safety on the fire ground - learning and assessment strategy

7/30/2019 Safety on the Fire Ground - Learning and Assessment Strategy

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Wildfire Firefighter

Safety on the Fireground

PUAOHS002AMaintain safety at an incident scene

PUAOHS002A

Prevent Injury

Learning and Assessment Strategy

Version 1.0 26 Apr il, 2006


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Table of Contents

Learning Materials Control Sheet..................................................................................3Record of Version..........................................................................................................3Contact for Enquiries and Proposed Changes ..............................................................3PUAOHS002A Maintain safety at an incident scene.....................................................4PUAOHS002A Prevent Injury......................................................................................11

Competency Map: PUAOHS002A Maintain safety at an incident scene.................15Competency Map: PUAFIR201A Prevent injury......................................................16


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Learning Materials Control Sheet

Record of Version

No Date Nature of Amendment

1.00 26/04/2006 Initial draft learning and assessment strategy

Contact for Enquiries and Proposed Changes

If you have any questions regarding this learning document please contact the responsible

area identified below:

Name Tony Duckmanton

Designation Manager Learning and Development

CFA Headquarters,

8 Lakeside Drive, Burwood East, Victoria 3151

Phone (03) 9262 8310

Fax (03) 9262 8576

Email [email protected]


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PUAOHS002A Maintain safety at an incident scene

This unit covers the competency to recognise potential health and safety risks and take

action to eliminate or control those risks at incident scenes, to prevent injury to self, other

personnel or members of the public.

Element Performance Criteria

1. Determine hazards at

incident site.

1.1. Issues affecting safety of self and other personnel

are established by identification of hazards and

assessment of risks, and by liaison with others at

the scene.

1.2. Relevant operational safety procedures are

implemented in accordance with organisations

policies.

1.3. Duties are undertaken in line with organisational

health and safety codes of practice and relevant

legislation.

2. Implement hazard controls

at incident scene.

2.1. Hazards are identified and mitigation procedures

are selected in line with work instructions andprocedures.

2.2. Hazardous situations rectified where possible and

reported and/or recorded according to

organisations policies and procedures.

2.3. Changes in situation and/or conditions are reportedimmediately to designated person.

2.4. Hazard controls are monitored and communicated

to relevant personnel to ensure continuing

effectiveness


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3. Maintain personal safety. 3.1. Personal protective clothing and equipment isselected and checked according to organisational

procedures to ensure it is operational prior to entry

into incident situation.

3.2. Personal protective clothing and equipment

appropriate to dealing with the hazard is worn/fitted

and used in accordance with organisations policies

and procedures and manufacturers guidelines.

3.3. Water and food intake, rest breaks and shelter

requirements are maintained.

3.4. Survival technique strategies are implemented in

accordance with organisations policies and

guidelines.

4. Contribute to maintaining

safety of other work group

members.

4.1. Impact of own actions on safety of others is

recognised.

4.2. Contact is maintained at all times with other work

group members.

4.3. Signals are correctly used, interpreted, confirmed

and acted upon in a timely manner.

4.4. Warnings of hazardous situations are clearly

relayed to work group members using appropriate

terminology and codes.

4.5. Assistance is given to work group members in

danger in accordance with standard operating

procedures, ensuring personal safety is maintained.


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Risk is The likelihood of injury or damage occurring and thepotential consequences of any injury or damage

Hazards include All potential sources of injury or damage to property or theenvironment including identified and potential hazards topersons equipment or the environment

Incidents may include A variety of natural or man made events including but notlimited to rescues and extrications (flood storm tempestnatural disaster vehicle aircraft rail industrial civil defence)fires (structural wild prescribed burning) search and

rescue (urban rural sea) hazardous materials anddangerous goods

Hazards may be identifiedby

Scene assessment

Visual inspections

Plan reviews

Recognising hazard warnings

Accessing data bases

Interviewing others at scene

Seeking expert advice

Others at scene may inc lude Organisational personnel

Personnel from other organisations

General public

Hazardous materials mayinclude

Thermal

Mechanical

Explosives

Toxic

CorrosiveAsphyxiant

Radiation

Etiological hazards

Mutagenic materials


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Fallen/falling objects

Fatigue

Electrical hazards mayinclude

Pole fires

Electrical fires

Electricity in damaged/burning structures

Energised vehicles/structures due to downed wires

Manual handling hazardsmay include

Heavy objects

Content and shape of containers

Environmental hazards may

include

Temperature

Darkness

Fire

Snow

Floods

Winds

Rain

Hail

Flora

FaunaPostural restrictions and access

Terrain

Traffic

Hazard control measuresmay include

Erection of barriers

Establishment of control zone

Use of spill clean up kits

Use of electrically insulated tools and equipment

Vehicle protection hoses and devices

Life support equipment (heat radiation shielded crew


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Respiratory protection

Protective hoods

Goggles

Hearing protectors

Sunscreen

Chemical protective clothing

Personal flotation devices

Wet suitsTurnout uniform

Gloves

Hard hat

Safety boots

Overalls

Chainsaw chaps

Bullet proof vests

Firearms

Batons

Handcuffs

Hazard contro l equipmentmay include

Atmospheric monitoring equipment

Meteorological equipment

Radiation monitoring equipment

Oxygen meters

Flammable gas detectors

Reporting may include VerbalWritten reports

Completing standard forms

Logs

Sitreps


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Survival strategies whichmaybe applied in

Buildings

Wildfire situations

Water

Extreme heat or cold

Factors which may requiremonitoring may include

Traffic

Weather conditions

Vegetation type

Spectators

Temperature

Structural integrity

Relative humidity

Slope

Terrain

Water supply/pressure

Fire development

Stream flows

Suspect atmospheres

Contact with other

personnel may include

Visual

Vocal

Touch

Radio

Audible warnings

Signalling

EVIDENCE GUIDE

Critical aspects of evidence It is essential for this unit that competence bedemonstrated in maintaining personal safety and safety ofothers


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warnings to other personnel; Methods of hazard controland reporting; Organisations occupational health andsafety policy; Problems associated with insufficient water

intake ;Procedures for investigating injuries; Proceduresfor participating in occupational health and safetyarrangements; Procedures for reporting hazardsprotection;

Relevant standard operating procedures;

Respiratory systemfunctions

Rest breaks

State and territory occupational health and safetyrequirements

Survival techniques for various situations

Symptoms and treatment

Techniques and aids

Use and limitations of relevant protective clothing andequipment

Underpinning skills Communicate non-verbally and verbally

Follow procedures and instructions

Record information

Use communication equipment

Work with others in a team situation

Resource implications A range of protective clothing and equipment may berequired

Consistency in performance Evidence should be gathered over a period of time in arange of actual or simulated workplace environments

Context of assessment A real life incident, exercise or simulation, or series oftasks are required to demonstrate competence in this unit.

This may involve setting scenarios to be completed eitherindividually or as a member of a team. Written or verbalquestions may be used as supporting evidence


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PUAOHS002A Prevent Injury

This unit covers the competency associated with the identification, avoidance, review and

evaluation of workplace risks and hazards, maintenance of personal safety and the reporting

to supervisors and team members.


1. Identify workplace hazards

and risks and advise

others

1.1. Procedures and practices are followed to identify

workplace hazards and risks.

1.2. Appropriate procedures for dealing with hazards in

the workplace are followed in accordance with

Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) guidelines

and the organisations procedures.

1.3. Contact is maintained at all times with other crew

members and supervisor.

1.4. Hazards in the work area and warnings of hazardous

situations are recognised and reported to designated

personnel.

1.5. Stressful situations are recognised and support is

sought or given to minimise effect.

2. Implement hazard controlprocedures

2.1. Personal protective clothing and equipment is

selected and donned in accordance with theorganisations procedures and within its limitations.

2.2. Appropriate procedures and work instructions for

controlling risks and hazards are followed.

2.3. Personal health is protected in accordance with

legislative and organisations procedures.

2.4. Equipment appropriate to dealing with a hazard isused in accordance with standard operating

procedures.

2.5. Controls are implemented to minimise damage to

the environment.


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3. Review effectiveness ofhazard control procedures

3.1. Hazard controls are monitored to ensure continued

effectiveness.

3.2. Changes in incident behaviour and conditions are

reported immediately to supervisor.

3.3. Factors which may create or increase risk to life,

property or the environment are identified, reported

and controlled in so far as possible.

4. Participate in the

implementation of OH&S

in the workplace

4.1. OH&S issues are raised with designated personnel

in accordance with procedures and OH&S

legislation.

4.2. Contributions to OH&S implementation in the

workplace are made within organisations

procedures and scope of responsibilities and

competencies.

4.3. Activities/debriefings are undertaken which alleviate

occupational stress.

RANGE STATEMENT

Workplaces may include Locations where activities and operations may occur suchas structures, open spaces, water, public and private

property, (including crown land), mobile property, confinedspaces.

Activi ties to al leviateoccupational stress include

Avoidance limiting exposure, withdrawal, defusion /debriefing, counselling services, referral to medicalservices or relevant government agencies

Hazards must include those

associated with

Urban, rural and aircraft fires training and simulation

activities hazardous materials electricity

and may also include Prescribed burning activities, vehicle and industrialrescue/extrication flood, storm and tempest rescues.

Travelling in vehicles and travelling in aircraft.

Th t f th h d Ch i l ill h th i l i d d


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types, heavy machinery, confined space/structure.

and may also include Aerial retardant drops; broken terrain.

Risk contro l measures mustinclude

Use of clothing and equipment to provide protection, eye,sight, hearing protection, appropriate training barriers,vehicle protection hoses and devices survival techniques,life support equipment/features

and may also include Spill clean up kits, electrically insulated tools andequipment fire blankets/roll over protection goggles, face

shield, hearing protection and chainsaw chaps, adequatefood, fluid and other welfare needs during extendedoperations

Personal protective clothingand equipment must include

Turnout uniform and gloves respiratory protection, eyeprotection.

and may also include Face shield, chemical protective clothing, personal lines,

personal distress units, personal accessories kit, chainsawchaps.

Life support equipment /features may include

Radiation shielding vehicle, cabins with/without sprays,low water level indicators, protective vests, fire blankets,first aid kit.

Factors which must requireevaluation and review

include

Available resources, traffic and spectators, windstrength/direction, temperature and relative humidity, firedevelopment/behaviour structural and equipment integrity,water supply/pressure, vegetation type, topographicalfeatures including slope, terrain and aspect.

Contact with crew membersand supervisors must

include

Visual, touch, radio, verbal.

and may also include Electronic and written.

Designated personnel mustinclude

Other crew members/supervisors/OH&S representatives.

EVIDENCE GUIDE


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body.

Occupational hazards encountered in the workplace such

as structural collapse, electricity, chemicals, dust,wildfires, extreme temperatures, biological, radiation,hazardous atmospheres, flammable and combustibleliquids and gases and manual handling.

Personal protection such as clothing and equipmentrequirements, survival in life threatening situations andhealth hazards. Signs of occupational stress, limiting

stress, dealing with stress and seeking assistance.

Signs of fatigue and dealing with fatigue. Methods ofhazard control and reporting in accordance with theorganisations procedures. Procedures for participating inOH&S arrangements

Underpinning skills Identification of typical hazards in the workplace, use ofprotective clothing and equipment

Resource implications Availability of appropriate protective clothing, equipmentand organisational procedures.

Consistency in performance Evidence should be gathered over a period of time in arange of actual or simulated workplace environments.

Context of assessment A combination of oral or written presentations,

observations, on the job and/or in a range of simulatedenvironments.


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26 April, 2006 Safety on the FiregroundSafety on the Fire Ground - Learning and Assessment Strategy.doc Page 15 of 51

Competency Map: PUAOHS002A Maintain safety at an incident scene

Elements of competency unit addressed in this training program

Sessions

1Determine hazards

at incident site.

2Implement hazardcontrols at incident

scene.

3Maintain personal

safety

4Contribute to

maintaining safetyof other work

group members.

CFA requiredUnderpinningKnowledge

SkillsAssessment

Remarks

Session One Introduction to the SafePerson Approach

1.1, 1.2, 1.3 2.1, 2.5

Session Two Protectiveclothing and equipment

3.1, 3.2

Session Three General

incident scene hazards1.1, 1.2, 1.3 2.1, 2.2, 2.5 3.2, 3.3

Session Four Wildfirehazards

1.1, 1.2, 1.3 2.1, 2.5 3.2, 3.4

Session Five Otherincident scene hazards

2.1, 2.5 3.2

Session Six Hazardmanagementconsiderations

1.32.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5,

2.64.1, 4.2, 4.3,

4.4, 4.5

All underpinningknowledge andskills covered


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Competency Map: PUAFIR201A Prevent injury

Elements of competency unit addressed in this training program

Sessions

1Identify workplacehazards and risksand advise others

2Implement hazardcontrol procedures

3Review

effectiveness ofhazard control

procedures

4Participate in theimplementation of

OH&S in theworkplace

CFA requiredUnderpinningKnowledge

SkillsAssessment

Remarks

Session One Introduction to the SafePerson Approach

1.1, 1.2 2.2, 2.3

Session Two Protectiveclothing and equipment

2.1, 2.4

Session Three Generalincident scene hazards

1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.6

Session Four Wildfirehazards

1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4

Session Five Otherincident scene hazards

1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4

Session Six Hazardmanagement

considerations

1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

All underpinning

knowledge andskills completed


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Section 1

Learning Strategy

Program Introduction Aids Time

Help learners to feelcomfortable aboutattending this Program

Welcome the participants:

Introduce yourself; your background and your relevant qualifications.

Have the participants introduce themselves.

Conduct the site induction and participant registration.

OHT 1 15 mins

Inform learners ofPrograms aim andobjectives:

Show OHT1 - Program objectives .

Explain the outcomes that will need to be achieved.

OHT 2

Inform learners ofPrograms timetable:

Show OHT 2 Program Outline.

Discuss the program outline (Sessions and timings) and explain how the program will beconducted.

OHT 3


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Section 2

Learning Strategy Session 1: Safe Person Approach Time: 0.5 Hours

Aids Time

Introduce Session: OHT 1

Inform learners ofSession enablingobjectives:

Show OHT 2 Session Aims/Objective(s). Read through each of the aims/objectives listed onthe overhead.

At the end of this session participants will be able to:

Explain the importance of safety on the fire ground. Conduct a dynamic risk assessment on the fire ground. Implement the risk assessment matrix on the fire ground

Clarify participant understanding of objectives as required.

Show OHT 3 Session topics. Discuss the topics that will covered in this session:

Topics covered in this session: The importance of firefighter safety

The Safe Person Approach

Dynamic Risk Assessment (DRA)

Risk Assessment Matrix

OHT 2

OHT 3

Stimulate recall of prior/prerequisite learning?:


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Session 1: Safe Person Approach

Enabling Objective:Explain the importance of safety on the fire ground

Time:

Content Points Instruct ional Method Practice/Feedback

Assessment

Aids/Refs

The importance of firefighter safety:

It is the highest priority.

CFA working environment is constantly

changing and can be inherently hazardous.

To maintain effectiveness, crews need tobe as safe as reasonably practical.

Injury or illness will reduce creweffectiveness and can place the entire crewin danger.

The Safe Person Approach: Safety is empowered to every individual; it

cannot be delegated.

The Safe Person Approach is based onhaving the right support mechanisms inplace to ensure firefighters are safe whileat work.

Organisational responsibility under theSafe Person Approach.

Personal responsibility under the SafePerson Approach.

Using OHT 4:

Discuss the importance of firefighter safety atthe incident scene.

Provide an example where an entire crew hasbeen placed in danger by an avoidablefirefighter injury/illness.

Using OHT 5:

Introduce the quote. Have the participantscomment on its meaning.

Introduce the Safe Person Approach concept.

Using OHT 6-9:Discuss organisational and personalresponsibility for safety.

Identify a firefighterspersonal responsibilitiesunder the safe personapproach

OHT 4

Example

OHT 5

OHT 6-9


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Enabling Objective:Conduct a dynamic risk assessment on the fire ground

Time:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

Dynamic Risk Assessment (DRA):

Process for identifying hazards,establishing a plan to achieve an objective,

assessing and classifying risks, makingadjustments to the plan based on the levelof risk, and continually monitoring thesituation.

A risk is the likelihood of injury or illnessarising from exposure to a hazard.

Used on arrival at the scene, constantlywhile at the scene and when departing the

scene.

A mental process of constant monitoring.

Using OHT10:

Provide introductory information on DRA.

Use a relevant CFA example to clarify the fivestep process.

Activity:

Divide the participants into groups and allocateeach group flipchart paper and pens.

Using an action of their choice (e.g. climbing a

ladder or crossing a road) have the participantsconduct a DRA, recording the five steps on theflipchart paper.

Have each group briefly summarise their DRA.

Given a scenario carryout a DRA

OHT 10

Flipchart paper andpens


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Enabling Objective:Implement the risk assessment matrix on the fire ground

Time:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

Risk Assessment Matrix:

Tool for assessing the level of risk for aplanned action.

Based on likelihood verses consequence.

Selected actions must be inline withstandards determined by the organisation.

Matrix structure.

Likelihood rated as rare, unlikely, verylikely or certain.

Consequence rated as insignificant,

moderate, major or catastrophic. Level of risk determined by where a

planned action intersects on the matrix.

Level of risk is rated as low, medium,high or extreme.

Planned action should be replaced whenthe level of risk is extreme.

Planned action should be reconsidered

when the level of risk is high.

Planned action may be implemented whenthe level of risk is medium or low.

Using OHT 11:

Introduce the matrix purpose and layout.

Explain, using a CFA example, how the matrixassists with decision making.

Activity:

Have the participants return to their groups fromthe previous activity.

Using the matrix, have the participants assessthe level of risk associated with their action.

Each group should briefly summarise theirassessment.

Provide a number of other actions and have thegroups assess the risk using the matrix.

Given a scenario carryout a Risk Assessment

OHT 11

Flipchart paper andpens


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Section 2

Learning Strategy Session 2: Protective cloth ing and equipment Time: 0.5 Hours

Aids Time


Inform learners of

Session enablingobjectives:

Show OHT 2 Session Aims/Objective(s). Read through each of the aims/objectives listed on

the overhead.


Select protective clothing and equipment appropriate to the incident scene. Conduct appropriate checks on protective clothing and equipment prior to use. Don protective clothing using appropriate procedures.


Show OHT 3 Session topics. Discuss the topics that will covered in this session:

Topics covered in this session: Types of protective clothing and equipment

Provision, specification and use of protective clothing and equipment

Donning Wildfire PPC and PPE

OHT 2

OHT 3



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Session 2: Protective clothing and equipment

Enabling Objective:range of protective clothing

Time:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

A range of protective clothing andequipment is available to assist with safetyat the incident scene.

CFA has policies and procedures coveringthe provision, specification and use ofprotective clothing and equipment.

Protective clothing and equipment used byCFA includes.

Overalls, wildfire jacket and overtrousers

Structural turnout coats

Helmets

Boots

Gloves

Respiratory equipment

Eye protection

Hearing protection

Reflective/high visibility vests

First aid kits

Sunscreen

Fire blankets

Chainsaw chaps

Low water level indicators

Vehicle protection hoses and devices

Chemical protection suits

Using OHT 4-5 and examples of protectiveclothing and equipment, discuss:

When and how the clothing and equipment

is used. Advantages/disadvantages provided.

Differences between wildfire and structuralfirefighting clothing.

Operational checks required.

Donning procedures.

OHT 4-5Samples of protectivegear


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Session 2: Protective clothing and equipment

Enabling Objective:provision, specification and use of protective clothing and equipment

Time:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

Protective clothing limitations:

Protective clothing used for wildfirefirefighting does not provide sufficient

protection for offensive structuralfirefighting.

Protective clothing used for structuralfirefighting can increase metabolic rateand cause heat stress during wildfirefirefighting.

Protective clothing does not make afirefighter invincible.

All protective clothing will havelimitations at some point.

Donning wildfire PPC/E

Operational pre checks required.

Donning procedures.

Emphasise safety point

Demonstrate correct method for donning andwearing wildfire PPC/E.

Activity:Have participants practice donning PPC/E.Continue until satisfied that they are proficient.

Given examples of PPCand equipment, practicedonning procedures

Wildfire firefighterPPC/E kits


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Section 2

Learning Strategy Session 3: General inc ident scene hazards Time: 1.5 Hours

Aids Time


Inform learners ofSession enablingobjectives:



Identify general incident scene hazards, including smoke, dust, sunburn, dehydration, heatillness, lifting injuries, working on or around vehicles, electricity, traffic, darkness, noise andslippery surfaces.

Implement control measures to eliminate/minimise general incident scene hazards.


Show OHT 3 Session topics. Discuss the topics that will covered in this session:Topics covered in this session: Smoke and dust

Fatigue

Heat related illnesses

Lifting related injuries

Working on and around vehicles

Electricity

Traffic

Noise

Slippery surfaces

Working in darkness

OHT 2

OHT 3

Stimulate recall of prior/

prerequisite learning?:

L i d A S


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Session 3: General incident scene hazards

Enabling Objective:

Identify general incident scene hazardsTime:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

Smoke and dust:

Can irritate the eyes and lungs.

Inhalation can reduce performance,increase fatigue, lead to illness and affect

judgement.

Smoke contains carbon monoxide, which ispoisonous and inhalation can result inserious injury or death.

Can reduce visibility.

Avoid unnecessary exposure and wearappropriate eye and respiratory protection.

Fatigue:

Conditions at the fire ground can bephysically stressful.

Even the fittest person will tire withoutappropriate rest, food and fluids.

Fatigue can affect performance and lead tomistakes.

Symptoms include slow reactions, impairedjudgement, inability to makedecisions/concentrate and erraticperformance.

Treat by taking regular breaks in theshade/away from wind and rain, pacingwork, drinking water and eating energyfoods, and avoid working in excessive

smoke and heat.

Using OHT 4:

Discuss each of the general incident scenehazards.

Provide relevant CFA examples.

Involve the participants, ask questions.

View the video clips and conductdemonstrations as indicated.

Using OHT 5:




OHT 4

OHT 5

L i d A t St t


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Enabling Objective:

Identify general incident scene hazardsTime:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

Sunburn:

Prolong exposure to the sun can lead tosunburn, even on overcast days.

Sun burn can reduce effectiveness at anincident.

Limit the amount of exposed skin withappropriate PPC.

Apply water resistant sunscreen with a SPFfactor of at least 30+. Reapply regularly.

Treat sunburn by applying cool, moistcompresses to the affected areas. Rest in

a cool place and drink cool water and anelectrolyte replacement pack.

Dehydration:

Occurs when fluids lost throughperspiration are not replaced.

Thirst is not a true indication of how muchwater the body needs. Levels of

perspiration are a better indication.

Drink at least 150 200ml of water every10 15 minutes. (this level of hydration isaligned to continuous physical work on thefire line, hydration levels may reduce in linewith assigned work).

Plain cool water alternated with anelectrolyte drink is best.

Using OHT 6:




Using OHT 7:




OHT 6

OHT7



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Enabling Objective: Identify general incident scene hazards Time:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

Heat illness:

Occurs when the bodys ability to cool itselfis overwhelmed.

Can occur when the environment is too

hot, perspiration cannot evaporate, you areill or unfit, you have used drugs or alcohol,you have failed to maintain adequate fluidintake or you over exert.

Sufferers may not be aware of the problem.Crews need to look after each other andreport occurrences to the Crew Leader.

Heat cramps are muscular pain or spasms. May not be able to relax contracted

muscles.

Treat with rest, slow sips of water,energy foods, gentle stretching andmassage.

Heat stress occurs when the body isstressed but not overwhelmed.

Symptoms include feeling very hot orhaving flushed skin, vigorousperspiration and headaches.

Treat by taking a break and regular sipsof water, and loosen clothing.

Sufferers of heat stress should seekmedical attention.

View the OHP 8 Heat illness clip. Click in themiddle of the black box to start the clip.

Using OHT 9 and 10 discuss this topic in detail

Emphasise need for medical attention

OHT 8

OHT 9-10



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Assessment

Aids/Refs

Heat exhaustion will eventually occur ifphysical exercise continues beyondendurance levels.

Symptoms include faintness, pale face,clammy skin, loss of appetite andheadaches.

More serious symptoms includevomiting, confusion, shallow breathingand unconsciousness.

Crews must assist sufferers of heatexhaustion by moving them away from

the heat source, lying them in shade,giving them frequent drinks of water andsponging or spraying them with water.

If the sufferer is unconscious lie them inthe recovery position.

Heat stroke is the least common but mostsevere form of heat illness. It can beirreversible and lead to death.

Symptoms include high bodytemperature, red skin, unconsciousness,rapid pulse and breathing, and seizures.

Treatment must be immediate andeffective cooling is essential.

Remove from the environment, removeclothing, sponge or spray with water,

and fan or expose to wind

Emphasise that urgent medical attention isrequired once more serious symptoms arenoted.

Emphasise that urgent medical attention isrequired for victims of heat stroke

Safety point

Safety point



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Assessment

Aids/Refs

Injuries related to lifting incorrectly: Lifting and moving heavy objects requires

great care.

Additional care should be taken in slippery

conditions, when visibility is poor, andwhen sharp objects and mechanicaldevices are present.

Injuries from lifting include abdominalhernias, back injuries, muscular and jointpain, and impact injuries.

Before moving an object, consider itsweight, size, shape, temperature and

contents.

When lifting, space feet apart, bend at theknees, keep the back straight and take afirm grip.

Consider lifting objects in pairs or smallgroups.

Demonstrate and have the participants practice

safe lifting procedures with a variety of CFAequipment.

OHT 11

A variety of CFA

equipment



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Assessment

Aids/Refs

Working on or around vehicles: Know the dimensions of the vehicle.

Wear seat belt.

Ensure all equipment is appropriately

stowed.

Do not ride on the back of the vehicleunless it is designed for that purpose orunless seated in ROPS.

Mount and dismount using the steps andrails.

Electricity:

CFA attend various incidents whereelectricity is involved.

For example, wildfires involving downedpower lines or structure fires where thepower supply has not been isolated.

Power lines and electrical appliances mustalways be considered live until an electricalexpert informs otherwise.

The area surrounding an electrical hazardshould be cordoned off and the appropriateauthorities notified.

Demonstrate and have the participants practisethe safe method for mounting and dismountingan appliance.

OHT 12

Appliance

OHT 13



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Assessment

Aids/Refs

Downed live lines will pass electricitythrough the objects it contacts. Thisincludes passing electricity several metersthrough the ground surface.

Do not approach within 8m of a downedlive line. This distance should beincreased if the ground is wet.

Do not work under, apply water to, or parknear live lines.

Traffic:

Traffic movement around the incident

scene can present a significant hazard. Park appliance in a defensive position to

protect the crew.

Cordon the area with traffic cones.

If Police are at the scene they will beresponsible for traffic control.

Noise:

Appropriate hearing protection should beworn at incident scenes involving highlevels of noise.

Move away from the noise source ifpossible.

Hand signals can be used to assist withcommunication.

Demonstrate and have the participants practice

the safe method of turning off a mains switch.

Demonstrate and have the participants practiceappropriate hand signals.

OHT 14

OHT 15



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Assessment

Aids/Refs

Slippery surfaces:

Appropriate footwear should be worn.

Alternative routes may be investigated.

Use ladders as temporary steps.

Use absorbents.

Working in darkness:

Hazards can present additional difficultiesat night.

Carry light weight torches.

Wear high visibility clothing and useportable and appliance lights.

OHT 15

OHT 15



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Section 2

Learning Strategy Session 4: Wildf ire Hazards Time: 1 Hour

Aids Time


Inform learners ofSession enabling

objectives:



Identify wildfire hazards, including radiant heat, changes in wind direction and typography,heavy machinery, chainsaws, mineshafts, falling debris, aircraft and foam.

Implement control measures to eliminate/minimise the wildfire hazards.


Show OHT 3 Session topics. Discuss the topics that will covered in this session:Topics covered in this session: Radiant heat

Changes in wind direction and typography

Heavy machinery

Chainsaws

Mineshafts

Falling debris

Working near aircraft

Foam

OHT 2

OHT 3


Remind the participants that many of the general hazards already discussed may be present at awildfire.



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Session 4: Wildfire Hazards

Enabling Objective: Identify wildfire hazards Time:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

Radiant heat:

The direct heat felt from the fire.

As flame height increases so does theradiant heat.

PPC only provides a degree of protection.

The most effective protection is distance.Remain at least four times the height of theflame away for the fire.

Take refuge behind a solid object, keep lowand cover exposed skin.

If taking refuge in a vehicle, leave themotor running, wind up the windows, closeall vents, turn the fan and air conditioner (iffitted) on to recycle, turn the headlights on,get as low as possible, and cover up with a

dry woollen blanket.

Using OHT 4: View the Radiant heat clip. Clickin the middle of the black box to start the clip.Question the participants about the core contentand safety issues.

Using OHT 5: Support the discussion

Using OHT 6: Reinforce the importance ofdistance. Use relevant CFA examples toprovide emphasis.

Using OHT 7:View the Taking refuge clip. Click

in the middle of the black box to start the clip.Question the participants about the core content.

Using OHT 8 - 9:

Explain the procedures for taking refuge in avehicle and an appliance.

Emphasise that firefighters should not place

themselves in situations requiring refuge.

Activity:Demonstrate and practice taking refuge in atanker, on the back and in the cabin asappropriate.

Make use of heat shielding, (including heatreflective blinds where fitted to tanker ROPS and

cabin windows) and spray systems where fitted

Provide a variety ofincident scenes(photographs) and havethem identify the

hazards, symptoms, andrecommended controlmeasures.

Questions regardingsurvival techniques onfoot and in a vehicle.

Safety point

Dry activity

OHT 4

OHT 5

OHT 6

OHT 7

OHT 8 - 9

Appliance



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Assessment

Aids/Refs

Changes in wind direction and typography: Changes in wind direction and typography

can have a major impact on a fires rate anddirection of spread.

Firefighter must be aware of these changesand ensure that they do not lead toentrapment.

Heavy machinery:

Often in use at wildfires, for examplebulldozers and tractors.

Drivers may have restricted vision andhearing.

Do not approach until contact with thedriver is established and approval gained(using approved methods).

Machinery can create intense amounts ofdust and noise.

Using OHT 10: Describe the impact thatchanges in wind and typography can have on afire.

Using OHT 11 and 12: View the Dead ManZone clips (1 and 2).

Ask the participants:

What caught your attention?

What can be learnt from the examples?

How can you ensure that you are not

caught in the Dead Man Zone?

Using OHT 13: Summarise key points ofDeadman zone clips

Using OHT 14: Discuss the hazards presentedby heavy machinery.

OHT 10

OHT 11 - 12

OHT 13

OHT 14



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Assessment

Aids/Refs

Chainsaws:

Should only be operated by thoseappropriately trained.

When operating always wear PPC,

including helmet, face shield, hearingprotection, gloves, chaps, high visibilityclothing and safety boots.

Do not approach a chainsaw operator untilyou have established contact and gainedapproval.

Mineshafts:

Many areas are dotted with disused mineshafts.

Often concealed by overgrowth.

Falling debris:

Debris can be released by strong winds,machinery or fire damage.

Always wear PPC, including a helmet.

Listen and react quickly.

Look for dead trees or trees with burninglimbs.

Using OHT 15:Discuss the hazards presentedby chainsaws.

Using OHT 16: Discuss the hazards presented

by mineshafts.

Using OHT 17:Discuss the hazards presentedby falling debris.

OHT 15

OHT 16

OHT 17



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Assessment

Aids/Refs

Working near aircraft: Remain well clear during landing and take

off.

Wear eye and ear protection.

Do not smoke within 30 metres.

Approaching a helicopter:

Stay in the pilots field of view.

Approach in a crouch, after approval givenby the pilot (using approve contactmethods).

Approach on the lowest slope. Be aware

of ground irregularities.

Remove headgear unless chin strapped.

Carry equipment horizontally, firmly andbelow the waist.

Fire bombing drop zones:

Ensure you are well clear of drop zones.Maintain an awareness of aircraft operatingin the area.

If caught in a drop zone, secure hard hat,move away from the fire line, place handtools well away, and watch for fallingdebris.

If hit with retardant, wash it off with coldwater as soon as possible.

Using OHT 18 and 19: Discuss the hazardspresented by aircraft.

OHT 18

OHT 19



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Assessment

Aids/Refs

Foam: Concentrates and retardants can remove

skin oils and cause rashes and should behandled with care.

Never drink water from containers thathave been used to store or moveconcentrates.

Do not work with foam in poorly ventilatedareas.

When handling, wear gloves, a respiratorand eye protection.

Ensure container lids are tightly secures

and drums are stored safely.

Dispose of old drums responsibly.

Using OHT 20: Discuss the hazards presentedby working with foam.

OHT 20



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Section 2

Learning Strategy Session 5: Alternative incident scene hazards Time: 30 Mins

Aids Time


Inform learners of

Session enablingobjectives:

Show OHT 2 Session Aims/Objective(s). Read through each of the aims/objectives listed on

the overhead.


Identify hazards at the alternative incident scenes attended by the CFA. Implement control measures to eliminate/minimise the hazards.


Show OHT 3 Session topics. Discuss the topics that will covered in this session:Topics covered in this session: Structure fire hazards

Hazmat incident hazards

Other incidents

OHT 2

OHT 3




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Session 5: Alternative incident scene hazards

Enabling Objective: Identify hazards and mitigate risks at the alternative incident scenes attended by the CFA Time:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

Structure fire hazards:

Radiant heat.

Electricity.

Smoke and dust.

Traffic.

Structural collapse.

Signs of collapse include cracks,movement of floor/roof, concave floors,walls out of alignment, steel distorting,and noise.

Avoid blows to the structure, and direct

water with care. If collapse is suspected, advise others in

area and the Crew Leader. The areashould be evacuated and cordoned off.

Using OHT 4: Remind the participants that manyof the hazards already discussed may bepresent at a structure fire.

Discuss structural collapse and have theparticipants suggest methods of eliminating thehazard.

Activity:

Using OHT 5 - 6: Have the participants identifythe hazards at the scene and use DRA toidentify risks and a safer course of action.

Confirm that all hazards have been identified.

Provide a variety ofincident scenes(photographs) and havethem identify the

hazards, symptoms, andrecommended controlmeasures.

OHT 4

OHT 5 - 6



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Assessment

Aids/Refs

HAZMAT incident hazards:

Hazard may be:

Thermal injuries caused by extremetemperatures created by hazardous

substances. Toxic injuries/illness caused by the

inhalation, absorption or ingestion ofhazardous substances.

Corrosive injuries from contact withhazardous substances.

Asphyxiant injuries/illness fromhazardous substances reducing oxygen.

Mechanical injuries from an explosioncreated by hazardous substances.

Radiological injuries from sources ofradiation.

Biological injuries from bacteria,viruses, fungi, yeasts, and infectionsfrom bites and stings.

Symptoms include rashes, weeping eyes,blurred vision, respiratory problems, light-headedness and organ failure.

Using OHT 7: Discuss the hazards presented byHAZMAT incidents.

OHT 7



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Assessment

Aids/Refs

HAZMAT scene requires extreme care.

Remain at a safe distance (70m bufferzone).

Remain up wind and uphill, and monitor

the wind for changes in direction.

Identify the material.

Assess the hazard.

Wear appropriate PPC.

Carry out appropriate decontaminationprocedures.

Using OHT 8: Discuss control measures.

Emphasise need for caution, If in doubt do notapproach.

Ask participants:How they you identify whether materials arehazardous?

If unsure whether materials pose a threat and

you can see someone at the incident scenerequires assistance, what should you do?

Show the participants gas and splash suits.Revise their limitations.

Safety point

Review DRA 5 step

process for assessingrisk and determiningappropriate course ofaction.

OHT 8

Gas and splash suits



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Assessment

Aids/Refs

Other incidents:

Motor vehicle accidents.

Hazards include spilt oil, sharp objects,fire and explosions and blood and

biological hazards. Double glove, wear goggles, disconnect

the battery and isolate the gas.

Explosions.

Natural disasters, such as earthquakes,subsidence, storms and floods.

Aircraft incidents.

Incidents involving lifts, cranes &scaffolding.

Incidents in snow.

Incidents involving contaminated water.

Training exercises.

Using OHT 9: Briefly discuss the hazardspresented by the incident types listed.

OHT 9



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Section 2

Learning Strategy Session 6: Hazard management considerations Time: 1 Hour

Aids Time


Inform learners ofSession enabling

objectives:



Identify the procedures for managing hazards at the incident scene. Monitor the effectiveness of implemented control measures. Provide assistance to crew members and identify and respond to instances of critical incident

stress. Observe Occupational Health and Safety procedures.


Show OHT 3 Session topics. Discuss the topics that will covered in this session:Topics covered in this session: Procedures for managing hazards

Monitoring hazards

Assistance to crew

Critical incident stress (CIS)

Occupation Health and Safety

OHT 2

OHT 3




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Session 6: Hazard management considerations

Enabling Objective: Identify the procedures for managing hazards at the incident scene Time:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

Procedures for managing hazards:

Requirements dependant on thecircumstances at the incident scene.

Implement DRA and risk assessment

matrix. Wear appropriate levels of protective

clothing.

Participate in the operational briefing.

Follow the instructions of the Crew Leader.

Identify hazards:

Visual inspections. Recognise hazard warnings.

Interview others at the scene.

Seek expert advice.

Review SITREPs and databases.

Using OHT 4 5 discuss the generalprocedures for managing hazards at the incidentscene.

Activity:

Present examples of incident scene warning.Use CFA examples to add emphasis.

Ask the participants:

How would you respond to these warnings?

Provide examples where information from thepublic assisted with the identification andreduction of a hazard.

Identify the expert agencies commonly found atthe incident scene. Explain how these agenciesassist with the identification and reduction ofhazards.

Provide examples of SITREPs and databasesand discuss how they assist with hazardidentification and reduction.

Identify the generalprocedures for managinghazards.

OHT 4 -5

Incident scene

warnings

SITREPs



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Enabling Objective: Identify the procedures for managing hazards at the incident scene Time:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

Report all identified hazards to the CrewLeader and crew members.

Verbal communication/radio

Signals

Secure the scene.

Scene tape

Operational zones

Minimise impact on the environment.Including air, land and water.

Assistance to crew:

Must consider how your actions will impacton the safety of others. This includesmaintaining physical fitness.

Should remain in regular contact with othercrew members.

Use appropriate signals, signals should be

confirmed and acted on in a timely manner.

Assistance should be given to crewmembers in danger whilst following safeworking procedures and ensuring personalsafety.

Provide examples of hand signals and warnings,and have them identify the meaning

Identify control measures that minimise damageto the environment

Using OHT 6: Discuss providing assistance tocrew members. Use CFA examples to addemphasis.

Identify the important considerations whenproviding assistance to crew members.

OHT 6CFA examples



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Enabling Objective: Recognising and managing critical incident stress (CIS) Time:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

Critical incident stress (CIS):

Those attending emergency situations,particularly those involving death or seriousinjury, can be placed under extreme stress.

Signs of CIS

Physical chills, fatigue, nausea,fainting, chest pain, headaches,elevated blood pressure and heart rate,visual difficulties, profuse sweating, anddifficultly breathing.

Cognitive confusion, nightmares,uncertainty, hyper vigilance,suspiciousness, reduced abstractthinking and attention span, andincreased or decreased awareness.

Emotional fear, guilt, grief, panic,denial, anxiety, agitation, depression,and inappropriate emotional responses.

Behavioural withdrawal, antisocialacts, inability to rest, erratic movements,changing speech patterns or socialactivity, and increase alcohol or drugconsumption.

Using OHT 7: discuss CIS.

Identify signs of CIS and treatments.

OHT 7



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Enabling Objective:Recognising and managing critical incident stress (CIS)Occupation Health and Safety procedures Time:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

Reactions may not be immediate orobvious and crew members should keepan eye on each other.

Treatments for CIS include limitingexposure to a traumatic scene, withdrawalfrom the scene, defusion/debriefing,counselling services, and referral tomedical services.

Occupation Health and Safety:

OHS plays a vital role in ensuring that theworkplace is safe.

Under OHS, CFA are required toimplement procedures to protect health,safety and welfare of employees.

Under OSH, employees must undertake allwork activities in a safe manner, look afterthe safety of others and wear appropriate

PPC. Any breeches in safety in the workplace

must be reported by theemployer/employees to OHSrepresentatives.

Emphasise that effects may not be apparent formonths or even years.

Provide the participants with CFA relevant CISMinformation.

Using OHT 8 discuss OHS. identify theemployee requirements under OHS.

Discuss procedures for reporting incidents andnear misses.

CISM contact details

OHT 8

Incident and nearmiss report forms



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Enabling Objective: Summary and revision Time:


Assessment

Aids/Refs

Summary and revision Using OHT 9 - 16: Review the Dynamic RiskAssessment process and the Risk AssessmentMatrix.

Activity:Divide the participants into groups.

For each of the incident scenes presented onthe OHTs, have the groups conduct a dynamicrisk assessment. Provide further incident detailsas required, for example identify their role at theincident scene.

The dynamic risk assessment should include: Risk assessment matrix for planned actions.

Identification of hazards.

Identification of control measures.

PPC and equipment used.

Factors that can change the identifiedhazards.

Have each group report its finding.

OHT 9-16


S ti 4


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Section 4

Session/Program Aids Time

Summary/Review: Summary and review may be conducted using a combination of directed questioning techniques,practical activities and the summary/self assessment sections provided in participants learner manuals

Learning Check: Written and practical assessment in the form of Skillspak for Wildfire Firefighting.

On the Job Practice: As specified by Brigade.

Support/EncouragementTechniques:

Brigade training personnel must take an active role in ensuring new firefighters are trained, mentored bycompetent, experienced personnel and are provided opportunities to develop and maintain the requiredskills.

Further Training: Refer to Brigade training officer or Regional HQ training manager.

Program/ Unit Evaluation: Program and delivery will be evaluated using a CFA standard feedback sheet. Comments will be collatedat brigade/regional level and fed back to HQ L&D for consideration and action..

safety on the fire ground - learning and assessment strategy

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