safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

58
SAFETY OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) FOOD NUFS 427/ AFNS 527 October 2, 2014 1 Ka#e Satchwell Dr. Chris#ne Liu

Upload: angele-lheureux

Post on 16-Jul-2015

104 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

SAFETY OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) FOOD

NUFS 427/ AFNS 527 October 2, 2014

1

Ka#e  Satchwell  Dr.  Chris#ne  Liu  

Page 2: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

2

How  many  of  you  think  GM  foods  are  unsafe?  

Page 3: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

What does it mean to “genetically modify”?

“To change the heritable traits of a plant, animal or microorganism by means of intentional manipulation”

Food and Drug Regulations B28.001

3

Angele
Typewritten Text
We are genetic modifications of our parents inputs
Page 4: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) • Organisms with their DNA modified through genetic

engineering techniques

…in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination (EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-Directive 2001/18/EC Article 2)

4

Page 5: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Genetic modification (GM) • During GM process, DNA is modified:

–  deletion of genes –  addition of genes –  transgenic (from a different host)

5

Angele
Typewritten Text
genes from a different host are inserted into genome.
Page 6: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Controversies with Biotech • Voluntariness: Need for choice/consent • Risk/Benefit distribution/equity issues/social fairness •  Fear/dread/safety/catastrophic potential • Distrust: Challenging motivations/knowledge of

stakeholders

6

AgBioTechNet. 2004. [6] ABN 128:1-8.

Angele
Typewritten Text
consumers need to have a choice and consent in that their products are genetically modified.
Angele
Typewritten Text
Crops. Social inequity. Biotechnology can modify crops and food that didn't traditionally grow or flurished
Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Monsanto-talk of how they utilize biotechnologies that have detremental effect on farmers-more of a political issue
Page 7: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Controversies with Biotech • Ethics/morality of Biotechnology (GM) technologies • End uses of Biotech • Motivations:

•  Reason for GM/Biotech •  Type of organism to be modified •  Source of different gene •  History of use •  Containment

7

AgBioTechNet. 2004. [6] ABN 128:1-8.

Angele
Typewritten Text
like insulin production from e coli.
Angele
Typewritten Text
generally microorganisms.
Angele
Typewritten Text
are we going to grow crops in an area that is contained and genes can be naturally transfered
Page 8: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Demand for GMO’s : Potential Benefits

•  Better or different products •  Reduced wastage

•  Whole plant utilization

•  Enhanced nutrition •  Biodegradable plastics •  Health benefits –

“Nutraceuticals” •  Vaccine delivery •  Pharmaceuticals •  Natural dyes

• Abundance for all • Abiotic stress resistance

•  nitrogen use efficiency •  Cold tolerance •  Heat tolerance •  Drought tolerance

• Reduced Pesticides

8

Angele
Typewritten Text
Very numerous,
Angele
Typewritten Text
create pants and crops can grow in parts they couldn't before.
Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Page 9: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

•  Pharmaceutical: •  human insulin gene inserted into Escherichia coli (Herbert Boyer,

1978)

•  Vaccine delivery: •  Oral vaccination with GM Lactobacillus acidophilus expressing the

protective antigen against Bacillus anthracis

“Mucosal vaccination and therapy with genetically modified lactic acid bacteria”

Wells J, 2011. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2:423-445.

•  Food: •  production of chymosin by GM yeast for clotting of milk during cheese-

making

•  Plants: •  biodegradable plastic produced by GM plants or microorganisms •  insect resistant (Bt) crops •  herbicide tolerant (Ht) crops •  “golden rice” with β-carotene

9

Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
anthrax-treatment.
Angele
Typewritten Text
Page 10: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Direct consumer benefits • Availability of fresh or abundant food

• Desirable functional properties

• Reduced allergenicity Peanut proteins

Dairy starter cultures – stabilization of acid production, proteolytic activity, citrate utilization

– resistance to phage Meat and vegetable starter cultures

– rate of acid production – production of inhibitory substances

10

Angele
Typewritten Text
or even milk
Page 11: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Direct consumer benefits- Chymosin Chymosin (also known as rennin) is the primary active ingredient in

rennet. •  essential to the manufacture of firm cheeses. •  Chymosin splits the casein protein of milk at specific point and

thereby effects clotting: casein clumps together to form curd and separates from the whey.

•  Subsequently, the ripening process of cheese may begin. Application: •  Chymosin is used exclusively in the manufacture of cheese, Rennet is

obtained from frozen calf stomach using an acid extraction •  The demand for cheese can not be met by traditional rennet. •  A large part of global cheese production is conducted using GM

chymosin. •  http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/food/245.cheese.html

11

Angele
Typewritten Text
rennet ezyme resposible for the coagulation of casein-important in cheese.
Angele
Typewritten Text
CHEESE IN GMO YES!
Page 12: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Chymosin production: using Biotech Chymosin gene isolated from calf stomach transferred to appropriate producer organisms, such as bacteria, moulds or yeasts.

Organism allowed to multiply and cultivated in a closed system (fermenter), in which they release chymosin into the culture liquid.

Chymosin is separated and is cleaned of possible impurities including cell debris from the GM microorganisms.

A variety of chymosin products are on the market and include Chy-Max (made with Aspergillus niger) or Maxiren (Kluyveromyces lactis; yeasts).

Chymosin produced with GM microorganisms consists of 80 to 90 % active ingredient and is significantly purer than natural rennet, which contains only between 4-8% active chymosin.

12

Angele
Typewritten Text
RUMENANT
Angele
Typewritten Text
make cheese commercially.
Page 13: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Nutritionists discuss the merits of biotechnology - Institute of Food Technology, 2013

• “Bt (insect resistant) crops produce higher yields, reduce the use of insecticide, and are not toxic to humans and other animals”

• “The benefits of Ht (herbicide tolerant) crops are reduced labour costs, reduced tillage of soil, and reduced soil erosion”

• “Bt and Ht crops are in widespread cultivation, and while affluent nations can afford to grow and purchase only organically grown plant foods, poor, malnourished populations in developing regions cannot”

Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Developing nations cannot by or produce modern organic crops. Food security.
Page 14: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

14

http://futurefood2050.com/futurist-stewart-brand-is-betting-on-biotech/

Angele
Typewritten Text
Proven to be safe, good to know for future use as to that GMO foods have less pathogens etc.
Page 15: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Golden rice •  developed to address Vitamin A deficiency especially

among children (Philippine Rice Research Institute)

•  will be available on the Philippine market by 2015 (Manila Standard Today, 2013-10-31)

15

daniellelevynutrition.com

Angele
Typewritten Text
Started in 2000, 15 years of research and dveleopment, higher time that everyday food.
Page 16: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

GM foods in Canada

16

Angele
Typewritten Text
animals fed these traits
Angele
Typewritten Text
become aware that a lot of information surrounds the topic and to be critical of what we are reading.
Page 17: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

17

Source: US Department of Agriculture

Angele
Typewritten Text
70-90% of these crops have gone under some process of biotechnology.
Page 18: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

18

•  RNA interference was used to block the expression of the milk protein - β-lactoglobulin, which causes allergy

Angele
Typewritten Text
USed RNA interferes to block the expression of the milk protein B-lactoglobulin, cow doesn't produce this protein and is allergy safe.
Page 19: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Are GM Foods Safe? Institute of Food Technologists, 2000

•  recombinant technology…. will benefit consumers, farmers and the environment

•  safety of food derived from GMOs is adequately assured

•  risks to environment are no different than those of plants bred by traditional methods

19

Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
PLants that are bred normally undergo modification that may not happen in lab.
Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Risk of gene transfer from GMO foods in no greater than natural horizontal gene transfer. This is limited to species.
Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Page 20: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Concerns raised about the safety of GM foods

•  The inserted gene may

•  alter the behaviour of a microorganism, which is carrying it to make it potentially harmful

•  be transferred from one microorganism to others, in the human gut or respiratory tract or to animals or humans

•  The consumption of a GM microorganism may

•  alter the balance of existing microorganisms in the human gut

20

Page 21: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

DEBATE: SAFETY OF GM SALMON

21

Page 22: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Background - AquAdvantage® salmon (AquaBounty Tech.)

22

Promoter  of  an7freeze  gene  from  Ocean  Pout  

Growth  hormone  gene  from  Chinook  salmon  

Fer7lized  egg  of  Altan7c  salmon  

GM  salmon  

Bodnar,  2010.  Risk  assessment  and  mi#ga#on  of  AquAdvantage  salmon.  

Angele
Typewritten Text
type of eel
Angele
Typewritten Text
Page 23: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Claims on GM salmon by the public

23

•  Overexpression of growth hormones (GH)

•  “Spreading of the GM gene to the environment”

Angele
Typewritten Text
Page 24: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Risk assessment and mitigation of AquAdvantage salmon

– Anastasia Bodnar, 2010. Biology Fortified.

http://www.biofortified.org/2010/10/salmon/

24

Angele
Typewritten Text
RISK ASSESMENT!
Page 25: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

GM salmon •  In the article, risk assessment was performed:

•  the science behind the salmon •  animal growth, health, and welfare •  preventing escape •  biological containment •  physical containment •  environmental containment •  human health

25

Angele
Typewritten Text
of the genes
Angele
Typewritten Text
containment of the animal
Page 26: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Growth hormone • GH of lower vertebrates do not bind the Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) of higher vertebrates à no effects on humans

• Salmon over expressing GH under wild conditions have decreased swimming speed à higher death rates due to the decreased ability to swim away from predators and decreased ability to catch prey (Hu W, & Zhu Z, 2010. Life sci, 53:401-8)

26

Angele
Typewritten Text
don't bind to human receptors
Angele
Typewritten Text
Larger and higher death rates.
Page 27: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Containment of GM salmon •  “Because all farmed salmon have reduced ability to

survive in the wild, and 98% or more of AquAdvantage salmon are sterile, the likelihood of escaped animals interfering with the natural ecosystem, becoming established in the environment, or breeding with sexually compatible fish nearby is extremely small.”

27

Bodnar A, 2010

Angele
Typewritten Text
Farm salmon and sterile samon, the liklihood of escape is very small
Page 28: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

IN-DEPTH REVIEWS ON THE SAFETY OF GM FOODS

28

Page 29: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered

crop safety research (Nicolia et al., 2013. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol.)

29

Angele
Typewritten Text
ISSN: 07388551
Page 30: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Review of GM crops •  Interaction of GE crops with the environment

•  Interaction of GE crops with humans and animals

• GE food/feed consumption

•  Traceability

30

Angele
Typewritten Text
of these products
Page 31: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

GM genes to the environment

•  gene flow is not unique to GM technology and is commonly seen in wild plants and non-GM crops

31

Angele
Typewritten Text
breeding crops results in changes to the genome of these plants wheter naturally or synthetically
Page 32: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Safety of ingesting transgenic DNA •  enormously diluted—where it remains in food at all

•  transgenic DNA does not differ intrinsically or physically from any other DNA already present in foods

•  no evidence to suggest that recombinant DNA would be processed in the gut in any manner different from endogenous feed-ingested genetic material (Sharma et al., 2006. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54:1699-1709)

•  the ingestion of transgenic DNA does not imply higher risks than ingestion of any other type of DNA (European Commission, 2010)

32

Angele
Typewritten Text
GM canola-processed oil, only fat and lipid from the bean, very little DNA in canola oil.
Angele
Typewritten Text
Nucleic bases are going to be digested in the same GACT, and used no matter the source.
Angele
Typewritten Text
Page 33: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Traceability: detect GM genes • PCR targeting transgenes of GM plants:

•  insect-resistant gene: cry1Ab •  antibiotic resistant genes: Hph (hygromycin

phosphotransferase) and NptII (neomycin phosphotransferase)

•  virus promoters: Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter* (p-35S) and Figwort Mosaic Virus 35S promoter (p-FMV)

33

Cottenet et al., 2013. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 405:6831-44.

Angele
Typewritten Text
select for a certain type of gene.
Angele
Typewritten Text
Promoter-on and off switch of the gene. Virus promoters inserted into the region to turn on these genes.
Page 34: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

p-35S promoter from virus •  used to drive the expression of transgenes in genetically

modified plants

•  sequence overlap between P35S and viral gene VI - encoding the multifunctional P6 protein*

•  concerns of the expression of functional domains of the P6 protein in transgenic plants

•  in silico analysis showed no relevant similarity was identified between the translation products of gene VI overlapping P35S and known allergens and toxins in humans or animals

34

Podevin & du Jardin. 2012. GM Crops Food. 3:296-300.

*P6: involved in the infectious cycle of the virus

Angele
Typewritten Text
The DNA sequence that encodes for the promoters with the P35s gene is virus to replicate.
Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Page 35: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

REGULATION OF GM FOODS

35

Page 36: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

36

J. Consumer Protection and Food Safety. 2014. 9 (Suppl 1): S51-S58

Angele
Typewritten Text
Shows the issue of biotechnology and genetic modification and issues that surround it.
Angele
Typewritten Text
Dialogue we use. Biotechnology is a less neg word than GMO.
Page 37: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Regulation of GM Foods Health Canada - Novel Food Regulations Novel Foods are:

•  Foods resulting from a process not previously used for food

• Products that do not have a history of safe use as a food •  Foods that have been modified by genetic manipulation,

also known as genetically modified foods, GM foods, genetically engineered foods or biotechnology-derived foods

37

Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
generally recognized sa safe products (GRAS)
Page 38: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

*

Health Canada Approved Foods http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/gmf-agm/appro/index-eng.php

• Although these foods are approved, they may or may not be for sale currently

•  The regulation of novel foods in Canada (including GM foods) and the safety assessment process are similar to the international standards by: •  World Health Organization

(WHO) •  Food and Agriculture

Organization (FAO) of the United Nations

•  Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

38

Angele
Typewritten Text
Have been approved but may not be for sell because of people's perspectives and marketability based on this.
Page 39: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

TWO concepts of regulation on GM foods

Precautionary principle

• EU

Substantial equivalence

• Canada • United States

39

Page 40: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Precautionary principle

Precaution – the “precautionary principle” or “precautionary approach” – is a response to uncertainty, in the face of risks to health or the environment. In general, it involves acting to avoid serious or irreversible potential harm, despite lack of scientific certainty as to the likelihood, magnitude, or causation of that harm.

In the absence of evidence of safety, no approval

Can you prove the harm does not exist?

40

Angele
Typewritten Text
Very modest approach to biotechnology and avoid potential risk, because of the lack of scientific certainties they don't want it to be on the self. Must be labeled GMO, cheese has to be labelled even though chymosin isn't left in the cheese product we eat.
Page 41: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Labeling GMO in EU • Starting from 2004, all food products that make direct use

of GMOs at any point in their production are subjected to labeling requirements, regardless of whether or not GM content is detectable in the end product

41

http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/regulation/labelling/93.new_labelling_laws_gm_products_eu.html

Page 42: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Substantial equivalence

• a genetically modified plant, or food derived there from, is equivalent to their conventional counterparts

• can be treated in the same manner with respect to safety as their conventional counterparts. -FAO

42

Angele
Typewritten Text
Treated with the same respect as their counter part.
Page 43: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Risk Assessment for Biotech Products

Substantial equivalence

– science-based approach

– GM food is compared to its existing counterpart

Does genetic modification result in food that is inherently less safe than that produced by conventional means?

43

Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Is GM canola is less safe than normal canola.
Page 44: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Labeling? •  Label GM, so consumers

can have a choice •  Label non-GM, so

consumers can have a choice

44

www.gohappy.com.tw

www.snackingsquirrel.com

Food Navigator: vote on an initiative (I-522) calling for mandatory GMO labeling

Angele
Typewritten Text
Change the perspective on what's safe or not?
Page 45: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

45

Based on the title of this article, one would believe GM soy is more unsafe than conventional soy…

Page 46: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Article abstract 46

Food Chem. 2014. 153: 207.215.

Angele
Typewritten Text
The study is saying that the rule of substantial equivalence doesn't match up with soy.
Page 47: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

A closer look…the hypothesis:

47

Food Chem. 2014. 153: 207-215.

Angele
Typewritten Text
in round up
Angele
Typewritten Text
degredation of glyphosphate
Page 48: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

A closer look…Study Design: •  31 samples (3kg) of soybeans tested from 200 km radius from

Iowa n=10 GM; n=10 conventional; n=11 organic

•  Nutritional composition of soybeans: total protein, total fat dry matter, starch, ash, minerals, trace elements, vitamin B6, Amino acid and fatty acid composition

•  Residues of glyphosate (Roundup) and AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid) screened using HPLC by Eurofin laboratories

•  Data analyzed using multivariate analyses: one-way ANOVA

48

Food Chem. 2014. 153: 207-215.

Page 49: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Results 49

-Authors fail to mention detection limit of method used to detect residues -Pesticide residues are regularly found in conventional and organic produce -the EPA conducted a risk assessment of glyphosate and concluded that chronic dietary risk posed for food uses is minimal -A reference dose (RfD) based on daily exposure that would not cause adverse effects throughout a lifetime is 2mg/kg/d

EPA R.E.D. Facts sheet. 1993. Glyphosate. EPA-738-F-93-011. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/0178fact.pdf

Food Chem. 2014. 153: 207-215.

68 kg individual would need to consume 34 kg of “GM-soy” per day to reach any level that would cause adverse effects

Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Always find pesticide residues on crops located this close.
Angele
Typewritten Text
no adverse effect on humans
Page 50: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Results cont.

50

Is the difference that significant??

Food Chem. 2014. 153: 207-215.

Angele
Typewritten Text
look at the protein content, not really significant.
Page 51: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Issues with this study • Sample size is too small for statistical significance

• Authors fail to discuss detection limits of residues

• Claims made are not supported by data

• None of the merits studied discuss the SAFETY of the use of biotechnology

• Are glyphosate/AMPA really a concern? •  Sensationalizing of the issue

51

Angele
Typewritten Text
residues are present and well within the safe limits to consume
Angele
Typewritten Text
Message be critical of studies, because it's published doesn't mean that methods and data are representative.
Page 52: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Summary • Genetic recombination is a common phenomenon in

nature

• GM foods are safe as long as the manufacturing processes are strictly regulated

• Need to educate the general public

52

Angele
Typewritten Text
which they are.
Angele
Typewritten Text
Big disconnect between scientific and academic bodies are communicating information to consumers.
Page 53: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

GMO’s : the debate • Potential Concerns :

•  “Against nature” •  Environmental risk •  “Superweeds”

•  Invasive species creation •  Gene transfer from crops to their wild relatives

•  Food safety – toxins? •  In the hands of a few (anti-globalization)

53

Angele
Typewritten Text
ecuivilate unatural with unsafe
Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Food incorperated-small farmers in Nabraska, have a farm next door to a GMO crop, seeds have transfered.
Angele
Typewritten Text
Seeds transfer this way naturally.
Page 54: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

54

Page 55: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

“You people in the developed world are certainly free to debate the merits of genetically modified foods, but can we please eat first?”

Florence Wambugu (2003) CEO, Africa Harvest

55

•  Florence Wambugu is an agricultural plant pathologist who is dedicated to increase the food production in Africa using biotechnology

Page 56: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Communicate with public audiences • How to educate public audience/consumers?

• Scientific facts vs. personal opinions

• Challenge remains

56

Angele
Typewritten Text
dialogue, remind them it happens in nature, benefits (what we already use GMO for) play to their interests, can use more of the plants, less waste.
Page 57: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

What are your three messages for consumers?

57

Angele
Typewritten Text
What are the safety implications of GM and biotechnological foods. Support with scientific audience.
Angele
Typewritten Text
Angele
Typewritten Text
Page 58: Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14

Further Information Health Canada

www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/gmf-agm/index-eng.php FDA Risk assessment

http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CloneRiskAssessment_Final.htm Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations www.fao.org http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y5316E/Y5316E00.HTM

58