtures had been exposed to UV

radiation for 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 hours and after that, their potency against two-

spotted spider mite T. cinnabarinus had been evaluated by leaf disk dipping

technique and the half life T50 had been estimated from the corresponding

concentration (Tables IV.14 and IV.15).

In case of Biofly/oils mixtures(Table IV.14): based on the obtained data,

The most persistence mixtures were 3Biofly:1paraffin oil and 3Biofly:1 castor oil

(spider mites mortality % had 36 and 12 after 6hours of exposure to UV radiation

and T50= 1.47 and 1.74 hours respectively) while, 3 Biofly:1mineral oil had the

lowest value in this respect ( mortality % was 14% after exposure to UV

radiation for 3 hours and the T50 =0.90 hour).

Table IV.14: The effect of exposure to UV radiation interval on the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with botanical and mineral oils against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Oils Mixing ratio (v/v)

UV irradiation time (hours)T0.5

(hours)0 1 2 3 6 12

Mortality percentage

Castor oil 3Biofly :1 oil 86 84 56 54 12 - 1.47

Canola oil 3Biofly :1 oil 86 84 50 22 - - 1.23

Mineral oil 3Biofly :1 oil 86 70 24 14 - - 0.90

Paraffin oil 3Biofly :1 oil 86 74 64 52 36 - 1.74

In case of Biofly/photostablizers mixtures: from Table IV.15 , it could be

concluded that, the most persistence mixtures had Biofly + 0.1 % benzophenon,

Biofly +0.5% congo red and Biofly+0.1% 7-nitrophenol mixtures (which had


64, 54 and 34 mortality percentage and T50 were 5.71, 4.981 and 3.141 hours

respectively) while acetophenon had the lowest values in this respect which had

lost there efficiency against the spider mites after exposure to UV radiation for

two hours of. These findings in somewhat agree with those of Nong, et al. (2005)

and Inglis, et al. (1995).

Table IV.15: The effect of exposure to UV radiation interval on the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with some photostabilizers against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Mixtures

Ad

dit

ive

con

c.

UV radiation time (hours)

T0.5

(hours)0 1 2 3 6 12

Mortality percentage

Biofly - 84 16 - - - - 0.32

Biofly + Acetophenon 0.1% 84 42 2 - - - 0.32

Biofly + 4-nitro acetophenon0.1% 88 84 78 58 46 32 1.66

0.2% 86 82 82 78 56 44 2.30

Biofly + 7-nitophenol 0.1% 82 78 74 70 52 34 3.14

Biofly + Titan yellow

0.1% 84 44 10 - - - 0.35

0.2% 86 46 16 - - - 0.57

0.5% 84 52 36 - - - 0.58

Biofly + Benzophenon 0.1% 84 84 82 80 72 64 5.71

Biofly + Congo Red

0.1% 84 82 74 62 52 46 2.39

0.2% 88 80 88 66 58 52 3.03

0.5% 88 82 80 86 64 54 4.99


IV.3 Evaluation of some chemical insecticides efficiency against ECB on certain maize cultivatars under natural infestation conditions.

The use of insecticides alone as a major method to control the ECB lead to

a serious problems such as ECB insecticides resistance, and environmental

contamination.

Another approach is the use of resistant cultivars that exploit the natural

defenses of the plant against ECB beside the most effectiveness insecticides as a

key of integrated pest management programs.

Field experiment had carried out in two locations, (the experimental farm

of Faculty of Agric., Tanta El-Gharbia. and OmEl-Momnen village - Wady El-

Netron at El-Behira Governorate) during the season 2003, to evaluate the effect

of insecticides treatments and resistance maize cultivars on ECB infestation

under field conditions. To choose the most effective insecticides and the most

tolerant cultivars against ECB.

The insecticides' efficiency and the tolerance of commercial cultivars

against ECB infestation were estimated by ECB holes No. /100 internodes,

cavities No./10plants, ECB larvae No./10 plants, holes No./10 ear stalks, damage

grains percentage, 100 grains weight and grains yield/10 plants. Also, the total

nitrogen, protein and phosphorus percentage in corn grains were determined in all

treatments.


IV.3.1 Susceptibility of corn cultivars at the late season to infestation with ECB under natural infestation conditions.

Susceptibility of ten corn cultivars to infestation with ECB in El-Gharbia

and El-Behira governorates under natural infestation conditions is presented in

Table (IV.16).

In all locations and from average data it could be concluded that: single

cross hybrid 13 (S.C.13) and three way cross 351 (T.W.C. 351) were the most

tolerant cultivars while, T.W.C.323 and T.W.C.324 were the most susceptible

cultivers when ECB infestation evaluated by holes No./100 internodes, cavities

No./10plants and larvae No./10plants.

In case of holes No./10 ear stalks, the most susceptibility cultivers were

S.C10 and T.W.C.324 while S.C.13 and T.W.C. 351 were the most tolerant

cultivers in this regard.

In case of damaged grains percentage, cultivars T.W.C.324, T.W.C.310

and S.C.10 had recored the highest values in this respect while, cultivars

T.W.C.351 and S.C.13 had recored the lowest values.

There is a positive relationship between grain protein percentage and the

damaged grain percentage, while there is no relationship between phosphorous

percentage and damaged grains percentage.

Generally: The most tolerant cultivars against ECB infestations were

S.C.13, T.W.C. 351 and S.C.123 cultivars but the rank between them differed

from location to another and between studied parameters, also cultivars S.C.10 and

T.W.C. 324 had the highest values of holes No./10 ear stalks and damaged grain

percentage, because of S.C.10 cultivar has the longest ear stalk, a hight protein

percentage in the grains, also cultivar S.C.10 had been planted for a long time in

Egypt which break down there tolerance to ECB infestation.


Cultivars T.W.C 310, T.W.C .324 and T.W.C. 321 had the highest values

in damaged grains percentage that because of the ear shelling did not cover the

top of the ears this allow the ECB larvae to tunneling the ears beside the hight

protein content of the cultivers grains. Cultivars T.W.C 351 had tolerant to ECB

infestations because of it's early mature, hardest grains and well ears shelled.

Cultivar S.C.13 had tolerant to ECB infestations due to low protein content in the

grain and its thin stem (lowest diameter between all cultivers).

Table (IV.17) shows the data of 100 grains weight, grains yield and grains

yield reduction as a result of natural infestation with ECB on ten corn cultivars

at El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates. Cultivars S.C.10, T.W.C324 and Giza 2

had the highest values of 100 grain weight while T.W.C. 351, S.C.13 have the

lowest values, in both locations. Cultivars S.C10 and T.W.C324 had the highest

values in grain yield/10plants while T.W.C 323 and SC.13 had the lowest values in

this respect. From the obtained data we can conclude that: The rank of cultivars

differed from location to another, but within locations data, S.C.10 has the

highest values of 100 grain weight and grains yield/10 plants. Similar results

were reported by other researchers including Metwally and Barakat, 2003;

Sadek et al., 1997 and Lutfallah et al., 1991, who found that tested maize

cultivars show different responses to corn borer infestation. Cultivars S.C.10, 123,

129, S.C.161 and T.W.C.321 expresses resistant to Ostrina nubilalis infestation

and has less grain reduction T.W.C.310, 323, 324, S.C.122, 124 and 155

express susceptible to ECB infestation and have as much loss in yield as did other

cultivars.


Table IV.16: Susceptibility of ten corn cultivars to infestation with ECB in El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates under natural infestation conditions(2003 season).

El-Gharbia site

CultivarsHoles No./100

internodsCavities

No./10plantsLarvae

No./10plantsHoles No./ 10

ear stalksDamaged grains%

Grains protein %

Grains phosphorus%

Giza 2 22.4d* 26.3 b 17.7 c 8.67 cd 4.46 cd 3.96 b 0.48 a

S.C.10 23.2cd 30.0 b 22.7 b 13.00 a 7.51 a 3.33 de 0.49 a

S.C.13 8.4g 9.0 e 7.0 de 5.00 f 2.26 g 3.27 ef 0.43 b

S.C.123 13.7ef 16.0 cd 11.3 d 6.33 d-f 4.39 de 4.50 a 0.50 a

T.W.C. 310 17.3e 19.0 c 17.0 c 8.00 c-e 9.01 a 3.83 bc 0.35 d

T.W.C. 321 26.6bc 30.0 b 27.0 ab 8.33 cd 7.58 b 3.08 ef 0.48 a

T.W.C. 323 32.9a 37.0 a 29.7 a 10.00 bc 3.48 ef 3.04 f 0.37 cd

T.W.C. 324 30.2ab 35.7 a 30.0 a 11.33 ab 9.17 a 3.58 cd 0.40 bc

T.W.C. 351 11.4fg 10.3 e 6.0 e 5.00 f 3.16 fg 4.02 b 0.50 a

T.W.C. 352 14.3ef 13.3 de 9.0 de 5.67 ef 5.33 c 3.76 bc 0.51 a

L.S.D (0.05) 3.796 3.796 4.828 2.414 0.1935 0.2625 0.0515

El-Behira site

Giza 2 10.7 e 13.3 e 11.3 d 7.67 de 4.37 d 4.17 a 0.49 a

S.C.10 18.2 cd 24.0 cd 24.7 b 15.67 a 6.71 b 3.28 c 0.50 a

S.C.13 6.7 f 8.7 e 6.0 e 7.00 e 2.29 f 3.22 c 0.42 bc

S.C.123 9.1 ef 13.0 e 10.3 de 5.67 e 4.40 d 4.31 a 0.49 a

T.W.C. 310 18.3 cd 26.7 c 24.7 b 10.33 cd 8.95 a 3.71 b 0.35 de

T.W.C. 321 15.3 d 20.0 d 18.0 c 10.67 c 7.33 b 3.24 c 0.47 ab

T.W.C. 323 25.4 ab 32.7 b 28.0 b 12.33 bc 3.47 e 3.05 c 0.40 cd

T.W.C. 324 26.5 a 38.7 a 34.3 a 13.67 ab 8.61 a 3.57 b 0.34 e

T.W.C. 351 10.4 ef 10.3 e 8.3 de 4.67 e 2.89 ef 3.81 b 0.52 a

T.W.C. 352 22.1 bc 24.3 cd 18.0 c 7.67 de 5.54 c 3.61 b 0.50 a

L.S.D (0.05) 3.880 5.496 4.546 2.819 0.8840 0.2675 0.05147

**Averaged data

Giza 2 16.6 d 19.8 c 14.5 c 8.17 de 4.42 d 4.06 b 0.49 bc

S.C.10 20.7 bc 27.0 b 23.7 b 14.33 a 7.11 b 3.31 e 0.50 ab

S.C.13 7.5 f 8.8 e 6.5 e 6.00 f 2.27 f 3.25 ef 0.42 d

S.C.123 11.4 e 14.5 d 10.8 d 6.00 f 4.40 d 4.41 a 0.50 ab

T.W.C. 310 17.8 cd 22.8 bc 20.8 b 9.17 d 8.98 a 3.77 cd 0.35 f

T.W.C. 321 21.0 b 25.0 b 22.5 b 9.50 cd 7.46 b 3.16 ef 0.48 c

T.W.C. 323 29.1 a 34.8 a 28.8 a 11.17 bc 3.47 e 3.04 f 0.38 e

T.W.C. 324 28.4 a 37.2 a 32.2 a 12.50 ab 8.89 a 3.57 d 0.37 e

T.W.C. 351 10.9 e 10.3 de 7.2 e 4.83 f 3.02 e 3.92 bc 0.51 a

T.W.C. 352 18.2 b-d 18.8 c 13.5 cd 6.67 ef 5.43 c 3.68 d 0.51 a

L.S.D (0.05) 3.177 4.213 3.566 1.926 0.6886 0.2122 0.01628

*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)

** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars.


Table IV.17: 100 grain weight, grains yield and grains yield reduction as a result of natural infestation with ECB on ten corn cultivars at El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates.

El-Gharbia site

Cultivars 100grains weight(g)Grains yield /10plants (kg)

Mean Reduction%***

Giza 2 29.0 ab* 1.26 a 28.57S.C.10 31.4 a 1.51 a 33.77S.C.13 23.0 c 1.05 bc 22.86S.C.123 26.0 bc 1.46 a 30.82

T.W.C. 310 29.6 ab 1.16 a-c 25.86T.W.C. 321 29.5 ab 1.38 ab 28.26T.W.C. 323 25.7 bc 0.97 c 27.84T.W.C. 324 28.7 ab 1.47 a 36.05T.W.C. 351 27.0 b 1.37 ab 22.63T.W.C. 352 27.7 ab 1.30 a-c 36.15

L.S.D (0.05) 3.894 0.366

El-Behira site

Giza 2 35.3 ab 1.37 d 23.36S.C.10 36.7 a 1.42 bc 26.76S.C.13 31.0 ef 1.18 e 33.90S.C.123 32.8 de 1.22 de 20.49

T.W.C. 310 33.2 cd 1.24 c 33.87T.W.C. 321 33.6 b-d 1.44 bc 19.44T.W.C. 323 32.0 d-f 1.05 a 21.90T.W.C. 324 35.0 a-c 1.47 a 27.89T.W.C. 351 30.8 f 1.30 b 16.92T.W.C. 352 31.0 ef 1.35 de 20.74

L.S.D (0.05) 1.914 0.283

**Averaged data

Giza 2 32.15 a 1.31 ab 26.72S.C.10 34.05 a 1.47 a 29.93S.C.13 27 d 1.11 cd 29.73S.C.123 29.4 bc 1.34 a-c 26.12

T.W.C. 310 31.4 b 1.20 b-d 30.00T.W.C. 321 31.55 b 1.41 ab 23.40T.W.C. 323 30.4 b 1.01 d 24.75T.W.C. 324 31.8 ab 1.47 a 31.97T.W.C. 351 28.9 bc 1.34 a-c 19.40T.W.C. 352 29.95 b 1.33 a-c 27.82

L.S.D (0.05) 2.032 0.252



*** Reduction%=(Grain yield in diazinon treatments-Grain yield in control treatment)/ Grain yield in control×100


IV.3.2 Insecticides efficiency against European Corn Borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) infestation.

IV.3.2.a Holes No./100 internodes. Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten

corn cultivars evaluated by holes No./100 internodes at two different locations

are presented in Table (IV.18). At the two locations there are a significant

differences between the insecticides treatments.

At El-Gharbia site: diazinon treated cultivatar S.C.13 and S.C.123, and

chlorpyrifos treated cultiver S.C.13 had the lowest value in holes No./100

internodes.

Holes No./100 internodes values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows: S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 351<T.W.C.

310<T.W.C.352< Giza 2<T.W.C. 324<T.W.C. 323<S.C.10<T.W.C. 321.While

diazinon treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows: S.C.13<

S.C.123< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C.321<T.W.C. 351<

T.W.C. 352 <T.W.C. 323. Methomyl treated cultivers were in ascending order as

follows: S.C.13< T.W.C. 351< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 310< S.C.123<

Giza2< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C. 321. Fenpropathrin treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:Giza 2< T.W.C. 351< S.C.13<

S.C.123< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352< S.C.10< T.W.C.

323.

Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most efficient insecticides treatments

against ECB infestation [ infestation reduction percentage(R%) = 77.05 and 71.10

respectively].

At El-Behira site: diazinon treated cultivars S.C.123 and T.W.C.351

have the lowest value in this regard.


Holes No./100 internodes values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were

in ascending order as follows: T.W.C. 351< S.C.123< Giza 2< S.C.13< T.W.C.

321< T.W.C. 323< S.C.10< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 324. While

diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.123< T.W.C.

351< T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C. 310< S.C.10< Giza 2< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.

352< T.W.C. 324. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows: S.C.123< T.W.C. 351 < S.C.13< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C.

323< S.C.10< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 324. Fenpropathrin treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< Giza 2< S.C.123< T.W.C.

351< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C. 310< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352.

Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most efficient insecticides treatments

against ECB infestation (R% = 81.51 and 77.51 respectively).

From averaged data it could be concluded that: diazinon was the most

potent insecticides treatments and the methomyl was the lest effective one(R%=

79.05 and 40.88 respectively). The degree of infestation at Elgharbia site were

more than that in El-Behira site.

IV.3.2.b Cavities No./10 plant.ECB cavities No./10 plants as effected by insecticides treatments and corn

cultivers are sited in Table (IV.19). A significant differences were detected

between the insecticide treatments and corn cultivars.

At El-Gharbia site: diazinon treated cultivars S.C.13, S.C.123 and

T.W.C.351 treatments had the lowest value in this regard.

Cavities No./10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows: S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 351< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C.

310< Giza 2< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.323< T.W.C. 324< S.C.10. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.13< S.C.123< Giza 2<


T.W.C. 310< S.C.10< T.W.C. 351< T.W.C.321< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C.352<

T.W.C.323. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:

T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< Giza 2< T.W.C.324< S.C.123< T.W.C.310<T.W.C. 321<

T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 323< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows: T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< Giza 2< T.W.C. 324< S.C.123<

T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C.323< S.C.10.

Diazinon was the most efficient insecticide treatments towered ECB

infestation followed by fenpropathrin(R%= 79.49 and 73.68 respectively).

At El-Behira site:diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.351 and S.C.13 had the

lowest value in this regard.

Cultivers cavities No./10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated values

were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 351< S.C.123< Giza2< S.C.13<

T.W.C.321< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 324. While

diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.123<

T.W.C.351< T.W.C. 323< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< S.C.13< S.C.10 < T.W.C. 321<

T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 324. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged

ascendingly as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C. 351< Giza 2< S.C.123< T.W.C. 323<

S.C.10< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 352. Fenpropathrin treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C. 351<Giza 2<

S.C.123<T.W.C.323< S.C.10< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 352.

All insecticides had the same potency against ECB in spit of methomyl which had

the lowest effective one. The ECB infestation was much more in Elgharbia than in

El-Behira.


From the averaged data it could be concluded that: diazinon followed

by fenpropathrin was the most potent insecticides treatments against ECB

infestation(R%= 80.50 and 75.97 respectively) and methomyl was the lowest

effective one.

IV.3.2.c Larvae No. /10plants.ECB larvae No./10 plants as effected by insecticides treatments and corn

cultivars exhibited in Table (IV.20) .In both location there were a significant

differences between insecticides treatments.

At El-Gharbia site: diazinon treated cultivars S.C.10, S.C.123 and S.C.13

treatments had the lowest values in this regard.

Larvae No./10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C.351< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310<

T.W.C. 352< S.C.10< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 321. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.10< S.C.123< S.C.13<

Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.324< T.W.C. 351< T.W.C. 352<

T.W.C.323. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C. 351< Giza 2< S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C.

321< S.C.10< T.W.C.352<T.W.C.323. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< Giza 2< S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 310<

T.W.C.324< T.W.C. 321< S.C.10< T.W.C.352< T.W.C. 323.

Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most potent insecticides treatments

against ECB infestation (R%= 85.84 and 76.50 respectively).

At El-Behira site: diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.351, S.C.123 and

S.C.13 had the lowest values in this regard.

Larvae No./10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 351< Giza 2< S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 323<


T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 324< S.C.10< T.W.C. 310. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.123< T.W.C.351<

S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C.321 < T.W.C. 323< Giza 2< T.W.C.

352<T.W.C.324. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C. 323 < Giza 2< T.W.C.351< S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.

310< S.C.123< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 323< Giza 2< T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< S.C.10<

T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 310< S.C.123< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.352.

Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most potent insecticides treatments

against ECB infestation (R%= 85.84 and 76.50 respectively).

Generally, from averaged data: Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the

most potent insecticides against ECB(R%= 88.43 and 77.93 respectively).

IV.3.2.d Holes No./10 ear stalks.Table (IV.21) show the effect of insecticides treatments and corn

cultivers on ECB infestation decided by holes No./ 10 ear stalks.

At El-Gharbia site :a significant differences were detected between the

insecticides treatments. Diazinon treated cultivar S.C.13 and T.W.C.352, and

chlorpyrifos treated cultivar T.W.C.351 had the lowest values in this regard.

Holes No./ 10 ear stalks values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C.

323< T.W.C.321< T.W.C. 324< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< S.C.10. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C.352<

S.C.123< T.W.C.323 < T.W.C. 351< Giza2< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C.324< S.C.10<

T.W.C. 321. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C.351< S.C.123< T.W.C. 352< S.C.13< T.W.C. 321< Giza2<

T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.324< S.C.10. Methomyl treated cultivers were in


ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< S.C.123< T.W.C. 352< S.C.13< T.W.C.

321< Giza2< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< T.W.C. 324< S.C.10.

Diazinon was the most effective insecticides treatments against ECB while

methomyl had the lowest effective one in that respect (R%= 61.06 and 13.52

respectively).

At El-Behira site :a significant differences were detected between the

insecticides treatments. Diazinon treated cultivar S.C.123 and T.W.C.351, and

fenopropathrin treated cultivar T.W.C.351 had the lowest values in this regard.

Ten ear stalks values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in ascending

order as follows:T.W.C. 351< S.C.123< T.W.C. 321< S.C.13< T.W.C. 352<

Giza2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< S.C.10.While diazinon treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.123< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.310<

T.W.C. 323< Giza2< S.C.13< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324.

Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:T.W.C.351<

S.C.123< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324<

T.W.C.310< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in ascending order as

follows:T.W.C. 351< S.C.123< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352<

T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310< S.C.10.

Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most effective insecticides treatments

against ECB(R%= 48.25 and 22.75 respectively) while there are no significant

differences between methomyl and control treatments .

Generally from average data it could be concluded that: a significant

differences among insecticides treatments were detected. Diazinon was the most

effective insecticides treatments against ECB while methomyl had the lowest

effective one in this respect (R%= 54.15 and 14.72 respectively).


IV.3.2.e Damaged grains percentage. Table (IV.22) show the effect of insecticides treatments and corn

cultivers on ECB infestation decided by damaged grains percentage.

In both location, a significant differences were detected between the

insecticides treatments.

In all location and from the averaged data: Cultivar S.C.13 treated with

diazinon or fenpropathren and T.W.C.351 treated with diazinon treatments had the

lowest values in this respect. Diazinon followed by fenpropathrin were the most

effective insecticides treatments against ECB (R%= 55.16 and 40.83 respectively)

while methomyl had the lowest effective one in that respect.

At El-Gharbia site:damaged grains percentage values of chlorpyrifos

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C.

351< Giza 2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< S.C.10< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.

310. While diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13<

T.W.C.351< T.W.C.323< S.C.123< Giza2< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< T.W.C.321<

T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged

ascendingly as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123T.W.C.

352< T.W.C.321< S.C.10< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers

were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C. 351< Giza2<

S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< S.C.10< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324.

At El-Behira site :damaged grains percentage values of chlorpyrifos

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.13< T.W.C. 351<

T.W.C.323< S.C.123< Giza2< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.310<

T.W.C. 324. While the diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as

follows:S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 351< Giza 2< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C.352<

S.C.10< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 310. Methomyl treated cultivers could


be arranged ascendingly as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.323< Giza

2< S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C. 321< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C.310.

Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13<

T.W.C.351< T.W.C. 323< Giza2< S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< S.C.10<

T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 310.

IV.3.2.f Grains protein percentage.Data presented in Table (IV.23) show the effect of insecticides treatments

and corn cultivars on grains` protein percentage. In both location, a significant

differences were detected between the corn cultivars only and no significant

difference had been observed between pesticides treatments.

In all location and from the averaged data it could be concluded that,

diazinon had the highest effect of grain protein percentage. Also, there were a

significant positive relationship between the reduction of the ECB infestations and

the grain protein percentage.

At El-Gharbia site: the untreated cultivar T.W.C.323 and methomyl

treated cultivars T.W.C.321and T.W.C.323 had the lowest values in this regard

while cultivar S.C.13 treated with fenopropathrin or chlorpyrifos or diazinon

had the highest values in this regard.

Grains protein percentage values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321< S.C.10< S.C.13< T.W.C.

324< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.323<

S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 310< Giza2< T.W.C. 351<

S.C.123. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C. 321< S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352<

Giza2< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.351< S.C.123. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in


ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321< S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C.324<

T.W.C.352< Giza2< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.351< S.C.123.

At El-Behira site: the untreated cultivars T.W.C.323, methomyl treated

cultivar T.W.C.321 and T.W.C.323 had the lowest values in this respect while

cultivar S.C.13 treated with fenopropathrin or chlorpyrifos or diazinon had the

highest values in this respect.

Grains protein percentage values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321< S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C.324<

T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.310< Giza2< S.C.123. While diazinon treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 323< T.W.C.321< S.C.13<

S.C.10< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123.

Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:T.W.C. 321<

S.C.10< T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.

310< Giza2< S.C.123. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in ascending order as

follows:T.W.C. 321< S.C.10< T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352<

T.W.C.351< T.W.C.310< Giza2< S.C.123.

From averaged data it could be concluded that: a significant differences

were detected between the pesticides treatments. Untreated cultivars T.W.C.323

and T.W.C.321, methomyl treated cultivar T.W.C.321 and T.W.C.323 had the

lowest values in this respect while S.C.13 treated with fenopropathrin or

chlorpyrifos or diazinon had the highest values in this respect.


IV.3.2.g Grains phosphorus percentage.Data presented in Table (IV.24) show the effect of insecticides treatments

and corn cultivars on grains phosphorous percentage.

In both location and from averaged data, a significant differences were

detected between the corn cultivars only while, there are no significant

differences between the pesticides treatments.

In all location and from the averaged data it could be concluded that,

diazinon had the highest effect of grain phosphorous percentage. Also, there were

no significant relationship between reduction ECB infestations and the grain

phosphorous percentage.

At El-Gharbia site: diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.310 and methomyl

treated cultivar T.W.C.324 had the lowest values in this regard while,

fenpropathrin treated cultivar Giza2 and diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.352 had

the highest values in this regard.

Grain phosphorous percentage values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers

were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.323< S.C.13<

T.W.C.321< T.W.C.351< S.C.123< T.W.C.352< Giza2< S.C.10. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 310< T.W.C.324<

T.W.C.323< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< T.W.C.351< S.C.10<

T.W.C.352. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C.324< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310< S.C.13< T.W.C.321< S.C.10<

S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< Giza2. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.324< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310< S.C.13<

T.W.C.321< S.C.10< S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< Giza2.

At El-Behira site: fenopropathrin treated cultivar T.W.C.324 and

diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.324 had the lowest values in this respect while


chlorpyrifos treated cultivar T.W.C.351 and diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.351

had the highest values in this respect.

Grain phosphorous percentage values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers

were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.323< S.C.13<

T.W.C.321< S.C.10< Giza2< T.W.C.352< S.C.123< T.W.C.351. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310<

T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< S.C.10< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.352<

Giza2. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:

T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.352<

T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< S.C.13<

T.W.C.321< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123< S.C.10.

IV.3.2.h 100 grain weight (g.). Data presented in Table (IV.25) show the effect of insecticides

treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grain weight.

At El-Gharbia site: a significant differences between insecticides

treatments only had been observed. Untreated cultivars S.C.10 or treated with

diazinon or chlorpyrifos had the highest values in 100 grain weight, while the

untreated S.C.13 and T.W.C321 cultivers had the lowest value in this respect.

Diazinon followed by chlorpyrifos treatments had the highest value in 100 grain

weight.

100 grain weight values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.321< T.W.C.323< S.C.123< S.C.13<

T.W.C.351< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.310< Giza2< T.W.C.324< S.C.10. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352<

S.C.123< S.C.13< T.W.C.310< Giza2< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.321<


S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:

T.W.C.323< S.C.123< T.W.C.351< S.C.13< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310<

T.W.C.321< Giza2< S.C.10. Methomyl treated cultivers were in ascending order

as follows:T.W.C.323< S.C.123< T.W.C.351< S.C.13< T.W.C.352 < T.W.C.324<

T.W.C.310< T.W.C.321< Giza2< S.C.10.

At El-Behira site: there were a significant differences between insecticides

treatments. Cultivar S.C.10 treated with diazinon or fenopropathrin and S.C.13

treated with fenopropathrin treatments had the highest values in 100 grains

weight. While T.W.C.351 treated with fenopropathrin or methomyl and untreated

T.W.C.351 had the lowest values in this respect. Diazinon followed by

chlorpyrifos treatments had the highest values in 100 grains weight.

100 grain weight values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< Giza2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321<

S.C.123< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< S.C.13< T.W.C.352< S.C.10. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< Giza2<

T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< S.C.13< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.324<

S.C.10. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C.351< Giza2< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310<

T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< S.C.13. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< Giza2< T.W.C.321< S.C.123<

T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< S.C.13.

From the averaged data it could be concluded that: a significant

differences were found between the insecticides treatments. Cultivar S.C.10

treated with diazinon or fenopropathrin had the highest values in 100 grains

weight. While methomyl treated cultivar T.W.C.323, T.W.C.351 and S.C.13

treatments had the lowest values in this respect. Diazinon and chlorpyrifos


treatments had the highest values in 100 grains weight.

IV.3.2.i Grains yield/10 plants(Kg).Table (IV.26) show the effect of insecticide treatments and corn cultivars

on grain yield/10plants.

A significant differences were found between the insecticides treatments

in both locations.

At El-Gharbia site: grains yield/10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 323< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.

310< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< S.C.10< T.W.C.324. While

diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323<

S.C.13< T.W.C. 310< Giza2< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.351< S.C.123<

T.W.C.324< S.C.10. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C. 323< S.C.13< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.352<

Giza2< S.C.23< T.W.C.324< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.321<

T.W.C.351< T.W.C. 352< Giza 2< S.C.123< T.W.C.324< S.C.10.

At El-Behira site: grains yield/10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.352<

T.W.C.323< S.C.123< T.W.C.310< S.C.10< Giza 2< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324.

While diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323<

S.C.123< T.W.C.352< S.C.13< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.310< Giza2< T.W.C.321<

S.C.10< T.W.C.324. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C. 323< S.C.123< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< S.C.13<

Giza2< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< S.C.123< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.352<

T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324< S.C.10.


In all locations and from averaged data it could be concluded that: diazinon

treated cultivar S.C.10 and T.W.C.324, and chlorpyrifos treated cultivar T.W.C.324

treatments had the highest values in grain yield/10plants while untreated

T.W.C.323 and S.C.13 and methomyl treated cultivars T.W.C.323 had the

lowest values in this respect. Diazinon followed by chlorpyrifos treatments had

the highest value in grains yield/10plants, while the control and methomyl

treatments had the lowest values in this regard.

From the previous data we can conclude that:

The most potent insecticides against ECB infestation were diazinon

followed by fenpropathrin. Which reduced the holes No./100 internodes,

cavities No./10plants, holes No./10 ear stalks and larvae No./10plants in

all locations, while methomyl was the least toxic one.

In case of yield and yield component :Diazinon insecticide had the highest

values in 100grain weight and grains yield/10plants followed by

chlorpyrifos in both locations.

These findings are in accordance with those obtained by Barbulescu 1971 ;

Hills et al., 1972; Martel and Hudon, 1978; Melia Masia and Almajano

Contreras, 1973; Mustea, 1977; Thompson and White, 1977 and Voinescu and

Barbulescu, 1986 who is found that diazinon was the most potent insecticides

against ECB infestation.

This results may be due to that diazinon had high vapor pressure (1.2×10-

2Pa at 25), stomach and respiratory actions, long half life (Sattar, 1991;

Gonzalez and Aravena-C, 1990 and Smith et al., 1998). On the other hand,

Rinkleff et al., 1995 found that methomyl had a low residual toxicity to Ostrina

nubilalis neonates. That maybe due to that methomyl had shortest half life (T50

=0.91days) (Wilwam and Sundararajan, 1986) and low stability at room


temperature in aqueous solutions and the rate of decomposition increase in higher

temperature, in presence of sunlight and on exposure to air.


Table IV.18: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/100 internodes in the two locations.

El-Gharbia

Cultivars

Treatments

Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl Fenpropathrin

Mean Mean R%*** Mean R% Mean R% Mean R%

Giza 2 22.41 d* 8.23 abc 63.30 3.57 abc 84.09 15.17 b 32.30 3.82 b 82.97S.C.10 23.24 cd 10.77 a 53.65 4.23 abc 81.80 16.14 b 30.54 8.87 a 61.85S.C.13 8.38 g 1.96 e 76.56 1.92 c 77.07 4.36 d 47.91 4.11b 50.91S.C.123 13.65 ef 3.41 de 75.05 2.94 bc 78.44 9.88 c 27.63 4.36 b 68.06

T.W.C. 310 17.26 e 5.15 c-e 70.15 4.09 a-c 76.30 8.39 c 51.35 5.11b 70.38T.W.C. 321 26.65 bc 10.85 a 59.30 5.30 a-c 80.10 24.57 a 7.80 6.43 ab 75.87T.W.C. 323 32.92 a 9.79 ab 70.27 7.10 a 78.42 16.75 b 49.12 9.59 a 70.87T.W.C. 324 30.23 ab 9.57 ab 68.33 5.16 a-c 82.92 16.52 b 45.35 4.46 b 85.25T.W.C. 351 11.42 fg 3.54 de 69.03 5.33 a-c 53.32 7.65 cd 33.04 3.87 b 66.10T.W.C. 352 14.32 ef 6.01 b-d 58.01 6.35 ab 55.62 8.27 c 42.24 7.33 ab 48.83

Mean 20.05 A 6.93 C 65.45 4.60 D 77.05 12.77 B 36.29 5.79 CD 71.10

L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.246 for interactions =3.796

El-Behira

Giza 2 10.70 d 3.54 a 66.94 2.65 b 75.23 7.39 bc 30.96 2.77 ab 74.13S.C.10 18.24 bc 5.32 a 70.81 2.60 b 85.76 9.03 ab 50.50 3.64 ab 80.02S.C.13 6.66 e 3.65 a 45.19 2.37 b 64.45 5.93 bc 10.99 1.92 b 71.14S.C.123 9.09 de 2.46 a 72.91 1.55 b 82.89 4.92 c 45.87 3.03 ab 66.70

T.W.C. 310 18.28 bc 5.69 a 68.90 2.45 b 86.59 8.67 a-c 52.59 3.59 ab 80.35T.W.C. 321 15.33 c 3.69 a 75.94 3.05 b 80.08 11.65 a 24.01 4.28 ab 72.06T.W.C. 323 25.36 a 4.17 a 83.56 2.33 b 90.82 8.85 ab 65.09 3.52 ab 86.10T.W.C. 324 26.49 a 5.78 a 78.20 7.38 a 72.15 12.44 a 53.04 4.21 ab 84.11T.W.C. 351 10.42 de 2.24 a 78.54 1.71 b 83.63 5.86 bc 43.75 3.50 ab 66.39T.W.C. 352 22.05 b 5.65 a 74.38 3.98 ab 81.95 12.22 a 44.59 6.10 a 72.35

Mean 16.26 A 4.22 C 74.06 3.01 C 81.51 8.69 B 46.53 3.66 C 77.51


Average data**

Giza 2 16.56 d 5.88 ab 64.48 3.11ab 81.23 11.28 cd 31.87 3.29 bc 80.11S.C.10 20.74 bc 8.05 a 61.19 3.41 ab 83.54 12.59 bc 39.32 6.25 ab 69.84S.C.13 7.52 f 2.81 b 62.66 2.14 b 71.48 5.15 g 31.56 3.02 c 59.87S.C.123 11.37 e 2.93 b 74.19 2.25 b 80.22 7.40 e-g 34.92 3.69 a-c 67.52

T.W.C. 310 17.77 cd 5.42 ab 69.51 3.27 ab 81.60 8.53 d-f 51.99 4.35 a-c 75.51T.W.C. 321 20.99 b 7.27 a 65.38 4.18 ab 80.09 18.11a 13.72 5.36 a-c 74.48T.W.C. 323 29.14 a 6.98 a 76.06 4.71 ab 83.82 12.80 bc 56.07 6.56 a 77.50T.W.C. 324 28.36 a 7.67 a 72.94 6.27 a 77.89 14.48 b 48.94 4.33 a-c 84.72T.W.C. 351 10.92 e 2.89 b 73.57 3.52 ab 67.78 6.75 fg 38.15 3.69 a-c 66.23T.W.C. 352 18.18 b-d 5.83 ab 67.93 5.17 ab 71.58 10.24 c-e 43.66 6.71 a 63.09

Mean 18.15 A 5.57 C 69.30 3.80 D 79.05 10.73 B 40.88 4.73 CD 73.97



** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars. ***R%= ( control-treatment)/ control×100


Table IV.19: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by cavity number/10plants in the two locations.

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments

Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinMean Mean R%*** Mean R% Mean R% Mean R%

Giza 2 26.33b* 9.00ab 65.82 4.00ab 84.81 18.00b 31.65 4.33b 83.54S.C.10 30.00b 13.00a 56.67 4.67ab 84.44 19.00b 36.67 10.33a 65.56S.C.13 9.00e 2.07c 76.95 2.15b 76.13 4.67d 48.15 4.00b 55.56S.C.123 16.00cd 3.00c 81.25 2.33ab 85.42 11.00c 31.25 4.67b 70.83

T.W.C. 310 19.00c 6.00bc 68.42 4.00ab 78.95 8.33cd 56.14 5.00b 73.68T.W.C. 321 30.00b 10.00ab 66.67 5.33ab 82.22 20.00a 33.33 6.67ab 77.78T.W.C. 323 37.00a 11.00a 70.27 7.00a 81.08 19.00b 48.65 9.00a 75.68T.W.C. 324 35.67a 11.00a 69.16 5.33ab 85.05 19.67b 44.86 4.33b 87.85T.W.C. 351 10.33e 3.67c 64.52 5.00ab 51.61 6.67cd 35.48 3.00b 70.97T.W.C. 352 13.33de 5.67bc 57.50 6.67ab 50.00 8.67cd 35.00 8.33ab 37.50

Mean 22.67A 7.44BC 67.17 4.65B 79.49 13.50AB 40.44 5.97CD 73.68L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.246 for interactions =3.7.96

El-Behira

Giza 2 13.33 d 4.33a 67.50 3.00b 77.50 9.67c 27.50 3.67a 72.50S.C.10 24.00bc 7.00a 70.83 4.00b 83.33 12.00a-c 50.00 4.33a 81.94S.C.13 8.67e 4.67a 46.15 3.67b 57.69 5.67c 34.62 3.00a 65.38S.C.123 13.00de 3.00a 76.92 1.67b 87.18 7.33c 43.59 4.00a 69.23

T.W.C. 310 26.67bc 7.33a 72.50 3.00b 88.75 11.33a-c 57.50 4.33a 83.75T.W.C. 321 20.00c 4.67a 76.67 4.00b 80.00 15.33ab 23.33 6.00a 70.00T.W.C. 323 32.67a 5.00a 84.69 2.67b 91.84 10.00bc 69.39 4.00a 87.76T.W.C. 324 38.67a 8.00a 79.31 10.67a 72.41 16.33a 57.76 6.00a 84.48T.W.C. 351 10.33de 2.67a 74.19 1.67b 83.87 7.00c 32.26 3.33a 67.74T.W.C. 352 24.33b 6.67a 72.60 4.67b 80.82 12.00a-c 50.68 7.00a 71.23

Mean 21.17A 5.33C 74.80 3.90C 81.57 10.67B 49.61 4.57C 78.43L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.494 for interactions =5.496

Average data**

Giza 2 19.83c 6.67a-c 66.39 3.50b 82.35 13.83b-d 30.25 4.00ab 79.83S.C.10 27.00b 10.00a 62.96 4.33ab 83.95 15.50b 42.59 7.33ab 72.84S.C.13 8.83e 3.37bc 61.84 2.91b 67.09 5.17e 41.51 3.50ab 60.38S.C.123 14.50d 3.00c 79.31 2.00b 86.21 9.17e 36.78 4.33ab 70.11

T.W.C. 310 22.83bc 6.67a-c 70.80 3.50b 84.67 9.83de 56.93 4.67ab 79.56T.W.C. 321 25.00b 7.33ab 70.67 4.67ab 81.33 17.67a 29.33 6.33ab 74.67T.W.C. 323 34.83a 8.00a 77.03 4.83ab 86.12 14.50bc 58.37 6.50ab 81.34T.W.C. 324 37.17a 9.50a 74.44 8.00a 78.48 18.00b 51.57 5.17ab 86.10T.W.C. 351 10.33de 3.17bc 69.35 3.33b 67.74 6.83e 33.87 3.17b 69.35T.W.C. 352 18.83c 6.17a-c 67.26 5.67ab 69.91 10.33c-e 45.13 7.67a 59.29

Mean 21.92A 6.39 C 70.86 4.27D 80.50 12.08B 44.87 5.27CD 75.97L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.358 for interactions =4.213




Table IV.20: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by larvae number/10plants in the two locations.

El-Gharbia

Cultivars

Treatments



Giza 2 17.67 c* 4.67 ab 73.58 2.00 a 88.68 13.00 bc 26.42 3.00 b 83.02S.C.10 22.67 b 8.00 a 64.71 1.33 a 94.12 14.33 b 36.76 6.00 a 73.53S.C.13 7.00 de 1.37 b 80.42 1.44 a 79.37 3.33 e 52.38 3.00 b 57.14S.C.123 11.33 d 2.33 b 79.41 1.33 a 88.24 8.33 cd 26.47 3.33 b 70.59

T.W.C. 310 17.00 c 5.00 ab 70.59 2.00 a 88.24 5.33 de 68.63 3.33 b 80.39T.W.C. 321 27.00 ab 8.67 a 67.90 2.67 a 90.12 25.33 a 6.17 4.00 ab 85.19T.W.C. 323 29.67 a 8.00 a 73.03 4.67 a 84.27 15.33 b 48.31 7.00 a 76.40T.W.C. 324 30.00 a 8.33 a 72.22 2.67 a 91.11 13.67 b 54.44 3.33 b 88.89T.W.C. 351 6.00 e 2.33 b 61.11 2.67 a 55.56 4.33 de 27.78 2.33 b 61.11T.W.C. 352 9.00 de 5.00 ab 44.44 4.33 a 51.85 6.33 de 29.63 6.33 ab 29.63

Mean 17.73 A 5.37 C 69.72 2.51 D 85.84 10.93 B 38.35 4.17 CD 76.50


El-Behira

Giza 2 11.33 d 3.00 a 73.53 2.00 a 82.35 10.67 b-d 5.88 2.67 a 76.47S.C.10 24.67 bc 5.33 a 78.38 1.67 a 93.24 13.67 ab 44.59 3.33 a 86.49S.C.13 6.00 e 3.00 a 50.00 1.33 a 77.78 4.00 b-d 33.33 3.00 a 50.00S.C.123 10.33 de 3.33 a 67.74 0.33 a 96.77 8.67 cd 16.13 4.67 a 54.84

T.W.C. 310 24.67 bc 6.00 a 75.68 1.67 a 93.24 10.67 b-d 56.76 4.33 a 82.43T.W.C. 321 18.00 c 5.00 a 72.22 1.67 a 90.74 15.67 a 12.96 5.33 a 70.37T.W.C. 323 28.00 a 4.67 a 83.33 1.67 a 94.05 11.00 b-d 60.71 2.33 a 91.67T.W.C. 324 34.33 a 5.00 a 85.44 3.33 a 90.29 13.00 a-c 62.14 4.00 a 88.35T.W.C. 351 8.33 de 2.00 a 76.00 0.33 a 96.00 7.33 d 12.00 2.67 a 68.00T.W.C. 352 18.00 b 4.67 a 74.07 2.67 a 85.19 8.67 cd 51.85 5.67 a 68.52

Mean 18.37 A 4.20 C 77.13 1.67 D 90.93 10.33 B 43.74 3.80 CD 79.31


Average data**

Giza 2 14.50 c 3.83 a-c 73.56 2.00 a 86.21 11.83 bc 18.39 2.83 a 80.46S.C.10 23.67 b 6.67 a 71.83 1.50 a 93.66 14.00 b 40.85 4.67 a 80.28S.C.13 6.50 e 2.19 c 66.38 1.39 a 78.63 3.67 d 43.59 3.00 a 53.85S.C.123 10.83 d 2.83 bc 73.85 0.83 a 92.31 8.50 cd 21.54 4.00 a 63.08

T.W.C. 310 20.83 b 5.50 a-c 73.60 1.83 a 91.20 8.00 d 61.60 3.83 a 81.60T.W.C. 321 22.50 b 6.83 a 69.63 2.17 a 90.37 20.50 a 8.89 4.67 a 79.26T.W.C. 323 28.83 a 6.33 ab 78.03 3.17 a 89.02 13.17 b 54.34 4.67 a 83.82T.W.C. 324 32.17 a 6.67 a 79.27 3.00 a 90.67 13.33 b 58.55 3.67 a 88.60T.W.C. 351 7.17 e 2.17 c 69.77 1.50 a 79.07 5.83 d 18.60 2.50 a 65.12T.W.C. 352 13.50 cd 4.83 a-c 64.20 3.50 a 74.07 7.50 d 44.44 6.00 a 55.56

Mean 18.05 A 4.79 C 73.49 2.09 D 88.43 10.63 B 41.09 3.98 C 77.93





Table IV.21: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/10 ear stalks in the two locations.

El-Gharbia

Cultivars

Treatments



Giza 2 8.67 cd* 5.00 abc 42.31 3.33 ab 61.54 7.67 b 11.54 3.67 b 57.69S.C.10 13.00 a 6.67 a 48.72 5.00 a 61.54 12.00 a 7.69 6.67 a 48.72S.C.13 5.00 f 2.67 cd 46.67 1.67 b 66.67 4.67 de 6.67 3.33 b 33.33S.C.123 6.33 d-f 3.00 b-d 52.63 2.67 ab 57.89 5.67 de 10.53 2.67 b 57.89

T.W.C. 310 8.00 c-e 5.33 ab 33.33 3.33 ab 58.33 6.67 cd 16.67 4.33 b 45.83T.W.C. 321 8.33 cd 4.00 b-d 52.00 5.00 a 40.00 8.33 bc 0.00 3.33 ab 60.00T.W.C. 323 10.00 bc 3.67 b-d 63.33 2.67 ab 73.33 8.33 bc 16.67 4.67 a 53.33T.W.C. 324 11.33 ab 4.67 a-c 58.82 3.33 ab 70.59 8.67 bc 23.53 5.00 b 55.88T.W.C. 351 5.00 f 2.00 d 60.00 2.67 ab 46.67 4.00 e 20.00 2.33 b 53.33T.W.C. 352 5.67 ef 3.00 b-d 47.06 2.00 b 64.71 4.33 de 23.53 3.00 ab 47.06

Mean 8.13 A 4.00 C 50.82 3.17 D 61.07 7.03 B 13.52 3.90 CD 52.05


El-Behira

Giza 2 7.67 d 6.67 b-d 13.04 4.33 a-c 43.48 7.00 cd 8.70 7.00 c 8.70S.C.10 15.67 bc 10.00 a 36.17 6.33 ab 59.57 13.00 a 17.02 13.33 a 14.89S.C.13 7.00 e 6.33 cd 9.52 5.00 a-c 28.57 4.67 b-d 33.33 6.33 c 9.52S.C.123 5.67 de 5.67 d 0.00 3.00 c 47.06 4.67 e 17.65 4.00 c 29.41

T.W.C. 310 10.33 bc 8.33 a-d 19.35 4.00 a-c 61.29 6.33 ab 38.71 10.33 b 0.00T.W.C. 321 10.67 c 6.00 cd 43.75 6.67 a 37.50 10.00 bc 6.25 7.33 c 31.25T.W.C. 323 12.33 a 7.33 a-d 40.54 4.00 a-c 67.57 10.00 bc 18.92 7.00 c 43.24T.W.C. 324 13.67 a 9.33 ab 31.71 6.67 a 51.22 13.33 a 2.44 8.00 bc 41.46T.W.C. 351 4.67 de 4.33 cd 7.14 3.67 bc 21.43 4.67 cd 0.00 3.33 c 28.57T.W.C. 352 7.67 b 6.33 a-c 17.39 5.67 a-c 26.09 6.67 de 13.04 7.00 c 8.70

Mean 9.53 A 7.03 B 26.22 4.93 C 48.25 8.03 A 15.73 7.37 B 22.73


**Average data

Giza 2 8.17 de 5.83 b-d 28.57 3.83 b-d 53.06 7.33 c 10.20 5.33 cd 34.69S.C.10 14.33 a 8.33 a 41.86 5.67 ab 60.47 12.50 a 12.79 10.00 a 30.23S.C.13 6.00 f 4.50 d 25.00 3.33 cd 44.44 4.67 d 22.22 4.83 cd 19.44S.C.123 6.00 f 4.33 d 27.78 2.83 d 52.78 5.17 d 13.89 3.33 d 44.44

T.W.C. 310 9.17 d 6.83 a-c 25.45 3.67 cd 60.00 6.50 c 29.09 7.33 b 20.00T.W.C. 321 9.50 cd 5.00 cd 47.37 5.83 a 38.60 9.17 bc 3.51 5.33 cd 43.86T.W.C. 323 11.17 bc 5.50 b-d 50.75 3.33 cd 70.15 9.17 bc 17.91 5.83 b-d 47.76T.W.C. 324 12.50 ab 7.00 ab 44.00 5.00 a-c 60.00 11.00 b 12.00 6.50 bc 48.00T.W.C. 351 4.83 f 3.17 d 34.48 3.17 cd 34.48 4.33 d 10.34 2.83 d 41.38T.W.C. 352 6.67 ef 4.67 b-d 30.00 3.83 b-d 42.50 5.50 d 17.50 5.00 cd 25.00

Mean 8.83 A 5.52 C 37.55 4.05 D 54.15 7.53 B 14.72 5.63 C 36.23




** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars.***R%= ( control-treatment)/ control×100

Table IV.22: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by damage grains% in two locations.

El-Gharbia

Cultivars

Treatments



Giza 2 4.46 cd 2.35 cd 47.26 1.76 c 60.49 3.29 cd 26.28 1.98 de 55.49S.C.10 7.51 b 3.94 b 47.48 2.58 bc 65.71 5.41 b 27.98 4.17 b 44.45S.C.13 2.26 g 1.49 d 33.90 0.74 d 67.47 1.79 e 20.88 1.21 e 46.66S.C.123 4.39 de 2.31 cd 47.45 1.75 c 60.08 3.15 d 28.21 2.56 cd 41.58

T.W.C. 310 9.01 a 5.89 a 34.59 4.20 a 53.35 7.22 a 19.87 5.30 a 41.17T.W.C. 321 7.58 b 3.62 b 52.19 3.06 b 59.65 5.28 b 30.37 4.15 b 45.28T.W.C. 323 3.48 ef 2.36 cd 31.99 1.72 c 50.64 2.61 de 25.07 1.78 de 48.73T.W.C. 324 9.17 a 5.74 a 37.42 4.17 a 54.50 7.32 a 20.12 5.47 a 40.28T.W.C. 351 3.16 fg 2.34 cd 25.81 1.50 a 52.62 2.60 de 17.50 1.86 de 41.04T.W.C. 352 5.33 c 3.20 bc 39.98 2.30 bc 56.79 4.11c 22.95 3.33 bc 37.56

Mean 5.63 A 3.33 C 40.97 2.38 D 57.80 4.28 B 24.08 3.18 C 43.52

L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.3053 for interactions=0.9135

El-Behira

Giza 2 4.37 d 2.53 d 42.13 1.71 de 60.86 3.41 d 21.96 2.17 cd 50.26S.C.10 6.71 b 4.05 bc 39.66 2.94 bc 56.15 5.01 bc 25.33 4.45 b 33.62S.C.13 2.29 f 1.64 e 28.35 0.84 e 63.12 1.96 e 14.33 1.51 d 34.17S.C.123 4.40 d 2.49 de 43.37 1.60 de 63.69 3.37 d 23.41 2.91 c 33.96

T.W.C. 310 8.95 a 5.28 a 40.97 4.52 a 49.55 7.88 a 11.93 5.92 a 33.92T.W.C. 321 7.33 b 4.34 b 40.83 3.33 b 54.51 5.75 b 21.61 4.31 b 41.24T.W.C. 323 3.47 e 2.32 de 33.17 2.31 cd 33.54 2.69 de 22.41 2.07 cd 40.35T.W.C. 324 8.61 a 6.00 a 30.28 4.35 a 49.49 7.04 a 18.17 4.73 b 45.09T.W.C. 351 2.89 ef 2.10 de 27.42 1.68 de 41.78 2.25 e 22.21 1.84 d 36.23T.W.C. 352 5.54 c 3.45 c 37.71 2.68 bc 51.66 4.73 c 14.60 3.89 b 29.70

Mean 5.46 A 3.42 C 37.32 2.60 D 52.42 4.41 B 19.18 3.38 C 38.05


**Average data

Giza 2 4.41 d 2.44 c 44.72 1.74 e 60.67 3.35 d 24.14 2.08 de 52.90S.C.10 7.11b 4.00 b 43.79 2.76 bc 61.20 5.21 b 26.73 4.31 b 39.34S.C.13 2.27 f 1.57 d 31.11 0.79 f 65.28 1.87 g 17.58 1.36 f 40.38S.C.123 4.40 d 2.40 c 45.40 1.68 e 61.89 3.26 de 25.81 2.74 d 37.77

T.W.C. 310 8.98 a 5.59 a 37.77 4.36 a 51.46 7.55 a 15.91 5.61 a 37.56T.W.C. 321 7.46 b 3.98 b 46.61 3.20 b 57.12 5.51 b 26.06 4.23 bc 43.29T.W.C. 323 3.47 e 2.34 c 32.58 2.01 de 42.10 2.65 ef 23.74 1.93 ef 44.54T.W.C. 324 8.89 a 5.87 a 33.97 4.26 a 52.07 7.18 a 19.17 5.10 a 42.61T.W.C. 351 3.02 e 2.22 cd 26.58 1.59 e 47.44 2.42 fg 19.75 1.85 ef 38.74T.W.C. 352 5.43 c 3.32 b 38.83 2.49 cd 54.18 4.42 c 18.70 3.61 c 33.55

Mean 5.54 A 3.37 C 39.18 2.49 D 55.16 4.34 B 21.67 3.28 C 40.83





Table IV.23: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains protein percentage.

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments


Giza 2 3.96 b 4.02 b 4.10 bc 3.96 b 4.02 bS.C.10 3.33 de 3.36 d 3.49 ef 3.30 e 3.45 deS.C.13 3.27 ef 3.39 d 3.41 f 3.32 de 3.40 eS.C.123 4.50 a 4.59 a 4.55 a 4.49 a 4.59 a

T.W.C. 310 3.83 bc 3.95 b 3.87 cd 3.71 bc 4.05 bT.W.C. 321 3.08 ef 3.25 d 3.30 f 3.08 e 3.30 eT.W.C. 323 3.04 f 3.21 d 3.37 f 3.10 e 3.28 eT.W.C. 324 3.58 cd 3.66 c 3.70 de 3.57 cd 3.68 cdT.W.C. 351 4.02 b 3.97 b 4.14 b 3.90 b 4.11 bT.W.C. 352 3.76 bc 3.81 bc 3.84 cd 3.79 bc 3.90 bc

Mean 3.64 BC 3.72 AB 3.78 A 3.62 C 3.78 A


El-Behira

Giza 2 4.17 a 4.15 a 4.23 ab 3.67 bc 4.26 aS.C.10 3.28 c 3.46 cd 3.45 d 3.24 e 3.30 dS.C.13 3.22 c 3.42 cde 3.41 d 3.28 de 3.39 cdS.C.123 4.31 a 4.35 a 4.46 a 4.35 a 4.43 a

T.W.C. 310 3.71 b 3.87 b 3.99 bc 3.67 bc 3.94 bT.W.C. 321 3.24 c 3.25 de 3.35 d 3.08 e 3.22 dT.W.C. 323 3.05 c 3.17 e 3.32 d 3.15 e 3.37 cdT.W.C. 324 3.57 b 3.58 bc 3.88 c 3.52 cd 3.61 cT.W.C. 351 3.81 b 3.80 b 3.99 bc 3.84 b 3.91 bT.W.C. 352 3.61 b 3.69 bc 3.73 c 3.61 bc 3.62 c

Mean 3.60 A 3.67 A 3.78 A 3.54 A 3.71 A


Average data**

Giza 2 4.06 b 4.09 b 4.16 b 3.81 b 4.14 bS.C.10 3.31 e 3.41 ef 3.47 e 3.27 de 3.38 dS.C.13 3.25 ef 3.40 fg 3.41 e 3.30 d 3.39 dS.C.123 4.41 a 4.47 a 4.50 a 4.42 a 4.51 a

T.W.C. 310 3.77 cd 3.91 bc 3.93 cd 3.69 bc 4.00 bT.W.C. 321 3.16 ef 3.25 fg 3.33 e 3.08 e 3.26 dT.W.C. 323 3.04 f 3.19 g 3.35 e 3.12 de 3.32 dT.W.C. 324 3.57 d 3.62 de 3.79 d 3.54 c 3.65 cT.W.C. 351 3.92 bc 3.89 bc 4.07 bc 3.87 b 4.01 bT.W.C. 352 3.68 d 3.75 cd 3.79 d 3.70 bc 3.76 c

Mean 3.62 BC 3.70 AB 3.78 A 3.58 C 3.74 A





Table IV.24: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains phosphors percentage.

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments


Giza 2 0.48 ab 0.52 a 0.48 ab 0.46 ab 0.53 aS.C.10 0.49 a 0.52 a 0.52 a 0.50 a 0.49 abS.C.13 0.43 bc 0.42 b 0.44 b 0.42 bc 0.43 cdS.C.123 0.50 a 0.50 a 0.50 a 0.51 a 0.50 ab

T.W.C. 310 0.35 d 0.34 c 0.32 c 0.35 de 0.38 deT.W.C. 321 0.48 ab 0.48 a 0.48 ab 0.48 a 0.47 bcT.W.C. 323 0.37 d 0.41 b 0.37 c 0.39 cd 0.37 eT.W.C. 324 0.40 cd 0.34 c 0.35 c 0.33 e 0.34 eT.W.C. 351 0.50 a 0.49 a 0.51 a 0.49 a 0.52 abT.W.C. 352 0.51 a 0.51 a 0.53 a 0.50 a 0.50 ab

Mean 0.45 A 0.45 A 0.45 A 0.44 A 0.45 A


El-Behira

Giza 2 0.49 a 0.50 ab 0.52 a 0.52 a 0.50 aS.C.10 0.50 a 0.49 ab 0.51 a 0.51 a 0.51 aS.C.13 0.42 bc 0.42 cd 0.45 bc 0.42 c 0.43 bcS.C.123 0.49 a 0.51 a 0.49 ab 0.49 ab 0.50 a

T.W.C. 310 0.35 de 0.34 e 0.35 de 0.35 d 0.38 cT.W.C. 321 0.47 ab 0.45 bc 0.48 ab 0.44 bc 0.47 abT.W.C. 323 0.40 cd 0.38 de 0.40 cd 0.41 c 0.39 cT.W.C. 324 0.34 e 0.34 e 0.33 e 0.34 d 0.32 dT.W.C. 351 0.52 a 0.54 a 0.51 a 0.53 a 0.49 aT.W.C. 352 0.50 a 0.50 ab 0.51 a 0.50 a 0.47 ab

Mean 0.45 A 0.45 A 0.45 A 0.45 A 0.45 A


Avareg data**

Giza 2 0.49 bc 0.51 a 0.50 bc 0.49 b 0.52 aS.C.10 0.50 ab 0.51 a 0.52 a 0.51 a 0.50 bS.C.13 0.42 d 0.42 c 0.44 e 0.42 d 0.43 dS.C.123 0.50 ab 0.51 a 0.49 cd 0.50 ab 0.50 b

T.W.C. 310 0.35 f 0.34 e 0.34 g 0.35 f 0.38 eT.W.C. 321 0.48 c 0.46 b 0.48 d 0.46 c 0.47 cT.W.C. 323 0.38 e 0.40 d 0.39 f 0.40 e 0.38 eT.W.C. 324 0.37 e 0.34 e 0.34 g 0.33 g 0.33 fT.W.C. 351 0.51 a 0.51 a 0.51 ab 0.51 a 0.50 bT.W.C. 352 0.51 a 0.50 a 0.52 a 0.50 ab 0.48 c

Mean 0.45 A 0.45 A 0.45 A 0.45 A 0.45 A





Table IV.25: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grains weight (g.).

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments


Giza 2 28.99 *ab 29.81 a 29.70 a-c 27.63 ab 29.63 bS.C.10 31.44 a 31.36 a 32.79 a 30.08 a 30.81 aS.C.13 23.00 c 28.18 ab 28.09 bc 25.76 bc 27.79 bS.C.123 26.00 bc 27.64 ab 27.63 bc 27.68 ab 27.00 b

T.W.C. 310 29.48 ab 29.25 ab 29.25 a-c 27.47 ab 28.70 bT.W.C. 321 29.55 ab 25.58 b 31.29 ab 29.53 ab 29.17 abT.W.C. 323 25.69 bc 25.65 b 26.16 c 23.12 c 25.21 aT.W.C. 324 28.74 ab 31.18 a 30.86 ab 28.53 ab 28.62 bT.W.C. 351 27.93 b 28.42 ab 29.81 a-c 26.53 a-c 27.44 bT.W.C. 352 27.73 ab 28.58 ab 27.54 bc 25.88 bc 28.08 ab

Mean 27.86 AB 28.57 AB 29.31 A 27.22 B 28.24 CD


El-Behira

Giza 2 31.04 d 32.29 ef 33.42 d 30.33 e 31.41 ghS.C.10 35.34 bc 37.11a 38.99 a 37.03 a 37.93 abS.C.13 35.04 e 36.23 ab 36.24 bc 31.54 de 38.30 aS.C.123 32.77 de 34.57 b-d 34.65 cd 32.68 cd 32.55 e-g

T.W.C. 310 33.60 bc 35.72 a-c 33.82 d 34.27 bc 34.44 c-eT.W.C. 321 30.97 c 34.01 c-e 33.94 d 31.24 de 32.06 f-hT.W.C. 323 31.96 a 33.76 de 33.90 d 32.45 cd 33.66 d-fT.W.C. 324 33.20 a 35.80 a-c 37.39 ab 34.13 bc 34.47 cdT.W.C. 351 30.82 de 31.02 f 30.94 e 30.36 e 30.34 hT.W.C. 352 36.68 b 36.31 ab 37.33 ab 36.02 ab 36.15 bc

Mean 33.14 A 34.68 AB 35.06 A 33.01 C 34.13 B


Avarage data**

Giza 2 30.02 c-e 31.05 bc 31.56 c-e 28.98 c-e 30.52 c-eS.C.10 33.39 a 34.24 a 35.89 a 33.56 a 34.37 aS.C.13 29.02 de 32.21 ab 32.16 b-d 28.65 de 33.04 abS.C.123 29.39 de 31.11bc 31.14 c-e 30.18 b-d 29.78 de

T.W.C. 310 31.54 a-c 32.48 ab 31.53 c-e 30.87 bc 31.57 b-dT.W.C. 321 30.26 b-e 29.80 c 32.61 bc 30.38 b-d 30.62 c-eT.W.C. 323 28.83 e 29.71 c 30.03 e 27.79 e 29.43 eT.W.C. 324 30.97 b-d 33.49 a 34.12 ab 31.33 b 31.55 b-dT.W.C. 351 29.37 e 29.72 c 30.38 de 28.44 de 28.89 eT.W.C. 352 32.21 ab 32.44 ab 32.44 bc 30.95 bc 32.11bc

Mean 30.50 BC 31.62 A 32.19 A 30.11 C 31.19 AB





Table IV.26: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains yield/10plants (kg.).

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments


Giza 2 1.26 a* 1.44 b-d 1.62 b-d 1.43 ab 1.59 bS.C.10 1.51 a 1.87 a 2.02 a 1.52 a 1.66 aS.C.13 1.05 bc 1.40 cd 1.29 de 1.22 a 1.38 bS.C.123 1.46 a 1.77 ab 1.91 ab 1.47 a 1.60 b

T.W.C. 310 1.16 a-c 1.46 d 1.46 c-e 1.32 a 1.40 abT.W.C. 321 1.38 ab 1.63 a-c 1.77 a-c 1.45 a 1.51 bT.W.C. 323 0.97 c 1.20 d 1.24 e 0.98 b 1.08 aT.W.C. 324 1.47 a 1.92 a 2.00 a 1.48 a 1.64 bT.W.C. 351 1.37 ab 1.59 a-c 1.68 a-c 1.35 a 1.52 bT.W.C. 352 1.30 a-c 1.48 b-d 1.77 a-c 1.54 a 1.58 ab

Mean 1.29 C 1.58 B 1.68 A 1.38 C 1.50 CD


El-Behira

Giza 2 1.37 d 1.66 a 1.69 a-c 1.38 a-c 1.54 abS.C.10 1.42 bc 1.65 a 1.80 ab 1.47 a 1.66 aS.C.13 1.18 e 1.35 b 1.58 bc 1.19 d 1.51 a-cS.C.123 1.22 de 1.59 ab 1.47 cd 1.31 a-d 1.36 bc

T.W.C. 310 1.24 c 1.61 ab 1.66 a-c 1.25 b-d 1.41 a-cT.W.C. 321 1.44 bc 1.66 a 1.72 a-c 1.45 ab 1.59 a-cT.W.C. 323 1.05 a 1.50 ab 1.28 d 1.11cd 1.23 cT.W.C. 324 1.47 a 1.69 a 1.88 a 1.50 a 1.62 abT.W.C. 351 1.30 b 1.42 ab 1.52 cd 1.33 b-d 1.47 a-cT.W.C. 352 1.35 de 1.42 ab 1.63 cd 1.30 a-d 1.42 bc

Mean 1.30 A 1.55 A 1.62 A 1.33 C 1.48 B


Average data**

Giza 2 1.31 ab 1.55 b-e 1.66 bc 1.41 a 1.57 aS.C.10 1.47 a 1.76 ab 1.91 a 1.50 a 1.66 aS.C.13 1.11cd 1.37 e 1.44 cd 1.21 ab 1.44 aS.C.123 1.34 a-c 1.68 a-c 1.69 a-c 1.39 a 1.48 a

T.W.C. 310 1.20 b-d 1.54 de 1.56 bc 1.28 ab 1.41 abT.W.C. 321 1.41 ab 1.64 a-d 1.74 ab 1.45 a 1.55 aT.W.C. 323 1.01 d 1.35 e 1.26 d 1.05 b 1.15 bT.W.C. 324 1.47 a 1.81 a 1.94 a 1.49 a 1.63 aT.W.C. 351 1.34 a-c 1.51 c-e 1.60 bc 1.34 ab 1.50 aT.W.C. 352 1.33 a-c 1.45 c-e 1.70 bc 1.42 a 1.50 a

Mean 1.30 D 1.57 B 1.65 A 1.35 D 1.49 C





IV.4 Chemical analysis of Corn cultivars.

The aim of this investigation is identify the mechanisms of resistance in

previous corn cultivars through determination of some chemical and physical

parameters ( cellulose contents , percent of ash , total soluble solid TSS and stem

Rigidity). The present investigation was conducted at the experimental farm of

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tanta. The experiments were made in 2003

growing seasons. The experimental design was a factorial complete randomized

plot with three replications and 10 treatments (the previous cultivers).

Table(IV.27) show the chemical and physical parameters of the previous

corn cultivars.

Cultivars S.C.123 and Giza 2 had the lowest values in ash% (6.89 and

6.92 respectively) while, T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 324 cultivars had the highest

value in this respect ( 7.59 and 7.28 respectively).

Cultivars S.C.10, T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 351 had the highest values in

%Celluloses (34.73, 31.63 and 31.57 respectively). On the other hand Giza 2 and

T.W.C. 323 cultivars had the lowest value in this regard ( 22.93 and 24.20

respectively).

Cultivars T.W.C. 351 and S.C.13 had the lowest values in TSS ( 3.63 and

3.73 respectively) while, T.W.C. 321,T.W.C. 324, T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 323 had

the highest value in this respect ( 5.47,5.27, 5.20 and 5.20 respectively).

Cultivars S.C.13, T.W.C. 352 and S.C.123 had the lowest values in stem

rigidity which had 2.93, 3.00 and 3.00 Newton, while S.C.10 and T.W.C. 323 had


the highest values in this respect which had 5.38 and 4.83 Newton respectively.

Table IV.27: Some chemical and physical parameters of ten corn cultivars.


CultivarsChemical parameters Physical parameters

%Ash %Celluloses TSS Rigidity

Giza 2 6.92 22.93 4.13 3.11

S.C.10 6.95 34.73 4.60 5.38

S.C.13 6.97 26.97 3.73 2.93

S.C.123 6.89 27.08 4.33 3.00

T.W.C. 310 7.24 30.89 4.73 4.37

T.W.C. 321 7.31 26.17 5.47 4.35

T.W.C. 323 7.16 24.20 5.27 4.83

T.W.C. 324 7.28 25.01 5.20 4.36

T.W.C. 351 7.19 31.57 3.63 3.84

T.W.C. 352 7.59 31.63 5.20 3.00


IV.5 Evaluation of some microbial insecticides efficiency against ECB on certain maize cultivators compared with chemical insecticides under natural infestation conditions.

Two field experiment were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Faculty

of Agric., Tanta Univ. during 2004 and 2005 successive seasons. To evaluate some

biocide (Agrine and Biofly), mixtures of biocides with some protective agents (oil

and photostaplizer which enhanced the bioicide persistence against sunlight and

UV) and bioicide mixtures with protective agents and the half the field application

rate of diazinon (the most efficient insecticide). That on the most tolerant corn

cultivar and two of the highest production caltivars and also hight susceptible to

ECB infestation . To achieve the most integrated chemical & biological control of

the European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis).

IV.5.1 Holes No./100 internodes. Data presented in Table (IV.28) show the effect of bioicide treatments

and corn cultivars on ECB infestation assessed by holes No./100 internodes.

A significant differences among corn cultivars and biocides treatments

were detected in the two seasons.

At season 2004: cultiver S.C. 10 treated with mixture No.4 or diazinon

treatments had the lowest value in holes No./100 internodes.

Holes No./100 internodes values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides

were in ascending order as follows:Diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture No.3<

mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil < control. While

T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:mixture No.4<

diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture No.1< Agerin<


control<paraffin oil. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as

follows:mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No. 3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1<

Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil < control.

From biocides treatments means: mixture No.4 and diazinon were the

most effective treatments against ECB infestation evaluated by holes No./100

internodes (reduction %(R%)=82.72 and 79.99 respectively). There are no

significant different between the three cultivars in susceptibility against ECB

infestation .

At season 2005: cultivars S.C. 10 treated with paraffin oil and untreated

S.C. 10 treatments recored the highest values in holes No./100 internodes while

T.W.C.310 treated with diazinon and T.W.C.351 treated with mixture No.4

treatments had the lowest values in this respect.


were in ascending order as follows:Biofly< diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture

No.3< mixture No.2< Agerin< mixture No.1< control < paraffin oil. While

T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:diazinon<

mixture No. 3< mixture No.4< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<

paraffin oil < control. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as

follows:mixture No.4< mixtureNo. 3< Diazinon< mixture No.2< Biofly<

Agerin< mixture No.1< paraffin oil< control.

Diazinon and mixture No.4 were the most effective treatments against ECB

infestation evaluated by holes No./100 internodes (R%= 79.12 and 78.45

respectively).

The most susceptibility cultivar was S.C10, while the T.W.C.351 and

T.W.C.310 cultivars had the same tolerant potency toward ECB infestation .



differences were detected between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars.

Untreated S.C. 10 cultivar recored the highest value in holes/ 100

internodes, while T.W.C. 351 treated with mixture No.4 and S.C. 10 treated with

diazinon recorded the lowest values in this regard.


were in ascending order as follows:diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture No.3<

mixture No.2< Biofly mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil < control. While

T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:diazinon<

mixture No.3< mixture No.4< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<

paraffin oil< control . T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:

mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly<

Agerin< paraffin oil < control.

Mixture No.4, diazinon and mixture No.3 were the most effective

treatments against ECB infestation evaluated by holes No./100 internodes (R

%=81.03, 79.65 and 75.20 respectively).

The most susceptible cultiver was S.C10 while T.W.C.351 cultivars had

the most tolerant potency against ECB infestation determined by holes/100

internodes.

IV.5.2 Cavities No./10plants. Data presented in Table (IV.29) show the effect of biocides treatments

and corn cultivars on ECB infestation evaluated by cavities No./10plants

A significant differences were found between the biocides treatments and

corn cultivars in the two seasons.

At season 2004: T.W.C.351 treated with mixture No.4 had the lowest

value in this respect. Cavities No./10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with


biocides were in ascending order as follows: diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture No.

3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin<control < paraffin oil.

While T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:

mixture No.4< mixture No. 3< diazinon< mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture No.1<

Agerin< control <paraffin oil. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as

follows: mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1<

Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil< control.

Mixture No.4 and diazinon were the most effective treatments against

ECB infestation evaluated by cavities No./10plants (R%= 87.00 and 83.01

respectively).

The most susceptible cultivars were S.C10 and T.W.C.310, while the

T.W.C.351 had the most tolerant cultivar against ECB infestation determined by

cavity /10plants.

At season 2005: T.W.C.310 treated with diazinon , T.W.C. 351 treated

with mixture No.4 and T.W.C. 351 treated with mixture No.3 had the lowest

values in this respect. Cavities No./10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with

biocides were in ascending order as follows: diazinon< Biofly< mixture No.4<

mixture No.3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil <

control. While T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as

follows: diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.4< Biofly< mixture No.2<

mixture No.1< Agerin < control <paraffin oil. T.W.C351 treatments were in

ascending order as follows: mixture No.3< mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture

No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil< control.

Diazinon and mixture No.4 were the most effective treatments against ECB

infestation evaluated by cavity No./10plants (R%=78.93 and 78.25 respectively).


The most susceptible cultivar was S.C10 ,while T.W.C.351 and

T.W.C.310 cultivars had the same tolerant trend against ECB infestation

determined by cavities No./10plants.


difference were observed between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars .

T.W.C.351 treated with mixture No.4 and T.W.C.310 treated with diazinon

treatments had the lowest values in this respect . Cavity No./10 plants values of

S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order as follows:diazinon<

mixture No.4< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture No.1<

Agerin< paraffin oil< control. While T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in

ascending order as follows:diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.4<

Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<control < paraffin oil.

T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows: mixture No.4< mixture

No. 3< diazinon< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil <

control.

Mixture No.4, diazinon and mixture No.3 were the most effective

treatments against ECB infestation evaluated by cavities No./10plants (R%=83.29,

81.28and 76.31 respectively).

The most susceptible cultivar was S.C10, while the T.W.C.351 had the

most tolerant cultiver against ECB infestation determined by cavities

No./10plants.

IV.5.3 Larvae No./10plants. Data presented in Tables (IV.30) show the effect of biochemicals

treatment and corn cultivars on ECB infestation evaluated by larvae No./10plans.

In the two season there were a significant differences between the bioicide

treatments, while, there were no significant difference between cultivar


treatments .

At season 2004: T.W.C.351 and S.C.10 cultivars treated with mixture

No.4 treatments had the lowest values in this respect.

Larvae No./10plans values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in

ascending order as follows: mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No. 3< mixture

No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil < control. While T.W.C.310

cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:mixture No.4< mixture

No. 3< diazinon< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil<

control. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows: mixture No.4<

diazinon< mixtureNo.3< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<

paraffin oil< control.

At season 2005: T.W.C. 310 treated with diazinon and T.W.C.310 treated

with mixture No.3 treatments had the lowest values in this regard.

Larvae No./10 plans values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in

ascending order as follows:mixture No.4< diazinon< Biofly< mixture No.3<

mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil< control. While T.W.C.310

cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:diazinon< mixture

No.3< mixture No.4< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<

paraffin oil< control. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:

mixture No. 3< mixture No.4< diazinon< Biofly< mixture No.1< Agerin<

mixture No.2< paraffin oil< control.

ECB infestation evaluated by larvae No./10plants had lowest values in case

of diazinon, mixture No.4 and mixture No.3 treatments.

The most susceptibility cultivars was S.C10, while the T.W.C.351 and

T.W.C.310 had the same tolerance tendency against ECB infestation .



differences was found between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars.

T.W.C. 351 treated with mixture No.4 and S.C.10 treated with mixture

No.4 had the lowest values in this respect. Larvae No./10plans values of S.C.10

cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order as follows: mixture No.4<

diazinon< mixture No. 3< mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture No.1<

Agerin< paraffin oil< control. While T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in

ascending order as follows: mixture No. 3< diazinon< mixture No.4< Biofly<

mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil< control. T.W.C351 treatments

were in ascending order as follows:mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No. 3<

Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2< Agerin< paraffin oil< control.

From the means values: ECB infestation evaluated by larvae No./10plants

had the lowest values in case of mixture No.4, diazinon and mixture No.3

treatments(R%=80.88, 77.45 and 74.40 respectively).The most susceptible cultivar

was S.C.10.

IV.5.4 100 grain weight.The effect of biochemicals treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grain

weight are presented in Tables (IV.31). There were a significant difference

detected between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars in the two

seasons.

At season 2004: cultivar S.C.10 treated with Diazinon treatment recorded

the highest value in 100 grain weight followed by S.C.10 treated with mixture

No.4. 100 grain weight values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in

ascending order as follows: control<Agerin< paraffin oil< mixture No.2<

Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.3< mixture No.4< diazinon. While

T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows: paraffin


oil<control <Biofly< Agerin< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture No.1<

mixture No.4< Diazinon. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as

follows: mixture No.1< mixture No.2< paraffin oil< Biofly< Agerin< mixture

No.4< mixture No. 3< control< diazinon.

100grains weight had the highest value in case of diazinon and mixture

No.4 treatments .

The highest value of 100grains weight was recorded by S.C.10 cultivar

which superior the other cultivars.

At season 2005: cultivar S.C.10 treated with diazinon or treated with

mixture No.4 recorded the highest value in 100grains weight. 100 grain weight

values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order as follows:

control < paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2<

mixture No.3< mixture No.4< diazinon. While T.W.C.310 cultivers

treatments were in ascending order as follows: mixture No.3< Agerin< Biofly<

paraffin oil< mixture No.1 < control< mixture No.2< diazinon< mixture

No.4. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:paraffin oil<

Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1 < control< mixture No.2< mixture No. 3< mixture

No.4< diazinon.The highest values of 100 grain weight was recorded by S.C.10

cultivar.


differences among corn cultivars and biochemicals treatments were detected.

Cultivar S.C.10 treated with diazinon or treated with mixture No.4

treatments recorded the highest value in 100grains weight. 100 grain weight values

of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order as follows:

control < paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2<


mixture No.3< mixture No.4< diazinon. While T.W.C.310 cultivers

treatments were in ascending order as follows: paraffin oil<control < mixture No.

3< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< diazinon< mixture No.4 .

T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:paraffin oil< Agerin<

mixture No.1< Biofly< mixture No.2<control< mixture No.3< mixture No.4<

diazinon.

S.C.10 cultivar had the highest value in 100 grain weight compared with

other cultivar T.W.C.310 and T.W.C.351

IV.5.5 Grains yield/10plants.Tables (IV.32) show the effect of biochemicals treatments and corn

cultivars on grains yield /10plants.

In both seasons there were a significant differences observed between the

insecticides treatments and corn cultivars in season 2005 . While there were no

significant difference between corn cultivars in season 2004.

At season 2004: the highest values of grains yield/10plants were recorded

with T.W.C.310 treated with mixture No.4 treatment and S.C.10 treated with

diazinon. Grains yield /10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides

were in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly<

mixture No.1< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture No.4. While T.W.C.310

cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil<

Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< mixture No.3< diazinon.

T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:control< Agerin<

paraffin oil< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< mixture No.3< diazinon.

Mixture No.4 and diazinon treatments had the highest values in grain yield

/10plants.There are no significant differences between the three cultivar in grain

yield /10plants.


At season 2005: the highest value of grains yield /10plants were recorded

with S.C.10 treated with diazinon or treated with mixture No.4. Grains yield

/10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order

as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1<

mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture No.4. While

T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:paraffin oil<

control< Agerin< mixture No.1< Biofly< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< mixture

No.4. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:paraffin oil<

control< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture

No.4.

Diazinon followed by mixture No.4 treatments had the highest values in

grains yield /10plants, while control treatments and paraffin oil treatments had the

lowest values. S.C.10 cultivar had the highest value of grains yield /10plants

while T.W.C.351 cultivars had the lowest value in this respect.

From the averaged data it could be concluded that : a significant

differences were observed between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars .

The highest values of grains yield/10plants were recorded with S.C.10 treated

with diazinon treatment followed by S.C.10 treated with mixture No.4.

Grains yield /10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were

in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly< mixture

No.1< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture No.4. While T.W.C.310 cultivers

treatments were in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin<

Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< diazinon. T.W.C351

treatments were in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin<

mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.3< mixture No.4.


S.C10 cultivar had surpassed the other cultivars T.W.C.310 and T.W.C.351

in grains yield /10plants .

From the previous data it could be concluded that:

In case of infestation parameter (holes No./100internodes and cavities

No./10plants, ) it could be concluded that: In all cultivars (S.C.10,

T.W.C.310 and T.W.C351) control, paraffin oil and Agerin treatments had

the highest values in this parameters, while diazinon, mixture No.4 and

mixture No.3 had the lowest values in this regard but the ranke between

them differ from cultivar to anther. The cultivars rank in this parameters

had S.C10, T.W.C310 and T.W.C351.

In case of productivity parameters (100 grains weight and grains

yield/10plants), the trend differ from parameters to another. But, it could be

concluded that:

In case of 100 grain weight: control, paraffin oil and Agerin treatments had

the lowest values in this respect, while diazinon, mixture No.4 and

mixture No.3 had the highest values, either But, the cultivars rank of in

these parameters were S.C10, T.W.C310, and T.W.C351.

In case of grains yield/10plants: control, paraffin oil and Agerin treatments

had the lowest values in this respect, while diazinon, mixture No.3,

mixture No.2 and mixture No.4 had the highest values٫ But, the cultivars

rank of these parameters were S.C10, T.W.C310, and T.W.C351.

Generally:

There are no significant differences between control and paraffin oil

treatments in most studied parameters.

Agrine was the lowest effective treatments against ECB infestation.


Biofly had a moderate effect in this respect and superior Agrine.

Mixing Biofly or Agrine with oil and photostablizer had enhanced the

activity of the compounds but was more effective in case of Biofly

Beauveria bassiana.

Adding the half dose of the pesticides diazinon had enhanced the activity

against ECB infestation and there are no significant difference between the

mixture and the original pesticide in activity in most cases.

Diazinon, mixture No.4 and mixture No.3 the only treatments that

effecting the stalk holes No/10plants. The most susceptible cultivars in this

respect was S.C.10

The most susceptibility cultivars was S.C.10 followed by T.W.C.310 (when

take all parameters in consideration).

S.C.10 had superior other cultivars in all productivity parameters

Many investigators reported that Bacillus thuringiensis had a low efficacy

against ECB infestation. Also, Beauveria bassina formulation had superior

Bacillus thuringiensis formulation in activity against ECB infestation (Sabbour,

2002; Cagan et al., 1995; Chiuo and Hou,1993 and Lewis and Bing, 1991). On

the other hand, our finding disagree with, He, et al.(2002) who, found that Bacillus

thuringiensis (B.t) spray and B.t granules were more effective than Beauveria

bassiana formulation in reducing the damage from ACB on sweet corn.


Table IV.28: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/100 internodes, during 2004 and 2005 seasons.

Season 2004

Treatments

CultivarsMeans

S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 351

Mean % R.*** Mean % R. Mean % R. Mean % R.

Control 20.09 a 16.80 a 15.45 a 17.45 aParaffin oil 19.53 a 2.80 17.25 a -2.68 15.48 a -0.19 17.42 a 0.15

Agerin 13.28 b 33.90 12.48 b 25.69 12.05 b 22.01 12.60 b 27.76Biofly 10.30 c 48.72 7.67 c 54.34 7.56 c 51.08 8.51 c 51.22

Mixture No. 1 7.59 d 62.23 7.90 c 52.95 6.76 c 56.28 7.41 cd 57.50Mixture No. 2 5.25 de 73.85 7.05 cd 58.03 5.93 cd 61.59 6.08 de 65.15Mixture No. 3 3.24 ef 83.86 4.64 de 72.36 5.13 cde 66.83 4.34 ef 75.14Mixture No. 4 2.13 f 89.38 3.90 e 76.79 3.02 e 80.48 3.02 f 82.72

Diazinon 2.07 f 89.67 4.36 de 74.03 4.04 de 73.88 3.49 f 79.99

Means 9.28 A 9.12 A 8.38 A 8.92

L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.976 for biocides treatments=1.981 for interactions=2.711

Season 2005

Control 14.37 a 10.52 a 9.29 a 11.39 aParaffin oil 14.56 a -1.32 9.42 ab 10.49 8.55 a 8.01 10.84 a 4.85

Agerin 9.18 b 36.11 8.19 bc 22.18 5.31 b 42.82 7.56 b 33.65Biofly 2.84 d 80.21 4.50 e 57.27 5.09 b 45.17 4.14 cd 63.63

Mixture No. 1 9.55 b 33.52 6.83 cd 35.07 5.80 b 37.61 7.39 b 35.11Mixture No. 2 5.58 c 61.20 5.40 de 48.62 3.87 bc 58.34 4.95 c 56.55Mixture No. 3 4.90 cd 65.93 1.63 g 84.52 1.92 cd 79.29 2.82 de 75.29Mixture No. 4 3.44 cd 76.08 2.64 f 74.89 1.29 d 86.16 2.46 e 78.45

Diazinon 3.30 d 77.05 1.22 g 88.42 2.62 cd 71.79 2.38 e 79.12

Means 7.52 A 5.59 B 4.86 B 5.99

L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=0.8803 for biocidestreatments=1.511 for interactions=2.271

**Averaged data

Control 17.23 a 13.66 a 12.37 a 14.42 aParaffin oil 17.04 a 1.08 13.33 a 2.39 12.01 a 2.89 14.13 a 2.01

Agerin 11.23 b 34.83 10.33 b 24.34 8.68 b 29.82 10.08 b 30.08Biofly 6.57 d 61.85 6.08 c 55.47 6.33 c 48.86 6.33 cd 56.12

Mixture No. 1 8.57 c 50.26 7.37 c 46.06 6.28 c 49.27 7.40 c 48.65Mixture No. 2 5.41 de 68.57 6.23 c 54.41 4.90 cd 60.37 5.51 d 61.76Mixture No. 3 4.07 ef 76.39 3.14 d 77.04 3.53 de 71.51 3.58 e 75.20Mixture No. 4 2.79 f 83.83 3.27 d 76.06 2.15 e 82.61 2.74 e 81.03

Diazinon 2.69 f 84.41 2.79 d 79.57 3.33 de 73.09 2.94 e 79.65

Means 8.40 A 7.35 AB 6.62 B 7.46


**Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)

** In spite of seasons factor the table reflect efficacy of different biocides.

***R%= (control -treatment-)/ control×100


Table IV.29: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by cavity number/10 plants, during 2004 and 2005 seasons.

Season 2004

Treatments

CultivarsMeans

S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 351


Control 27.00 a* 21.67 a 18.00 a 22.22 aParaffin oil 27.70 a -2.61 23.33 a -7.69 18.33 a -1.85 23.12 a -4.06

Agerin 17.33 b 35.80 16.67 b 23.08 14.00 b 22.22 16.00 b 28.00Biofly 14.07 b 47.87 9.00 c 58.46 8.33 c 53.70 10.47 c 52.89

Mixture No. 1 9.67 c 64.20 10.67 c 50.77 7.93 c 55.97 9.42 cd 57.61Mixture No. 2 6.30 cd 76.68 8.67 c 60.00 6.67 cd 62.96 7.21 de 67.56Mixture No. 3 4.59 d 82.99 4.48 d 79.32 5.00 cde 72.22 4.69 ef 78.89Mixture No. 4 2.67 d 90.12 3.67 d 83.08 2.33 e 87.04 2.89 f 87.00

Diazinon 2.66 d 90.16 4.67 d 78.46 4.00 de 77.78 3.77 f 83.01

Means 12.44 A 11.42 A 9.40 B 11.09


Season 2005

Control 22.67 a 13.04 ab 13.33 a 16.35 aParaffin oil 18.67 b 17.65 15.33 a -17.61 10.33 ab 22.50 13.44 b 17.75

Agerin 14.33 c 36.76 11.33 b 13.07 9.00 bc 32.50 12.89 b 21.15Biofly 5.00 e 77.94 5.33 de 59.09 7.26 bcd 45.56 5.86 de 64.12

Mixture No. 1 14.00 c 38.24 10.67 bc 18.18 6.26 cd 53.06 10.31 c 36.93Mixture No. 2 9.67 d 57.35 7.67 cd 41.19 4.67 de 65.00 7.33 d 55.14Mixture No. 3 9.00 d 60.29 2.33 e 82.10 2.00 e 85.00 4.44 ef 72.81Mixture No. 4 5.33 e 76.47 3.33 e 74.43 2.00 e 85.00 3.56 ef 78.25

Diazinon 4.67 e 79.41 1.33 f 89.77 4.33 de 67.50 3.44 f 78.93

Means 11.48 A 7.82 B 6.58 B 8.63


**Averaged data

Control 24.83 a 17.35 b 15.67 a 19.28 aParaffin oil 23.19 a 6.64 19.33 a 0.11 14.33 a 8.51 18.28 a 5.19

Agerin 15.83 b 36.24 14.00 c 7.79 11.50 b 26.60 14.44 b 25.10Biofly 9.54 cd 61.60 7.17 d 58.70 7.80 c 50.24 8.17 cd 57.65

Mixture No. 1 11.83 c 52.35 10.67 c 38.53 7.09 c 54.73 9.86 c 48.85Mixture No. 2 7.98 de 67.86 8.17 d 52.93 5.67 cd 63.83 7.27 d 62.29Mixture No. 3 6.80 e 72.63 3.41 f 80.36 3.50 de 77.66 4.57 e 76.31Mixture No. 4 4.00 f 83.89 3.50 f 79.83 2.17 e 86.17 3.22 e 83.29

Diazinon 3.66 f 85.25 3.00 f 82.71 4.17 de 73.40 3.61 e 81.28

Means 11.96 A 9.62 B 7.99 C 9.86






Table IV.30: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by larvae No./10 plants, during 2004 and 2005 seasons.

Season 2004

Treatments

CultivarsMeans

S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 351


Control 15.33 a* 10.33 a 13.67 a 13.11 aParaffin oil 15.19 a 0.97 10.00 ab 3.23 13.00 a 4.88 12.73 a 2.92

Agerin 11.33 b 26.09 7.33 bc 29.03 9.33 b 31.71 9.33 b 28.81Biofly 7.85 c 48.79 5.67 cd 45.16 5.00 cd 63.41 6.17 c 52.92

Mixture No. 1 5.00 cd 67.39 7.00 c 32.26 5.85 c 57.18 5.95 c 54.61Mixture No. 2 4.07 de 73.43 5.67 cd 45.16 5.33 cd 60.98 5.02 cd 61.68Mixture No. 3 2.85 de 81.40 3.11 de 69.89 4.00 cde 70.73 3.32 de 74.67Mixture No. 4 2.00 e 86.96 2.67 e 74.19 1.67 e 87.80 2.11 e 83.90

Diazinon 2.61 de 82.97 3.67 de 64.52 2.67 de 80.49 2.98 e 77.26

Means 7.36 A 6.16 A 6.72 A 6.75


Season 2005

Control 11.00 a 7.26 a 8.67 a 8.98 aParaffin oil 9.67 ab 12.12 6.33 a 12.76 8.33 a 3.85 8.00 ab 10.87

Agerin 8.67 ab 21.21 6.00 ab 17.35 4.67 bc 46.15 6.56 bc 26.96Biofly 4.00 de 63.64 3.00 cd 58.67 3.07 bcde 64.53 3.36 ef 62.59

Mixture No. 1 8.00 bc 27.27 5.67 ab 21.94 4.19 bcd 51.71 5.95 cd 33.70Mixture No. 2 5.67 cd 48.48 3.67 bc 49.49 5.00 b 42.31 4.78 de 46.77Mixture No. 3 4.00 de 63.64 1.33 cd 81.63 1.67 e 80.77 2.33 f 74.00Mixture No. 4 2.00 e 81.82 2.33 cd 67.86 2.00 de 76.92 2.11 f 76.48

Diazinon 2.67 e 75.76 1.00 d 86.22 2.33 cde 73.08 2.00 f 77.72

Means 6.19 A 4.07 B 4.44 B 4.90


**Averaged data

Control 13.17 a 8.80 a 11.17 a 11.04 aParaffin oil 12.43 a 5.63 8.15 ab 9.05 10.67 a 4.48 10.36 a 6.15

Agerin 10.00 b 24.05 6.67 b 22.32 7.00 b 37.31 7.94 b 28.06Biofly 5.93 c 54.99 4.33 de 50.74 4.04 cd 63.85 4.77 c 56.85

Mixture No. 1 6.50 c 50.63 6.33 bc 28.00 5.02 c 55.06 5.95 c 46.12Mixture No. 2 4.87 cd 63.01 4.67 d 46.95 5.17 bc 53.73 4.90 c 55.62Mixture No. 3 3.43 de 73.98 2.22 f 74.74 2.83 de 74.63 2.83 d 74.40Mixture No. 4 2.00 e 84.81 2.50 ef 71.58 1.83 e 83.58 2.11 d 80.88

Diazinon 2.64 e 79.96 2.33 f 73.47 2.50 de 77.61 2.49 d 77.45

Means 6.77 A 5.11 B 5.58 B 5.82






Table IV.31: Effect of biocides treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grain weight(g.), during 2004 and 2005 seasons.

Season 2004

TreatmentsCultivars

Means S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 351

Mean Mean Mean

Control 29.69 d* 28.56 a 28.30 a 28.85 cParaffin oil 30.38 cd 28.23 a 27.63 a 28.75 c

Agerin 30.36 cd 28.96 a 27.80 a 29.04 bcBiofly 31.71 bcd 28.92 a 27.70 a 29.44 bc

Mixture No. 1 31.81 bcd 29.61 a 27.45 a 29.62 bcMixture No. 2 31.52 bcd 29.09 a 27.60 a 29.41 bcMixture No. 3 32.12 bc 29.32 a 28.28 a 29.91 bcMixture No. 4 32.84 ab 30.07 a 28.11 a 30.34 ab

Diazinon 34.84 a 30.31 a 29.24 a 31.46 a

Means 31.70 a 29.23 b 28.01 b 29.65


Season 2005

Control 29.52 c 28.27 ab 27.82 ab 28.54 cParaffin oil 30.67 bc 28.92 ab 26.86 b 28.82 c

Agerin 30.68 bc 28.43 ab 27.07 b 28.73 cBiofly 30.72 bc 28.89 ab 27.60 ab 29.07 bc

Mixture No. 1 31.25 abc 29.16 ab 27.79 ab 29.40 bcMixture No. 2 31.67 abc 29.30 ab 28.19 ab 29.72 abcMixture No. 3 32.05 ab 27.65 b 28.21 ab 29.30 bcMixture No. 4 32.66 ab 30.62 a 28.68 ab 30.66 ab

Diazinon 33.54 a 30.05 ab 29.70 a 31.10 a

Means 31.42 a 29.03 b 27.99 b 29.48


Averaged data**

Control 29.60 d 28.41 c 28.06 ab 28.69 cParaffin oil 30.53 cd 28.57 bc 27.24 b 28.78 c

Agerin 30.52 cd 28.69 bc 27.44 b 28.88 cBiofly 31.21 bcd 28.90 abc 27.65 b 29.26 c

Mixture No. 1 31.53 bc 29.38 abc 27.62 b 29.51 bcMixture No. 2 31.59 bc 29.20 abc 27.89 ab 29.56 bcMixture No. 3 32.09 bc 28.48 c 28.25 ab 29.60 bcMixture No. 4 32.75 ab 30.34 a 28.40 ab 30.50 ab

Diazinon 34.19 a 30.18 ab 29.47 a 31.28 a

Means 31.56 a 29.13 b 28.00 b 29.56





Table IV.32: Effect of biocides treatments and corn cultivars on grains yield/10plants (kg.), during 2004 and 2005 seasons .

Season 2004

Treatments

CultivarsMeans

S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 352

Mean Mean Mean Mean

Control 1.29 c* 1.19 e 1.15 c 1.21 dParaffin oil 1.33 c 1.23 de 1.30 bc 1.29 cd

Agerin 1.39 bc 1.39 c-e 1.24 c 1.34 cdBiofly 1.60 a-c 1.41 c-e 1.47 a-c 1.50 bc

Mixture No. 1 1.62 a-c 1.54 b-d 1.42 a-c 1.53 bcMixture No. 2 1.72 ab 1.53 b-e 1.33 bc 1.53 bcMixture No. 3 1.74 a 1.71 a-c 1.62 ab 1.69 abMixture No. 4 1.87 a 1.89 a 1.71 a 1.82 a

Diazinon 1.87 a 1.87 ab 1.70 a 1.81 a

Means 1.60 A 1.53 A 1.44 A 1.52


Season 2005

Control 1.31 d 1.27 b 1.21 bc 1.26 dParaffin oil 1.37 d 1.24 b 1.20 c 1.27 d

Agerin 1.45 cd 1.35 ab 1.26 a-c 1.35 cdBiofly 1.52 b-d 1.46 ab 1.34 a-c 1.44 b-d

Mixture No. 1 1.52 b-d 1.44 ab 1.48 a-c 1.48 b-dMixture No. 2 1.67 a-d 1.56 ab 1.48 a-c 1.57 a-cMixture No. 3 1.77 a-c 1.55 ab 1.57 a-c 1.63 a-cMixture No. 4 1.87 ab 1.71 a 1.59 ab 1.72 ab

Diazinon 1.96 a 1.71 a 1.63 a 1.77 a

Means 1.60 A 1.48 AB 1.42 B 1.50


Averaged data**

Control 1.30 d 1.23 e 1.18 d 1.24 eParaffin oil 1.35 cd 1.24 e 1.25 cd 1.28 e

Agerin 1.42 cd 1.37 de 1.25 cd 1.35 deBiofly 1.56 bc 1.44 c-e 1.41 b-d 1.47 cd

Mixture No. 1 1.57 bc 1.49 cd 1.45 a-c 1.50 b-dMixture No. 2 1.70 ab 1.54 b-d 1.40 b-d 1.55 bcMixture No. 3 1.75 ab 1.63 a-c 1.59 ab 1.66 abMixture No. 4 1.87 a 1.80 a 1.65 ab 1.77 a

Diazinon 1.91 a 1.79 ab 1.67 a 1.79 a

Means 1.60 A 1.50 AB 1.43 B 1.51





IV.6 The side effect of biochemicals against the predator, Paederus alfierii (Kock).

Surface deposit technique was used to determine the toxicity of the

previous biochemical to the adults of predator, P. alfierii. LC50 values and there

confidence limits are recorded in Table (IV.33).

From the previous data it could be concluded that, Agerin ( Bacillus

thuringiensis formulation), mixture No.1(Agerin mixture with oil) and paraffin oil

exhibited no toxicity against adults of predator, P. alfierii. The toxicity of the rest

biochemicals could be arranged descendingly as follows: mixture No.4 > mixture

No.3 > diazinon (LC50`s: 33.4, 66.1, 78.34 ppm respectively). While mixture

No.2 > Biofly (LC50`s:9.3104 conidia/ml and 1.48105 conidia/ml respectively).

Based on the obtained data, Beauveria bassiana formulation Biofly had relative

toxicity to the predator and that toxicity had been enhanced by adding oil and

photostaplizer. Diazinon had more toxicity against adults predator, P. alfierii than

Biofly but this toxicity had been enhanced by mixing the diazinon with Biofly or

Agerin, oil and photostaplizer.

Many investigators had been reported that Bacillus thuringiensis had no to

low toxicity to many predators species (Bozsik, 2006; Sharma and Kashyap,

2002; Badawy and El-Arnaouty, 1999; Jayanthi and Padmavathamma, 1996;

Langenbruch, 1992; Salama and Zaki, 1984 and El-Husseini 1980). In

contrast, many researchers had been reported that Beauveria bassiana had some

toxicity aginest several predetors (Cagan and Uhlik, 1999; El-Hamady, 1998;

Haseeb and Murad, 1997 and Haseeb and Humayun, 1997).

Also, many investigators mentioned that, diazinon had a low relative


toxicity against some predators species compared with the other synthetic

pesticides (Omar et al., 2002; Salim and Heinrichs, 1985; Mishra and

Satpathy, 1984). The low toxicity of diazinon to predators may be due to that

diazinon had low inhibition capacity to predators AchEs (Bozsik, et al., 2002)


Table IV.33: Toxicity of biochemicals against adults of the predator, P. alfierii exposed to surface deposit technique.

Biochemicals

Conc. ppm

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

pp

m

Cal

cula

ted

LC

99

pp

m

Confidence limits

Slo

p v

alu

es.s

5 10 20 30 40 60 80 120 160 240 104 5×104 105 5×105 106

Lower Upper

% Mortality

Agerin* - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 >106

Biofly ** - - - - - - - - - - 6 27 42 75 86 1.48105 9.01106 104 105 1.32

Diazinon 0 0 0 5 - 18 - 71 - 93 - - - - - 78.34 454.3886 60.0 102.3 3.08

Paraffin oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - >10000

Mixture No. 1* - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 >106

Mixture No. 2 ** - - - - - - - - - - 9 36 54 81 93 9.3104 4.7106 5.1104 1.6105 1.38

MixtureNo. 3 0 0 0 12 - 45 - 84 - 96 - - - - - 66.1 337.2 51.6 84.61 3.31

Mixture No.4 3 5 33 - 57 - 78 100 - - - - - - - 33.4 397.54 24.6 45.4 2.19

* Concentration (unit/ml.), **concentration (conidia/ml.).

V - V - SUMMARYSUMMARY

BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL FOR SOME PESTS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS SIDE

EFFECTS.

Series of field and laboratory experiments had been carried out for

determination the efficiency of some substitute implement as a part of

integrated pest management for one of the most destructive corn pests

European Corn Borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).

This study included the following :

1- Laboratory determination of LC50 of Beauveria bassiana

formulation (Biofly) against some aphid species and the spider mite T.

cinnabarinus (Boisduval).

2-Study the toxicity of mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation

(Biofly) with some botanical oils, paraffin and mineral oil. Also the

mixtures of Biofly with some photostablizers and pigments.

3- Study the Effect of U.V radiations on the most effective mixtures.

4-Determination of the ECB infestation percentage for ten corn

hybrids, different in tolerant potency at the field to declared the most

tolerant cultivars against ECB infestation and the least tolerant one.

5- Chemical control for ECB infestation by using some

recommended and common pesticides (chloropyrifos, fenpropathrin,

diazinon and methomyl).

6- Field evaluation of ECB infestation for the most tolerant hybrid

and also for two susceptible hybrid which treated with the most persistence

mixtures and the most persistence mixture + ½ the recommended

concentration of the most effective pesticides. Also bioinsecticides (Biofly

and Agrine) and paraffin oil, alone.

148 SUMMARY

7- These mixtures and bioinsecticides had been tested on the adult

of the predator Paederus alfierii to evaluate there side effects (toxicity)

on the predator.

The results obtained can be summarized as follows:

1-Toxicity of the Biofly to the aphid species and red spider mite

using slid dipping technique and leaf disk dipping technique respectively,

could be arranged descendingly as follows: Tetranychus cinnabarinus >

Rhopalosiphum maidis > Aphis craccivora > Aphis gossypii (LC50`s:

9.1×103, 5.65×104, 2.20×105,and 2.67×105 conidia/ml, respectively).

2-Toxicity of the different oils against spider mite Teteranychus

cinnabarinus (Boisduval) using leaf-disc dipping technique could be

arranged descendingly as follows: corn oil> cotton oil caster oil mineral

oil>canola oil> paraffin oil (LC50`s: 1.0×102, 4.72×102, 6.67×102, 1.09×103,

1.56×103, and 2.56×103 ppm respectively.

3-Most tested mixtures of corn and cotton oils with Beauveria

bassiana (Biofly) were less toxic than the Beauveria bassiana formulation

(Biofly). On the other hand, the mixtures which consists of three parts of

Biofly and one part caster oil or canola or mineral and paraffin oils more

toxic than Biofly formulation against T. cinnabarinus.

4-All tested photostablizers and pigment with Biofly had increased

the mixtures' toxicity to Teteranychus cinnabarinus mites. When increasing

the concentration ratio to 1% the toxicity decrease. Mixture of Biofly +

0.1% Acetophenon or 4-nitro acetophenon or 7-nitophenol or benzophenon,

Biofly + 0.1% or 0.2% or 0.5%congo Red and Biofly + 0.1% or 0.2% or

0.5% titan yellow mixtures had increased the toxicity of Beauveria

bassiana (Biofly formulation) against adult Teteranychus cinnabarinus.

5- The most persistence mixtures were 3:1 Biofly:paraffin oil and

3:1 Biofly: castor oil mixtures ( T50 : the time consumed to reduce the

149 SUMMARY

pesticides concentration to half =1.47 and 1.74 hours respectively ) while,

3:1 Biofly:mineral oil mixture had the lowest value in this respect ( T50=

0.90 hour). While, in case of Biofly + photostablizers mixtures, the most

persistence mixtures were Biofly + 0.1 % benzophenon, Biofly +0.5%

congo red and Biofly+0.1% 7-nitrophenol mixtures ( T50 were 5.71, 4.981

and 3.14hours after 12 hours UV radiation exposure respectively) while

Biofly +0.1%acetophenon had the lowest values in this respect which had

lost there efficiency against the adult spider mites T. cinnabarinus after two

hour exposure to UV radiation.

6-Cultivars S.C.13 and T.W.C. 351 were the most tolerant cultivars

against ECB infestation while, T.W.C.323 and T.W.C.324 cultivars were the

most susceptible cultivers. There are a positive relationship between grain

protein percentage and the damaged grain percentage. There are no

relationship between phosphorous percentage and damaged grain

percentage. In case of yield and yield component:S.C.10 ( single cross

hybrid 10) had the highest values in 100 grain weight and grain yield/10

plants .

7- The most potent insecticides against ECB infestation were

diazinon followed by fenpropathrin but methomyl was the least toxic one

(which reduced the holes No./100 internodes, cavity No./10plants, holes

No./10 ear stalk and larvae No./10plants). In case of yield and yield

component, diazinon followed by chlorpyrifos insecticides had the highest

values in 100grain weight and grain yield/10plants( total yield/fadden =

3.3tons) .

8-From the chemical and physical analysis of corn cultivars we can

conclude that: cultivars T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 324 had the highest value in

ash%, cultivars S.C.10, T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 351 had the highest values

in %cellulose, cultivars T.W.C. 351 and S.C.13 had the lowest values in

150 SUMMARY

TSS and cultivars S.C.10 and T.W.C. 323 had the highest values in stem

rigidity. The total soluble solids and %cellulose may be relation with plant

resistance.

From the field experiments it could be concluded that: spraying with

diazinon, mixture No.4 [150ml Biofly + 50ml paraffin oil+ 0.1%

benzophenon (0.2gm)+ ½ the recommended field concentration (500ml

diazinon)] and mixture No.3 [(375gm Agrine + 125ml paraffin oil+ 0.1%

benzophenon(0.5gm) + ½ the recommended field concentration (500ml

diazinon)] had been reduced the ECB infestation parameters (holes

No./100internodes and cavities No./10plants ). Diazinon, mixture No.4 and

mixture No.3 had increase both 100 grain weight and grain yield/10plants

(total yield/feddan= 3.82 tons).

Agerin ( Bacillus thuringiensis formulation), Agerin mixtures with

oil or/with benzophenon and paraffin oil had no toxicity against adults of

predator, Paederus alfierii. The toxicity of the rest biochemicals could be

arranged descendingly as follows: mixture No.4[150ml Biofly + 50ml

paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon (0.2gm)+ ½ the recommended field

concentration (500ml diazinon)] > mixture No.3 [(375gm Agrine + 125ml

paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon (0.5gm)+ ½ the recommended field

concentration (500ml diazinon)] > diazinon. While mixture No.2 [150ml

Biofly + 50ml paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon (0.2gm)] were more toxic

than Biofly.

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العربي الملخص

آفات لبعض ائية ي الكيم و البيولوجية المكافحة

الجانبية تأثيراتها و الزراعية المحاصيل

بعض كف,,اءة لتق,,دير المعملي,,ة و الحقلي,,ة التج,,ارب من سلس,,لة أج,,ريت

الش,,امية ال,,ذرة آفات ألحد المتكاملة المكافحة برنامج من كجزء البديلة الوسائل

.(Ostrinia) nubilalis. Hb األوربية الذرة ثاقبة هي و

يلي: ما الدراسة وتشمل

Beauveria bassiana لمستحضر LC50 المميت النصفي التركيز - تقدير1

(T. cinnabarinus biosduval ) األحمر العنكبوت و المن أنواع بعض ضد البيوفالى

.

, النباتي,,ة الزي,,وت بعض م,,ع ال,,بيوفالى مستحض,,ر خل,,ط سمية - دراسة2

المثبت,,ات بعض م,,ع ال,,بيوفالى مخالي,,ط أيضا . و المعدني الزيت و البرافين زيت

الصبغات. و الضوئية

. فاعلية المخاليط أكثر على بنفسجية الفوق األشعة تأثير - دراسة3

في مختلف,,ة هجن لعشر األوربية الذرة ثاقبة بآفة اإلصابة نسبة - تقدير4

t الهجن أكثر لتقدير بالحقل االحتمال قوة t أقلها أيضا و لإلصابة تحمال . تحمال

المبي,,دات بعض باس,,تخدام األوربي,,ة ال,,ذرة لثاقبة ائيةيالكيم - المكافحة5

,chloropyrifos ) االس,,تخدام شائعة و بها الموصى fenpropathrin , diazinonو

methomyl.)

الهجن ك,,ثرأل بالنس,,بة األوربي,,ة ال,,ذرة بثاقبة لإلصابة الحقلي - التقييم6

x ب,,أكثر معاملته,,ا تمس,,ي التي و لإلصابة حساسينال هجينينال أيضا و لإلصابة تحمال

t المخالي,ط t المخالي,ط أك,ثر و ثبات,ا ألك,ثر الحقلي التط,بيق مع,دل + نص,ف ثبات,ا

t وفاعلي,ة) ال,ديازينون( المبيدات ,فاعلي,ة) ال,ديازينون( المبي,دات ب,أكثر أيض,ا

ثاقبة على ذلك و وحدهما البرافين زيت و األجرين( و )بيوفالى الحيوية المبيدات

األوربية. الذرة

بيوفالى الحيوية المبيدات, البرافين زيت, السابقة المخاليط اختبار- 7

ذل,,ك و الرواغ,,ة لمف,,ترس البالغ,,ة الحشرات على الديازينون كذلك و األجرين ,

.للمفترس السمية أو الجانبي تأثيرها مدى ميلتقي

يلي: كما عليها المتحصل النتائج تلخيص ويمكن

يمكن األحم,,ر العنكب,,وت و المختلف,,ة المن أنواع على البيوفالى - سمية1

القطن < من الف,,ول < من الذرة < من األحمر كاألتي: العنكبوت تنازليا ترتيبها

51×2.20 ,410×5.65 , 310×9.1 هيLC50 المميت النصفي التركيز )قيم

.(الترتيب على كونديا/مل510×2.67 و 0

األحم,,,ر العنكب,,,وت إن,,,اث على المختلف,,,ة الزي,,,وت س,,,مية - ت,,,رتيب2

Teteranychus cinnabarinus t القطن< زيت ال,ذرة<زيت : زيت كاألتي تنازليا

الترك,,يز ) قيم,,ة ال,,برافين الك,,انوال< زيت <زيت المع,,دني الخ,,روع< ال,,زيت

وLC50=1.0×210, 4.72× 210, 6.67×210, 1.09× 310, 1.56×310 المميت النصفي

(.الترتيب على المليون في جزء 310×2.56

أق,,ل ك,,انت م,,ع القطن زيت و الذرة لزيت المختبرة مخاليطال معظم- 3

من المكون,,ة مخالي,,طال ف,,ان األخ,,ر الجانب في . واألصلي المستحضر من سمية

ال,,زيت أو الك,,انوال أو الخ,,روع زيت من واح,,د : ج,,زءبيوفالىال,, من أج,,زاء3

بيوفالىال, مستحض,ر مستحض,ر من س,مية أك,ثر كانت البرافين زيت وأ المعدني

األحمر. العنكبوت ضد وذلك األصلي

من زادت قد األصباغ و الضوئية المثبتات من المختبرة المركبات - كل4

%1 إلى المركبات نسبة زيادة عند لكن و األحمر العنكبوت على المخاليط سمية

-نيترواسيتوفينون4أو اسيتوفينون% 0.1+ بيوفالىال مخاليطتقل. السمية فان

% أو0.2 أو %0.1+ بيوفالىال,, مخالي,,ط و ب,,نزوفينون أو -ني,,تروفينول7 أو

األص,,فر % تيت,,ان0.5 % أو0.2 أو % 0.1+ بيوفالىال,, و الكونغو % أحمر0.5

األحمر. العنكبوت ضد بيوفالىال مستحضر سمية من زادت

tثبات المخاليط - أكثر5 مخالي,,ط ك,,انت البنفسجية فوق األشعة تأثير تحت ا

الالزم ال,,زمن قيم,,ة )ك,,ان خ,,روع زيت1: بي,,وفالى3 و برافين زيت1: بيوفالى3

3 ال,,ترتيب( بينم,,ا, خلي,,ط على س,,اعة1.74 و1.47 ه,,و الترك,,يز نص,,ف لفق,,د

= النص,,ف )عم,,ر المج,,ال ه,,ذا في قيم,,ه اق,,ل ل,ه ك,,ان مع,دني زيت1: بيوفالى

تلخيص يمكنن,,ا الض,,وئية المثبت,,اتو بيوفالىال,, مخاليط حالة في ساعة( . أما0.9

t المخاليط األتي: أكثر %0.5+ بي,,وفالى و بنزفينون% 0.1+ بيوفالى كانت ثباتا

,5.71 النص,,ف عم,,ر ك,,ان ) حيث تروفينولين-7%0.1+ بيوفالى و الكونغو احمر

بنفس,,جية الف,,وق لألش,,عة ضيع,,رالت من ه س,,اع12 بع,,د ساعة 3.14 و4.981

اق,,ل أس,,يتوفينون%0.1+ بي,,وفالى خلي,,ط ك,,ان ( بينم,,ا ال,,ترتيب على وذل,,ك

t المخاليط التع,,رض من ساعتين بعد األحمر العنكبوت ضد فاعليته فقد حيث ثباتا

البنفسجية. فوق لألشعة

t األصناف أكثر كانت351 ثالثي و13 فردى أصناف- 6 كانت بينما تحمال

بثاقب,,ة اإلص,,ابة ميتق,,ي عن,,د حساس,,ية األص,,ناف أكثر324 و323 ثالثي األصناف

ع,,دد و نبات,,ات10/ اإلنف,,اق عقلة, ع,,دد100الثقوب/ عدد بواسطة األوربية الذرة

و الحب,,وب في ال,,بروتين نسبة بين إيجابية عالقة هناك نباتات. كانت10/ اليرقات

نس,,بة و الحب,,وب في س,,فوروالف نس,,بة بين عالقة يوجد لم بينما بها اإلصابة نسبة

10 ف,,ردى هجين أعطى فق,,د: اإلنت,,اج مكون,,ات و اإلنت,,اج حال,,ة به,,ا. في اإلصابة

نباتات. 10 ل, اإلنتاج و حبة100ال, وزن في القيم أعلى

ثم ال,,ديازينون ه,,و األوربي,,ة ال,,ذرة بثاقب,,ة اإلص,,ابة ض,,د فاعلية المبيدات أكثر- 7

. حيث س,,مية المبيدات اقل الميثوميل كان بينما الكلوربيرفوس و الفينبروباثرين

الثق,,وب/ ع,,دد, نبات,,ات10األنف,,اق/ ع,,دد, عق,,دة100الثق,,وب/ عدد خفضت أنها

مكوناته: فقد و المحصول حالة في نباتات. أما10اليرقات/ عدد و كوز حوامل10

في القيم أعلى الفينبروباثرين ثم الكلوربيرفوس يليه الديازينون من كل أعطى

3.3= ب,,الطن/ف,,دان )اإلنت,,اج نبات,,ات10الحب,,وب/ إنت,,اج كذلك و حبة100ال, وزن

طن(.

الهجين اآلتي:ك,ان نلخص أن يمكنن,ا ال,ذرة ألص,ناف الكيمائي,ة التحاليل من- 8

,10 الف,,,ردي الهجين. الرم,,,اد نس,,,بة في األص,,,ناف أعلى324 و352 ثالثي

الهجين.الس,,ليلوز نس,,بة في األص,,ناف أعلى ك,,انت324 و352 الثالثي الهجين

الذائب,,ة الص,,لبة الم,,واد نس,,بة في األصناف اقل كانت351 والثالثي 13 الفردي

في ص,,البة األص,,ناف اك,,ثر ك,,انت323 الثالثي الهجين و10 ف,,ردى الهجين بينم,,ا

و الكلي,,ة الذائب,,ة الص,,لبة المواد نسبة بين ارتباط هناك يكون الساق. ربما قشرة

النباتية. المقاومة في السليلوز نسبة كذلك

: اآلتي نلخص أن يمكننا الحقلية التجارب من

بي,,وفالى+ م,,ل150[ 4رقم خلي,,ط أو ال,,ديازينون بمبي,,د الرش

½( ب,,نزوفينون جم0.2) ب,,نزوفينون%0.1+ ب,,ارفين زيت م,,ل50 +

)[ 3 رقم خلي,,ط وأ ]دي,,ازينون( م,,ل500)الحقلي التركيز معدل 375

½ معدل+ بنزوفينون %0.1+ برافين زيت مل 125 + أجرين جرام

خفض إلى ىأد قد] ديازينون( مل500) الديازينون من الحقلي التركيز

نبات,,ات( .10/ اإلنف,,اق ع,,دد و عق,,دة100الثقوب/ ) عدد اإلصابة قياسات

إلى3 رقم خلي,,ط أو 4 رقم خلي,,ط أو ال,,ديازينون مبيدب الرش أدى بينما

اإلنت,اج نبات,ات) 10 ل,, الحب,وب إنت,اج و حب,ة100ال,, وزن من ك,ل زيادة

طن( . 3.82= طن/فدان

تجه,,يزه األج,,رين الحي,,وى للمبي,,د س,,مية أي هن,,اك يكن لم(

Bacillus thuringiensis ) مع وأ البرافين زيت مع األجرين خليط وأ

يمكن بينم,,االرواغة. مفترس على الضوئي المثبت و البرافين زيت

t الحيوية المبيدات باقي سمية ترتيب [ 4 رقم كاألتي: خليط تنازليا

) ب,,نزوفينون%0.1+ ب,,ارفين زيت م,,ل50بي,,وفالى+ م,,ل150

معدل( ب,,نزوفينون جم0.2 ½ م,,ل500)الحقلي الترك,,يز +

زيت م,,ل125+ أج,,رين جرام375[ 3 رقم < خليط ]ديازينون(

معدل ج,,رام( + 0.5) % ب,,نزوفينون0.1+ ب,,ارفين الترك,,يز ½

. بينم,,ا < دي,,ازينون ]دي,,ازينون( م,,ل500)الديازينون من الحقلي

%0.1+ برافين مل50+ بيوفالى مل150 [ 2 رقم الخليط كان

. البيوفالى مستحضر من سمية اكثر ] جرام(0.2)بنزفينون

عبدالله العال عبد المنعم عبد الطالب:صبرى اسم المحاص{{يل آفات لبعض الكيميائية و البيولوجية الرسالة:المكافحة عنوان

الجانبية تأثيراتها و الزراعية النبات-كلي{{ة وقاية (مبيدات) قسم الزراعية العلوم في الدكتوراهالدرجة:طنطا. جامعة – الزراعة

المستخلص

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يلي:يمكن األحم{{ر العنكب{{وت و المختلفة المن أنواع على البيوفالى سمية

< الف{{ول < من ال{{ذرة < من األحمر كاألتي: العنكبوت تنازليا ترتيبها إن{{اث على المختلف{{ة الزي{{وت س{{مية ت{{رتيب ك{{ان القطن. بينم{{ا من

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بينم{{ا األص{{لي. و المستحض{{ر من س{{مية أق{{ل ك{{انت ال{{بيوفالى زيت من ج{{زء1ال{{بيوفالى: من أج{{زاء3 من المكون{{ة المخالي{{ط

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زادت ق{د األص{باغ و الض{وئية المثبت{ات من المخت{برة المركبات كل نس{بة زي{ادة عن{د لكن و األحم{ر العنكب{وت على المخالي{ط سمية من

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مخاليط كانت البنفسجية فوق األشعة تأثير تحت ثباتا� المخاليط أكثر + بي{{وفالى و خ{{روع زيت1: بي{{وفالى3 , ب{{رافين زيت1: بي{{وفالى3

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4رقم خليط أو الديازينون بمبيد الرش[ م{{ل50بي{{وفالى+ م{{ل150 ب{{نزوفينون) + ½ مع{{دل جم0.2( ب{{نزوفينون% 0.1+ بارفين زيت

3 رقم خليط [ أو ديازينون) مل500( الديازينون من الحقلي التركيز( بنزوفينون% 0.1+ برافين زيت مل125+ أجرين جرام375] (

( ال{{ديازينون من الحقلي الترك{{يز ب{{نزوفينون) + ½ مع{{دل جم0.5 و عق{دة100الثق{وب/ ع{دد خفض إلى أدى ق{د دي{ازينون) [ مل500 خلي{{ط أو الديازينون بمبيد الرش أدى نباتات) . بينما10/ اإلنفاق عدد إنت{{اج و حب{{ة100ال{{{ وزن من ك{{ل زي{{ادة إلى3 رقم خليط أو4 رقم

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طنطا جامعةالزراعة كلية

النبات وقاية قسم

لبعض الكيمائية و البيولوجية المكافحة تأثيراتها و الزراعية المحاصيل أفات

الجانبية

من مقدمة رسالة

عبدالله العال عبد المنعم عبد صبرى

جامعة الشيخ كفر { الزراعة )كلية ( مبيدات الزراعية العلوم بكالوريوسم1991 طنطا

جامعة الشيخ كفر { الزراعة (مبيدات) كلية الزراعية العلوم ماجستيرم1998 طنطا

الفلسفة دكتوراة درجة على للحصولفى

الزراعية العلوم ) ( المبيدات

النبات وقاية قسم الزراعة كلية

طنطا جامعة

م2008



أفات لبعض الكيميائية و البيولوجية المكافحة

الجانبية تأثيراتها و الزراعية المحاصيل



طنطا جامعة الشيخ كفر , الزراعة (كلية ) مبيدات الزراعية العلوم بكالوريوسم1991

طنطا جامعة الشيخ كفر , الزراعة )مبيدات( كلية الزراعية العلوم ماجستيرم1998

كجزء من متطلبات الحصول على درجة الدكتوراة فى العلوم الزراعية

)المبيدات(

اإلشراف لجنة

على / حلمى الدكتور األستاذعنبر إبراهيم

عبد خطاب / تسامح الدكتور األستاذالروؤف

كلية عميد و المبيدات أستاذطنطا - جامعة الزراعة

الزراعة كلية المتفرغ المبيدات أستاذطنطا - جامعة

كشك العزيز عبد دكتور/ السيد سلطان الرحيم عبد/ الدكتور األستاذالرحيم عبد متولى

- الزراعة كلية المبيدات مدرسطنطا جامعة

رئيس و االقتصادية الحشرات أستاذ الحقلية المحاصيل حشرات قسم

النبات وقاية بحوث مركز

الدراسات لشئون الكلية وكيل البحوث و العليا

القسم مجلس رئيس

مصباح إبراهيم / إبراهيم أ.د مصباح إبراهيم / إبراهيم أ.د



لبعض الكيميائية و البيولوجية المكافحة

تأثيراتها و الزراعية المحاصيل أفات

الجانبية.



طنطا جامعة الشيخ كفر , الزراعة (كلية ) مبيدات الزراعية العلوم بكالوريوسم1991

طنطا جامعة الشيخ كفر , الزراعة )مبيدات( كلية الزراعية العلوم ماجستيرم1998

الزراعية العلوم فى الدكتوراة درجة على الحصول متطلبات من كجزء)المبيدات(

م2008

لبعض الكيميائية و البيولوجية المكافحة

الجانبية تأثيراتها و الزراعية المحاصيل أفات



لدرجة

اآلفات مبيدات الزراعية العلوم فى الدكتوراة

{ الزراعة- كفرالشيخ كلية { الزراعية العلوم بكالوريوس

م1991طنطا جامعة

{ الزراعة- كفرالشيخ كلية { الزراعية العلوم ماجستير

م1998طنطا جامعة

على والحكم المناقش{{{{ة لجن{{{{ة

الرسالة

------------------------------ عبد خطاب تسامح/ الدكتور األستاذ ,1الرؤوف

كلي{{{ة المتف{{{رغ المبي{{{دات أس{{{تاذطنطا - جامعة الزراعة

------------------------------ يوس{{ف عطي{{ة/ ال,,دكتور األس,,تاذ ,,,2طميقر

الزراعة- المبيدات- كلية كمياء أستاذ الشيخ كفر جامعة

------------------------------ إبراهيم على حلمى/ الدكتور األستاذ ,3 عنبر

الزراع{{ة كلية عميد و المبيدات أستاذ

طنطا - جامعة

------------------------------ إب{{راهيم إب{{راهيم / ال,,دكتور األس,,تاذ ,,,4مصباح

وكي{{ل و االقتص{{ادية الحشرات ستاذأطنطا -جامعة الزراعة كلية

sabry abdel-monem abd-elaal abd-allah(2008) phd thesis full

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