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Department of the Army *FORSCOM Regulation 385-1Headquarters, United States Army Forces Command1777 Hardee Avenue, SW.Fort McPherson, Georgia 30330-106231 March 1998

SafetyFORCES COMMAND SAFETY PROGRAM

*This regulation supersedes FORSCOM Regulation 385-1, dated 15 Jan 90.

Summary. This regulation communicates ForcesCommand (FORSCOM) policies in compliance withits responsibilities listed in paragraphs 1-4k and n, 2-1k, 3-5a, 3-9a(6) and b(4), 4-1a(3), and 4-4(e) of AR385-10..Applicability. This regulation applies to the ActiveArmy, the United States Army Reserve (USAR), andthe Army National Guard (ARNG) when underFORSCOM control.Supplementation. Supplementation is prohibitedwithout prior approval of Commander, FORSCOM,ATTN: AFPI-SO, 1777 Hardee Avenue, SW., FortMcPherson, GA 30330-1062.Changes. Changes to this regulation are not officialunless they are authenticated by the Deputy Director,Chief Information Office, FORSCOM. Users willdestroy changes on their expiration date unlesssuperseded or rescinded.Suggested improvements. The proponent agency ofthis regulation is Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

and Installation Management, FORSCOM. Usersare invited to send comments and suggestedimprovements on DA Form 2028 (RecommendedChanges to Publications and Blank Forms) toCommander, FORSCOM, ATTN: AFPI-SO, 1777Hardee Avenue, SW., Fort McPherson, GA 30330-1062.Restrictions. Approved for public release;distribution unlimited. Local reproduction isauthorized.

FOR THE COMMANDER:SIGNED

OFFICIAL: JOHN M. PICKLERLieutenant General, USAChief of Staff

SIGNEDWILLIAM H. RUSSBrigadier General, USAAssistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Command, Control, Communications and Computers

DISTRIBUTION is intended for command levels A, B, C, D, and E.

Copies furnished:HQDA(SAIS/DAMO/DAPE/DAJA); NGB (AD-PP); TRADOC installations; HSC; AMC; MDW; USAREUR &Seventh Army; USARPAC; INSCOM; HQ FORSCOM (AFCI-A) (record copy).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 4GENERAL 41-1. Purpose 41-2. Scope and applicability 41-3. References 41-4. Explanation of Terms 4

1-5. Accident Prevention Policy and Goals 41-6. Objectives 41-7. Operational Policy - Accident Prevention 41-8. Responsibilities 41-9. Personnel Compliance 51-10. Safety Conferences 51-11. Accident Prevention Priorities 5

FORSCOM Regulation 385-1

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CHAPTER 2 5AWARDS 5SECTION I 5General 52-1. General 5SECTION II 5Aviation Awards 52-2. FORSCOM Commander's Aircraft AccidentPrevention Awards 5SECTION III 6Ground Awards 62-3. Tactical Safety Award 6

CHAPTER 3 9ACCIDENT REPORTING 93-1. Purpose 93-2. Responsibilities 93-3. Reporting Civilian Fatalities 93-4. USARC & CONUSA Accidents 93-5. Installation Level Centralized AccidentInvestigations (ICAIG) 9

CHAPTER 4 10OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY HEALTH PROGRAM 104-1. General 104-2. Policy Statement 104-3. Standards, Regulations Precedence 104-4. OSHA FORSCOM Interface 114-5. Hazardous Materials & Hazardous Wastes(HMHW) 114-6. Federal Employee Compensation Act(FECA) 114-7. Environmental Issues 124-8. Hazard Abatement 12

CHAPTER 5 12PREVENTION OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS 125-1. Convoy Operations 125-2. Emergency Services 125-3. Use of Safety Equipment 125-4. Safe Movement of Personnel 125-5. Ground Guides 135-6. Safe Tactical Vehicle Operations 13

CHAPTER 6 13WATER SAFETY 13SECTION I 13Safe Procedures For Tactical Water Operations 136-1. General 136-2. Vehicle Swimming/Fording Operations 136-3. Personnel Stream Crossings 14SECTION II 14Safe Procedures for Recreational Water Activities146-4. Swimming Pools 146-5. Natural Beaches 15

6-6. Scuba Diving 156-7. Recreational Boating 156-8. Water Skiing 16

CHAPTER 7 16SYSTEM SAFETY 167-1. Purpose 167-2. References 167-3. Explanation of Abbreviations and Terms 167-4. Objectives 167-5. Policy 167-6. Responsibilities 17

CHAPTER 8 18RADIATION SAFETY 188-1. Scope 188-2. General Information 188-3. Policy 188-4. Responsibilities 188-5. NRC Licenses and DA Authorizations/Permits 208-6. Construction of Radiological Facilities 208-7. Operational Radiation Protection 208-8. Personnel Dosimetry 218-9. Radiation Surveys 218-10. Radiation Warning Signs 238-11. Radiological Emergencies 238-12. Decontamination 238-13. Training 238-14. Disposal of Radioactive Materials 248-15. Storage of Radioactive Materials 248-16. Transportation of Radioactive Materials 258-17. Instrumentation 268-18. Lasers 278-19. Radiofrequency (RF) and ElectromagneticRadiation (EMR). 27

CHAPTER 9 28FORSCOM EXPLOSIVES SAFETY PROGRAM 289-1. Responsibilities 289-2. Storage Licenses 289-3. Transportation of Ammunition 289-4. Ammunition Storage in Unit Arms Rooms 289-5. Waivers, Exemptions, and Certificates ofCompelling Reasons 299-6. Explosives Safety Site Plans for DDESBApproval 299-7. Communication with DDESB. 30

CHAPTER 10 30FORSCOM RANGE SAFETY PROGRAM 3010-1. Responsibilities 3010-2. Transportation and Field Storage ofAmmunition 3010-3. Range Safety Waiver 31


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CHAPTER 11 31SAFETY IN TACTICAL OPERATIONS 3111-1. General 3111-2. Responsibilities for Tactical OperationsSafety 3111-3. Staff Relationships 3211-4. Civilian Safety Personnel Deployment 3211-5. Army Safety Augmentation Detachment 32

CHAPTER 12 33RISK MANAGEMENT 3312-1. General 3312-2. Responsibilities 3312-3. Procedures 34

CHAPTER 13 1AVIATION ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAM 1

13-1. General 113-2. Responsibilities 113-3. Policy 3613-4. Aviation Accidents 38

APPENDIX A 40REFERENCES 40SECTION I 40Required Publications 40SECTION II 41Related Publications 41

GLOSSARY 43SECTION I 43Abbreviations 43SECTION II 45Terms 45


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CHAPTER 1General

1-1. PurposeThis regulation establishes U.S. Army ForcesCommand (FORSCOM) Safety Program.

1-2. Scope and applicabilitya. This regulation establishes the safety

policies, procedures and guidelines.b. This regulation is applicable to all

FORSCOM subordinate commands, installations,activities, and units, including the Army NationalGuard - when under FORSCOM control, and U.S.Army Reserve.

c. This regulation encompasses all DA civilianpersonnel, and Army operations FORSCOM-wide.

d. Deviations from the mandatory provisions ofthis regulation will require a request for waiver withfull justification to Commander, U.S. Army ForcesCommand, ATTN: AFPI-SO, 1777 Hardee Avenue,SW., Fort McPherson, GA 30330-1062.

1-3. ReferencesSee Appendix A for references.

1-4. Explanation of TermsSee Glossary for explanation of terms.

1-5. Accident Prevention Policy and GoalsAll commanders will establish and maintaincomprehensive aggressive accident preventionprograms to:

a. Protect all DA personnel from work-relateddeaths, injuries, and occupational illnesses and non-Army personnel from injury/illness as a result ofArmy operations.

b. Safeguard military, DOD civilian, and familymembers from accidental death and injury.

c. Enhance readiness by reducing theaccidental loss of warfighting personnel andequipment.

d. Protect Army material against loss, and non-Army property against loss as a result of Armyoperations.

1-6. Objectivesa. Protect mission continuity and capability by

using specialized analytical techniques to detect,eliminate, or control risks to mission, equipment,facilities, and personnel.

b. Prevent injury and occupational illness bymanaging effective accident prevention programs.

c. Control damage to Army and non-Armymateriel and facilities as a result of Army operationsby detecting and eliminating the causes of propertydamage accidents.

1-7. Operational Policy - Accident PreventionThese policies will be followed by commanders andprogram managers at all levels in carrying outaccident prevention activities.

a. Accident prevention is a command responsi-bility. Commanders must ensure compliance withrequired prevention procedures and establishnecessary additional requirements to ensure thesafety of personnel under their control.

b. Accident prevention programs will bedeveloped to deal with accident problems common toseveral subordinate commands to ensure efficientaccident prevention and reduce redundant effort.

c. Risk management procedures will be used toidentify and control hazards in systems, facilities,and operations during the planning stage. Thesetechniques must be given priority over techniquesthat rely on detecting hazards or accident causesafter an activity is operational or after an accidenthas occurred.

d. Available resources must be applied againsthazards on a priority basis.

e. Commanders should consider using aprogram such as the Risk Reduction Program (RRP)as a tool to assist in reducing the negative impact ofhigh risk behavior on unit readiness. The RRP hasbeen one of the most effective and proven programsfor implementation at the installation level.

1-8. ResponsibilitiesCommanders will:

a. Ensure compliance with all safety andoccupational health regulations. If an installa-tion/division commander determines these require-ments are incompatible with achieving the mission,a waiver of specific requirements may be requestedfrom:

Commander, Forces CommandATTN: AFPI-SO1777 Hardee Ave., SW.Fort McPherson, GA 30330-1062.

b. Develop, implement and support aCommand Accident Prevention Plan (CAPP). As aminimum the plan will establish required accidentprevention policy and programs and delineateresponsibilities for those programs in the


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organization. Commanders may consider publishinga policy memorandum to augment the CAAP.

c. Establish and operate an effective safety/accident prevention program to include the followingprogram elements:

(1) Occupational safety and health programs.(2) Privately owned and Army motor vehicle

accident prevention program.(3) Range and explosives safety programs.(4) Radiation safety program.(5) Tactical safety program.(6) FECA claims reduction program.(7) Aviation safety program.(8) Sports safety, recreation safety, and family

safety programs.(9) Other loss control elements.d. Establish procedures for funding and fixing

OSHA RAC 1 and 2 hazards on a priority basis.After completing RAC 1 and 2 hazards additionalfunding should be allocated to RAC 3 and 4 hazards.

e. Ensure compliance with Army and local lawsgoverning use of vehicle restraint systems (both onand off duty).

1-9. Personnel Compliancea. All Army personnel will comply with safety

and occupational health regulations and standards.Para 3-2, AR 385-10 provides, when Army standardsconflict with a legal standard, such as OSHA, if theArmy standard provides a lower level of protection,the legal standard will apply. When the Armystandard is greater than the legal standard, the Armystandard will be followed.

b. Employees will comply with all establishedsafety rules and regulations, make use of protectiveclothing and equipment provided for theirprotection, and report any unsafe and unhealthfulworking conditions to their immediate supervisor.

c. Supervisory and operating personnel whodirect or affect the action of others are responsiblefor accident prevention to the same extent that theyare responsible for maintaining a safe workplace andassuring that employees under their supervisionobserve all applicable safety rules and regulations,including the use of protective clothing andequipment provided for their protection. Supervisorwill promptly evaluate and take action as required tocorrect hazards reported by employees or identifiedthrough accident investigation.

1-10. Safety ConferencesThe FORSCOM Safety Office will host safety con-ferences as necessary. These conferences will

address ground, aviation and other safety topics.Dates and location will be announced by letter.

1-11. Accident Prevention PrioritiesMost of the mandatory requirements of thisregulation are based on statutory mandates or DODdirectives. The remainder are actions dictated by aprudent concern for the welfare of personnel and theconservation of resources. Accordingly, command-ers must provide the staffing and budgetary resourcesnecessary to carry out all mandatory aspects of thisregulation. Occasions will arise; however, whenresources are temporarily inadequate to carry out allrequirements. In these cases, commanders, based onconsultation with their safety manager, willspecifically designate priorities and acknowledgework that may not be accomplished.

CHAPTER 2Awards

Section IGeneral

2-1. Generala. Commanders are required to establish a

safety awards program to include provisions forimpact awards. Criteria for specific FORSCOMawards are outlined in the following sections.

b. The FORSCOM Commander may, at hisdiscretion, award a Certificate of Achievement toindividuals or units for exemplary accomplishmentin the field of accident prevention. Nominationsshould be forwarded through the installation/activitycommander to HQ U.S. Army Forces Command,ATTN: AFPI-SO, 1777 Hardee Avenue, SW., FortMcPherson, GA 30330-1062.

Section IIAviation Awards

2-2. FORSCOM Commander's Aircraft AccidentPrevention Awards

a. The FORSCOM Commander's aircraftaccident prevention awards will be presented toActive Component and USAR units annually on afiscal year (FY) performance basis for outstandingachievement in aircraft accident prevention. Awardswill be presented during the fiscal second quarterfollowing the end of the reporting period.

b. Description of award. FORSCOM Comman-der's Trophy. Presented in each category to the most


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outstanding unit for extraordinary accomplishmentin the field of aircraft accident prevention.

c. Nominations. Installation commandersmay nominate aviation units subordinate, assigned,or attached to FORSCOM in categories A through E;CONUSA may nominate USAR units in categories Fthrough J. Categories are described below. Onlyone nominee in each category will be submitted perinstallation/command. Nominations accompaniedwith justification will be forwarded to CDR,FORSCOM, ATTN: AFPI-SO, 1777 HardeeAvenue, SW., Fort McPherson, Georgia 30330-1062, not later than 31 October each year (RCSexempt, paragraph 7-2z, AR 335-15). Onlynominated units will be considered for awards.

d. Aircraft Accident Prevention Program. Thenominated unit or activity must have established anaircraft accident prevention program with commandemphasis and have attained a satisfactory rating onall installation, or higher level, aircraft accidentprevention surveys and all Aviation ResourcesManagement Surveys (ARMS).

e. Annual Awards Categories(1) Category A (Active) and Category F

(USAR). TOE units - section, detachment, platoon,company, or troop-sized units with less than 8aircraft authorized.

(2) Category B (Active) and Category G(USAR). TOE units - section, detachment, platoon,company, or troop-sized units with 8 or more aircraftauthorized.

(3) Category C (Active) and Category H(USAR). Battalion, group, or brigade-sized unitswith less than 50 aircraft authorized.

(4) Category D (Active) and Category I (USAR).Battalion, group or brigade-sized units with 50 ormore aircraft authorized.

(5) Category E (Active) and Category J (USAR).TDA units or activities.

Section IIIGround Awards2-3. Tactical Safety Award

a. An award will be presented to the division orseparate brigade level commander that performs theduties of the Army Forces (ARFOR) action agent inaFORSCOM, Department of the Army or Joint Chiefsof Staff sponsored exercise that meets the followingcriteria:

(1) The exercise must have 15,000 or moretroops participating in field maneuvers.

(2) No accidents resulting in fatalities of US orforeign soldiers or civilian employees under controlof the US Commander may have occurred fromdeployment to the exercise site until redeploymentfrom the exercise site. This includes fatalities fromexercise related or nonexercise related accidents.

(3) No fatal accidents occurred as a result ofactions taken by forces under the command of theexercise commander. This includes fatal civiliantraffic accidents occurring as a result of collisionwith military vehicles.

b. The award will consist of a FORSCOMcertificate signed by the Commander, ForcesCommand and will be accompanied by acongratulatory letter.

c. Award nominations will be forwarded toCommander, U.S. Army Forces Command, ATTN:AFPI-SO, 1777 Hardee Ave., SW., Fort McPherson,GA 30330-1062.


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SUBJECT: Nomination for FORSCOM Commander's Aircraft Accident Prevention Award, FiscalYear (RCS exempt, paragraph 7-2z, AR 335-15)

CommanderU.S. Army Forces CommandATTN: AFPI-SO1777 Hardee Ave., SW.Fort McPherson, GA 30330-1062

(Name of Unit) is nominated for the Category award for accident prevention Fiscal Year .Comparison of the current fiscal year and previous year accident experience computations include allaccidents, disabling injuries, and damage in excess of $10,000 chargeable under AR 385-40.

FY __ FY __ (Preceding Year) (Current Year)

a. Aircraft flying hours.

b. Percent FHP accomplishment.

c. Number of aircraft authorized/assigned

d. Number of recordable accidents in excessof $10,000 loss (list by accident case number).

e. Number of injuries.

f. Number of fatalities.

g. Unit/activity accident rate (per 100Kflying hours)

h. Number of ground accidents involvingpermanent disability, loss of life, or cost in excessof $10,000.

(1) Narrative that support the following:

(a) A high degree of command and staff emphasis on, and involvement in, aviation safety.

(b) Documented specific aviation accident prevention initiatives as evidenced by SOPs,polices, directives, and ratings awarded during last aircraft accident prevention survey.

(c) Establishment of accident prevention functions in conformance with the provisions ofcurrent directives from higher headquarters.

(d) An active, effective accident prevention, promotion, education, and awards program.

(e) Complete and accurate accident reporting, identification of accident causes andcorrective measures, or an effective inspection and survey program of prevention.

Figure 2-1. Sample Nomination Memorandum


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SUBJECT: Nomination for FORSCOM Commander's Aircraft Accident Prevention Award, FiscalYear (RCS exempt, paragraph 7-2z, AR 335-15)

(f) Statement or brief narrative of aviation training conducted or supported, field exercisesparticipation, and major support missions accomplished (e.g., disaster relief, White House orCongressional Support, Joint Training Exercise, and ARTEP).

(g) Other information deemed appropriate.

Encl SIGNATURE BLOCKTITLE

Figure 2-1. Sample Nomination Memorandum (Continued)


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CHAPTER 3Accident Reporting

3-1. PurposeFORSCOM accidents will be investigated, analyzedand reported in accordance with the requirements ofAR 385-40, Accident Reporting and Records andDA PAM 385-40, Accident Investigation andReporting.

3-2. ResponsibilitiesCommanders, through their CONUSA or InstallationSafety Managers, must report accidents IAW therequirements of AR 385-40 and DA PAM 385-40.Additionally, they must:

a. Implement procedures to ensure accurate andtimely reporting of Army accidents.

b. Ensure review DA Form 285, U.S. ArmyAccident Investigation Report, or 285-AB-R, U.S.Army Abbreviated Ground Accident Report(AGAR), as appropriate, for correctness andaccuracy of information.

c. Telephonically report all Class A accidentsto FORSCOM Headquarters. For accidentnotification during duty hours call the FORSCOMSafety Office, DSN 367-6324/5586. After dutyhours, notify the FORSCOM Operations Center,DSN 367-5222. DA Form 7306-R will be used forTelephonic Reports of Ground Accidents. (This formcan be found in AR 385-40.)

d. Review all Department of Labor Forms CA-1and CA-2 reporting occupational illnesses, injuriesand fatalities for the civilian accidents occurring onthe installation or within your area of responsibility.

3-3. Reporting Civilian FatalitiesREFERENCES: 29 CFR 1960.70, AR 385-40,paragraph 2-9. If an on-duty DA civilian fatality orhospitalization of three or more people occurs,OSHA must be informed within 8 hours. Theresponsible installation, or USARC shall within 8hours of the accident telephone:

a. FORSCOM Operations Center at DSN 367-5222.

b. The U.S. Army Safety Center at DSN 558-3410/2660.

c. FORSCOM Safety at DSN 367-5754, (FAX367-6756), with the following information (do notdelay for missing data): (E-MAIL:[email protected]).

(1) Name of all injured and category (civilian,military or private citizen).

(2) Social security #, age, job series and title ofall fatalities.

(3) Date and time of accident.(4) Exact location of accident.(5) Employing organization.(6) Description of operation.(7) Description of the accident.(8)Name, address and telephone # for point of

contact at the responsible organization.

The responsible organization will submit within 30days of the accident a summary written report of allitems in (1) through (8) above, along with thestandards violated and corrective actionsrecommended by investigators to the USA SafetyCenter (CSSC-RIE) with a copy to FORSCOMSafety (AFPI-SO).

3-4. USARC & CONUSA AccidentsUSARC & CONUSA Safety Managers must developprocedures or memoranda of agreement to informinstallation safety managers about accidentsoccurring on installations hosting reserve training.Procedures should include instructions on processingDA Forms 285, accident accountability, and timeallotment for receipt of the report, e.g., prior todeparting the host installation.

3-5. Installation Level Centralized AccidentInvestigations (ICAIG)

a. Centralized accident investigation boards arerequired for all Class A and B on duty accidents, aswell as other accidents selected by the FORSCOMSafety Director or Installation/CONUSA SafetyManager. (The requirement to conduct an ICAIGonly exists when USASC does not conduct theinvestigation.) This investigation is required inaddition to Collateral Duty Investigations conductedIAW AR 15-6. ICAIG investigations focus on thesystemic failures that cause accidents withoutconcern for the punitive liability of the soldiersinvolved. Consequently, the results of ICAIGinvestigations will not be disclosed to anyindividuals involved in an investigation, for whichthe purpose is to determine the pecuniary or criminalliability of the soldiers involved or their line-of-dutystatus.

b. ICAIGs will be conducted IAW theprocedures in AR 385-40, Chapter 4 and DA PAM385-40. The following guidance is provided tostandardize ICAIG procedures in FORSCOM.

(1) Commanders having general court martialjurisdiction will establish procedures for initialaccident notification, accident site security, selection


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of investigation board members for all ICAIGs, andinstallation/CONUSA safety office responsibilities.At a minimum, these procedures must include

notification to FORSCOM Headquarters and theU.S.

Army Safety Center; security of the wreckage andwho has control of the site following the accident,i.e., ICAIG board president or CID.

(2) Each accident investigation board will beappointed using the format in Figure 3-1. Boardsmay consist of one or more individuals dependingupon severity or complexity of the accident. Boardswill be composed of members required by AR 385-40, paragraph 4-2. This includes, as a minimum, afield grade officer as president, a recorder, andtechnical members as required, e.g., mechanic/technical inspector. An installation safety specialistwill be appointed, as a nonvoting member, to advisethe board and provide direction for the investigation.If the accident is unique, a branch-qualified officerable to address unusual aspects should be appointed.Board members will be selected from units otherthan the unit experiencing the accident to ensure thathe/she does not have a personal interest in theoutcome of the investigation. As a minimum theboard members will be from a different battalion.

(3) The ICAIG board president is responsible forsupervising all activities connected with the accidentinvestigation, e.g., witness interviews, photographicevidence, operations orders, collection and analysisof factual data, etc. ICAIG board members will haveaccess to all evidence collected in other collateralinvestigations, i.e., CID, Line of Duty, or MP report.

(4) ICAIG board presidents have the authority tocoordinate directly with the appointing authority indetermining scope of the investigation, obtainingtechnical support, or obtaining funds for unusualrequirements.

(5) ICAIG report forms are in DA PAM 385-40.Use these forms to facilitate the investigation andfinal report preparation. Reports will be preparedusing a standard 8 1/2 x 11 inch folder. Attach DAForm 285-A, U.S. Army Accident Report Index Awith tabs, to the left hand side of the folder and DAForm 285-B-R, U.S. Army Accident Report Index Bwith tabs, to the right hand side of the folder. (Usinga two hole top-of-page fastener enables easy additionof information sheets and ease of handling.)*Installation level CAIG requirements apply toCONUSA Commands. ICAIG is used to denote bothInstallation directed CAIGs and CONUSA directedCAIGs.

(6) ICAIGs must be completed, NLT 60 daysafter the accident. Findings should be outbriefed tothe entire chain of command beginning at the lowestcommand level, i.e., normally the company/

battery/troop commander. The reviewing officialsshould concur or nonconcur with each finding andnote any actions taken or recommendations foraction required from higher headquarters.Approving authority for the report is theCommanding General, FORSCOM.

(7) Two copies of the final report must beforwarded to: Commander, Forces Command,ATTN: AFPI-SO, Fort McPherson, GA, 30330-1062. Following MACOM review, one copy will beforwarded to the USASC for recording in the ArmySafety Management Information System (ASMIS)and one copy will be retained at FORSCOM HQ.Recommend a file copy be maintained at theinstallation/CONUSA safety office for futureaccident prevention evaluation and educationprograms.

CHAPTER 4Occupational Safety Health Program

4-1. GeneralThe FORSCOM occupational safety and healthprogram will conform to AR 385-10.

4-2. Policy StatementTo create a safe and healthful work environment forall personnel, military and civilian.

4-3. Standards, Regulations Precedencea. When Army standards, regulations,

operating procedures, etc., conflict with legalstatutory requirements such as the OSH Act, etc., orprovide a lesser degree of protection than required bylaw, the legal standard shall apply. In cases wherethe Army standards are either equal to, or exceed,the legal requirements in providing workplace safety,the Army requirement will apply. In general, theorder of precedence for compliance and/ordevelopment of safe operating procedures where nolegal statutory requirements currently exists shall beas follows:

(1) Federal Law (e.g., Occupational Safety andHealth Act of 1970, Public Law 91-596).

(2) Executive Orders (e.g., Occupational Safetyand Health Programs for Federal Employees,Executive Order 12196).

(3) Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-tration (OSHA) Regulations (e.g. 29 Code of FederalRegulations 1910, 1926, 1960).


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(4) Department of Defense Regulations (DOD).(5) Army Regulations (ARs).(6) FORSCOM Regulations and FORSCOM

Supplements to ARs.(7) Installation or CONUSA regulations.(8) Consensus Standards (e.g., ANSI, NFPA,

ASTM, SAE, ASHRAE, Building Codes).b. Although a standard precedence is

established this should not be construed as stiflingindividual initiatives that are more consistent withthe policy statement found at the beginning of thischapter. For example, it would be entirely consistentto adopt the most current edition of the National FireProtection Association (NFPA) standards, knowncollectively as the Fire Codes, in lieu of 29 CFR1910, Subpart L, which is that portion of the OSHAstandard relating to fire protection.

4-4. OSHA FORSCOM InterfaceEach Installation and each CONUSA safety officewill establish a communication channel with thelocal OSHA Area Office. The stated Department ofArmy policy is to resolve any issues between OSHAand installations at the lowest organizational levelpossible.

4-5. Hazardous Materials & Hazardous Wastes(HMHW)Each installation and each Army shall develop awritten plan to explain what hazardous materials are(29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication); HowHMHW will be stored; How HMHW will be used;and How HMHW will be disposed of (the cradle tograve scenario of HMHW.) The program applies toall FORSCOM personnel and all contractors (appliesto civilians, active military, reservists, technicians,non-appropriated fund employees, and all others onFORSCOM installations).

4-6. Federal Employee Compensation Act(FECA)Each installation and each Army will develop aprogram to control civilian injuries and illnesses.The purpose of the program is to improveproductivity and control civilian injuries/illness andtotal compensation costs.

a. FECA Claims Reduction Goals (Base year1996).

(1) Reduce new lost time compensableinjury/illness rate by 2% per year.

(2) Reduce the long-term compensation rolls by2% per year.

(3) Reduce injury compensation costs by 2% peryear.

(4) Reduce the number of days of continuation ofpay (COP) by 2% per year.

b. FECA Claims Reduction Program. This is acommanders program and each commander willdetermine the appropriate staff organization withintheir command for administering the program.

(1) Each commander shall issue resourcepolicies to achieve the goals established above.

(2) Each installation and each Army (hereaftercalled element) shall develop a plan of action toachieve the Department of Army goals listed above.The plan, as a minimum shall:

(a) Establish and appoint a working group todevelop policy, make recommendations, provide aninformation exchange forum, integrate programmanagement and perform other functions to assistthe commander in achieving the goals. Specificworking group functions include, but are not limitedto:

(1) Making recommendations on actions toreduce workplace injuries and illness, reducecontinuation of pay, reduce compensation costs andreduce long term disabled rolls.

(2) Reviewing and evaluating compensationclaims for accuracy and completeness.

(3) Establishing procedures to correct Office ofWorkers' Compensation Programs (OWCP) recordswhen inaccuracies or incompleteness are found.

(4) Analyzing workers compensation claims dataas well as other accident data for trends.Recommending action to reinforce positive trendsand developing countermeasures to reverse negativetrends.

(5) Developing management tools to monitorprogress in meeting goals and presentinginformation to commander.

(b) Establish procedures to use federal medicalfacilities first for injuries whenever possible.

(c) Ensure employees and supervisors areproperly trained regarding safety, accident/injury/illness prevention and workers compensation.

(d) Establish limited or light duty policy to bringemployees back to work. Support CPO in gettinglong term disabled back to work.

(e) Establish procedures for holding super-visorsaccountable for all aspects of the resourceconservation program.

(f) Establish procedures to ensure commandersare periodically informed of progress toward meetinggoals.

(g) Establish rewards and penalties forachieving/failing to achieve goals.At FORSCOM representatives from civilianpersonnel, safety, surgeon, resource management,


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finance, engineering, logistics and staff judgeadvocate work together to assist the FORSCOMcommander in achieving the goals. All FORSCOMelements will develop an organization to assistcommanders in achieving the goals. First aidinjuries are required to be reported to OWCP inaccordance with the guidance in the FederalPersonnel Manual System (FPM Letter 810-14).

4-7. Environmental Issuesa. Policy. Each installation and each Army

Safety office shall provide information and supportto other offices regarding environmental issues/problems.

b. Each installation safety office and each Armysafety office will coordinate with the functions ofindustrial hygiene, engineers, the fire department,occupational health, and environmental quality tofulfill the program requirements of theenvironmental laws standards and regulations.

4-8. Hazard Abatementa. Policy. The hazard abatement goal of the

Army is to assure that workplace hazards areproperly identified and corrected on a worst firstbasis consistent with mission needs.

b. Funds to correct violations must be identifiedat the local level. Paragraph 3-9, AR 385-10,outlines procedures for identification, ranking, andfunding for hazard abatement.

c. Those safety and occupational healthstandards violations that can be corrected with fundsassociated with operation, maintenance or repair willbe processed according to the procedures ofFORSCOM Regulation 420-3, Management ofMaintenance and Repair, Operation andMaintenance, Army (OMA) Operation andMaintenance, Army Reserve (OMAR) and ArmyFamily Housing (AFH) (RCS AFEN-395).

CHAPTER 5Prevention of Motor Vehicle Accidents

5-1. Vehicle Restraint SystemCommanders will strictly enforce the provisions ofArmy Regulation 385-55 (Prevention of MotorVehicle Accidents) with particular emphasis onvehicle restraint system usage.

5-2. Convoy Operationsa. FORSCOM convoy operations will comply

with safety provisions outlined in AR 385-55,Chapter 2 and FM 55-30 Chapter 5.

b. High-speed highways may be used when allvehicles in the convoy can safely maintain a speed atleast equivalent to the posted minimum speed, or 40-mph if not posted.

5-3. Emergency ServicesDrivers of Army emergency vehicles will complywith all local traffic laws and ordinances governingoperating speeds of such vehicles and traffic controldevices on public roads. Use of sirens and rotatingor flashing lights on public roads will also begoverned by local laws and ordinances.5-4. Use of Safety EquipmentDrivers of Army vehicles equipped with four-wayflashers will be instructed in their use, which willinclude, as a minimum, the following:

a. Turn on flashers immediately when disabledor when the vehicle may impede other traffic. Theseflashers are not reliable for more than 10 minutes soportable highway warning kits must be set outpromptly.

b. When ready to resume travel but beforeretrieving the highway warning devices, activate thefour-way flashers to provide protection from othertraffic.

c. Slow moving equipment (e.g., front-endloaders, road graders, crawler-type engineerequipment) which will be traveling 25 mph or lesswill display the Triangular Symbol to alert trailingvehicles as required by the OSH Act (29 CFR1910.145). Contractor equipment in this categorywill also use the Triangular Symbol.

d. Vehicles carrying a load which extendsbeyond the sides or more than four feet beyond thefront or rear will have the extremities of the loadmarked with red flags, not less than 12" square indaytime, and with red lights at night. On unusuallylong loads greater than one third the length of thevehicle cargo bed, check with state or local trafficauthorities to determine whether a special permit isrequired.

e. Drivers of tactical vehicles will keep lightson at all times when on public highways.

5-5. Safe Movement of Personnela. The senior occupant of a vehicle is

responsible for the safe operation of the vehicle, toinclude:

(1) Complying with local traffic laws and postedspeed limits.

(2) Not exceeding the authorized seatingcapacity of the vehicle.

(3) Insuring all vehicle occupants wear availablerestraint devices.


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(4) Assisting the driver in such vehicleoperations as backing and alerting the driver tohidden obstacles and hazards.

b. Heavy winter clothing and field gear worn orcarried by drivers and passengers reduces thenumber of persons that can safely ride in a vehiclecab or driver compartment. (Commanders should beguided accordingly.) Use TB 9-639, Passenger-Carrying Capacity of Tactical and AdministrativeVehicles Commonly Used to Transport Personnel forguidance on troop carrying capacities of vehicles.

c. Personnel will not be transported in engineerdump trucks unless an approved positiveantidumping devices is installed, and a means toease boarding and off-loading is provided.

5-6. Ground GuidesIn addition to the ground guide requirementsspecified in AR 385-55, FMs, TMs, and SOPsground guides will be used for all front-end loaderrefuse-type vehicles in housing areas. Each vehiclewill have an audible backup alarm and a signwarning of backing and stopping.

5-7. Safe Tactical Vehicle Operationsa. Drivers training, for operators of tactical

vehicles will be tailored to teach specific driversskills needed for vehicle operation in a fieldenvironment. At a minimum this will include:

(1) Pulling and backing trailers.(2) Principles of night vision.(3) Vehicle fording and stream crossing.(4) Vehicle recovery operations.(5) Methods for safely negotiating difficult

terrain such as hills and muddy areas in four wheeldrive.

(6) Ground guide procedures, techniques andsignals.

b. Night operations.(1) Personnel required to operate a motor vehicle

while wearing night observation devices (NVDs) willbe trained and tested in the use and operation of suchdevices. This training will be conducted IAW TC21-305-2 and recorded in the individuals driverstraining records.

(2) Permanent mounting of cloth or any deviceover the headlights of tactical vehicles is prohibited.Temporary covers may be used if removed prior todriving on public roads or on military roadsfrequently accessed by privately owned vehicles.

(3) Ground guides will be used when:(a) Moving vehicles at night through any area

where troops are assembled.

(b) Backing a vehicle at night.(c) Whenever the drivers visibility is so poor

that he/she is required to reduce the vehicle speed tothe speed of a brisk walk in order to safely continue.

c. Drivers of vehicles equipped with radioantennas will be given special instructions on thehazards of fire or electrocution from antennascontacting overhead electric power lines. Antennasfor all vehicles, both tracked and wheeled, will betied down to a height considered safe for highway orcross-country travel to avoid contact with powerlines, antennas should be no more than 13 feet andno less than 8 feet off the ground. The end ofantennas will be blunted with an antenna tipassembly (FSN 5820-437-2353 for the AS1729 orAT-912 and FSN 5985-930-7223 for the MS-118A)and tied down to a level above the heads ofpedestrians.

Chapter 6Water Safety

Section ISafe Procedures For Tactical Water Operations

6-1. GeneralThe procedures outlined below are applicable toindividual or leader training. During collective oradvanced training, commanders may modify thesestandards based upon an analysis of potential risk andthe importance of the mission. Commanders will notaccept unnecessary risk that may result in the loss oflife.

6-2. Vehicle Swimming/Fording Operationsa. During training, when tracked vehicles are

involved in amphibious crossings of large bodies ofwater (e.g., lakes or wide rivers), use a rescue boatwith two qualified lifeguards (American Red CrossSenior Certificate or equivalent). When swimming inbodies of water that are muddy or when the depth ofwater is such that the bottom cannot be seen, considerincluding in the local SOP that three certified(Professional Associated of Diving Instructors orNational Association of Underwater Instructors)divers be provided instead of the two lifeguards.Equip boats with life-ring, rope (3/8" or 1/2") andboat hook and position downstream from the crossingsite.

b. Make an on-site physical reconnaissancebefore amphibious operations to determine suitableentrances and exits, maximum allowable watercurrent velocity for the operation, stream bed


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conditions, and depths for vehicle swimming/fordingprocedures. Evaluate vehicle characteristics/limitations for entering/leaving the water, degree ofembankment slope, and speed of vehicle for safetyconsiderations. Additional procedures relating toamphibious operations are as follows:

(1) Insure that entrances; lanes, and exits areproperly marked with flags, engineer tape, poles, orluminous markers. Use easily identifiable floatingobjects to mark crossing lanes.

(2) Set up stringent controls for crossings duringperiods of reduced visibility, including blackoutconditions, to prevent overconcentration of vehicles atentrances and exits. Supply directional lights on theshore to prevent driver disorientation. Haveemergency lighting such as a tank spotlight orposition enough vehicles with headlights beamed onthe water surface for contingencies.

(3) Select an assembly area to check equipmentand conduct pre-crossing checks before any vehicleenters the waters.

(4) Designate a crossing control officer with basicqualifications in local SOP to aid the commander inthe orderly movement of vehicles. Each crossing unitwill keep contact with the control officer.

(5) Brief all personnel on emergency evacuationprocedures and proper weight distribution. Rehearsethese procedures before entry into the water until allindividuals are thoroughly skilled.

(6) Supply all personnel with life preserversprechecked for serviceability by vehicle commandersbefore the operation. Personnel will wear lifepreservers at all times while the vehicle is underwayin the water. Inflatable life preservers will not beinflated while personnel are inside the vehicle.

(7) Insure that personnel do not wear web gear,LBE or overshoes while the vehicle is in the water.

(8) Attach tow cables across the tops of vehicles.Attach a rope strong enough to raise the tow cable incase the vehicle submerges, and at least 50 percentlonger than the maximum water depth. Attach asuitable lightweight floating device (capable of raisingthe rope to the water surface) to the free end of therope to serve as a buoy marker of a sunken vehicle.

(9) Position qualified personnel and adequateequipment near the crossing site to assist inrecovering stalled or sunken vehicles.

(10) If a vehicle is completely immobilized and notsinking, place the controls in neutral, climb out fromthe vehicle, stay on top with life preservers inflated,and await rescue. The crew should immediatelyevacuate a sinking vehicle.

(11) If a vehicle is to swim a body of water duringan exercise, "predip" if not more than 72 hours before

the exercise. If any maintenance/repair procedure isperformed on any portion of the vehicle whichprovides floatation/water tight integrity, repeat the"predip."

6-3. Personnel Stream Crossingsa. The following procedures apply during

training for personnel crossing streams where thecurrent or depth of stream presents a possibledrowning hazard:

(1) Identify the weak and the non-swimmersbefore the training. Weak and non-swimmers shouldbe placed between strong swimmers for the watercrossings.

(2) Select a strong swimmer as the lead person tocross the body of water.

(3) Place a cross stream safety line of buoyant(3/8" or 1/2") material downstream and anchored ifnecessary due to width or current of stream.

(4) Position a rescue boat equipped with life ring,safety line, and boat hook and manned by twoqualified lifeguards or strong swimmers (capable ofsaving possible drowning victims) downstream fromthe crossing site.

(5) Limit non-buoyant loads to be carried on theperson during crossing to 25 pounds and sling overonly one shoulder during the actual crossing. Push orpull heavier loads across on lines and buoyantmaterial.

b. Due to the complexity of Army watercraftoperations, Army marine units should refer toapplicable Army and Coast Guard publications forsafety criteria.

SECTION IISafe Procedures for Recreational Water Activities

6-4. Swimming Poolsa. Annually or before opening any Army

controlled swimming pool facility, a team will inspectthe facility. This inspection will include as aminimum: sanitary conditions (TB MED 575),maintenance and serviceability (TM 5-662),illumination criteria (TM 5-811-2), safety and health,life saving equipment, and provisions for lifeguards.

b. Provision for a ground-fault circuit interrupterand other electric wiring and electric equipmentrequirements in Article 680, Swimming Pools,Fountains, and Similar Installations, of the NationalElectric Code will be followed.

c. Close pools if the required black six-inchdiameter disc painted at the deepest part of the pool is


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not clearly visible from the pool sides at a distance upto 10 yards.

d. Post rules for safe operation of pools to bereadily seen by all users of the pool area. Developthese rules from information in TB MED 575 andfrom safe operating suggestions, dangerous practices,and dangerous conditions in TM 5-662.

e. Installation commanders are delegated theauthority to establish local procedures in lieu oflifeguard requirements outlined in AR 385-15, TBMed 575 and TC 21-21. This includes lifeguards forswimming pools, natural bathing areas, and survivalswimming training. Safety must not becompromised or de-emphasized. However, there arelocal situations where a different approach may bemore effective than standards developed for theArmy as a whole.

f. Before deciding to waive the provisions of thepublications above, commanders will utilize theirstaffs, expertise in developing local alternativemeasures. As a minimum, Safety Offices willcomplete a detailed risk assessment of the situationsunder review and indicate if alternative measures areappropriate. Commanders must carefully consider theresults of the risk assessment before approvingalternative measures. The Safety Office will maintaina file of approved alternative measures for review bysucceeding commanders to approve or change asneeded.

g. Insure an emergency telephone with a currentlist of emergency telephone numbers is immediatelyavailable.

h. Insure that pool equipment is safe to preventinjury from cutting, pinching, puncturing, abrading,slipping, or falling. See TM 5-662, for specificinformation on pool maintenance and equipment.Standards for pool slides are in 16 CFR 1207,Consumer Product Safety Standards. To prevent falls,cover the two sides of high dive platforms from thetop railing down to the platform by a barrier or bymaterial such as heavy-duty canvas.

i. Secure pool areas when thunderstorms areimminent. Protect outside pools from unauthorizeduse by enclosing entire pool with a six-foot link fencewith "No Trespassing Signs". Channel all patronsinto the bathhouse through a single controlledentrance way.

j. Pools will be equipped with life savingequipment recommended in Chapter 8, TB MED 575.

6-5. Natural Beachesa. Make annual or preopening inspection of each

swimming area to assure that safety and healthrequirements are met.

b. All natural swimming areas controlled byFORSCOM commanders will comply with theprovisions of paragraph 6-4e &f above. Use a rescueboard instead of a rescue boat in areas where a safetyprofessional has determined that a board would bemore effective.

c. Place marking signs and buoys to define theswimming areas covered in paragraph 8, TM MED575.

d. Insure an emergency telephone is immediatelyavailable.

e. Life preservers, ring buoys, and other personalfloatation devices (PFD) must meet Coast Guardregulations.

f. Post rules for safe use of the beach usually onbut at least near the lifeguard towers.

6-6. Scuba Divinga. Commanders may authorize organized scuba

diving clubs to use water areas not otherwiseapproved for swimming provided that:

(1) Club members conduct the dive as a plannedone with at least two certified divers involved andwith a third person to act as a ground party or divermaster. (Follow the buddy system in diving).

(2) Divers are certified by a nationally recognizedcertifying agency such as Professional Association ofDiving Instructors and National Association ofUnderwater Instructors.

(3) Diving instructor supervises open water divesby student divers for certification with each studentdiver paired with a certified diver.

(4) Air tanks meet Department of Transportationstandards on air pressure and safety precautions forcharging and handling cylinders and comply withTable 5-2, FM 20-11-1, Military Diving (US NavyDiving Manual).

b. Divers must be thoroughly trained in thesafety procedures in FM 20-11-1.

6-7. Recreational Boatinga. Before giving permission to operate any

Army-owned power boats, sailboats or canoes forrecreational purposes, the operator will demonstrateto the person in charge of dispatching the boats aworking knowledge on safe handling and rules of theroad. The post Safety Manager or person in charge ofMoral Support should contact the nearest US CoastGuard Auxiliary or Local US Power Squadron for aidin conducting boating safety classes. (Headquarters isUS Power Squadron Headquarters, PO Box 345,Montvale, NJ 97645)


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b. Develop, publish, and post standing operatingprocedures for all boats to include rowboats by thedock area where the boats are dispatched.

c. No Army-owned boats will be permitted to beused without US Coast Guard required and approvedboating equipment aboard and properly registeredwith a hull identification number prescribed by theCoast Guard and the state. At least one Coast Guardapproved life saving device will be on board for eachof the people aboard the boat. Non-swimmers andchildren will wear a life saving device at all timeswhile in boats under Army control.

d. Safe loading of boats and maximum weightand person capacity will comply with Title 33, Codeof Federal Regulations, Part 183.

e. Installations are encouraged to contact theCoast Guard Auxiliary to arrange for courtesy marineexaminations (CME) of all Army recreation boats.All owners of private boats stored on post should takeadvantage of these examinations.

6-8. Water Skiinga. Army-owned power boats towing water skiers

will have at least two people aboard -- one to operatethe boat and one to maintain visual communicationwith the skier.

b. Contact American Water Skiing Association(AWSA) for standards and specifications for jumpingramps and for water skiing training materials.

c. Water skiers must prove swimming abilitybefore water skis are issued or used.

d. All skiers will wear U.S. Coast Guardapproved life jackets.

Chapter 7System Safety

7-1. PurposeThis regulation prescribes FORSCOM policies andresponsibilities to ensure hazards in Army systemsand facilities are identified and the risks associatedwith these hazards are properly managed.

7-2. ReferencesRequired and related publications are listed inappendix A of AR 385-16 and DA PAM 385-16.

7-3. Explanation of Abbreviations and TermsAbbreviations and special terms used in this regu-lation are explained in the glossary of AR 385-16.

7-4. ObjectivesThe primary objectives of system safety are asfollows:

a. Maximize operational readiness and missioneffectiveness through accident prevention byensuring that appropriate hazard control measuresare designed into the system in a timely manner.

b. Ensure hazards associated with newtechnology or operations are identified forconsideration in later applications

c. Ensure hazards are eliminated or controlledthrough design and that risk associated with residualhazards is formally identified, accepted by theappropriate management decision level, anddocumented.

d. Identify hazards and manage the riskassociated with these hazards for each system orfacility throughout its life cycle in all possibleconfigurations and all mission variations.

7-5. Policya. FORSCOM commanders and managers will

implement system safety engineering andmanagement policies consistent with their mission.

b. System safety will be applied and tailored toall FORSCOM systems and facilities throughouttheir respective life cycles.

c. System safety policies and procedures asdescribed in AR 385-16 will be applied to allFORSCOM initiated system acquisitions. A SystemSafety Management Plan (SSMP) will be developedfor the acquisition of all systems to establish Armymanagement, objectives, and responsibilities forexecution of a system safety program for the lifecycle of a system. The SSMP will be updatedperiodically.

d. The FORSCOM System Safety WorkingGroup (SSWG) will perform the duties of a SSWGfor all FORSCOM initiated acquisitions.

e. Historical safety and health data (systemsafety lessons learned) from other systems will beused in developing new and similar systems andmodifications to fielded systems. Information fromother disciplines, such as human factors engineering(HFE) and health hazards, will be used as part ofimplementing the system safety effort andidentifying system safety hazards.

f. Verifiable safety and health criteria in theform of military standards, Federal standards, andNational consensus standards; for example,American National Standards Institute (ANSI),National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),Department of Transportation (DOT), or equivalentstandards, will be included in requirements


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documents and will be applied to Army systemsaccording to AR 385-10, Army Safety Program.

g. Safety and health verification/evaluation willbe an integral part of the system safety effort. Safetyand health acceptability of the system will be verifiedprimarily by test and evaluation. (See AR 71-3 andAR 70-10).

h. All tests and pretest training involvingsoldiers require safety releases. This includes testswith type classified materiel if used in a new orinnovative manner. Copies of safety releases andSARs will be provided to the commander of theorganization supplying these soldiers.

i. Emphasis will be placed on designing outsystem hazards. Training, administrative proce-dures, and labels will be used only as a last option.

j. A System Safety Risk Assessment (SSRA)will be developed for each hazard at each milestonereview.

k. A hazard tracking system will be establishedin order to track the identified hazards and theircorrective action.

7-6. Responsibilitiesa. The FORSCOM Commanding General will:(1) Ensure all systems are used according to

safety and health guidance published in technical,field and training manuals, SOUs, SOFs, bulletins,circulars, and Army and Federal regulations.

(2) Ensure EIRs or QDRs are submitted fordeficiencies, malfunctions, or failures that createunsafe conditions or hazards.

(3) Identify through the accident reportingsystem inadequacies contributing to an accident;analyze these inadequacies to ensure that safety-compromising trends are identified. (See AR 385-40)

(4) Define requirements to the combatdeveloper, unique to the intended area of operations,including any relevant host nation standards, forsafety issues.

(5) Review modifications of mission profiles forsafety impact. Report the results of this review to thecombat developer.

(6) Review and evaluate safety and healthaspects of initial installation facility requirements.

(7) Evaluate and develop a position on theacceptability of the risk of the residual hazards,including those at decision reviews and MaterielRelease for Issue actions, as documented in theSystem Safety Risk Assessment (SSRA). Providethis position to the combat developer.

b. Installation commanders will:

(1) Ensure that Army systems and equipment areused in accordance with appropriate policies,regulations, technical manuals, Safety of UseMessages (SOUMs), doctrine and identifiedtechnical limitations. Commanders identifying arequirement to utilize or modify systems andequipment in a manner not prescribed by theapplicable publications will submit a waiver requestthrough the FORSCOM Safety Office to theMACOM staff agency responsible for managementof the system.

(2) Ensure that when accidents occur involvingmateriel failures, malfunctions, design or proceduraldefects, a QDR is properly submitted with a copyforwarded to the FORSCOM Safety Office. Themateriel manager safety office will be promptlynotified when the incident results or could result insevere injury or death. The FORSCOM SafetyOffice will also be informed when this occurs.

(3) During requirements development for newfacilities, prepare a Preliminary Hazard List (PHL)identifying specific hazards related to that type offacility. This data will be forwarded concurrently tothe FORSCOM Safety Office and the proper USArmy Corps of Engineers (USACE) district.Identify safety-related changes in facility/equipmentconfiguration or use to the USACE.

(4) Evaluate the safety characteristics of localprojects. Forward documentation of identifiedhazards and risk acceptance rationale to FORSCOMSafety Office. These projects include:

(a) Local construction projects, including newconstruction, as well as modifications to existingfacilities.

(b) Locally engineered, fabricated, or purchasedequipment or facilities.

(c) Local programs to test new equipment,procedures, doctrine, or organizational concepts.

(d) Local programs to maintain or rebuildmateriel and weapon systems.

(5) Report to USACE deficiencies, mal-functions, failures and/or other situations resulting infacility-related hazards.

c. The installation safety office will implementthe commander's system safety program by:

(1) Developing procedures for implementation ofthe installation system safety program.

(2) Developing a preliminary hazard list (PHL)to identify specific hazards related to new facilitiesduring the concept phase.

(3) Becoming familiar with the known hazardsof fielded systems.


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(4) Conducting safety inspections to detect andeliminate unsafe conditions and unsafe practices thatmay be system related.

(5) Participating in accident investigations toidentify any system elements that caused orpermitted the accident to occur.

Chapter 8Radiation Safety

8-1. ScopeThis chapter applies to all FORSCOM elementsprocuring, receiving, storing, shipping, using,transporting, maintaining, or disposing of ionizingand nonionizing radiation producing materialsand/or equipment. Requirements of this regulationare not applicable to the use of radiation sources formedical or dental purposes.

8-2. General Informationa. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

Regulations and Licenses are mandatoryrequirements.

b. The terms shall, will, or must indicatemandatory requirements. The terms may or shouldindicate advisory guidance. Deviations frommandatory requirements will require writtenauthority in the form of a waiver or exemption.

c. When used in this regulation, the termradiation applies to both ionizing and nonionizingradiation. Comments specific to either will be soannotated.

8-3. Policya. Personnel exposures to radiation,

contamination of property, and uncontrolled releasesof radioactive materials shall be kept as low asreasonably achievable (ALARA).

b. Prior to the use of sources of ionizingradiation in any program or project, the safety andcost effectiveness of such use must be weighedagainst the use of alternate methods or materials toachieve project or mission goals.

c. Adequate procedures, facilities, equipment,and trained personnel will be provided to assure thesafe use of materials or equipment capable ofproducing radiation.

d. Commanders of separate activities tenantedupon an installation will be guided by theinstallation radiation protection standards. Localradiation protection standards will not be lessrestrictive than those standards established byfederal, Army, or FORSCOM regulations. If a

separate activity's mission is restricted by theinstallation requirements, and the difficulty cannotbe resolved at the local level, the problem will beforwarded to the Commander, FORSCOM, ATTN:AFPI-SO, Fort McPherson, GA, 30330-1062.

8-4. Responsibilitiesa. The FORSCOM Safety Office will develop,

direct, and coordinate the FORSCOM RadiationProtection Program.

b. Commanders of installations that procure,receive, store, ship, use, transport, maintain, ordispose of sources of radiation will:

(1) Establish a formal, comprehensive, writtenradiation protection program.

(2) Establish and maintain an InstallationRadiation Protection Officer (IRPO). The IRPO willbe a full time position, meet all trainingrequirements, and should be located in the SafetyOffice.

(3) Establish internal procedures to control theprocurement, receipt, shipping, transport, use,maintenance, storage, and/or disposal of all radiationsources and radiation producing equipment.

(4) Appoint a radiation control committee, ifrequired, in accordance with (IAW) AR 385-11.

(5) Assure compliance with all NRC licenses,DA radiation authorizations and permits, andfederal, state, and local radiation protectionregulations and standards.

c. Radiation Control Committee. The radiationcontrol committee will be formed IAW AR 385-11.It is recommended that a committee be established atall installations where NRC licensed commoditiesare used, stored, or maintained or where nonionizingradiation sources capable of exposing personnel tolevels of radiation above the regulatory limits areused or maintained. Appointment of managementlevel personnel to the committee will increase itseffectiveness. The committee should not be limitedto those personnel knowledgeable in the safe use ofradiation. Personnel who provide peripheral serviceseffecting the use of radiation sources should also beappointed (e.g., transportation officer, fire chief,etc.).

(1) Responsibilities of the committee willinclude:

(a) Recommending policies on the safe use,handling, storage, receipt, shipment, and disposal ofsources of radiation to the commander.

(b) Reviewing the radiation safety aspects ofproposals for the procurement and use of sources ofradiation, the modification of existing radiologicaloperations and operating procedures, and providing


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recommendations to the commander for appropriateactions.

(c) Reviewing applications for NRC licenses orDA authorizations/permits.

(d) Reviewing and approving the qualificationsof operators of sources of radiation.

(e) Reviewing reports of radiation accidents,radiation incidents, and reports of evaluations of theradiation protection program by other agencies.They will recommend appropriate action to thecommander.

(f) The committee should meet at least semi-annually or at the call of the chairman. Subjectsdiscussed and attendance will be documented. Acopy of the minutes will be forwarded to thecommander for his review and approval.

(2) The committee membership will be keptcurrent.

d. Installation Radiation Protection Officer(IRPO). Manages the Radiation Protection Programfor the installation. IAW AR 385-10, the ionizingand nonionizing radiation protection program willbe one of the major safety program elements of thesafety office. The IRPO will be a full time positionand should be assigned to the safety office staff.Responsibilities of the RPO will include:

(1) Providing the commander, radiation controlcommittee, and radiation users with advice andassistance on all matters pertaining to radiationsafety.

(2) Implementing the radiation protectionprogram.

(3) Assuring that NRC licenses and DAauthorizations/permits are obtained and current forall radioactive materials and equipment for whichthey are responsible.

(4) Reviewing radiation operations to deter-minecompliance with regulations, NRC licenserequirements, DA authorization requirements, andapproved procedures.

(5) Maintaining an accurate record of theinventory of radiation sources used by theinstallation IAW AR 385-11. The record for eachitem should include as applicable, the national stocknumber and nomenclature, quantity, manufacturer'smodel number, serial number, isotope, sourceactivity, date the activity was determined, chemicaland physical form, sealed or unsealed, and usingorganization and location. The inventory fornonionizing sources should also include informationsuch as active medium, wavelength, frequency,hazard classification, and source application. Aphysical inventory of all radiation sources will beperformed annually by the unit or activity assigned

the radioactive material or radiation producingequipment. The IRPO will validate the inventoryduring staff program visits. Radioactivecommodities found improperly coded in the ArmyMaster Data File (AMDF) shall be reported to themanaging Major Subordinate Command (MSC)within the Army Materiel Command (AMC).

(6) Reviewing and approving procurements orprocurement contracts for radiation sources ordevices containing radiation sources. Reviewing andapproving facilities development projects andproposed continuance or modification of operationsinvolving radiation sources.

(7) Maintaining radiation protection records.(8) Performing radiation surveys and leak tests

or issuing instructions to units and activitiesrequiring such surveys and leak tests.

(9) Evaluating the hazards resulting fromexpected or possible changes in materials orequipment.

(10)Reviewing standing operating procedures(SOPs) for operations involving sources of radiationprior to review by the radiation control committee.

(11) Investigating radiation accidents andincidents. The IRPO shall also report the findings ofaccident and incident investigations IAW AR 385-40. Notify the FORSCOM RPSO and the AMCLicense Commodity within 24 hours when aradiation accident or incident has occurred whichwill require formal reporting.

(12)Assuring that an adequate quantity ofradiation detection instruments of the proper type areproperly calibrated and available to support theradiation protection program.

(13)Assuring that all personnel authorized to usenoncommodity radioactive materials or radiationproducing sources are approved by the radiationcontrol committee.

(14)Provide training or assure that training isprovided to users of radiation sources commensuratewith the hazards found at their workplace. Therecords of training shall be maintained by the IRPO.This training should also be recorded in theattendees personnel file.

(15)Prior to being relieved of duties., the IRPOwill transfer the responsibility for implementing theradiation protection program to the alternate IRPOuntil the commander can appoint a new IRPO. Ifboth the RPO and the alternate are relieved of theirduties simultaneously, the next higher headquarterswill be advised and the program responsibility willbe transferred to the installation commander until anadequately trained IRPO can be appointed.


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(16)Attend annual training as required and asdirected by FORSCOM.

(17)Establish plans and procedures for handlingcredible emergencies involving radiation andradioactive materials.

e. Commanders of activities and units will beresponsible for:

(1) Establish a formal, comprehensive, writtenradiation protection program.

(2) Appoint a radiation protection officer,properly trained.

(3) Maintain an accurate record of the inventoryof radiation sources. Conduct a physical inventoryof all radiation sources and radiation producingequipment at least annually.

(4) Assure compliance with all NRC licenses,DA radiation authorizations and permits, andfederal, state, and local radiation protectionregulations and standards.

f. Supervisors of radiation workers orradiological projects will be responsible for:

(1) Maintaining a current inventory of allsources of radiation for which they are responsible.This will include model number, serial number, typeof source, and exact location.

(2) Posting the appropriate warning signs andnotices.

(3) Assuring that all personnel who will useradioactive materials or radiation producing devicesare adequately trained and approved by the radiationcontrol committee when required.

(4) Assuring that their personnel have receivedadequate instructions and required medicalexaminations prior to using or handling radioactivematerials or radiation producing devices.

(5) Control personnel exposures and contam-ination levels to keep them ALARA.

(6) Assuring that sources are secured againstunauthorized use.

(7) Preparing, prior to the start of operationsinvolving radioactive material or possible exposureto radiation, an adequate SOP to protect personnelfrom radiation hazards. The SOP will be approvedby the radiation control committee.

(8) Enforcing SOPs, rules, and specialprecautions.

(9) Reporting to the RPO an accident, unusualincident, personnel injury, suspected overexposure,and/or internal contamination, as soon as possibleafter occurrence.

g. Radiation workers will be responsible for:(1) Reading and following SOPs, rules, and

special instructions.(2) Using safety equipment properly.

(3) Reporting to the supervisor any accident,unusual incident, personnel injury, however slight,suspected overexposure and/or internalcontamination, as soon as possible after theoccurrence.

8-5. NRC Licenses and DA Authorizations/PermitsAR 385-11 furnishes guidance for obtaining NRClicenses, DA authorizations/permits, or otherdocuments required prior to the receipt or use ofradiation sources. Additional guidance forFORSCOM elements:

a. Contractors who bid for local projects mustbe notified that radiation sources must not bebrought on post without written approval. Thisrequirement should be included as a stipulation in allcontract proposals and discussed at preawardconferences.

b. Commanders may approve temporary use orstorage of sealed radioactive sources by users with aproper NRC license or agreement state license andan adequate radiation safety program. This DARP isvalid for no more than 180 days in any calendar yearor for the length of time the NRC Form 241 isissued.

c. A DARP is not required for temporary use orstorage for less that 15 consecutive calendar days, ifan adequate radiation safety program exists.

d. A DA radiation authorization (DARA) isrequired for the possession and use of generallylicensed radioactive materials and devices unlessexempted by AR 385-11 or the Commander, AMC.

8-6. Construction of Radiological FacilitiesConstruction/Modification Review. All designs forconstruction or modification of radiological facilitiesspecifically designed for the use, storage, ormaintenance of ionizing radiation sources shall beforwarded through channels for approval to theCommander, Forces Command, ATTN: AFPI-SO,Fort McPherson, GA, 30330-1062.

8-7. Operational Radiation Protectiona. All radiation records will be filed in

accordance with MARKS.b. Storage and/or use of eating, drinking,

chewing, smoking, and cosmetic materials areprohibited in the immediate vicinity of areas whereradioactive materials are stored or where devicescontaining radioactive material arerepaired/maintained.

c. Disposable paper towels and handkerchiefswill be provided to workers in areas containing


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unsealed radioactive materials. Properly markedreceptacles will be provided for the disposal of suchmaterials.

d. Radioactive waste containers shall beemptied often enough to ensure that contaminatedmaterials will not overflow.

e. Personnel with open skin wounds will not bepermitted to work with unsealed radioactivematerials without an adequate waterproof coveringon the wound, as determined by the RPO.

f. Containers of radioactive liquids should beprovided with secondary containment.

g. Marking requirements for identification ofradioactive materials and devices containingradioactive materials are provided in 10 CFR 20 andMilitary Standard (MIL-STD) 129J.

h. The following technical manuals providespecific guidance for use, storage, and maintenanceof supply items containing radioactive materials:

(1) Technical Bulletin (TB) 43-0108, Handling,Storage, and Disposal of Army Aircraft ComponentsContaining Radioactive Materials.

(2) TB 43-0116, Identification of RadioactiveItems in the Army Supply System.

(3) TB 43-0122, Instructions for the SafeHandling and Identification of U.S. ArmyCommunications-Electronics Command ManagedRadioactive Items in the Army Supply System.

(4) TB 43-0141, Safe Handling, Maintenance,Storage, and Disposal of Radioactive CommoditiesManaged by the U.S. Army Troop Support andAviation Materiel Readiness Command. (Does notinclude aircraft items.)

(5) TB 43-0197, Instruction for Safe Handling,Maintenance, Storage, and Disposal of RadioactiveItems Managed by the U.S. Army ArmamentMateriel Readiness Command.

(6) TB 43-0216, Safety and Hazard Warningsfor Operation and Maintenance of TACOMEquipment.

(7) TB MED 522, Control of Health Hazardsfrom Radioactive Material Used In Self-LuminousDevices.

i. High radiation areas that exist for more than30 days will be equipped with automatic alarms anddevices as required by 10 CFR 20.203 and 29 CFR1910.96. In high radiation areas that exist for lessthan 30 days, appropriate protective measures, suchas close supervision to prevent unauthorized entryand exposure, will be taken. The operator isresponsible for securing a high radiation area fromunauthorized entry. In the event that security isbreached, radiological operations will be terminatedimmediately and will not be continued until the high

radiation area is resecured. If the operator does nothave direct surveillance over the entire highradiation area, a guard should be posted.

j. Under no circumstances will a radiationsource be removed from its housing within a deviceor tampered with in any fashion, except asspecifically authorized by the NRC, regulations, ortechnical manuals.

k. Radioactive materials not required in theimmediate work area will be secured againstunauthorized use.

l. Maintenance that must be performed in aradiation controlled area will be cleared with theRPO and area supervisor prior to initiation.

m. Written notification of the radioactivematerial storage locations will be given to the firedepartment on an annual basis. This document willbe updated when changes in the storage locationsoccur.

n. Ventilation systems shall be designed topreclude the spread of radioactive contamination.

8-8. Personnel Dosimetrya. Dosimetry, medical examinations, and

personnel exposures will be managed and executedIAW AR 40-14, AR 40-46, USAEHA TechnicalGuide 153, TB MED 523, and TB MED 524.

b. Additional guidance concerning maximumpermissible body burdens and maximum permissibleconcentrations of radionuclides in air and in waterfor occupational exposures are contained in 10 CFR20.

c. All personnel that are required to weardosimeters will be provided a copy of their dosimetryrecords at least annually.

d. FORSCOM personnel who may be exposedto ionizing radiation at non-Army sites will wear adosimeter obtained from the RPO of their homeinstallation or activity. On-site dosimeters may beworn in addition to the Army dosimeter but not as asubstitute of the Army dosimeter. In the event ofdiscrepancies between the results of the Armydosimeter and the non-Army one, the Armydosimeter results take precedence.

8-9. Radiation Surveysa. Surveys should be made under representative

conditions. Types of radiation surveys are describedbelow:

(1) Initial Survey. An initial survey will bemade by the RPO of sites and areas where sources ofradiation are proposed to be used, stored, and/ormaintained before an operation involving radiationis initiated or operational changes are approved, or


22

upon installation of a device which producesradiation. Special emphasis should be placed onradiation field measurements during the initialsurvey to ensure adequate protection of personnel.Assistance from outside agencies (i.e., USACHPPM)may be required for the initial evaluation andassessment of background levels of radiation and thesuitability of a proposed site for radiation operations.Requirements for these surveys by outside agenciesare included in the applicable ARs and TB MEDs.

(2) Routine Surveys. Routine surveys of eacharea where radiation sources are used, stored, and/ormaintained must be performed to ensure thatexposures of personnel to radiation are maintainedas low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). Thefrequency of these surveys will depend on the degreeof hazard associated with the type and use of theradiation source. Areas where the potential existsfor personnel exposures to exceed the limitationsestablished for occupationally exposed individuals inAR 40-14 and 10 CFR, where there is the potentialfor the uncontrolled release of a radiation sourcewhich may result in the overexposure of the generalpublic above regulatory limits or where there ispotential for the uncontrolled release of radioactivematerials which may result in contaminatingpersonnel and equipment above regulatory limitswill be surveyed monthly. Radioactive waste storageareas shall be included in the monthly surveyschedule. Quarterly surveys shall be conducted incentralized storage areas, such as warehouses wherelarge quantities of radioactive commodities arestored, and in shops where radiation sources aremaintained and repaired. Semi-annual or annualinspections shall be conducted at the user level formost radioactive commodities and nonionizingradiation sources. Some radioactive commoditiesmay require more frequent surveys as stipulated inthe NRC license and technical manual.

(3) A comprehensive survey will be made by theRPO or other qualified expert prior to start-up, orupon equipment or working condition change, toassess radiation hazards of all sources of radiation.This survey will be updated annually. Thecomprehensive survey shall include:

(a) Identification of the radiation source.(b) Identification of the source location.(c) Date of the survey.(d) Identification of the surveyor.(e) Identification of the instrument(s) used. This

includes the calibration date.(f) Measurement of the radiation fields and/or

levels of contamination.

(g) Evaluation of the safety characteristics (e.g.,safety equipment is in working order, warningequipment is in working order, warning signs areposted, shielding is adequate, procedures areadequate, posted, and followed, etc.).

(4) Close-out Survey. A close-out survey isperformed when a project or operation is terminatedprior to releasing the facility for unrestricted use.The purpose of the close-out survey is to determinethat all radiation sources have been removed andthat there is no residual contamination.

b. The RPO shall perform area surveys usingsuitable instruments and when appropriate, smearand air sampling techniques. The work habits ofpersonnel should be observed to obtain dataregarding the areas to be monitored and/or areas forimprovement of operational procedures. Locationsof monitoring points, with the results, statement ofthe hazard, and any recommendations as todecontamination, shielding, procedural changes,etc., will be recorded and filed.

c. Surveys of stationary X-ray devices shall beperformed by or under the direction of the RPO on asemiannual basis or after any modification or changein procedure. X-ray devices in storage will besurveyed prior to use. The X-ray devices will besurveyed under the conditions of intended use.

d. Special Surveys.(1) Shipment or Receipt of Radioactive

Materials.(2) Unplanned Events. Loss of control, spill,

overexposure, source breakage, or any unplannedevent which could or did adversely effect the safetyof the operation must be monitored. Control must bereestablished and steps to prevent reoccurrence of theaccident must be taken.

(3) Environmental Monitoring. Environ-mentalmonitoring will be performed whenever radiologicaloperations might have an impact upon thesurrounding environment or when nearbyradiological operations may impact the environment.Ideally, such monitoring should be started prior tothe inception of radiological operations and shouldcontinue until termination of the operation. Theresults of such environmental monitoring should beused to determine the need to modify controls and/oroperations.

(4) All places, equipment, persons, and animalssuspected or known to have been in contact withunsealed or leaking sources of radioactive materialwill be monitored before eating, drinking, smoking,chewing, or leaving the area where the radioactivematerials are located. Work areas and personnel


23

shall be monitored daily following completion ofwork with unsealed sources.

(5) Defense Reutilization Marketing Office(DRMO). Each FORSCOM installation/entitywhich ships property to a DRMO will developprocedures to ensure that radioactive materials arenot inadvertently sent to the DRMO. Thoseprocedures will require that either all shipments tothe DRMO be surveyed or monthly surveys be madeof the DRMO facility.

8-10. Radiation Warning Signsa. Areas, buildings, enclosures, and containers

will be conspicuously posted with radiation warningsigns as required by 10 CFR 20, 29 CFR 1910.96,and other applicable regulations/standards.

b. Additional instructional or precautionaryinformation may be posted as desired, but notsubstituted for the signs and notices required by theabove regulations.

8-11. Radiological Emergenciesa. Emergency Procedures. In view of the

myriad of factors that may arise in an emergency, itis impossible to establish simple rules to cover allsituations of a radiation emergency. The followingemergency procedures are listed in order of theirimportance:

(1) Lifesaving protection of personnel from theradiation hazards.

(2) Confinement of the contamination. Thisincludes recovery of lost sources.

(3) Decontamination cleanup.(4) Disposal.b. The medical officer of each FORSCOM

element having radiation sources shall establishwritten medical procedures for radiation casualties.

c. Each installation/activity which has radio-active materials in excess of the levels in 10 CFR 20,Appendix C, shall have an emergency plan.Emergency procedures for credible emergencies willbe established. A radiation emergency responseexercise shall be conducted annually to ensure thatresponse capabilities are adequate. The exerciseshall be critiqued to ensure that problem areas areidentified and corrected. A current copy of theradioactive material inventory should be provided toemergency and security personnel to be used fortraining/planning purposes.

d. Emergencies are usually one of the followingtypes:

(1) Spill of radioactive material.(2) Explosion.(3) Fire.

(4) Overexposure.(5) Injury to personnel.(6) Loss of radioactive material.(7) Vehicular accident involving radioactive

material.(8) Damage to equipment containing radioactive

material.e. Guidance for specific types of emergencies

can be found in various ARs, TMs, TBs and TBMEDs.

f. Prepare a complete history of the accidentand subsequent activity related thereto for theradiation facility records. The history will include astatement of the corrective actions taken to prevent arecurrence. Forward an information copy toCommander, FORSCOM, ATTN: AFPI-SO, FortMcPherson, GA, 30330-1062, within 2 weeks of theoccurrence. This reporting requirement is inaddition to the accident reporting requirements in 10CFR and AR 385-40.

8-12. Decontaminationa. Contaminated personnel shall be

decontaminated to levels ALARA prior to leavingthe work site. See DARCOM-P 385-1,Fundamentals of Health Physics for the RadiationProtection Officer for specific guidance on personneldecontamination. Additional information can befound in NCRP Report No. 65, Management ofPersons Accidentally Contaminated withRadionuclides.

b. Each item of equipment being released froma contaminated area to an uncontaminated area willbe monitored, decontaminated as necessary, andcertified by the monitor to be free of contaminationin excess of the levels provided by AR 385-11.DARCOM-P 385-1 also contains specific guidancefor equipment and area decontamination. Additionalinformation can be found in NCRP Report No. 8,Control and Removal of Radioactive Contaminationin Laboratories.

8-13. Traininga. Installation RPO:(1) The training and experience of the

Installation RPO and the alternate Installation RPOmust be commensurate with the radiation hazards forwhich they will be responsible. As a minimum, theformal training will be the successful completion ofthe Radiological Safety Course (Course No. 4J-F3)and the Operational Radiation Safety Course (40hour course), U.S. Army Chemical School, or itsequivalent, as determined by the FORSCOM RPSO.


24

(2) In addition, one course from ACALA:Tritium Safety Course or the Radiation SafetyCourse taught by the Maintenance Section.

(3) The dynamic aspects of the radiationprotection program require that each installationRPO shall be provided radiation protection trainingannually to ensure that he/she is adequately trained.Annual training will be scheduled and funded by thecommander.

b. All training pertaining to radiation safetyrequired to be given periodically shall be provided atleast annually unless specifically exempted in anNRC license or DA authorization/permit.

c. All individuals working in or frequentingany portion of an area where radiation or radioactivematerials are used or stored shall be kept informed ofthe following:

(1) Storage, transfer, or use of radioactivematerials or radiation devices.

(2) Health protection problems associated withradiation or radioactive materials.

(3) Precautions and procedures to minimizeradiation exposure.

(4) Purposes and functions of protectiveequipment.

(5) Appropriate response to warning devices.(6) The individual's right to request and receive

radiation exposure reports.(7) The individual's responsibility to report

unsafe and/or illegal conditions which may lead to orcause a violation of NRC regulations or licenses orindividual injury or overexposure.

d. Radiation workers will receive theinstruction in c above. In addition, they will beinstructed in the following areas:

(1) Fundamentals of radiation safety.(2) Maximum exposure and contamination

levels.(3) Safe methods of performing work. (The use

of protective equipment and the operational stepsshall be demonstrated.)

(4) Procedures to minimize contamination andto secure sources of radiation from unauthorized use.

e. The extent of these instructions shall becommensurate with potential radiological healthprotection problems. These instructions shall beprovided at least annually and records of the trainingshall be maintained by the IRPO.

f. Before an individual uses or supervises theuse of sources of radiation, the individualssupervisor/commander shall determine that histraining and experience are sufficient to protecthimself and others from potential radiation hazardsin the workplace. An individual whose training and

experience is not adequate will be required to workunder the direct supervision of a person known to bequalified until such time that the individual candemonstrate sufficient ability to qualify on his ownmerit. In the event such training is not availablelocally, inquiry should be made into the possibility ofthe individual receiving the required training andexperience at another FORSCOM installation oractivity.

g. Emergency and security personnel will betrained and equipped to cope with radiation hazardsthat may be encountered in the performance of theirduties. Training will be sufficient to enable suchpersonnel to function without waiting for theguidance of the IRPO or other individuals not part oftheir immediate group. Such persons will beinformed of the existence of a situation that mightbecome hazardous during special or unusualcircumstances.

8-14. Disposal of Radioactive Materialsa. Unwanted radioactive materials will be

disposed of IAW NRC, DOT, DA, and burial siterequirements. U.S. Army Industrial OperationsCommand provides guidance on the disposal ofunwanted radioactive material.

b. Radioactive material will not be buried onany FORSCOM installation.

c. Disposal of radioactive effluents (liquids orgases) into unrestricted areas will be IAW 10 CFR20.106 and 20.303, provided local governments donot prohibit such disposal. Effluents will be incompliance with concentration levels established in10 CFR 20, Appendix B. At installations wheremore than one licensee desires to dischargeradioactive effluents, the commander will apportionthe amounts to be authorized each license. A logwill be maintained at each location whereradioactive materials are discharged to the sanitarysewer. That log will contain the date, radionuclidedischarged, and activity of the radionuclide. TheRPO will review the log during staff assistancevisits.

8-15. Storage of Radioactive Materialsa. Facilities. Centralized facilities will be set

aside for the secure storage of radioactive materialsnot required in the immediate work area. This areawill be used to store only radioactive materials. Thestorage area will be free from the danger of floodingand outside the danger radius of flammables orexplosives Commodity commands are responsiblefor furnishing guidance on storage criteria forradioactive items of supply.


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b. Radioactive material storage areas will beadequately ventilated if gaseous sources are stored.

c. Radioactive material storage areas should befree of animals which may gnaw into storagecontainers or potentially spread contamination.

d. Radioactive material storage areas should besufficiently isolated to minimize personnel exposure.

e. Depleted uranium munitions will be storedas directed by the NRC license and IOC.

8-16. Transportation of Radioactive Materialsa. On-Post Transportation. Within an installa-

tion, it is usually not convenient to package andtransport radioactive materials in the mannerrequired for off-post shipments. However, thefollowing precautions will be observed:

(1) A suitable vehicle will be used. Vehiclesthat are difficult to decontaminate and privately-owned vehicles (POVs) shall not be used.

(2) Radioactive materials will be secured in thevehicle to prevent movement while in route.Radioactive materials will be arranged such that thedose rate to the driver does not exceed 2 mR/hour.

(3) Containers should be sturdily constructedand be free of removable contamination. Eachradioactive material container must be marked asspecified in MIL-STD-129J. MIL-STD-129Jrequires that each radioactive container be markedwith "CAUTION - RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS"or "DANGER - RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS" andinclude the isotope, activity, and the date the activitywas determined. Marking is not required if thepackage is accompanied by radiation protectionpersonnel. Commodity items which containradioactive material do not require additionalmarkings unless the radiation markings have beenremoved, damaged or are otherwiseindistinguishable.

b. Off-Post Transportation.(1) Radioactive materials shall be transported

IAW the applicable DOT regulations as stated in 49CFR.

(2) Labeling requirements for the transportationof radioactive materials or devices containingradioactive materials are provided in 49 CFR172.403 and 173.444.

(3) Personnel who will transport and/or escortradioactive shipments will be briefed as to potentialhazards, methods to minimize hazards, andemergency procedures.

(4) Individuals shipping radioactive material,except commodity items, in excess of the amountswhich require an NRC license or DA authorizationshall obtain a copy of the consignees NRC license or

DA authorization prior to shipment. Thelicense/authorization will be used to verify that theconsignee is authorized to receive the type, form, andquantity of radioactive materials to be transferred. Itis the shippers responsibility to ensure that theconsignee has the authority to receive the materialsbeing shipped IAW 10 CFR 30.41 and 40.51. Theconsignee will also be notified in advance of theimpending shipment of a White I, Yellow II, orYellow III package. This will assure that theconsignee has the capability to receive and handlethe package.

(5) Sealed sources exceeding quantities listed in10 CFR 20, Appendix C, shall be leak tested within6 months prior to shipment. Each package offeredfor shipment shall be free of contamination IAW 49CFR 443. This requirement can be met by eitherusing new packaging or wipe testing the old packageprior to shipment. Precautions must be taken toensure that new packaging is not contaminatedwithin the packing area.

(6) A suitable vehicle will be used. Vehiclesthat are difficult to decontaminate and POVs shallnot be used.

(7) Personnel engaged to transport radio-activematerials in packages bearing a White I, Yellow II,or Yellow III label will be given a completed DDForm 836, Shipping Paper and Emergency ResponseInformation for Hazardous Materials Transported byGovernment Vehicles, which contains instructionson emergency procedures. In addition, personnelwho will transport and/or escort radioactiveshipments containing packages bearing Yellow IIlabels will be briefed as to potential hazards,methods to minimize hazards, and emergencyprocedures.

(8) Packages containing radioactive materialsshall be surveyed prior to shipment. This surveyshall include:

(a) Measurement of the maximum dose rate atthe surface of the package and at 1 meter from thepackage IAW 49 CFR 173.441.

(b) The performance of a procedure to preventthe shipment of a contaminated package.Measurement of the level of removablecontamination on the outside surface of the packageIAW 49 CFR 173.443 is one method to accomplishthis. When laboratory instrumentation is notavailable at the local installation to count thepackage wipes, a quality control procedure shall beestablished to prevent the shipment of acontaminated package. This procedure shall includeinspection of the item to be shipped to determine if itis damaged or may be leaking, wrapping the item to


26

retard the release of radioactive material if it issuspected of being damaged or contaminated/leaking, and the packaging of the item in a newlyconstructed package. The proper procedures tofollow to handle and package a damaged/contaminated/leaking item should be obtained fromthe item manager. A notice warning the addresseethat the package contains a damaged, contaminated,and/or leaking item shall be included with thepackage documentation.

(c) Review of the shipping papers, labeling, andmarking.

(9) Receiving activities shall establishprocedures for surveying incoming shipments ofradioactive materials IAW 10 CFR 20.205. Thoseprocedures shall include monitoring the package assoon as practical after receipt, but no later than 3hours after the package is received at the licensee'sfacility if received during the licensee's normalworking hours, or 18 hours if received after normalworking hours. The monitoring shall include:

(a) Visually checking the package for signs ofdamage and/or leakage.

(b) Determining the maximum exposure rate atthe surface of the package and a 1 meter.

(c) Performing a wipe test of the exterior surfaceof the package.

(10)On-site command of an emergency duringtransportation. The ranking person accompanyingthe shipment will take immediate steps to clear thearea and request assistance. He retains command atthe site pending the arrival of the commander of thenearest military installation or his representative.The designated Army area representative assumesresponsibility upon his arrival.

c. Movement of Radioactive Material to theNational Training Center and Fort Irwin and theJoint Readiness Training Center and Fort Polk:

(1) The off-post movement of equipmentcontaining radioactive material by military vehicle oron rail when accompanied by military personnel isexempt from 49 CFR 170-189 (49 CFR 173.7 B or177.806 B). This exemption applies to themovement of these materials off-post for thepurposes of conducting training. The militarypersonnel accompanying the equipment will beknowledgeable of the types of radioactive materialsin the equipment and will be familiar with theassociated hazards and emergency procedures to befollowed in the event of an incident.

(2) In rail shipments where military personnelcan not accompany the radioactive material, and inorder to meet the intent of the DOT regulations,

FORSCOM units will adhere to the followingshipping procedures:

(a) All radioactive material shipped will beinventoried and inventory list maintained by unit,post transportation and safety.

(b) Visual inspection of equipment containingradioactive material will be performed prior to andafter shipment by military personnel responsible forradiation safety.

(c) Railroad personnel will be provided doc-umentation that describes the radiation hazards ofmaterials and numbers to call in case of anemergency.

(d) FORSCOM units will both load and unloadequipment containing radioactive materials.Shipping packages will not be opened in transit.

(e) Equipment containing radioactive materialswill be shipped in original shipping containers orstrong type container IAW CFR-49. Shippingcontainers will be appropriately marked withradiation material signs.

8-17. Instrumentationa. Portable Survey Instruments. A sufficient

number of instruments will be available to supportthe use of radiation sources. The instruments will becapable of detecting the types and levels of radiationinvolved, as well as any resulting contamination.Duplicate radiation protection instruments shall beavailable to support the radiation protection programwhile primary instruments are calibrated or repaired.

b. A check source or test sample should beavailable for performing daily operational checks ofeach instrument.

c. Portable radiation survey equipment will becalibrated IAW TMDE regulations.

d. Faulty instruments will be tagged with a DAForm 2417, U.S. Army Calibration System RejectedInstrument, to prevent their being used before havingbeen repaired.

e. High range survey meters will not be used tosurvey low exposure levels.

f. Pocket dosimeters are used to give the weareran estimate of his exposure in order to limit his doseto permissible levels. Disagreement between thefilm badge and the pocket dosimeter is not unusual.If the film badge and pocket dosimeter resultsdisagree, the film badge results will be used as theofficial dose for record keeping purposes, unless thebadge is proven to have recorded an incorrectexposure.

g. The owner/user of the pocket dosimeterswill:


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(1) Identify "ACTIVE" dosimeters and per-formsemiannual maintenance checks of dosimeters IAWTB 43-0121. Dosimeters that fail the operationalmaintenance check will be removed from service andturned in for replacement.

(2) Calibrate "ACTIVE" pocket dosimetersannually.

h. Calibration of laboratory instrumentation isthe responsibility of the user. Each user oflaboratory equipment shall implement a writtenquality assurance program. That written qualityassurance program will include the following facets:

(1) Voltage Plateau Test for Geiger-MuellerCounters, Proportional Counters, and Ion Chambers.Voltages recommended by the manufacturer shouldbe used in lieu of performing the voltage plateau test.If the manufacturers recommended voltages are notavailable, a voltage plateau test should be performed.CAUTION--voltages higher than the voltage plateaucan damage the detector. Great care should beexercised to prevent damaging the detector.

(2) Detector Efficiency Test. The detectorefficiency test shall be performed each day prior tousing the detector. An ongoing graph of the resultsof the detector efficiency test shall be kept. Adetector efficiency test must be performed on theenergy of each radionuclide to be evaluated.

(3) Chi-Square Test. A chi-square test will beperformed after each gas cylinder exchange orelectronic modification, or at least quarterly,whichever is shorter. The results of the chi-squaretests will be used to plot control charts.

(4) Each day the instrument is used, abackground count and a detector efficiency countwill be taken to ensure that the instrument isworking correctly. Quality control charts will bemaintained on each parameter. One control chartwill plot the daily background and the other will plotthe operational check using the calibration sourceeach day the instrument is used. Each control chartwill be graphed on a counts per unit time versus day-of-the-year chart. Each chart will have each of thefollowing parameters shown graphically and will belabeled with the count time and voltage settings.

(a) Days of the year.(b) Integrated count.(c) Integrated count level mean.(d) Plus and minus two sigma levels.(e) Plus and minus three sigma levels.(5) Lower Limit of Detection (LLD). The LLD

will be determined and addressed on each documentcontaining wipe test results. The formulas used toobtain the LLD and to convert it to microcuries arelisted below:

LLD in CPM = 4.65 _Background in CPM Counting Time in minutes

To decrease the LLD, increase the counting time.To convert the LLD in CPM to microcuries: uCi = LLD in CPM (2.22 DPM/uCi) (Efficiency)

The LLD shall be 10 percent of the level to bedetermined. For example, when counting a leak testof a beta/gamma source, the regulatory limit is 0.005microcuries, the LLD shall be 0.0005 microcuries.The formulas are only correct if you are counting thesame radionuclide which was used to calibrate theinstrument. If you use a calibration source otherthan the radionuclide counted, you must providesufficient documentation to account for:

(a) The energy differences between thecalibration source and the unknown.

(b) The number and percentage of abundance ofthe emissions between the calibration source and theunknown. To avoid this situation, use calibrationsources of the same radionuclide as the unknown.

8-18. Lasersa. General.(1) For those installations that have a LASER

mission, the IRPO will manage the LASER SafetyProgram.

(2) Army LASER range safety guidance is in AR385-63 and DA PAM 385-63. Army policy guidancewill be found in the Army Radiation ProtectionProgram regulation (currently draft AR 11-XX).

b. Training. The training and experience of theIRPO must be commensurate with the LASERradiation hazards for which they will be responsible.As a minimum, the formal training will be thesuccessful completion of the LASER Safety Course atUSACHPPM.

c. Inventory. Maintain inventory of all LASERdevices, and provide an annual status report of allmilitary-exempt LASERS.

8-19. Radiofrequency (RF) and ElectromagneticRadiation (EMR).

a. General.(1) For those installations that have a RF and

EMR mission, the IRPO will manage the MicrowaveSafety Program.

(2) The Army will comply with the RF radiationprotection program elements in DODI 6055.11.Army policy guidance will be found in the Army


28

Radiation Protection Program regulation (currentlydraft AR 11-XX).

b. Training. The training and experience of theIRPO must be commensurate with the microwaveradiation hazards for which they will be responsible.As a minimum, the formal training will be thesuccessful completion of the Microwave Safety Courseat USACHPPM.

c. Inventory. Maintain inventory of allmicrowave devices.

CHAPTER 9FORSCOM Explosives Safety Program

9-1. Responsibilitiesa. FORSCOM Safety will establish and manage

an explosives safety program, as a part of theMACOM Safety Program, IAW AR 385-64.

b. Commanders of installations with anammunition or explosives mission will:

(1) Establish a formal, comprehensive, writtenexplosives safety program to implement and assurecompliance with AR 385-64, US Army ExplosivesSafety Program, and DA PAM 385-64, Ammunitionand Explosives Safety Standards.

(2) Appoint an Occupational Safety and HealthManager in accordance with AR 385-10, to managethe explosives safety program.

c. Safety Managers will:(1) Be the installation point of contact for all

ammunition and explosives safety actions.(2) Coordinate in the preparation of requests for

licenses, renewals, and site plans for their units.(3) Coordinate in ascertaining additional

ammunition storage capacity requirements.Participate with DPW, the user and DOL QASAS insiting and layout preparation of new and revisedstorage facilities. Ensure all exposures, military andcivilian, are indicated on the site plans.

(4) Coordinate and process requests for waiversand exemptions.

(5) Explosives actions will be thoroughly staffedprior to forwarding to HQ FORSCOM to ensureoperational needs are clearly defined and that theactions will satisfy projected requirements.Ordinarily, G-3/S-3, G-4/S-4, DPW, DOL andQASAS at a minimum, will be involved, butparticular actions may concern still others, such asthe Aviation Officer, Resource Management Officer,etc.

(6) Conduct annual inspections of allammunition operations and storage areas, andmaintain records of inspections.

(7) Monitor ammunition uploads and otheractivities involving transportation and storage ofammunition in other than authorized and licensedstorage areas to ensure that safety requirements aremet.

(8) Coordinate advice and training, as required,to tenant storage units and site commanders inregard to Explosives Safety Program requirements.

d. Commanders of ammunition storage siteswill:

(1) Ensure ammunition is stored IAW licenseand applicable explosives safety requirements.Inform all tenant storage units of licensed limits forfacilities they occupy.

(2) Coordinate with the Safety Office onconditions that require license modification, DDESBsite plan submissions, etc.

(3) Initiate and forward requests for waiver orexemption to the Safety Office.

(4) Prepare for a DDESB survey IAW theExplosives Safety Program Checklist, published bythe US Army Defense Ammunition Center andSchool.

e. Engineering services will:(1) Initiate to the Safety Office an official

notification of need and request for assistance insiting and layout of projects requiring DDESBapproval. Participate in siting and preparation of allsite plans.

(2) Maintain established quantity-distance arcson installation master planning maps.

9-2. Storage Licensesa. Ammunition storage is only authorized at

locations and facilities indicated on the license andin quantities not to exceed the licensed limits. Thisincludes all facilities used for storage of ammunition,i.e., in Basic Load Storage Areas (BLSA), truckholding areas, loading docks and open (outdoor)storage pads.

b. Any storage area or facility that does notmeet DOD explosives standards will not be licensedunless covered by an approved waiver.

c. Storage licenses (FORSCOM Form 133-R,Quantity Distance Verification) will be completedIAW FORSCOM Regulation 700-4.

9-3. Transportation of AmmunitionAmmunition and explosives will be transported IAWAR 385-64 and DA PAM 385-64.

9-4. Ammunition Storage in Unit Arms Roomsa. FORSCOM Regulation 700-4, Ammunition,

paragraph 4-6, Ammunition Stored in Unit Areas,


29

describes storage requirements. Unit commandersresponsible for each respective arms room facilitymust maintain their written authorization for storageof ammunition by type and quantity. (Small arms isdefined as HC/D 1.4, 50 cal and below). A copy ofthis authorization will be on file with Safety,QASAS and Fire Department, and will be consideredas meeting the requirement for a storage license.

b. Storage of 75mm Salute Cartridges. Forthose units assigned the mission of firing the salutecannon on a daily basis, the cartridges may be storedin the unit arms room as follows:

(1) The 75mm salute cartridges may be stored inthe unit arms room without an explosives safetywaiver.

(2) The arms room storage quantity is limited to15 salute cartridges.

(3) Cartridges must be stored in the originalindividual fiber containers and in the DOT approvedwooden box with the lid closed.

(4) Approval will be authorized by the unitcommander as stated in paragraph a. above.

9-5. Waivers, Exemptions, and Certificates ofCompelling Reasons

a. Definitions and procedures for obtaining awaiver, exemption, or certificate of compellingreason are provided by AR 385-64. All requests willbe signed by the installation commander andsubmitted through command safety channels to theFORSCOM Safety Office for approval or forwardingto HQ DA.

b. All requests require a risk assessment bysafety personnel to determine the hazards involved,identify exposure data, compensatory measures, andactions taken or programmed to correct the hazard orexposure.

c. Waivers do not eliminate or reduce hazards.Therefore, a waiver will not be processed unless it isabsolutely necessary, has significant impact on theunit's mission, and there is a "get well" date notmore than five years away, after which the waivedcondition will no longer exist. When a waiver isapproved, every effort should be made to eliminatethe safety deficiency that is being waived. Anabatement plan, including milestones, mustaccompany the waiver request.

d. Normally, 60 days should be allowed forprocessing of a waiver.

e. When circumstances warrant the need torenew the waiver, a request will be submitted as soonas possible, but not later than 60 days prior to theexpiration date. State reason and desired term of theextension.

f. The authority to grant waivers of mandatoryexplosives safety criteria is vested in the FORSCOMCommander or the FORSCOM Chief of Staff, andmay not be further delegated or assumed at anylower level of command. Only the AssistantSecretary of the Army may authorize an exemptionor a certificate of compelling reason.

9-6. Explosives Safety Site Plans for DDESBApproval

a. General. Site and general construction planswill be submitted through command safety channelsto the FORSCOM Safety Office for review andapproval before beginning final engineering designof:

(1) New construction or modification of existingfacilities for ammunition and explosives activities.

(2) Facilities or activities not involvingammunition and explosives which are in suchproximity to the ammunition site as to be exposed tothe hazard if located at less than the required safetydistance.

(3) Plans and specifications do not have to besubmitted for temporary and emergency facilities tobe located in areas in which the Army is in danger oractually engaged in combat operations.

b. Engineer will initiate to the Safety Office anofficial notification of need and request forassistance in siting and layout. Safety Office willvisit the site and assist in planning. The engineersthen will prepare DD Form 1391, FY, MilitaryConstruction Project Data and the QASAS Datathrough DEH channels. Safety, DEH, and theQASAS will prepare the site plan. The site plan (inthree complete copies) will be reviewed andforwarded by the Safety Office to FORSCOM Safety.Site plans should arrive at FORSCOM Safety forreview at least 90 days prior to the desiredconstruction date. Contracts will not be let norconstruction started prior to DDESB approval.

c. Procedures. General construction plansshould be drawn to a scale of 1 inch equals 400 feetand will include the following items:

(1) Distances in feet between the facility to beconstructed or modified and other installationfacilities, the installation boundary, public railwaysand highways, and power transmission and utilitylines.

(2) Identification of all other facilities and theirschedule of occupancy and use. Give the number ofpersonnel, the number of hours worked per day, andthe number of days worked per week withininhabited building distance of the facility to beconstructed or modified. Give the number of days


30

per week for persons whose inhabited building orfragment distance arcs include the facility to beconstructed or modified.

(3) Description of hazardous materials of itemsto be in the new or modified facilities (e.g., bombs,rockets, artillery ammunition, or other itemsrequiring protective measures).

(4) Net explosives weight in pounds, classes anddivisions of ammunition, explosives, chemicalagents, liquid and solid propellants and otherhazardous material.

(5) General details about the following asappropriate: dividing walls, vent walls, firewalls,roofs, operational shield, barricades, exits, types offloor finish, fire protection system installations,electrical system and equipment, ventilation systemsand equipment, hazardous waste disposal systems,lighting protection systems, static groundingsystems, process equipment, and auxiliary supportstructures. Also include details about generalmaterials of construction, unless approved definitivedrawings are being used.

(6) Topographic map with elevations,appropriate contours, and contour intervals whenterrain features consist of natural barricading, orwhen topography otherwise influences layout, as insome chemical operations. Otherwise, topographicmap is not required.

(7) A set of technical specifications of proposedconstruction.

d. When chemical agents are involved, requestthe following additional information:

(1) Personal protective clothing and equipment.(2) Adequacy of medical support.(3) Average wind speed and direction.(4) Other support facilities related to chemical

safety.(5) Warning and detection systems.(6) Hazard analysis as appropriate.e. Standard drawings (definitive) for buildings

or structures need not be submitted, but must beavailable for review by the board. A site plan isrequired, however, noting the definitive drawings foreach building or structure to be constructed.(Standard drawings are included in the Index ofArmy Designs for Permanent and TemporaryFacilities published by the Chief of ArmyEngineers).

f. Drawings, plot plans and similar technicaldata must be of good quality, clearly printed andlegible. They must be at a scale of 1 inch equals 400feet. Drawings at a smaller scale may be submittedwhen it is necessary to show certain distance and

structure relationships within the area surrounding agiven project.

9-7. Communication with DDESB.FORSCOM installations are not authorized tocommunicate directly with the Department ofDefense Explosives Safety Board or the US ArmyTechnical Center for Explosives Safety.

Chapter 10FORSCOM Range Safety Program

10-1. Responsibilitiesa. Commanders of FORSCOM Installations

shall:(1) Establish a range safety program.(2) Develop a regulation or standing opera-ting

procedure (SOP) for all ranges.(3) Insure the installation safety office inspects

all range facilities on a periodic basis. This shouldbe accomplished annually as a minimum.

(4) Suspend use of ranges when warranted bysafety considerations. When all safety situations arecorrected the range may be reopened.

(5) Insure that the installation safety officereviews plans for construction, modification,rehabilitation, or changes in use of range facilities.

(6) Shall ensure compliance with all references.b. Safety Managers. Installation safety

managers are responsible for monitoring the overalleffectiveness of the installation range safetyprogram. As a minimum, installation safetymanagers shall:

(1) Review and comment on all requests forwaiver from range safety provisions prescribed bythis regulation prior to forwarding to the installationcommander of general officer grade or HQFORSCOM for approval. Maintain official file copyof all waivers.

(2) Evaluate annually the installation rangesafety program for implementation and compliancewith the provisions prescribed in references.

(3) Review and comment on the installationrange regulation or standing operating procedures,and upon all changes thereto, prior to adoption.

(4) Assist the installation range control officer indeveloping and implementing an on- and off-postrange safety educational program.

(5) Assist in safety planning for ranges.(6) Recommend suspension of use of ranges

when warranted by safety considerations.c. Range Control Officer. The range control

officer is responsible for the overall operation of the


31

range control organization and implementation ofthe installation range safety program.

10-2. Transportation and Field Storage ofAmmunition will be done IAW Chapter 9, andreferences.

10-3. Range Safety Waivera. To allow commanders the flexibility for

mission accomplishment, specific safety provisionsprescribed by AR 385-63 may be modified when inthe best interest of the U.S. Army. FORSCOMinstallation commanders of general officer grade areauthorized to approve requests for waiver, if thewaiver and associated hazards are:

(1) Acceptably safe.(2) Based on valid mission requirements.(3) Supported by accurate risk management

analyses.b. Installation commanders waiver authority is

limited to:(1) Reducing SDZ dimensions when terrain,

artificial barriers or other controlling factors makesmaller SDZ's acceptably safe.

(2) Modifying prescribed firing proceduresappropriate to the state of training of participatingtroops to increase training realism, provided theprovisions of risk management analysis are met.

(3) Exempting non-essential personnel fromevacuating prescribed SDZs who are notautomatically exempt by AR 385-63. The number ofexempt personnel will be held to a minimumconsistent with mission accomplishment. Maximumsafety precautions for exempt personnel will bedeveloped and strictly observed.

c. Requests for waiver will contain all the datarequired by basic AR.

d. Waiver must be authenticated (signed) by theinstallation commander of general officer grade.Sub-delegation to a staff element is not authorized.

e. For those FORSCOM installations that donot have an installation commander of generalofficer grade; the installation commander willsubmit request for waiver to Commander, U.S. ArmyForces Command, ATTN: AFPI-SO, FortMcPherson, GA 30330-1062. Requests will containall the data required by AR 385-63. At HQFORSCOM the Chief of Staff is delegated theapproving authority. The request will be reviewedby the installation safety director before beingforwarded to FORSCOM.

f. Waivers are automatically invalidated in theevent of an accident involving personnel injury,

property damage, or rounds outside the waived area.The waiver authority must reinstate invalidatedwaivers.

Chapter 11Safety in Tactical Operations

11-1. Generala. This chapter establishes the requirements for

safety support during contingency and tacticaloperations. Unless specified the provisions of thisregulation apply to both peacetime trainingoperations and operations in a combat theater. Thetactical safety program is intended to reduce losses ofmanpower and equipment due to accidents thusconserving combat power.

b. This chapter applies to all FORSCOMoperations and personnel participating in tacticaloperations.

c. All leaders will ensure soldiers wear/use allpersonal protective equipment such as seat belts, earplugs, eye safety devices and other protectiverestraints/gear as appropriate.

11-2. Responsibilities for Tactical OperationsSafety

a. Commanders:(1) Will appoint a safety officer at all levels of

command down to company/separate detachment atcommand levels below division/separate brigade, thiswill be an additional duty officer. Additionally, anoncommissioned officer will be appointed to assistthe safety officer. At division and higher levels an018 civilian safety professional will normally serveas the command safety director. In the event a safetyprofessional is unavailable, an officer in the rank ofcaptain or above may be appointed with the primaryduty of safety. School trained aviation safetyWarrant Officers may also be appointed in thiscapacity.

(2) Will ensure that all tactical operations/training exercise participants are aware that in theevent of an accident the senior officer present willtake charge, oversee evacuation of the injured andsecure the accident site.

(3) Publish instructions for ensuring acomprehensive and effective safety program for allpersonnel. Ensure that practices and procedures thatminimize accident risk are incorporated inregulations, directives, SOPs, special orders, trainingplans; and operational plans; and SOPs aredeveloped for all operations entailing risk of death,serious injury, or property loss.


32

(4) Provide accident investigation teams asappropriate and as established by AR 385-40 andthis regulation.

(5) Ensure that risk analyses are conducted forall operations. When time does not permit a full riskanalysis to be conducted a partial or hasty riskanalysis will be conducted. The risk analysis willidentify hazards associated with a particularoperation, and determine the hazards that couldadversely impact completion of the mission. Thecommander will then consider the risks involved anddevelop controls to reduce the risk to an acceptablelevel if possible. A safety annex will be developedfor all operations and address the safety riskmanagement process, and safety managementspecific issues. Accident countermeasures should beintegrated throughout the order.

b. Safety Officer:(1) Serve as the commanders primary advisor

and exercise staff supervision within the commandfor all matters concerning safety/accident prevention.

(2) Provide assistance to subordinate units asappropriate.

(3) Publish instructions for ensuring acomprehensive and effective safety program.

(4) Prepare reports of Accident Experience, toinclude safety lessons learned and After-ActionReports.

(5) Establish an accident investigation programto investigate fatalities, high dollar accidents andother special incident categories. IAW AR 385-40.

(6) Coordinate all safety actions with higher andlower headquarters safety officers.

(7) Coordinate all public affairs safety activities.(8) Conduct risk analyses for all operations and

develop proposed controls to reduce risks, if possible,to an acceptable level.

(9) Observe operations to detect and correctunsafe practices.

(10)Conduct/ supervise inspections of facilitiesand equipment to ensure safe conditions, ensure thatall known hazards are publicized and addressedusing the Risk Management Process.

(11)Maintain organizational accident records.(12)Develop and manage a hazard reporting

system.(13)Develop SOP annex to outline the procedures

used to manage the Commanders AccidentPrevention Programs and safety related topics.

(14)Ensure unit SOP, covers ALL aspects of theunit’s mission, and integrates safety practices.

(15)Assures unit maintains current Safetyreference library for all aspects of unit operations.

(16)Establish and monitor programs for trainingunit personnel in: hazardous communications(HAZCOM); hazardous materials handling(HAZMAT); operational hazard reporting system;hazard abatement program; hearing conservationprogram

(17)Establish appropriate unit safety council orother forum to discuss the command safety climateand identify/resolve risk management issues;maintain and publish minutes to safety councilmeetings.

(18)Maintain unit safety files.

11-3. Staff RelationshipsThe Safety Officer will normally be assigned in afield environment as a special staff officer. Thesafety professional should work closely with all staffelements to ensure that adequate safety and accidentprevention measures are incorporated in alloperations orders and plans.

11-4. Civilian Safety Personnel Deployment.Deployment of civilian safety personnel will beaccomplished in accordance with AR 690-11 andDA Pam 690-47.

11-5. Army Safety Augmentation Detachment.a. Description: The Army Safety

Augmentation Detachment (ASAD) consists of 109IMA soldiers who are trained in safety through theCombat Safety Officers Course.

b. Mission: The Army Safety AugmentationDetachment (ASAD) mission is in support ofdeployed war fighting commanders and theiraccident prevention programs. The ASAD programis very active with continuous ongoing missionsworldwide. The ASAD provides commanders with asafety staff in support of contingency and fieldtraining missions.

c. Requests for Support: Requests for supportmust be forwarded through channels to HQFORSCOM, ATTN: AFPI-SO. Requests shouldnormally be submitted no less than 60 days inadvance of the requested start date of the tour andwill be submitted in accordance with AR 135-210.Minimum elements include:

(1) Tour justification: Organizations and agen-cies requesting approval of projects or missions to becompleted by personnel serving on TTAD for 30days or less (excluding allowable travel time) willsubmit a memorandum through command and/orstaff agency channels to Commander, PERSCOM,ATTN: TAPC-OPD-RT, 9700 Page Avenue, St.Louis, MO 63132-5200. The memorandum will


33

include the information listed in (a) through (c)below.

(a) Description of the project or mission and theaction or directive which created the need for theproject or mission. Statement must include thereason why the project or mission is vital to theArmy and why it cannot be completed by assignedActive Army or DA civilian personnel.

(b) Headquarters, agency, or office (includingduty address) where the soldier is to be attached andOMA fund cite for travel and per diem.

(c) If a by-name request is to be considered forthe tour, a completed DA Form 1058-R, Applicationfor Active Duty for Training, Active Duty for SpecialWork, Temporary Tour of Active Duty, and AnnualTraining for Soldiers of the Army National Guardand U.S. Army Reserve, must be attached to therequest. If a by-name request is not being submitted,required qualifications for the tour must be provided.

(2) Requests for approval of projects or missionscompleted by personnel serving on TTAD for aperiod exceeding 30 days (excluding allowable traveltime) will contain the following justification:

(a) Project or mission. A detailed description ofthe project or mission and proposed or finalmilestones are required. Justification must include:

(1) A description of the AA, OSD, OJCS, orJoint Command need for Reserve componentexperience or knowledge including a description ofthe duties to be performed by the soldier.

(2) An explanation of why the project or missioncannot be completed by assigned and available full-time staff (military or DA civilian).

(3) Details of impact on the Army if TTAD isnot approved.

(4)Maximum number of mandays needed tocomplete the project or mission. (Beginning andending dates of support must be provided.)

(5) An alternate plan for completing the projector mission if it is not complete on termination dateof the tour.

(6) The OMA fund cite for travel and per diem.(b) Attachment. Identify the headquarters, staff

agency, or office (including duty address) to whichthe soldier is to be attached.

(c) List of required qualifications. Include alist of required qualifications for the tour:

(1) Military or civilian experience and back-ground.

(2) Special skills needed.(3) Minimum military or civilian education.(4) Grade.(5)Security clearance needed.

(c) By-name requests. When an agencyidentifies a soldier for a tour, the following infor-mation will be provided:

(1) State the name of the soldier requestedand attach a copy of the completed application (DAForm 1058-R). (See para 3-10.)

(2) Describe the unique skill or qualificationspossessed by the individual requested.

d. Funding and authorization of Army SafetyAugmentation Detachment (ASAD) tours. Activitiesshould program ASAD support requirements andsubmit an annual projection of ASAD requirements.This projection will be included in the organizationsrequest for USAR Temporary Tour of Active Duty(TTAD) Requirements, submitted annually.

Chapter 12Risk Management

12-1. GeneralRisk management is the primary technique to beused for accident prevention within ForcesCommand. Risk management is an analyticaltechnique that is used to systematically assess,eliminate or reduce the risk associated with anyoperation or action. Risk management must be aroutine part of planning and executing operationalmissions.

12-2. Responsibilitiesa. Commanders of Division and higher levels

of command will:(1) Ensure that strategic, operational and tactical

level risk assessments, as appropriate, areaccomplished for all plans and operations.

(2) Ensure that a command safety officer isappointed with the primary duty of safety. Thisindividual will have staff responsibility forpreparation of operational and strategic level riskassessments, recommendations for reducing risks toan acceptable level, recommended prioritizing ofidentified risks, monitoring for effectiveness of therisk control measures and implementation ofmeasures and assisting subordinate headquarterswith risk assessments as needed.

(3) Ensure that risk management is incorporatedinto policies and procedures as the primary means ofreducing hazards associated with operations.

(4) Encourage calculated risk taking amongsubordinate commanders as opposed to gambling.

b. Commanders of commands below divisionlevel.


34

(1) Ensure that operational and tactical level riskassessments as appropriate are accomplished for allplans and operations.

(2) Ensure that a safety officer is appointed as anadditional duty for safety. This individual will havestaff responsibility for preparation of operational andtactical level risk assessments, recommendations forreducing risks to an acceptable level, recommendedprioritizing of identified risks, monitoring foreffectiveness of the risk control measures andimplementation of measures and assistingsubordinate headquarters with risk assessments asneeded.

(3) Ensure that risk management is incorporatedinto policies and procedures as the primary means ofreducing hazards associated with operations.

(4) Encourage calculated risk taking amongsubordinate commanders as opposed to gambling.

c. Leaders at all levels.(1) Use risk management as a routine part of

planning for operations.(2) Continually assess the situation for the

effectiveness of risk reduction measures and identifyrisks that may have not been identified on theoriginal assessment.

(3) Weigh the benefits against the risks of amission and elevate risk management decisions tothe next level of command when appropriate.

(4) Ensure that subordinates are adequatelytrained to perform established standards, thatequipment is maintained and that a climate thatencourages operations to standards exists.

d. Individuals(1) Be constantly aware of the environment and

on the lookout for potential hazardous conditions.(2) Report hazards when appropriate through the

chain of command.

12-3. Proceduresa. After a careful mission analysis, the five step

risk management process should be applied, this is:Mission analysis(1) Identify Risks

(2) Assess Risks(3) Develop Controls(4) Implement Controls(5) Evaluate and superviseb. Deliberate Risk Assessment Procedures: An

assessment of risk will be incorporated into everyplan and operation where planning time permitssuch analysis. .A list of hazards should bemaintained prioritized on a worst hazard first basis,this list should be a living document and changebased upon situational changes and the identificationof additional hazards or changes in risk priority.The controls for reducing risks will normally beincorporated into plans, operations orders, letters ofinstructions or standard operating procedures.

c. Hasty risk assessments may be done whentime does not permit the detailed work of thedeliberate assessment. The hasty assessment may bea mental process however the general five stepprocess should be followed.

d. The standard Army risk assessment matrix(figure 12-1) will normally be used to rate the degreeof risk. This will serve to standardize the degree ofrisk terminology. Normally, a risk rated as“extremely high risk” (EHR) on the matrix will be arisk that can be accepted at the highest deployedcommanders level for the operation. If the highestlevel commander in the deployed area of operation isthe Corps Commander, that will be the EHRauthority. During routine non operational situationsthe Corps Commander is the HER authority but mayelevate the risk decision to FORSCOM at thecommanders discretion. Risk decisions should beelevated to the next higher level of command ifappropriate assets, resources or expertise are notavailable at that level to reduce the degree of risk toan acceptable level.

e. Review of risk assessment procedures shouldbe a part of every accident investigation to determineif risks were properly assessed and if adequatecontrols were in place and if risk managementdecisions were elevated to the proper level.


1

EFFECT1. CATASTROPHIC - DEATH OR PERMANENT TOTAL DISABILITY, SYSTEM LOSS,MAJOR PROPERTY DAMAGE.2. CRITICAL - PERMANENT PARTIAL DISABILITY, TEMPORARY TOTAL DISABILITY INEXCESS OF 3 MONTHS, MAJOR SYSTEM DAMAGE, MAJOR PROPERTY DAMAGE.3. MODERATE - MINOR INJURY, LOST WORKDAYS, COMPENSABLE INJURY/ILLNESS,MINOR SYSTEM DAMAGE, MINOR PROPERTY DAMAGE.4. NEGLIGIBLE - FIRST AID OR MINOR SUPPORTIVE MEDICAL TREATMENT, MINOR SYSTEM IMPAIRMENT.

PROBABILITYA. FREQUENT - OCCURS OFTEN - ALL SOLDIERS AND/OR EQUIPMENT ARECONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED.B. LIKELY - OCCURS FREQUENTLY - ALL SOLDIERS AND/OR EQUIPMENT ARE EXPOSEDSEVERAL TIMES.C. OCCASIONAL - OCCURS SOMETIMES - ALL SOLDIERS AND/OR EQUIPMENT IS EXPOSEDSPORADICALLYD. SELDOM - REMOTE OCCURRENCE - ALL SOLDIERS AND/OR EQUIPMENT ARE POSSIBLYEXPOSED.E. UNLIKELY - RARE OCCURRENCE OF EXPOSURE

NOTE: UNIT EXPERIENCE AND EXPOSURE AFFECT THE PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE

RISK LEVELS

EXTREMELY HIGH - LOSS OFABILITY TO ACCOMPLISH THEMISSION.

HIGH - SIGNIFICANTLY DEGRADESMISSION CAPABILITY.

MEDIUM - DEGRADES MISSIONCAPABILITY.

LOW - LITTLE OR NO IMPACT TOMISSION CAPABILITY.

MEDIUM

HAZARD PROBABILITY

FREQUENT LIKELY OCCASIONAL SELDOM UNLIKELY

A B C D ECATASTROPHIC I

II

III

IV

CRITICAL

MODERATE

NEGLIGIBLE

EXTREMELY

HIGHHIGH

MEDIUMHIGH

MEDIUM LOW

MEDIUM

RISK RISKASSESSMENTASSESSMENT MATRIX MATRIX

EF

FE

CT

Figure 12-1. Risk Assessment MatrixChapter 13Aviation Accident Prevention Program

13-1. Generala. Aviation accident prevention is an integral

part of the Forces Command (FORSCOM) SafetyProgram and applies to all FORSCOM operationsand personnel participating in aviation activitieswhich operate and/or maintain FORSCOM aircraft.

b. Applicable requirements of this regulationwill be made a part of the safety programs ofcontractors engaged in maintenance, industrial,ground and flight operations when the Governmenthas assumed the risk of loss or damage.

13-2. Responsibilitiesa. Commanders. Commanders will assume the

overall responsibility of the aviation safety program.Accident prevention will be integrated into allfunctional areas involving the use, operation, andmaintenance of aircraft. Commanders will includeaviation safety and accident prevention programsand procedures in the CAPP. Commanders willestablish procedures to ensure they are aware of andapprove all aviation ground and air operations.

b. Aviation Safety Officer (ASO). The ASOmanages the Unit Safety Program. In addition tothose duties outlined in AR 385-95, the ASO will:

(1) Advise the commander on all unit safetymatters.

(2) Manage the unit safety education andtraining program (safety meetings).

(3) Manage the unit accident investigation andreporting programs (AAARs, AGARs, OHRs, etc.).

(4) Maintain a library of safety regulations,directives and other safety publications appropriate to theorganization’s mission.

(5) Manage the awards program.(6) Maintain unit safety bulletin boards with the

following as a minimum:(a) Name of Aviation Safety Officer and NCO.(b) Safety calendar.(c) Minutes of the safety council and safety

meeting minutes.(d) CAPP.(7) Act as recorder for the aviation safety

council.(8) Monitor the enlisted safety council.(9) Maintain the unit safety functional files

(MARKS).(10)Establish a Risk Management program using

the Army five step process. Maintain information onthe five step model.

(11)Monitor all safety and safety relatedprograms in the unit.


36

(12)Consolidate the aviation and ground safetyprograms into one effective unit safety program.

(13) Ensure a survey of all functional areas ofthe unit is completed at least semiannually. Thefollowing areas will be evaluated when applicable.

(a) Fire Prevention(b) Aviation Life Support Equipment (ALSE)(c) Aviation Medicine(d) Hazard Awareness: wires, obstructions, etc.(e) Mission Risk Management Program(f) Pilot in Command/Selection Committee(g) Crew Endurance(h) Pre-Accident Plan(i) Aerial Gunnery Range Safety Program(j) Shops Safety Program(k) Quality deficiency report (QDR)(l) Lifting Device Inspection and Testing

Program(m) Operational Hazard Reports(n) Army oil analysis program (AOAP)(o) Tear Down Analysis Program(p) Ground Support Equipment Preventive

Maintenance(q) Foreign object damage (FOD)(r) Petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL) safety

for storage and refueling operations(s) Survival Training(t) Training Area Route Structure(u) Airspace Management(v) Hearing conservation program.(w) Hazards Communication Program

(HAZCOM)(x) Hazardous waste management program.(y) Confined space entry program(z) Respirator protection program(aa) Drivers training, testing and licensing

13-3. Policya. If the commander is not available to directly

approve ground and air operations, such as during adeployment, the commander will define generalparameters within which aircraft will be operatedand designate, in writing, a qualified officer toapprove ground and air operations during thecommander's absence.

b. Units may elect to consolidate safety trainingor semiannual surveys at battalion/ squadron level.This decision should be based on size of the elementsand best use of personnel. This does not relieve thecommander of the responsibilities to ensure the unitis properly trained and that a functioning safetyprogram is established. Documentation of programswill comply with current regulatory requirements.

c. Annual hazard inventory logs will bemaintained by all organizations. Logs may be handwritten. Entries should include deficienciesdiscovered through all available sources as well asthose noted on surveys. Risk assessment proceduresand codes will comply with AR 385-10. Hazard logswill be maintained on file for five years. The logsystem will be standardized throughout anorganization and will meet the minimumrequirements of AR 385-10 and AR 385-95.

d. Commanders who control aviation assetswill establish required aviation accident preventionprograms, procedures and responsibilities in theCAPP.

(1) The plan must ensure that aircraft crewselection, qualification, mission parameters,maintenance status, and operating procedures areconsidered prior to operating an aircraft. The unitstanding operating procedures (SOP), althoughbasically an element of the prevention program,should not used for the aviation accident preventionsection of the CAPP.

(2) The accident prevention programs should bedeveloped and tailored for the unit and specify thestaff responsibility for those programs. Programmanagement is assigned to an individual working inthat unit. As an example, if the Maintenance Officeris given responsibility for the Fire PreventionProgram someone working in maintenance will bedesignated by the Maintenance Officer to establishand manage that program. This establishes clearresponsibility for all programs using the chain ofcommand while allowing the commander theflexibility to organize the unit. Once the plan iscompleted it will be reviewed at least annually forcurrency. The plan should not be confused with theSOP. The plan establishes the program anddesignates staff responsible, the SOP tells the how.

(3) Each commander, down to detachment level,will prepare aviation accident prevention programsand procedures based on the aviation accidentprevention section in the CAPP. Units organizedunder the J-, L-, M Series TOE may want to writebattalion programs and procedures applicable to thesubordinate companies. These programs andprocedures should be reviewed and updated anytimethe unit experiences a significant change in missionrequirements or organizational structure.

e. Aviation Safety Officers (ASOs) and NCOs.(1) All units with assigned aircraft, airfields, and

organic aviation maintenance units, will have aschool trained ASO assigned per the TOE/TDA, oras an additional duty in writing. The ASO atbrigade level and below will be rated by the


37

commander of the unit. Those units which do nothave a U.S. Army Safety Center (USASC) schoolqualified officer will designate the most qualifiedsenior aviator until a qualified individual arrives.

(2) An aviation safety NCO will be designated ineach unit and will assist the ASO in the programimplementation. The commander will ensureavailability of the NCO for this function. However,it is also recognized that the NCO in most units willhave additional duties. All aviation safety NCOswill be USASC qualified with the A2 identifier.

f. Safety Meeting. Safety meetings will beconducted monthly for Active Duty and full timeReserve Components personnel. Meetings will beconducted quarterly for part time ReserveComponent personnel. Meetings must be based onan analysis of accident potential with a goal ofprevention. Records of the meetings will include anattendance roster and a synopsis of the informationpresented. The synopsis of the meeting should be inenough detail to understand the main points of whatis discussed. A make up system will be devised andimplemented. Meeting files will be kept for twoyears. Meeting can be designed as a combined unittraining program or may be separated into specificsubjects for crewmembers and non-crewmembers.The ASO will maintain current year trainingmeeting topics and a record of the previous yeartraining meeting topics.

g. Aviation Accident Prevention Surveys(AAPS)

(1) Responsibilities(a) HQ FORSCOM will conduct aviation re-

sources management surveys of subordinateinstallations and activities as a part of the MACOMAircraft Accident Prevention Program.

(b) The FORSCOM Aviation ResourceManagement Survey (ARMS) is conducted to assistthe staff in identifying areas requiring additionalemphasis over the broad spectrum of aviationmanagement.

(c) FORSCOM Installation Commanders andFORSCOM Unit Commanders at other installationswill:

(1) Ensure an accident prevention survey isconducted semiannually for each aviationorganization/flight facility within their commands.Aviation Accident Prevention Surveys may beconcurrent with ARMS and/or AviationStandardization Branch Assistance Evaluation visits.

(2) Maintain records of surveys for two years foreach aviation organization, recording the results ofsurveys, discrepancies noted, recommendedcorrective action, and follow-up action taken. Send

a summary of discrepancies that cannot be correctedat installation level to Cdr., FORSCOM, ATTN:AFOP-AV, as appropriate (RCS exempt, paragraph7-2t, AR 335-15).

(3) Unit responsibilities(a) An aviation accident prevention survey of the

unit will be conducted and documented eachsemiannual period. The surveys should becompleted prior to a quarterly Safety Councilmeeting and the survey discrepancies should beaddressed as agenda items for the Safety Council.

(b) Complete surveys using an appropriate checklist, ARs, FORSCOM publications/directives, andother publications, as appropriate. One survey maybe completed by a higher headquarters. One surveywill be completed by the unit.

h. Risk Management(1) A risk management process will be

established to evaluate all flight missions prior to theflight. Risk assessment sheets for mission planningare an important part of preflight preparation.

(2) The assessment should include all elements,which can affect mission outcome.

(3) In FORSCOM the following requirementsexist:

(a) The goal of a risk assessment is to assessmissions and clearly establish the associated risks.The chain of command would then weight riskfactors against mission need. Control measuresnecessary to reduce ore eliminate unacceptable riskwill be established.

(b) In establishing crew mix, it is stronglyrecommended that total time not be a risk indicator.Many risk assessment programs, on a scale of 1 to10, 1 being best, will give a 1 to the pilot with 3000hours. A pilots total time is an important planningitem; however, a recent iteration will normallyreduce risk. Use a currency scale of 30, 45, 60 or 90days for your sheet. Example: A night sling load inthe past 30 days says more than 500 hours of nighttime over 10 years. Rate time flown recently insimilar flight conditions (instrument flight, NVG,sling load,) or any other critical operation whichyour unit mission requires.

i. Crew Coordination CommunicationsTraining. The primary accident cause in Armyaviation is the human error factor. Within thehuman factor area, cockpit crew communicationsand coordination appears as a major problem inaccidents involving crew management: watching forobstructions, sling load operations, damage duringloading, and division of attention while flying theaircraft. One approach for crew communicationimprovement is in awareness training. Currently,


38

this training is being incorporated into initialinstruction at the Aviation School; however,recurring training is the responsibility of thecommander. The method of presentation for thisannual requirement is at the discretion of thecommander.

j. Aviation Safety Council(1) Each unit will establish an aviation safety

council and enlisted safety council. For J-, L-, andM Series TOE units, this requirement may beconsolidated at battalion or squadron level.Detachment or platoon sized organizations maycombine aviation and enlisted councils.

(a) Safety Council membership will beestablished in accordance with current regulatoryguidance.

(b) Consolidated Battalion councils will haveCompany Commander, ASOs and First Sergeantsassigned in addition the required members.

(2) Meetings will be held quarterly with formalminutes maintained. Commanders will appointaction officers and assign suspenses. Minutes will beposted to the unit safety bulletin board. Minutesshould be maintained on file for two years.

(3) The enlisted meeting should if at all possiblebe conducted prior to the Unit Aviation SafetyCouncil.

(4) Action items not within the ability of the unitcouncil are to be forwarded to the next highercouncil. Installations level minutes will beforwarded to the FORSCOM DCSPIM, ATTN:AFPI-SO, for information.

k. MUSARC Safety and Occupational HealthAdvisory Council committee required by AR 385-10will have at least one aviation representativeappointed.

l. Fire Prevention and Crash Rescue Equip-ment

(1) Fuel trucks are not considered groundsupport equipment and will not be outlined withreflective striping.

(2) All aircraft wheel chocks will be paintedwith yellow reflective paint or yellow paint withglass beads applied to provide florescent/reflectivecapability.

(3) Fire extinguishers used on or near aircraftparking or movement areas will be marked withreflective tape (Federal Class 9390, FederalSpecification LS-300A, Type 2, class reflexivity 1).

(4) Vehicles equipped with catalytic convertersor not equipped with spark arrestors will not bepermitted to operate within 50 feet of a potentiallyhazardous area or in aircraft hangars (e.g., fuel spill,POL area, and explosives).

(5) As a minimum, ground personnel whoseduties require presence in nontactical aircraftparking or movement areas during night operationswill wear outer clothing with reflective markings orthe RV-1 safety vest (NSN 8415-00-177-4974).

m. Rapid Refueling(1) Rapid refueling facilities may be

established/operated at the discretion of theinstallation commander. Facilities will be operatedaccording to FM 10-67-1.

(2) Tactical Refueling Site Surveys(a) Before using, the unit ASO or other

individual designated by the commander will surveya tactical refueling site using an appropriatechecklist and certify it is in compliance with FM 10-67-1. (The POL officer or NCO may not make thisinspection).

(b) A copy of the survey will be kept at the sitefor inspection. Results of surveys may be discardedafter site is disassembled.

(c) For sites to be used by multiple units, asingle survey and certification will be adequateprovided coordination has been made.

(3) No open port hot refueling is authorizedduring peace time operations.

13-4. Aviation Accidents

a. An aircraft damaged or suspected of damagewill not be flown until cleared for flight by qualifiedmaintenance personnel.

b. Post Accident Actions(1) An immediate stand down of a

unit/organization will be required any time a Class Aincident occurs to allow for an internal review topreclude further occurrence. This stand down has nospecific period; its purpose is to ensure all unitmembers are presented those facts that are knownabout the accident and to provide time for checkingall unit aircraft for faults, which may pertain to theaccident.

(2) Members of the chain of command from theresponsible unit will personally brief the installationcommander 48 hours after experiencing a Class Aaccident.

(3) Installation/division commanders will within48 hours provide a telephonic report of Class Aaccidents to the CG/DCG, FORSCOM. The reportshould include circumstances of the accident andactions initiated to avert similar accidents.

(4) Medical(a) An aviation medical officer will perform a

medical evaluation of all aircrew members as soon aspossible after a Class A and selected Class B aircraft


39

accident. If an aviation medical officer is notavailable, a general medical officer may make theexamination. An aviation medical officer must thenclear aircrew members before resuming flight duties.

(b) Blood and urine sample will be takenimmediately for all Class A and selected Class Baccidents and processed using formal chain ofcustody procedures.

(5) Post mishap flight evaluation. Aviators withaccess to the controls of an aircraft involved in anArmy Class A and selected Class B aircraft accidentwill be given a post-mishap flight evaluation underthe appropriate ATM and AR 95-1 before beingreleased for flight. Whenever possible, theevaluation will be given during conditions similar tothose that existed at the time of the accident. Forexample, if the accident occurred while landingduring night simulated tactical conditions, theevaluation will include landings under the nightsimulated tactical conditions; if the accidentoccurred during the conduct of terrain flying, theevaluation will incorporate terrain flight. Instructorpilots are expected to use sound judgment whenconducting evaluations. In no case will thisparagraph be constructed to allow unauthorizedmaneuvers of flight into unsafe conditions. Aproficiency evaluation is not required for accidentsin which aviator proficiency was not a factor (e.g.bird and lightning strikes).

c. Aviation Accident Reporting(1) In addition to the requirements of AR 385-

40, class A-C aircraft accidents will be reportedtelephonically by unit ASO through CorpsEmergency Operation Center (EOC) to theFORSCOM Operations Center (FOC), DSN 367-5222. A point of contact for information on theaccident will be identified. He will normally be thesenior level aviation safety officer assigned. Contactwith the FORSCOM DCSPIM SO, DSN 367-5596/5586, will be established to ensure adequateboard members are available or for other specialrequirements as well as for information on theincident.

(2) Units should request additional supportrequirements from their next higher command.

(3) Questions of classification will be resolved atthe installation level. Any accident classificationstill unresolved will be forwarded telephonically tothe FORSCOM DCSPIM SO. In those cases whereadditional clarification is needed, the FORSCOMAviation Safety Officer (ASO) will be responsible forcoordinating with the U.S. Army Safety Center.

d. All class A and B aircraft accident reportswill be forwarded to FORSCOM Headquarters forapproval, and class C accident reports for review.

e. All completed Aviation Accident Reports (A-C) (Original and/or Channel) are to be forwarded toFORSCOM, ATTN: AFPI-SO, NLT 60 days afterthe accident date or 60 days after receipt fromUSASC. A copy of accidents reports notinvestigated by the USASC will be forwarded toFORSCOM Safety within 60 days of the date of theaccident.


40

Appendix AReferences

Section IRequired Publications

AR 15-6Procedures for Investigating Officers and Boards ofOfficers. (cited in para 3-6a)

AR 40-14Ionizing Radiation and Radioactive Materials(DLAR 1000-28)

AR 40-46Control of Health Hazards from Lasers and OtherHigh Intensity Optical Sources

AR 385-10Safety Program (cited in para I-10b)

AR 385-11Ionizing Radiation Protection

AR 385-16System Safety Engineering and Management

AR 385-40Accident Reporting and Records

AR 385-63Policies and Procedures for Firing Ammunition forTraining Target Practice and Combat

AR 385-64Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards

AR 385-95Army Aviation Accident Prevention

AR 670-1Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms andInsignia

AR 700-84Unit Supply

10 CFR 20Energy, Nuclear Regulatory Commission

16 CFR 1207Commercial Practices, Federal Trade Commission

29 CFR 1960Labor, Occupational, Safety and Health Admini-stration

49 CFR 173.441Transportation, Research and Special Programs

Executive Order 12196Safety and Occupational Health

FM 10-67-1Concept and Equipment of Petroleum Operations

FM 20-11-1Military Diving Volume

TB 43-108Handling Storage and Disposal of AircraftComponents Containing Radio-active Material

TB 43-0116Identification of Radioactive Items in the Army

TB 43-0122Identification of US. Army Communications -Electronics Command Managed Radioactive Itemsin the Army Supply System

TB 43-0142Safety Inspection and Testing of Lifting Devices

TB 43-0180Calibration and Repair Requirements forMaintenance of Army Materiel

TB 43-0197Instructions for Safe Handling, Maintenance,Storage, and Disposal of Radioactive items

TB 43-0216Safety and Hazard Warnings for Operation andMaintenance of TACOM Equipment

T'B 750-25Maintenance of Supplies and Equipment

TB MED 575Swimming Pools and Bathing Facilities

TB MED 522Occupational and Environmental Health: Control ofHealth Hazards from Protective Material Used inSelf-Luminous Devices


41

TB MED 524Occupational and Environmental Health: Control ofHazards to Health from Laser Radiation

TM 5-662Facilities Engineering: Electrical Facilities Safety

TM 5-811-2Electrical Designs Interior Electrical System

NFPA 70National Electrical Code

Section IIRelated PublicationsA related publication is merely a source of additionalinformation. The user does not have to read it tounderstand this regulation.

AR 10-5Headquarters, Department of the Army

AR 40-10Health Hazard Assessment Program in Support ofthe Army Materiel Acquisf6on Decision Process

AR 40-61Medical Logistics Policies and Procedures

AR 40-63Ophthalmic Services

AR 50-6Nuclear and Chemical Weapon and MaterialChemical Surety

AR 70-25Use of Volunteers as Subjects of Research

AR 70-62Airworthiness Qualification of US Army AircraftSystems

AR 75-1Malfunctions Involving Ammunition and Explosives

AR 385-14Accident/ Incident Report-Shipments of Conven-tional Explosives and Dangerous Articles byCommercial Carriers

AR 385-15Water Safety

AR 385-26Use of Explosives and Pyrotechnics in Public15emonstrations, Exhibitions and Celebrations

AR 385-30Safety Color Code Markings and signs

AR 385-42Investigation of Nation Aircraft or MissileAccidents and Incidents

AR 385-60Coordination with Department of DefenseExplosives Safety Board

AR 385-61Safety Studies and Reviews of Chemical Agents andAssociated

AR 385-65Weapons Systems). (Identification of Inert Ammuni-tion and Ammunition Components

AR 385-80Nuclear Reactor Health and Safety Program

AR 672-74Army Accident Prevention Awards

AR 700-141Hazardous Material Information System

AR 708-1Cataloging and Supply Management Data

AR 710-2Supply Policy Below the Wholesale Level

AR 750-10Modification of Materiel and Issuing Safety of UseMessages and C6mmercial Vehicle Safety RecallCampaign Directive

AR 752-50System Requisitioning, and Issue System

DA Pam 385-3Protective Clothing and Equipment

DODI 6055.1DOD Occupational Safety and Health Program(FM&P


42

DODI 6055.2Personal Protective Equipment

EM 385-1-1U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Safety and HealthRequirements Manual

TB Med 501Occupational and Environmental Health HearingC6nservation

TB Med 502Occupational and Environmental Health -Respiratory Protection Program

TB Med 503The Army Industrial Hygiene Program

TB 700-2Department of Defense Explosives HazardClassification Procedures


43

GLOSSARY

Section IAbbreviations

ALARAAs Low As Reasonably Achievable

AMCUS. Army Materiel Command

AMDFArmy Master Data File

ARArmy Regulation

ARNGArmy National Guard

ASA(I&L)Assistant Secretary of the Army (Installations &Logistics)

ASARCArmy System Acquisition Review Council

CAPPCommander's Accident Prevention Plan

CFRCode of Federal Regulations

CGCommanding General

CPMCounts Per Minute

CSAChief of Staff, US. Army

CTACommon table of allowances

DADepartment of the Army

DASAFDirector of Army Safety

DCSLOGDeputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans

DCSPERDeputy Chief of Staff for PersonnelDODDepartment of Defense

DOLDepartment of Labor

DOTDepartment of Transportation

DPMDisintegrations Per Minute

DRMODefense Reutilization Marketing Office

EEREnlisted Evaluation Report

EPAEnvironmental Protection Agency

ETSEmergency Temporary Standard

FORSCOMForces Command

HQHeadquarters

HSCU.S. Army Health Services Command

IAWIn Accordance With

kVpkilo-Volt peak

LLDLower Limit of Detection

MACOMMajor Army Command

MANPRINTManpower and Personnel Integration

MARKSThe Modern Army Recordkeeping System


44

MCAMilitary Construction, ArmyMDAMinimum Detectable Activity

MEDCOMMedical Command

MeVMega-electron Volts or Million-electron Volts

MIL-STDMilitary Standard

MSCMajor Subordinate Command

MTMCMilitary Traffic Management Command

NBSNational Bureau of Standards

NCRPNational Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurement

NIOSHNational Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth

NRCNuclear Regulatory Commission

OCSAOffice of the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army

OEROfficer Evaluation Report

OHOccupational Health

OMAOperation and Maintenance, Army

OSHOccupational Safety and Health

OSHAOccupational Safety and Health Administration

OSHActOccupational Safety and Health Act of 1970

PCEProtective Clothing and Equipment

POVPrivately Owned Vehicle

QAQuality Assurance

QCSQuality Control Subcommittee

RACRisk Assessment Code

RADIACRadiation, Detection, Indication, and Computation

RDTEResearch, Development, Test, and Evaluation

ROTCReserve Officers’ Training Corps

RPORadiation Protection Officer

SASOHIStandard Army Safety and Occupational HealthInspection

SOFAStatus of Forces Agreement

SOPStanding Operating Procedure

TBTechnical Bulletin

TDATables of Distribution and Allowances

TOETables of Organization and Equipment

TRADOCU.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command

TSGThe Surgeon General


45

USACEU.S. Army Corps of Engineers

USAEHAU.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency

USARU.S. Army Reserve

USARCU.S. Army Reserve Command

USASCU.S. Army Safety Center

USPSUnited States Postal Service

Section IITerms

AbateTo eliminate or reduce an OSH hazard by complyingwith OSH standards criteria or taking equivalentprotective measures.

Absorbed DoseThe amount of energy absorbed per unit mass, Theunits of absorbed dose are the 'rad' and the 'gray'(international system term:.

1 rad = 100 ergs/gram = 1/100joule/kflogram1 gray = 1 joule/ kilogram

AcceleratorA device for imparting large kinetic energy toelectrically charged particles such as electrons,protons, deuterons, and helium ions.

Background RadiationThe radiation in man's natural environment,including cosmic rays and radiation from thenaturally occurring radioactive elements, bothoutside and inside the bodies of humans andanimals.

BioassayThe analysis of excreta, biopsy specimens, bloodsamples, or other materials of biological origin, todetermine the presence and quantity of internallydeposited radionuclides. It may includemeasurement of ionizing radiation from the totalbody.

By-product MaterialsAny radioactive material (except special nuclearmaterials) yielded in or made radioactive byexposure to an ionizing radiation incident to theprocess of producing or utilizing special nuclearmaterial.

Chi-Square TestA statistical comparison of a data set to a knowndistribution of data. This test is used to ensureproper operation of laboratory counting equipment.

Closed areaA controlled area established to safeguard classifiedmaterial that, because of its size or nature, must besafeguard by controlling access.

Cognizant security officeThe Defense Contract Administration ServicesRegion of the Defense Logistics Agency havingcontract administration services jurisdiction over thegeographical area in which the contractor workplaceis located (18 USC 795, para 1-211).

Consultation with representatives of employeesIncludes Written or oral consultations or conferenceswith employees or their representatives including,when applicable, negotiations or other dealings withlabor organizations that represent such employees.

Contamination (radioactive)Deposition of radioactive material in any placewhere it is not desired.

Contracting officerA designated officer who performs administrativefunctions listed in the Federal AcquisitionRegulation.

CurieA unit of activity defined as the quantity of aradionuclide which disintegrates at the rate of 3.7EI0disintegrations per second. See millicurie andmicrocurie also.

DA contractorA non-Federal employer engaged in performance ofa DA contract, whether as prime contractor orsubcontractor.

DA installationA grouping of facilities located in the same vicinitythat supports particular DA functions, Installations


46

may include locations such posts, camps, stations, orcommunities and land and improvementspermanently affixed thereto which are under the DAcontrol and used by Army organizations. Whereinstallations are located contiguously, the combinedproperty is designated as one installation and theseparate functions as activities of that installation.In addition to those used primarily by troops, theterm 'installation' applies to such real properties asdepots, arsenals, ammunition plants (both contractorand Government operated), hospitals, terminals, andother special mission installations.

DA personnela. Civilian includes Senior Executive Service,

General Manager, General Schedule, and WageGrade employees (including National Guard andReserve technicians); Nonappropriated Fundemployees. Youth/Student Assistance Programemployees, and foreign nationals directly employedby DOD components.

b. Military includes all military personnel onactive duty, Reserve or National Guard personnel onactive duty or on drill status, service academymidshipmen or cadets, Reserve Officer TrainingCorps cadets when engaged in directed trainingactivities, and foreign national military personnelassigned to DOD components.

Dose EquivalentThe radiation absorbed dose (rad) modified with aquality factor. The quality factor is a multiplicand ofthe rad and is based upon the linear energy transferof the subject radiation.

DosimeterAny device that measures and indicates the amountof absorbed radiation. A pocket dosimeter refers to adevice that provides a real time indication ofabsorbed dose.

DosimetryThe accurate measurement of radiation dose.

EvaluationA specialized inspection designed to determine theeffectiveness of a unit's safety and health program.

Exclusive Federal jurisdiction (Otherwise termedexclusive legislative jurisdiction). Applies tosituations where the Federal government has

received, by whatever method, all the authority of theState, with no reservation made to the State, exceptof the right to serve process resulting from activitiesthat occurred off the land involved.

ExposureThe amount of energy transferred from a radiationfield to a unit of mass of air.

Federal OSHA officialInvestigator or compliance officer employed by,assigned to, or under contract to OSHA.

Half-lifeTime required for a radioactive substance to lose 50percent Of its activity by decay. Each radionuclidehas a unique half-life. The BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE is the time required for the body to eliminateone-half of an administered dosage by the regularprocess of elimination. The EFFECTIVE HALF-LIFE is the time required for a radioactive elementin an animal body to be diminished 50 percent as aresult of the combined action of radioactive decayand biological elimination.

High Radiation AreaAny area, accessible to personnel, in which thereexists radiation at such levels that a major portion ofthe body could receive in excess of 100 millirem inany 1 hour.

Imminent dangerConditions or practices in any workplace that pose adanger that reasonably could be expected to causedeath or severe physical hardship before theimminence of such danger could be eliminatedthrough normal procedures.

InspectionThe process of determining compliance with safetyand health standards through formal and informalsurveys of workplaces, operations, and facilities.

IonizationThe process by which a neutral atom or moleculeacquires a positive or negative charge.

Kilovolt PeakThe crest value in kilovolts of the potentialdifference of a pulsating potential generator. Refersto the maximum potential energy of multi-energeticx-ray beam.


47

Leak TestA determination of the integrity of a sealed sourceencapsulation by detection of leakage or escape ofradioactive contamination.

ManprintThe process of integrating the full range of humanfactors, engineering, manpower personnel, training,health hazard assessment, and system safety toimprove soldier performance and total systemperformance throughout the entire materieldevelopment and acquisition process.

MicrocurieOne-millionth of a curie (3.7E4 disintegrations persecond).

MillicurieOne-thousandth of a curie (3.7E7 disintegrations persecond)

Occupational hazardConditions, procedures, and practices directly relatedto the work environment that create a potential forproducing occupational injuries or illnesses.

Physical InventoryInventory performed by the RPO which certifies thelocation of radioactive materials specifically used bythat activity.

Qualified ExpertA person having the knowledge and trainingnecessary to measure ionizing radiation, evaluateionizing radiation facilities and operations and toadvise regarding existing and potential hazards. Aperson is considered qualified if he is knowledgeablein the operational and radiation protection aspects ofthe radiation involved and has been:

a. Notified by the U.S. Civil ServiceCommission as eligible for federal employment as aGS-1306-09, Health Physicist.

b. Designated as qualified by the SurgeonGeneral.

c. Designated as qualified by the U.S.Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, or bya similar agency of a state.

d. Commissioned by the Army as a 68B,Nuclear Medical Science Officer.

e. Holds certification as a health physicist, asdetermined by a national organization (e.g.,American Board of Health Physics, American Boardof Radiology, etc.).

Qualified safety and health personnelIncludes persons who meet Office of PersonnelManagement standard for Safety and OccupationalHealth Manager/Specialist, GS-018, and SafetyEngineer, GS/ GM-803. Other job specialties willprovide support in their respective specialty areas(for exam-pie, Safety Engineering Technician, GS-802; Safety Technician, GS-019, Aviation SafetyOfficer, GS-1825; Air Safety Investigating Officer,GS-1 815; Fire Protection Engineer, GS-804; FireProtection Specialist/Marshall, GS-081; MedicalOfficer, GS-602; Health Physicist, GS-1306; .Industrial Hygienist, GS-690; Occupational HealthNurse, GS-6 IO; Environmental Health Technician,GS-699; or other personnel determined to be equallyqualified as compared to the above Office ofPersonnel Management standards.

RADAcronym for radiation absorbed dose. See absorbeddose.

RadiationEnergy propagated through space. As used in thisregulation, the term refers to two kinds of ionizingradiation:

(1) Electromagnetic waves (x-rays, gammarays), and

(2) Corpuscular emissions from radioactivesubstancesor other sources (alpha and beta particles, etc.).Ionizing radiation is any electromagnetic orparticulate radiation capable of producing ions,directly or indirectly, in its passage through matterNonionizing radiation is electromagnetic or otherradiation of insufficient energy to cause ionization orexcitation of atoms with which if interacts, e.g.,light, microwaves, sound.

Radiation AreaAny area, accessible to personnel, in which thereexists radiation at such levels that a major portion ofthe body could receive in excess of 2 millirem in any1 hour. Although the federal regulations specify aradiation area at the 5 millirem level, the Army hasdecided that we will use the 2 millirem level tocorrespond to the level at which personnel dosimetryis required.

Radiation Controlled AreasAny area in which access or occupancy is controlledfor the purpose of protection of individuals fromexposure to ionizing radiation and radioactivematerials.


48

Radiation Control CommitteeA group of persons appointed by the commander toadvise him on policy and actions necessary to ensurethe safety of personnel and property from thehazards of radiation. This committee is the same asthe Ionizing Radiation Control Committee; however,'Ionizing' was dropped to enable this committee toprovide a forum for discussion on nonionizing(microwave and laser) hazards.

Radiation SourcesMaterials, equipment, or devices which generate,emit, or are capable of generating ionizing radiation,including:

a. naturally occurring radioactive materials,b. by-product materials,c. source materials,d. special nuclear materials,e. fission products,f. radiographic or fluoroscopic materials,g. particle generators and accelerators,h. accelerator induced radioactivity, andi. radio-frequency generators such as klystrons

and magnetrons which produce x-rays.

Radiation WorkerAn individual whose work is performed in acontrolled (restricted) area and who might beexposed to more than 10 percent of the radiationexposure standards provided in AR 40-14, paragraph7a(l), as a result of employment or duties in acontrolled (restricted) area.

Radioactive MaterialAny substance which undergoes spontaneousdisintegration in which energy is liberated-byemitting ionizing radiation, generally resulting inthe formation of new nuclides. The process isaccompanied by the emission of one or more types ofionizing radiation.

Radioactive StandardA sample of radioactive material, usually with a longhalf-life, in which the number and type ofradioactive atoms at a definite reference time isknown. It may be used as a radiation source forcalibrating radiation measurement equipment.

Radiation, Detection, Indication, andComputation (RADIAC)Applies to radiological instruments and equipment.

Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE)The RBE is a factor used to compare the, biologicaleffectiveness of absorbed radiation; morespecifically, it is the experimentally determined ratioof an absorbed dose of a radiation in question to theabsorbed dose of a reference radiation required toproduce an identical biological effect in a particularexperimental organism or tissue.

RemA special unit of dose equivalent. The doseequivalent in rems is numerically equal to theabsorbed dose in rads multiplied by the qualityfactor, the distribution factor, and any othernecessary modifying factors.

Restricted AreaAny area to which access is controlled by thelicensee/DA authorization holder for purposes ofprotection of individuals from exposure to radiationand radioactive materials. Restricted areas shall notinclude any areas used as residential quarters,although a separate room or rooms in residentialbuilding may be set apart as a restricted area.

Risk AssessmentAn expression of potential loss in terms of hazardseverity, accident probability, and exposure tohazard.

a. Hazard severity. An assessment of theexpected consequence, defied by degree of injury oroccupational illness that could occur from a hazard.A hazard is coded by an uppercase Roman numeralaccording to the criteria in table 3-1.

b. Accident probability. An assessment of thelikelihood that, given exposure to a hazard, anaccident will result. Accident probability is coded byan uppercase letter according to the criteria in table3-2.

c. Exposure to hazard. An expression ofpersonnel exposure that considers the number ofpersons exposed and the frequency or duration of theexposure.

Risk Assessment CodeAn expression of the risk associated with a hazardthat combines the hazard severity and accidentprobability into a single Arabic numeral as shown intable 3-3.


49

RoentgenThe unit of 'measure of ionizing radiation. Oneroentgen is equal to 2.58E4 coulombs/kilogrammeasured in air.

Sealed SourceAny by-product material that is encased in a capsuledesigned to prevent leakage or escape of the by-product material.

Source MaterialUranium or thorium, or a combination thereof, many physical or chemical form, or ores which containby weight, one-twentieth of I percent (0.05 percent)or more of uranium, thorium, or any combinationthereof. Source material does not include specialnuclear material.

Special Nuclear MaterialPlutonium, uranium 235; uranium enriched in theisotope 233 or in the isotope 235; any other materialthe provisions of section 51 1954, 42 United StatesCode, section 2071, determines to be special nuclearmaterial, but does not include source material or anymaterial artificially enriched by any of the foregoingbut does not include source material.

Standard itemsItems normally stocked and issued by the Army andlisted in DA supply publications with an establishedstock number and nomenclature.

State OSHA OfficialAn investigator or compliance officer employed by aState that has an OSHA approved OSH plan.

SurveyEvaluation of the radiation hazard incident to theproduction, use, or existence of radioactive materialsor other sources of radiation under specificconditions.

Unsealed SourceAny by-product material that is not encased in acapsule designed to prevent leakage or escape of theby-product material.

Wipe TestA procedure in which a swab or piece of absorbentmaterial is rubbed on a surface and its radioactivitymeasured to determine if the surface is contaminatedwith removable radioactive material(contamination).

Workplacea. Nonmilitary-unique workplaces and

operations. DA military and civilian workplacesand operations that are similar to those of privateindustry. Examples include facilities used for andwork performed in the repair and overhaul ofvessels, aircraft, or vehicles (except for equipmenttrails); construction; supply services; civilengineering or public works; medical services; andoffice work.

b. Military unique equipment, systems,operations, or workplaces.

(1) Equipment and systems that are unique tothe national defense mission, including theoperation, testing, and maintenance proceduredictated by design configuration. Examples aremilitary wea-pons, aircraft, ships, submarines,missiles and missile sites, early warning systems andsites, military space systems, ordnance, tanks, andtactical vehicles.

(2) Operations or workplaces that are uniquelysuch as field maneuvers; combat training; navaloperations; military flight and missile operations;associated research, test and development activities;and actions required under emergency conditions.

(3) Toxic chemical munitions/agents storage,maintenance, and demilitarization.

c. DA contractor workplace. Any placeincluding a reasonable access route to and fromwhere work has been, will be, or is being performedby contractor employees under a DA contract DAcontractor workplace does not include any area,structure, machine, apparatus, device, equipment, ormaterial therein with which the contractor employeeis not required or reasonably expected to havecontact; nor does it include any working conditionfor which OSHA jurisdiction has been preemptedpursuant to section 4(b)(1) of Public Law 91-596.

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