sacred spaces
DESCRIPTION
Sacred Spaces by Jeff GreeneTRANSCRIPT
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Sacred Spaces
By Jeff Greene
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About Me
• Studied under the Fresco Scholarship at the Skowhegan School of Painting & Sculpture
• Has led large scale restoration, conservation, and new designs in sacred spaces for the last 35 years
• Studies from ancient texts and old masters
• World traveler
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What makes a Sacred Space?
The goal of sacred architecture is to make “transparent the boundary between matter and mind, flesh and spirit”
-Architect Norman L. Koonce
• Sacred: From the Latin word, Sacrum, referring to the gods
• Sanctum: Latin for “set apart”• That which is worthy of veneration
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What makes a Sacred Space?
Language and Grammar of Design• Universal Principles Exist• Harmonious Elements Transcend Culture• Paradise Represented on Earth• Principals are Timeless• Quality of Craftsmanship• Temporal and Cultural Shifts
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What makes a Sacred Space?
Aesthetic Moment:• Revelatory• Relational • Evoking Emotional Response
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Mount Sinai, Egypt
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Ayers Rock, Australia
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Devils Tower, Wyoming
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Pech Merle, France25,000 B.C. – 16,000 BC
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Our Lady of Lourdes, France1858
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Pak Ou Caves, Luang Prabang, Laos
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Pak Ou Caves, Luang Prabang, Laos
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Newgrange, IrelandStone Age
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How can we understand these spaces?
Multifarious Manifestations of Experiencing the Sacred
• Monumentality• Awe• Contemplation• Reverence• Intimacy• Introspection• Mysteriousness• Humility• Harmony• Order
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How can we understand the basic principles?
• Careful Visual Study• Training to See These Elements• Application Across Different “Languages” of
Design• Studying History of Styles• Context and Syntax
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What are the building blocks?
Principles:• Balance• Contrast• Movement• Emphasis• Pattern• Rhythm• Proportion• Unity
Elements:• Line• Value• Shape• Form• Space• Color• Texture
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Color Theory
Psychological Effect of Color
• Contrast• Harmony• Atmospheric
Perspective• Symbolism
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How can we understand these principles?
Vernacular vs. Classical
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Church of Kish, Shaki, Azerbaijan1st Century, AD
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Yeşil Türbe (Green Mosque), Shrine of Rumi, Konya, Turkey1274
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Shrine of Shams Tabrizi1248
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Mosque of Uqba, Kairouan, Tunisia670 A.D.
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Mosque of Uqba, Kairouan, Tunisia670 A.D.
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Samarkand, Uzbekistan12th Century
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Vank Cathedral, Isfahan, Iran1606-1664
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Agiou Pavlou (Saint Paul’s) Monastery, Mount Athos, Greece980 A.D.
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Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, New York, NY1933, Kerr Rainsford
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Saint Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow, Russia1561, Barma and Postnik Yakovlev
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Meenakshi Amman Temple, Tamil Nadu, India1655
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Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia9th Century
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White TaraTsering Phuntsok
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Royal BhutaneseTemple, Bodhgaya, Bihar, India
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Round Roof Interior: Forbidden City Temple, Beijing, China
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Temple: Taipei, Taiwan
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Delphi, Mount Parnassus, Greece4th Century BC, Trophonios and Agamedes
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House of the Virgin Mary, Ephesus, Turkey33-100 A.D., Discovered 1881 by Abbe Julien Gouyet via Anne Catharine Emmerich’s visions
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The Cathedral Effect
“[There is] a relationship between the perceived height of a ceiling and cognition. High ceilings promote abstract thinking
and creativity. Low ceilings promote concrete and detail-oriented thinking.”
Lidwell, William, Kritina Holden, and Jill Butler. Universal Principles of Design. Berverly, MA: Rockport, 2010. Print. P.38
• Vertical Height: Cognition of abstract concepts
• Longitudinal space: Procession and return of sacramental acts
• Auditorium space: Suggestive of proclamation and response
• Communal space: Return determined by intimacy of scale
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Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France1194-1250
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ModernNew Forms for Sacred Space
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La Sagrada Familia1882, Antoni Gaudi
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Unity Temple, Oak Park, IL1908, Frank Lloyd Wright
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Bahá'í House of Worship, Chicago, IL 1920-1953, George Fuller & Louis Bourgeois
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Hallgrimskirkja, Reykjavik, Iceland1937, Guðjón Samúelsson
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Hallgrimskirkja, Reykjavik, Iceland1937, Guðjón Samúelsson
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Washington D.C. Temple, Kensington, MD1974, Spencer W. Kimball
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Crystal Cathedral, Garden Grove, CA1981, Philip Johnson
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Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Los Angeles, CA2002, Rafael Moneo
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Cathedral of Christ the Light, Oakland, CA2008, Craig W. Hartman (Skidmore, Owings, and Meril)
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EverGreene’s Work
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Dura EuroposReplica at the Jewish Museum
300 B.C.
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Western Wall, Jerusalem
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Dead Sea Scrolls Exhibit
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Historic PreservationBuildings as Vessels for Memory
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Grace ChurchBrooklyn, NY
Architect: Richard UpjohnDate: 1848
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Grace Church, Brooklyn, NYInvestigation of 1866 Decoration
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Grace Church, Brooklyn, NY
Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore. Floriated Ornament: A Series of Thirty-one Designs.London: H.G. Bohn, 1849. Print.
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Grace Church, Brooklyn, NY
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Grace Church, Brooklyn, NY
Garden of Eden
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Eldridge Street Synagogue, New York, NYPeter and Francis Herter; 1887
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Eldridge Street SynagoguePatrick Charles Keely; 1887
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Eldridge Street Synagogue, New York, NYPeter and Francis Herter; 1887
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Eldridge Street Synagogue, New York, NYStained Glass Artist: Kiki Smith
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St. Francis Xavier New York, NYPatrick Charles Keely; 1887
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Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception Albany, NYPatrick Charles Keely; 1848
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St. Joseph’s Wheeling, WVEdward Weber; 1926
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RenewalHistorical Recreations
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Dome Design Illustration
Sacramento Cathedral Sacramento, CABrian J. Klinch; 1889
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Decorative Painting on Canvas in
EverGreene’s New York Studio
Sacramento Cathedral Sacramento, CABrian J. Klinch; 1889
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Sacramento Cathedral Sacramento, CABrian J. Klinch; 1889
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Baptism
Reconciliation
PenanceConfession
Holy Eucharist
Confirmation
Matrimony
Holy Orders
Extreme Unction
Consider the building’s symbolism and liturgical use
Webber, F. R. Church Symbolism; An Explanation of the More Important Symbols of the Old and New Testament, the Primitive, the Mediaeval and the Modern Church. Cleveland: J.H. Jansen, 1938. Print. Sacramento Cathedral Sacramento, CA
Brian J. Klinch; 1889
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Sacramento Cathedral Sacramento, CABrian J. Klinch; 1889
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Sacramento Cathedral, Sacramento, CABrian J. Klinch; 1889
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Anshe Emeth, New Brunswick, NJAlexander Merchant; 1930
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Anshe Emeth, New Brunswick, NJAlexander Merchant; 1930
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Brooklyn Tabernacle (Previously The Loew’s Metropolitan Theater), Brooklyn, NYThomas W. Lamb; 1918
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Brooklyn Tabernacle (Previously The Loew’s Metropolitan Theater), Brooklyn, NYThomas W. Lamb; 1918
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Brooklyn Tabernacle (Previously The Loew’s Metropolitan Theater), Brooklyn, NYThomas W. Lamb; 1918
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Brooklyn Tabernacle (Previously The Loew’s Metropolitan Theater), Brooklyn, NYThomas W. Lamb; 1918
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New DesignThe Craftsmanship Still Exists
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Saint Thomas Aquinas, Santa Paula, CADuncan Stroik Architecture; 2009
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Saint Thomas Aquinas, Santa Paula, CAEverGreene Plaster Studio
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Saint Thomas Aquinas, Santa Paula, CADuncan Stroik Architecture; 2009
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Saint Thomas Aquinas, Santa Paula, CADuncan Stroik Architecture; 2009
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Church of the Nativity Leawood, KSShaughnessy, Fickel, & Scott; 1986
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Church of the Nativity Leawood, KS
EverGreene’s Design
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Church of the Nativity Leawood, KSShaughnessy, Fickel, & Scott; 1986
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Church of the Nativity Leawood, KSShaughnessy, Fickel, & Scott; 1986
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Church of the Nativity Leawood, KSShaughnessy, Fickel, & Scott; 1986
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Prince of Peace Kearney, NEEverGreene’s Design
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Prince of Peace Kearney, NEEverGreene’s Painting Studio
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Prince of Peace Kearney, NERDG Planning and Design; 2011
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Prince of Peace Kearney, NERDG Planning and Design; 2011
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Prince of Peace Kearney, NERDG Planning and Design; 2011
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St. Paul’s Westerville, OHEverGreene’s Design Choices
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St. Paul’s Westerville, OHDavid Meleca; 2011
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St. Paul’s Westerville, OHDavid Meleca; 2011
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St. Paul’s Westerville, OHDavid Meleca; 2011
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St. Paul’s Westerville, OHDavid Meleca; 2011
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Wedding Feast at Cana Wedding Feast at Cana St Anthony of Padua Ambler, PASt Anthony of Padua Ambler, PA
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Private Residence
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Saint Thomas Aquinas, Santa Paula, CA
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Rothko Chapel - Houston, TX
“The Rothko Chapel is oriented toward the sacred and yet it imposes no
traditional environment. It offers a place where a common orientation could be
found – an orientation towards God, named or unnamed, an orientation towards
the highest aspirations of Man and the most intimate calls of the conscience.”
-Dominique de Menil
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© EverGreene Architectural Arts, Inc. 2012
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Thank YouFor more information on
EverGreene’s projects, please visit www.evergreene.com