safety class note_latest

8/3/2019 safety class note_latest

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/safety-class-notelatest 1/98

Safety in Mines

BY

DR. P. S. PAUL



Introduction

Mining is a hazardous professionassociated with high level of accidentsand injuries

For example, in Indian coal mines thefatal and serious bodily injury rates per1000 persons employed for the years2005 and 2006 were 0.30, 0.35 and 2.78,1.84 respectively

Several causes starting from personal tosociotechnical factors are responsiblefor such high injury experience rates in

mines



.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

10.00

1950 1957 1964 1971 1978 1985 1992 1999 2006

Year

F a

t a l i t y

a n d

S e r

i o u s

I n j u r y r a

t e s

Series1Series2

Year-Wise Fatality and Serious Injury Rates per 1000 Persons Employed in Indian Coal Mines



Chapter – 01

Safety terms and definitions;Occupational Hazards of Mining



Safety terms and definitions



Safety

This is the conservation of human life and its effectiveness,and the prevention of damage to items as per mission

requirements.

OR

Safety is the degree of freedom from risk and hazard inenvironment such as a mine.



Accident

This is an unplanned and undesired event in a sequence ofevents, that occurs through a combination of causes; it resultsin physical harm (injury or illness) to an individual, damage toproperty, a near-miss, a loss or any combination of these

effects.

Q. Why do accidents take place in mines?

A: Accident causation is a complex process. But generally

these are caused due to Unsafe Acts and Unsafe conditions . A

combination of factors at the same moment may lead toaccident causing injury or persons may escape without anyinjury.



Unsafe Condition

This is any condition, under the right set of condition, maycreate accident.

Unsafe Behavior

Unsafe This is the manner in which an individual conductshimself/herself that is unsafe to himself/herself or others.



Hazards

This is the source of energy and physiological andbehavioral factors which, when uncontrolled effectively,results in harmful occurrences.

SafeThis is protected against any possible hazards.



Hazards in Mines

This is the source of energy and the physiological andbehavioral factors which, when uncontrolled effectively,

results in harmful occurrences



Conveyors

Hazards in Underground Coal Mine

Geologicaldisturbance

Inadequateventilation

Explosivesand fires

Occupationalhazards

Inrushesof water

Transportsystems

Deficiency of management

commitment

Personal andsocial hazards

Strata and

roof control

Dyke Fold Fault

Temperatur

e

Irrespirable

atmosphere

Respirable

dust

Humid

atmosphere

Explosive

atmosphe

re

Flammable

dust

Explosives Spontaneous

combustion

Haulage or

locomotive

Shafts Free-steered

vehicles

Lifting Machines Noise Contact

with

electricity

Slip and

fall

A

Inadequate

training

Inadequate

supply and

maintenance

of equipment

Inadequate

supervision of

work place

before and

during work

Absenteeism of

supervisor(s) at

night shift work



A

Personal

attitude

Demographic Societal

characteristics

Age Experience OccupationSex Management

worker

interaction

Supervisor

worker

interaction

Co-workers

relationships

Risk

taking

Negative

affectivity

Depression Impulsiveness Unsafe work

behavior

Job

dissatisfaction

Job

stress



Chapter - 2

Accidents and their classification;

and

Statistics of Fatal and Seriousaccidents in Indian Coal as well as

Metalliferous Mines(Upto 2006)



What accidents come under the purviewof the Mines Act?

What accidents are not included in thestatistics published by the CIM?



Classification of Mine Accidents/Injuries

Fatal: Which results in death of one or more person

Serious: Which results in serious bodily injury to one or more

person. Serious bodily injury is defined as an injurywhich involve the permanent loss of any part of the

body or permanent loss of or injury to the sight orhearing or any permanent in capacity or fractures ofany bone or joints.

Reportable: Which results in reportable injury to one or moreperson. Reportable injury is defined as any injuryother than a serious bodily injury which involves theenforced absence of the injured person from work

for a period of 72 hours or more.



Minor: Which results in minor injury to one or more

person. Minor injury is defined as any injuryother than a serious bodily injury which involves theenforced absence of the injured person from workfor a period exceeding 24 hours but, less than 72hours.

Classification of Mine Accidents/Injuries (Contd.)



Accidents

DisastersMajor

Accidents



Conclusion

Average death rates due to the coal mine accidents are 114 per year.

Whereas, in Delhi alone over 2000 deaths are reported annually in

traffic accidents

But, we can not conclude from the above figure that walking or driving on the streets of Delhi is more risky than working in coal

mines.

In order to evaluate the chances of a person being killed or injured at

work in a mine or a factory, on the road, in the air, in the water, it is

necessary to evaluate to evolve a common yardstick by which the

standards of safety in different industries or elsewhere can be

measured.



Sl. No

Dates of

Accident

Name of Mines Fatalities Cause

1 12/07/1952 Dhemomain 12 Roof fall

2 05/08/1953 Majri 11 Inundation

3 14/03/1954 Damra 10 Explosion of fire damp.

4 10/12/1954 Newton Chikli 63 Inundation

5 05/02/1955 Amlabad 52 Explosion of fire damp.

6 26/09/1956 Burra Dhemo 28 Inundation

7 19/02/1958 Chinakuri 175 Explosion of fire damp.

8 20/02/1958 Central Bhowra 23 Inundation

9 05/01/1960 Damua 16 Inundation

10 28/05/1965 Dhori 268 Coal dust explosion

11 11/04/1968 West Chirmiri 14 Premature collapse of

workings

12 18/03/1973 Jitpur 48 Explosion of fire damp.

13 08/08/1975 Kessurgarh 11 Roof fall

14 18/11/1975 Silewara 10 Inundation

15 27/12/1975 Chasnala 375 Inundation

Major Accidents in the Indian Coal Mines (Post Independence period)



16 16/09/1976 Central Saunda 10 Inundation

17 04/10/1976 Sudamdih 43 Explosion of fire damp.

18 22/01/1979 Baragolai 16 Ignition of fire damp

19 24/08/1981 Jagannath 10 Water gas explosion

20 16/07/1982 Topa 16 Roof fall

21 14/09/1983 Hurriladih 19 Inundation

22 13/11/1989 Mahabir 6 Inundation

23 25/01/1994 New Kenda 55 Fire/suffocation by gases

24 26/09/1995 Gaslitand 64 Inundation

25 06/07/1999 Prascole 6 Fall of roof/collapse of

workings

26 24/06/2000 Kawadi 10 Failure of OC bench

27 02/02/2001 Bagdigi 29 Inundation

28 05/03/2001 Durgapur Rayatwari 6 Collapse of

partings/workings

29 16/06/2003 Godavari Khani-7LEP 17 Inundation

30 16/10/2003 GDK-8A 10 Roof fall

31 15/6/2005 Central Saunda 14 Inundation

Major Accidents in the Indian Coal Mines (Post Independence period)

T d f F t l d S i A id t i C l Mi i I di



Trends of Fatal and Serious Accidents in Coal Mines in India

Year Fatal accidents Serious accidents

Accidents Fatalities Accidents Injuries

1995 137 219 757 813

1996 131 146 677 723

1997 143 165 677 725

1998 128 146 523 560

1999 127 138 595 650

2000 117 144 661 707

2001 106 141 667 720

2002 81 97 629 650

2003 83 113 563 578

2004 90 99 599 608

Average per

year 114 141 635 673

Note: (i) Lignite is included in coal.



Chapter - 3

Frequency Rates and Severityof Accidents (With Case Study)



The usual practice is to calculate the

deathrates and injury rates on the basis of:

i. 1000 persons employedii. 3-lakh manshift worked

iii. Million ton of coal produced

To calculate the frequency rates per 1000 persons employed



To calculate the frequency rates per 1000 persons employed,

it is necessary to know the actual figures of average daily

employment in mines.

Frequency rate (FR) for fatal, serious and reportable injuries

can be calculated as follows:

No of fatal injuries

FR/Fatal = ------------------------------------ 1000

Average daily employment

No of serious injuries

FR/Serious = ------------------------------------- 1000


No of Reortable injuries

FR/Reportable = ------------------------------------- 1000




Frequency Rate (FR) per 3 lakh manshift workedcan be

calculated as below:

No of injuries

FR/ 3 lakh Manshift worked = ------------------------------- 3,00,000

Total Manshift worked

No of injuries

FR/ Million ton per of coal produced =-------------------------- 106

Total coal produced



One basis of measurement of safety performance is the frequency

of accidents, another is their severity. Severity rate can be

calculated as follows:

Mandays lost 1000Severity = ------------------------------------


Mandays lost 300000

Or = -------------------------------------

Total Manshift worked

Mandays lost 106

Or = -------------------------------------

Million ton of coal produced

Severity Index:-----



Severity Index:

Severity Index (SI) can be calculated based on following

formula:

(300F + 10S + R) 100,000

SI = ---------------------------------------Man-shift worked

F = Number of deaths

S = Number of serious injuries

R = Number of Reportable injuries

The weightage of 300:10:1 for fatal, serious, and reportable injuries was

perhaps arrived at by estimating relative manshift lost by each type of

accidents. A modified approach has been established by the DGMS andis as follows:

(50F + S ) 105

SI = ----------------------------

Man-shift worked

A id P



Accident Proneness:-----

Though FR and SI values can be taken to identify accident

proneness of mines; however, it is preferable to compute

Arithmetic mean (AM) and Geometric mean (GM) of SI usually for five years periods to identify accident prone mines. The DGMS

uses the arithmetic mean for identifying the accident proneness.

Accident proneness indices are defined as follows:

n

AM = SI/n

i=1

n

GM = ( SI )1/n

i=1

Both frequency rate and severity rate indices are useful



Both frequency rate and severity rate indices are useful

measures of safety performances of mines.

These indices generally are used to identify the accident

proneness of mines and based on these indices accident

proneness of the same mine may vary.

To incorporate both frequency and severity rate, a combined

index (CI) has been proposed, where CI is defined as:

FR SI

CI = --------------------

1000

where, CI = Combined Index

FR = Frequency Rate Index

SI = Severity Index

Case study (from 1995-2004)



Case study (from 1995 2004)

Average Yearly Fatal/Serious Injuries in Indian Mines

Place of

employment

Average daily

employment

Average number

persons killed per year

Average number

persons seriouslyinjured per year

Below

ground2,58,000 110 493

Opencast

workings 75,000 18 71

Above

ground 1,35,000 13 109

Total 4,68,000 141 673

Calculate the Frequency Rates, Severity Index as per DGMS,

and Combine index of Coal Mine Accidents in India.



Chapter - 4

Basic Causes of AccidentOccurrence;

and

Cause wise Accident Analysis

(from 1995-2004)

Basis Causes of Accident Occurrence



In order to identify the root causes of accidents, it is a

common practice to safety professional to find out thefactors associated with accidents.

The DGMS classification of accident causes is as follows:

1. Ground movement2. Transportation Machinery (winding in shaft)

3. Transportation Machinery (Other than winding in shaft)

4. Machinery other than Transportation Machinery5. Explosives

6. Electricity7. Dust, gas and other Combustible Materials8. Fall (other than fall of ground)

9. Other causes

Basis Causes of Accident Occurrence

Fatal Accidents in Indian Coal Mines (Last 10 Years)




Statistical accident/Injury analysis




Methods of Statistical accident/InjuryAnalysis

Bivariate analysis

Multivariate analysis





Statistical

accident/Injuryanalysis

Place-wise Cause-wise

Occupation-wise Body parts-wise

Shift-wise





Place-wise analysis based on

Belowground

Opencast

aboveground

Shift-wise analysis based on

Morning Shift

Evening Shift

Night Shift





Cause-wise analysis based on

Fall-of-Object

Fall-of-Roof

Fall-of-Side

HaulageLoading-of-Coal

Slip-and-Fall

Tools-and-Machines

Transportation of Machine

Others




Stat st ca acc de t/ ju y a a ys s

Body parts-wise analysis based on

leg

Finger

Back

HandKnee

Thumb

Foot

Head

Others




Stat st ca acc de t ju y a a ys s

Occupation-wise analysis based on

Fall-of-Object

Fall-of-Roof

Fall-of-Side

HaulageLoading-of-Coal

Slip-and-Fall

Tools-and-Machines

Transportation of Machine

Others



Statistical Accident Analysis – ACase Study

By

Dr. P. S. Paul

(Published in IM&E Journal, 2001)



Frequency of mandays lost due to accidents/injuries

for the case study mine during 1993-’96.

Mandays lost (day/days)

Frequency Percent

1

2

3-5

5-15

>15

19

93

30

61

32

8.09

39.57

12.77

25.96

13.62

Mandays lost/injury

Mininmum: 1

Maximum: 172

Average: 10.51

Total mandays lost: 2533

F f i j i d d l t b d ti /j b titl f th



Occupation/

job title

Frequency Percent

Mandays lost

Mandays lost

per injuryMinimum

mandays lost

Maximum

mandays lost

Total

mandays lost

Miner/ Loader 100 41.49 1 172 1230 12.30

Haulage-

Worker

28 11.61 1 79 243 8.67

Piece-rated-

worker

27 11.20 2 114 298 11.04

Mech./elec.-

fitter/helper

18 7.47 1 75 183 10.17

Support-

personnel

17 7.05 2 150 180 10.59

Other-face-

worker

10 4.15 1 33 99 9.90

Driller/exp.

-carrier

5 2.07 1 2 12 2.40

Supervisory-

staff

4 1.66 2 3 13 3.25

Other-worker 32 13.28 1 56 275 8.89

Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on occupation/job title for the case

study mine during 1993-‘96

Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on cause of injury/accident type

for the case study mine during 1993-‘96



Cause of injury/

accident type

Frequency Percent

Mandays lost

Mandays lost

per injury

Minimum

mandays lost

Maximum

mandays lost

Total

mandays lost

Fall-of-object 24 9.96 1 150 386 16.08

Fall-of-roof 20 8.30 2 144 379 18.95

Fall-of-side 10 4.15 2 96 199 19.90

Haulage 26 10.79 1 23 166 6.38

Loading-of-coal 53 21.99 1 114 557 9.94

Slip-and-fall 41 17.01 1 172 406 9.90

Tool-and-

machine

33 13.69 1 44 230 6.97

Transport-of-

material

12 4.98 1 19 82 6.83

Other 22 9.13 1 25 127 5.77

for the case study mine during 1993- 96



Frequency of injury based on occupation and cause of injury and their cross-tabulation for

the case study mine during 1993-’96

Cause of

Injury

Occupation

Group

Fall of Fall of Fall of Haulage Loading Slip Tool Transport Other

object roof side of coal and and of materials

fall machine

Miner/loader

Haulage-

worker

Piece-rated-worker

Mech./Eeec.-fitter/helper

Support – personnel

Other-face- worker

Driller/exp.- carrier

Supervisory-staff

Other- worker

8 12 7 4 48 12 3 1 5

(8.00) (12.00) (7.0) (4.00) (48.00) (12.00) (3.00) (1.00) (5.00)

3 1 0 7 0 7 7 3 0

(10.71) (3.58) (0.00) (25.00) (0.00) (25.00) (25.00) (10.71) (0.00)

0 0 0 4 0 3 11 5 4

(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (14.82) (0.00) (11.11) (40.73) (18.52) (14.82)

2 0 0 5 0 4 6 0 1

(11.11) (0.00) (0.00) (27.78) (0.00) (22.22) (33.33) (0.00) (5.56)

6 1 0 3 3 3 0 1 0

(35.29) (5.88) (0.00) (17.65) (17.65) (17.65) (0.00) (5.88) (0.00)

2 3 0 0 0 2 2 0 1

(20.00) (30.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (20.00) (20.00) (0.00) (10.00)

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

(20.00) (0.00) (0.00) (20.00) (0.00) (20.00) (20.00) (0.00) (20.00)

0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0

(0.00) (25.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (75.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)

2 2 3 2 2 6 3 2 10

(6.25) (6.25) (9.38) (6.25) (6.25) (18.76) (9.38) (6.25) (31.25)

Figures in the brackets indicate the percentage of injuries

Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on body parts injured



Body part Frequency Percent

Mandays lost

Mandays lost

per injuryMinimum

mandays lost

Maximum

mandays lost

Total

mandays lost

Leg 83 34.44 1 172 1264 15.23

Finger 56 23.24 1 33 265 4.73

Hand 20 8.30 1 73 242 12.10

Back 17 7.05 1 114 282 16.59

Knee 14 5.81 1 13 61 4.36

Thumb 10 4.15 2 18 51 5.1

Foot 8 3.32 1 96 208 26

Head 7 2.91 2 3 15 2.14

All other 26 10.79 1 44 145 5.58

Frequency of injuries and mandays lost based on body parts injured

for the case study mine during 1993-‘96

Frequency of injury based on body parts injured and cause of injury and their cross-tabulation forthe case study mine during 1993- ’96



Cause of

Injury

Body part

Fall of Fall of Fall of Haulage Loading Slip Tool Transport Other

object roof side of coal and and of material

fall machine

Leg

Finger

Hand

Back

Knee

Thumb

Foot

Head

All other

8 8 5 7 27 14 5 3 6

(9.63) (9.63) (6.02) (8.54) (32.93) (17.07) (6.09) (3.66) (7.32)

3 2 1 8 13 1 16 7 5

(5.36) (3.57) (1.79) (14.29) (23 .21) (1.79) (28.56) (12.50) (8.93)

0 2 0 6 1 6 3 0 2

(0.00) (10.00) (0.00) (30.00) (5.00) (30.00) (15.00) (0.00) (10.00)

4 2 1 1 3 2 1 0 3

(23.53) (11.77) (5.88) (5.88) (17.64) (11.76) (5.88) (0.00) (17 .65)

2 0 1 3 0 4 1 0 3

(14.289) (0.00) (7.14) (21.43) (0.00) (28.57) (7.14) (0.00) (21.43)

3 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 0

(30.00) (0.00) (0.00) (10.00) (30.00) (20.00) (10.00) (0.00) (0.00)

1 3 2 0 0 1 1 0 0

(12.50) (37.50) (25.00) (0.00) (0.00) (12.50) (12.50) (0.00) (0.00)

0 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 1

(0.00) (33.33) (0.00) (0.00) (16.67) (33.33) (0.00) (16.67) (14.29)

3 1 0 0 5 9 5 1 2

(11.54) (3.85) (0.00) (0.00) (19.23) (34.62) (19.23) (3.84) (7.69)

Figures in the brackets indicate the percentage of injuries



Chapter - 5

Investigations intoAccident and Accident

Report



Investigations into Accident(Part-I)

The primary purpose of accident investigation isto identify the causes and circumstances leading

to the accident so that suitable measures may be

taken to further accident of similar type.

Accident Investigation




a successful accident investigation must answer

three questions:1. What happened?

2. How it happened?

3. Why it happened?

and to serve as a basis of prevention, a fourth

question:

4. How it can be prevented?





Procedure:

Collection of basic information

Inspection of the site of accident

Preparation of accident site plan by the surveyor Examination of records, reports, plan etc.

Examination of materials, equipments etc. and their

testing, if required. Examination of Witness

Analysis of evidence: Identification of the unsafe acts

and condition





Date and time of accident

Name, age, sex and nature of job of the victim

Details of Vocational training undergone by the

victim

Place of accident

Apparent cause of accident

Details of the mine working and operations

related to the accident

System of supervision and name of the

supervisors

Inspection of the site of accident



spect o o t e s te o acc de t

Observation of the minutest details at the accident

site All materials and objects found at the site should

be noted

The position of the victim(s) and the eye-witnessshould be recorded

The enquiry officer should himself draw a sketch

plan of the accident site showing all the details

Preparation of accident site plan by



Preparation of accident site plan by

the surveyor

They should prepare an accident plan (R.F. of

100:1) showing all the details of the accident site

Examination of records, reports, plan etc.



Examination of records, reports, plan etc.

A close examination relating to the accident isessential to ascertain:

– The general system of work

– Awareness of lurking dangers – Promptness in dealing with defects and dangers

– Status of safety prevailing prior to the accident

– Availability and effectiveness of supervision

Examination of materials, equipments



Examination of materials, equipments

etc. and their testing, if required.

These should be examined by experts, and if

necessary, be tested at a reliable laboratory

Examination of Witness



The witness should be examined in a definite

sequence The witness should be examined individually

and separately

All eye-witness should be examined at thesite of the accident

The inquiry officer should not disturb the

emotional and verbose witness but allowthem to speak

If conflicting statements are made by different

witness, the should be re-examined

Analysis of Evidence



Analysis of Evidence

The inquiry officer should analyze

systematically all the recorded evidence in thelight of his own observations at the accident

site.

He should point out the contraventions of the

statutory provisions and should identify the

unsafe acts and unsafe conditions thatresulted in the accident



Accident Report(Part-II)

STRUCTURE OF THE ACCIDENT REPORT



The report should be detailed under the following heads:

IntroductionBackground information

Events prior to accident

Occurrence of the accidentRescue and recovery

Inspection and enquiry

Analysis of evidenceCauses of the accident

Responsibility

Recommendations

ACCIDENT REPORT



As a safety officer, put up a report of enquiry and investigation into a fatal accident

due to fall of roof in a depillaring area killing two loaders on spot.

From : ---------------- , Safety Officer,

---------------- Colliery.

Dated, 30th November, 2009

To

The Manager,----------------- Colliery,

Sir,

Ref. Your letter No. A/E – 235 dated 17.08.2008

I am submitting herewith a report on roof fall accident that occurred on 15 th

September, 2008 at about 10 p.m. in the depillaring district in ----------

seam at ------------ colliery and resulted in death of two loaders namely, -------------- and --

------------.

Encl. Inquiry Report. Yours faithfully,

(Signed)

ACCIDENT REPORT



Chapter - 6

In-depth Study of Accidents dueto Multivariate Cause

(with case study)



Work

Injuries

Demographics

•Age

•Experience

Negative Personality

•Impulsivity

•Risk Taking

•Negative

Affectivity

•Depression

Social Support

•Co-Worker

Support

•SupervisorySupport

•Management

Worker

Interaction

Safety Environment

•Safety Training•Safety practice

•Safety Equipment

Availability and

Maintenance

Work Hazards

•Physical Hazards•Production Pressure

Job Dissatisfaction

Job Stress

Safe Work Behavior

Determinants of work injuries in mines

Reliability and Validity Test of the Collected Data



Identified factors No. of questions

asked to the mine workers

No. of questions

retained after reliability and validity

test

Reliability

Risk taking

Negative affectivity

Job Dissatisfaction

Impulsivity

Depression

Job stress

Safety training

Safety practice

Safety equipmentavailability and maintenance

Co- worker’s support

Supervisory Support

Management workerinteraction

Production pressure

Physical hazards

Safe work behavior

11

15

13

12

5

12

8

27

9

7

7

14

4

15

8

9

11

12

8

5

8

6

19

8

5

7

10

4

11

8

0.82

0.83

0.83

0.71

0.65

0.67

0.66

0.80

0.72

0.64

0.71

0.84

0.79

0.65

0.67



Age

5855

5351

4947

4543

4139

3735

3331

2927

2523

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Group

NAG

AG

Miners’ Age (in Year)

Number of AG Respondents in

excess of NAG

Number of NAG Respondents

in excess of AG

High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers



Negative Affectivity

31.0029.00

27.0025.00

23.0021.00

19.0017.00

15.0013.00

11.00

30

20

10

0

Group

NAG

AG

Respondents’ scores on Negative Affectivity

High-Low Plots between AG and NAG Workers (Contd.)



Job Di ssatia facti on

36.0034.00

32.0030.00

28.0026.00

24.0022.00

20.0018.00

16.0014.00

12.00

20

10

0

Group

NAG

AG

Respondents’ scores on Job Dissatisfaction




Physi cal Hazards

37.00

32.00

30.00

28.00

26.00

24.00

22.00

20.00

18.00

16.00

13.00

11.00

30

20

10

0

Group

NAG

AG

Respondents’ scores on Physical Hazards




Management Worker Interaction

30.00

28.00

26.00

24.00

22.00

20.00

18.00

16.00

14.00

12.00

10.00

30

20

10

0

Group

NAG

AG

Respondents’ scores on Management Worker Interaction




Bivariate and MultivariateLogistic Regression Analysis

Bivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories



Characteristic Variables CategoriesCoefficient β

(estimate)

P-Value

(Significance)

Crude OR

e β (95% CI)

Demographic

Age

AGE0RC --

0.557

--

0.019

1

1.74 (1.10-2.78)AGE1

ExperienceEXP0RC --

0.51

--

0.033

1

1.67 (1.04-2.67)EXP1

Negative

Personality

ImpulsivityIMP0RC --

0.956

--

<0.001

1

2.60 (1.63-4.15)IMP1

Negative

Affectivity

N_A0RC --

1.24

--

<0.001

1

3.45 (2.15-5.55)N_A1

Risk Taking

RISK_TK0RC --

0.99

--

<0.001

1

2.70 (1.69-4.31)RISK_TK1

Depression

DEPR0RC --

0.48

--

0.038

1

1.62 (1.03-2.56)DEPR1

Safe Work

Behavior

Safe Work

Behavior

SA_W_BEH0RC --

-0.65

--

0.006

1

0.52 (0.33-0.83)SA_W_BEH1

Job Stress Job StressJOB_STR0RC --

0.76

--

0.001

1

2.14 (1.35-3.41)JOB_STR1

Bivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories (Contd.)



Characteristics Variables Categories Coefficient β

(estimate)

P-Value

(Significance)

Crude OR (e β)

(95% CI)

Job

Dissatisfaction

Job

Dissatisfaction

JOB_DIS0RC --

0.95

--

<0.001

1

2.59 (1.63-4.12)JOB_DIS1

Work Hazards

Production

Pressure

PROD_PR0RC --

0.13

--

0.56

1

1.14 (0.73-1.80)PROD_PR1

Physical

Hazards

PHY_HRZ0RC --

0.87

--

<0.001

1

2.39 (1.50-3.79)PHYHRZ1

Safety

Environment

Safety

Training

SAF_TR0RC --

-0.52

--

0.028

1

0.60 (0.38-0.95)SAF_TR1

Safety

Practice

SAF_PRC0RC --

-1.34

--

<0.001

1

0.32 (0.20-0.52)SAF_PRC1

Safety

Equipment

Availability

and Maintenance

SA_EQUP0RC --

-0.72

--

0.002

1

0.49 (0.31-0.78)SA_EQUP1

Social Support

Co-Worker

Support

CO_SPRT0RC --

-0.31

--

0.195

1

0.74 (0.46-1.17)CO_SPRT1

Supervisory

Support

SUP_SPRT0RC --

-0.87

--

<0.001

1

0.42 (0.26-0.67)SUP_SPRT1

Management

Worker

Interaction

M_W_INT0RC --

-0.95

--

<0.001

1

0.39 (0.24-0.62)M_W_INT1

Predictor categoricala variables r Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6

Multivariate Logistic Regression Results Predicting Work Injury



DemographicsAgeExperience

Negative personality

Impulsivity

Negative affectivity

DepressionRisk taking

Safe work behavior

Safe work behavior

Job stress

Job stress

Job dissatisfaction

Job dissatisfaction

Work hazards

Production pressurePhysical hazards

Safety environment

Safety training

Safety practice

Safety equipment availabilityand maintenance

Social support

Co-worker support Supervisory supportManagement worker interaction

Predictive accuracy (%)

Total R 2

R 2

0.27***

0.25***

0.21***

0.37***

0.08 0.35***

-0.22***

0.17***

0.31***

0.17***

0.24***

-0.25***

-0.36***

-0.30***

-0.08 -0.27***

-0.29***

0.41

0.19

56.7

0.026***

0.026***

0.75*

0.15

0.41

1.03***

-0.14 0.59**

67.3

0.189***

0.163***

0.77*

0.13

0.35

1.11***

-0.29 0.39

-0.34

-0.22

0.48*

69.3

0.206***

0.017**

0.70*

0.22

0.40

0.92***

-0.09 0.41

-0.42

-0.25

0.48*

0.41

0.57**

69.3

0.228***

0.022**

0.75*

0.15

0.50

0.90***

-0.16 0.38

-0.30

-0.12

0.55*

0.40

0.53*

0.46

-0.52

-0.24

68.3

0.241***

0.013

0.76*

0.15

0.55

0.93***

-0.18 0.36

-0.26

-0.12

0.53*

0.39

0.52*

0.47

-0.48

0.27

0.19 0.14

-0.34

68.7

0.244***

0.003

Note. For Models 1 – 6, standardized regression coefficients (β) are reported. * P < 0.10, ** P 0.05, *** P 0.01.

a category (0) represents the reference group. For example, AGE (0) is the reference group of age variable. The parameter (β) for AGE (1) is estimated with reference to AGE (0).

C ffi i t P V l Adj t d OR β)

Multivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories



Characteristic Variables CategoriesCoefficient

β (estimate)

P-Value

(Significance

Adjusted OR (e β) (95% CI)

Demographic

Age

AGE0RC --

0.76

--

0.078

1

2.14 (0.91-4.10)AGE1

ExperienceEXP0RC --

0.14

--

0.732

1

1.16 (0.50-2.69)EXP1

Negative

Personality

ImpulsivityIMP0RC --

0.55

--

0.168

1

1.73 (0.79-3.76)IMP1

Negative

Affectivity

N_A0RC --

0.933

--

0.014

1

2.54 (1.21-5.35)N_A1

Risk TakingRISK_TK0RC --

0.36

--

0.279

1

1.44 (0.75-2.76)RISK_TK1

Depression

DEPR0RC --

-0.18

--

0.566

1

0.83 (0.44-1.56)DEPR1

Safe Work

Behavior

Safe Work

Behavior

SA_W_BEH0RC --

-0.26

--

0.428

1

0.78 (0.41-1.46)SA_W_BEH1

Job StressJob

Stress

JOB_STR0RC --

-0.12

--

0.772

1

0.89 (0.40-1.97)JOB_STR1

V i blCoefficient β P-Value Adjusted OR (e β)

Multivariate Odds of Injury to Workers for the Variables with Categories (Contd.)



Characteristics Variables Categories Coefficient β

(estimate)

P Value

(Significance)

Adjusted OR (e )

(95% CI)

Job

Dissatisfaction

Job

Dissatisfaction

JOB_DIS0RC --

0.53

--

0.092

1

1.71 (0.92-3.17)JOB_DIS1

Work Hazards

Production

Pressure

PROD_PR0RC --

0.39

--

0.192

1

1.49 (0.83-2.68)PROD_PR1

Physical

Hazards

PHY_HRZ0RC --

0.52

--

0.073

1

1.69 (0.95-3.00)PHY_HRZ1

Safety

Environment

Safety

Training

SAF_TR0RC --

0.47

--

0.188

1

1.60 (0.80-3.22)SAF_TR1

Safety

Practice

SAF_PRC0RC --

-0.48

--

0.239

1

0.62 (0.28-1.38)SAF_PRC1

Safety

Equipment

Availability

& Maintenance

SA_EQUP0RC --

0.27

--

0.483

1

1.30 (0.62-2.73)SA_EQUP1

Social Support

Co-Worker

Support

CO_SPRT0RC --

0.19

--

0.545

1

1.21 (0.66-2.22)CO_SPRT1

Supervisory

Support

SUP_SPRT0RC --

0.14

--

0.729

1

1.15 (0.53-2.49)SUP_SPRT1

Management

Worker

Interaction

M_W_INT0RC --

-0.34

--

0.433

1

0.72 (0.31-1.65)M_W_INT1



Age 1.000

Exp 0.816 1.000

Work injury 0.271 0.249 1.000

Impulsivity -0.143 -0.085 0.214 1.000

Negative affectivity -0.114 -0.078 0.373 0.600 1.000

Depression -0.046 -0.059 0.084 0.183 0.409 1.000

Risk taking -0.001 0.033 0.349 0.467 0.586 0.224 1.000

Safety training 0.074 0.060 -0.251 -0.577 -0.444 -0.112 -0.464 1.000

Safety practice 0.052 0.040 -0.358 -0.607 -0.521 -0.251 -0.668 0.523 1.000SEAM* -0.024 -0.056 -0.296 -0.350 -0.404 -0.277 -0.557 0.344 0.653 1.000

Job stress -0.103 -0.054 0.169 0.630 0.672 0.375 0.568 -0.543 -0.600 -0.460 1.000

Co-worker support 0.118 0.087 -0.078 -0.456 -0.315 -0.084 -0.349 0.300 0.501 0.368 -0.375 1.000

Supervisory support 0.042 -0.001 -0.269 -0.600 -0.547 -0.285 -0.660 0.631 0.716 0.560 -0.660 0.357 1.000

M_W_INT** 0.053 0.012 -0.292 -0.588 -0.515 -0.295 -0.627 0.543 0.799 0.673 -0.659 0.451 0.817 1.000

Job dissatisfaction 0.001 0.026 0.306 0.386 0.475 0.347 0.524 -0.436 -0.573 -0.625 0.617 -0.215 -0.653 -0.665 1.000

Physical hazards 0.094 0.107 0.238 0.301 0.329 0.211 0.424 -0.200 -0.497 -0.514 0.455 -0.251 -0.465 -0.511 0.482 1.000

Production pressure 0.113 0.124 0.169 0.119 0.240 0.413 0.424 -0.293 -0.362 -0.385 0.398 -0.099 -0.542 -0.466 0.507 0.459 1.000

Safe work behaviour 0.055 0.010 -0.217 -0.368 -0.303 -0.362 -0.370 0.166 0.539 0.307 -0.258 0.361 0.396 0.387 -0.288 -0.172 -0.181 1.000

Mean 37.34 14.58 0.50 16.02 20.88 8.707 18.58 13.22 39.67 15.73 16.82 12.86 14.91 20.36 23.54 24.10 8.78 20.27

Standard deviation 9.01 9.25 0.50 4.12 5.95 2.55 5.41 3.27 7.53 3.93 3.99 2.18 3.68 5.44 6.16 4.36 2.82 2.99

* Safety Equipment availability and maintenance ** Management workers interaction

Correlation coefficient 0.113 indicates 0.05 probability level of significance

Correlations amongst the Major Variables for Accident Path Model

Age X 1 Demographic0 99*



Experience X 2

Demographic1

Work Injury X 3 Work Injury2

Impulsivity X 4

Negative affectivity X 5

Depression X 6

Risk Taking X 7

Negative Personality

3

Job Stress X 11

Co-Worker Support X 12

Supervisory Support X 13

Management Worker Interaction X

14

Safety Training X 8

Safety Practice X 9

Safety equipment Availabilityand Maintenance X 10

Safety Environment

4

Job Stress

5

Job Dissatisfaction X 15

Physical Hazards X 16

Production Pressure X 17

Safe Work Behavior X 18

Social Support

6

Job Dissatisfaction

7

Work Hazards

8

Safe Work Behavior 9

0.99*

0.82*

1.00

0.70*

0.72*

0.40*

0.78*

0.61*

0.85*

0.70*

1.00

0.48*

0.88*

0.90*

1.00

0.71*

0.65*

1.00

[* indicates 0.01 probability level of significance]

Path Diagram of Measurement Model



Demographic 1.00

Work injury 0.29* 1.00

Negative personality -0.10* 0.41* 1.00

Safety environment 0.04 -0.42* -0.94* 1.00Job stress -0.09 0.17* 0.86* -0.73* 1.00

Social support 0.06 -0.30* -0.91* 0.83* -0.75* 1.00

Job dissatisfaction 0.01 0.31* 0.65* -0.75* 0.62* -0.70* 1.00

Work hazards 0.17* 0.30* 0.67* -0.77 * 0.63* -0.78* 0.73* 1.00

Safe work behavior 0.04 -0.22* -0.51* 0.49* -0.26* 0.48* -0.29* -0.26* 1.00

* indicates 0.01 probability level of significance

Structural Correlations among Latent Variables Presented in theMeasurement Model for Injury/Accident Causation



Job Dissatisfaction4

Work Injury

6

Safety Environment 1

Safe Work Behavior

5 Negative Personality

3

Job Stress 2

Work Hazards 1

Social Support

2

Demographic 3

-0.24*

0.69*

-0.39*

-0.65*-0.06

0.05

-0.02

-0.03

0.38*

-0.25*

-0.37*

0.37*

-0.40*

0.08

-0.01

0.26*

0.29*

-0.14*

0.08*

0.76*

0.87*

0.40*

0.22*

0.37*

[* indicates 0.05 probability level of significance]

Accident Model Path Diagram



Chapter - 7

Measures for ImprovingSafety



Chapter - 8

Cost of Accidents



Chapter - 9Introduction to SafetyManagement



Risk



Risk

This is a measure of the likelihood and severity of a negative

effect to environment, equipment/property, or the health.

The phase of evaluation is realized by estimating theprobability of an unwanted event occurring (P) and theconsequences of that event (D). Mathematically,

Risk (R) = P x D

The sign x expresses the function according to the kind ofevaluation. It can be a matrix or product. The risk index,particularly when estimating human risk to safety and healthmay vary according to human exposure to specific sites orsources.

Component of Risk



RiskComponent

Threats

Consequences Resources

ModifyingFactors

safety class note_latest

Documents