sailing - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

7/30/2019 Sailing - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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America's Cup defenderReliance

SailingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sailing is the propulsion of a vehicle and thecontrol of its movement with large (usuallyfabric) foils called sails. By changing the rigging,rudder, and sometimes the keel or centreboard,a sailor manages the force of the wind on thesails in order to move the vessel relative to itssurrounding medium (typically water, but alsoland and ice) and change its direction andspeed. Mastery of the skill requires experiencein varying wind and sea conditions, as well asknowledge concerning sailboats themselves andan understanding of one's surroundings.

While there are still some places in the worldwhere sail-powered passenger, fishing andtrading vessels are used, these craft have become rarer as internal combustion engines have becomeeconomically viable in even the poorest and most remote areas. In most countries sailing is enjoyed as arecreational activity or as a sport. Recreational sailing or yachting can be divided into racing and cruising.Cruising can include extended offshore and ocean-crossing trips, coastal sailing within sight of land, anddaysailing.

Contents

1 History2 Physics

2.1 Introduction2.2 Sails as airfoils2.3 Apparent wind2.4 Effects of wind shear

3 Points of sail3.1 Close Hauled or"Beating"

3.2 Reaching3.3 Running

4 Basic sailing techniques4.1 Trim4.2 Tacking and Jibing4.3 Reducing sail4.4 Sail trimming4.5 Hull trim4.6 Heeling

5 Sailing hulls and hull shapes6 Types of sails and layouts6.1 Sailing by high altitude wind power6.2 Rigid foils6.3 Alternative wind-powered vessels
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Sea storm with sailing ships, circa1640

6.4 Kitesurfing and windsurfing7 Sailing terminology

7.1 Rope and lines7.2 Other terms

8 Knots and line handling9 Rules and regulations10 Licensing

11 Sailboat racing12 Recreational sailing13 Passagemaking14 See also15 Notes16 Bibliography17 External links

History

For more details on this topic, see Maritime history.

Throughout history sailing has been instrumental in the development ofcivilization, affording humanity greater mobility than travel over land,whether for trade, transport or warfare, and the capacity for fishing.The earliest representation of a ship under sail appears on a painteddisc found in Kuwait dating between 5000 and 5500 BC.[1]

Advances in sailing technology from the Middle Ages onward enabledArab, Chinese, Indian and European explorers to make longervoyages into regions with extreme weather and climatic conditions.There were improvements in sails, masts and rigging; navigationequipment improved. From the 15th century onwards, Europeanships went further north, stayed longer on the Grand Banks and in theGulf of St. Lawrence, and eventually began to explore the Pacific Northwest and the Western Arctic. [2] Sailinghas contributed to many great explorations in the world.

Physics

Introduction

The air interacting with the sails of a sailing vessel creates various forces, including reaction forces. If the sails areproperly oriented with respect to the wind, then the net force on the sails will move the vessel forward.However, boats propelled by sails cannot sail directly into the wind. They must tack (turn the boat through theeye of the wind) back and forth in order to progress directly upwind (see below "Beating").

Sails as airfoils

Sails are airfoils that work by using an airflow set up by the wind and the motion of the boat. [3][4][5] Sails workin two "modes" to use the wind to generate force (see Forces on sails):

when the boat is going in the same direction as the wind, the wind force simply pushes on the sail. The
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force on the sail is mostly aerodynamic drag, and sails acting in this way are aerodynamically stalled.when the boat is traveling across the wind, the air coming in from the side is redirected toward the rear;according to Newton's Third law, the air is accelerated towards the rear of the boat and the sailsexperience a force in the opposite direction. This force manifests itself as pressure differences betweenthe two sides of the sail - there is a region of low pressure on the front side of the sail and a region of highpressure on the back. Another way to say this is that sails generate lift using the air that flows around themin the same way as an aircraft wing.[5] The wind flowing over the surface of the sail creates a force

approximately perpendicular to the sail; the component of that force parallel to the boat's keel pulls theboat forward, the component perpendicular to the keel makes the boat heel and causes leeway.

Apparent wind

The wind that a boat experiences is the combination of the true wind (i.e. the wind relative to a stationaryobject) and the wind that occurs due to the forward motion of the boat. This combination is the apparent wind,which is the relative velocity of the wind relative to the boat.

When sailing upwind the apparent wind is greater than the true wind and the direction of the apparent wind willbe forward of the true wind. Some high-performance boats are capable of traveling faster than the truewindspeed on some points of sail, see for example the Hydroptre, which set a world speed record in 2009 bysailing 1.71 times the speed of the wind.[6][7] Iceboats can typically sail at 5 times the speed of the wind.[8]

The energy that drives a sailboat is harnessed by manipulating the relative movement of wind and water speed: ifthere is no difference in movement, such as on a calm day or when the wind and water current are moving in thesame direction at the same speed, there is no energy to be extracted and the sailboat will not be able to doanything but drift. Where there is a difference in motion, then there is energy to be extracted at the interface. Thesailboat does this by placing the sail(s) in the air and the hull(s) in the water.

A sailing vessel is not maneuverable due to sails alonethe forces caused by the wind on the sails would causethe vessel to rotate and travel sideways instead of moving forward. In the same manner that an aircraft requiresstabilizers, such as a tailplane with elevators as well as wings, a boat requires a keel and rudder. The forces onthe sails as well as those from below the water line on the keel, centreboard, and other underwater foilsincluding the hull itself (especially for catamarans or in a traditional proa) combine and partially cancel each otherto produce the motive force for the vessel. Thus, the physical portion of the boat that is below water can beregarded as functioning as a "second sail." The flow of water over the underwater hull portions createshydrodynamic forces, which combine with the aerodynamic forces from the sails to allow motion in almost anydirection except straight into the wind.[9] When sailing close to the wind the force generated by the sail acts at

90 to the sail. This force can be considered as split into a small force acting in the direction of travel, as well asa large sideways force that heels (tips) the boat. To enable maximum forward speed, the force needs to becancelled out, perhaps using human balast, leaving only a smaller forward resultant force. Depending on theefficiency of the rig and hull, the angle of travel relative to the true wind can be as little as 35 or may need to be80 or greater. This angle is half of the tacking angle and defines one side of a 'no-go zone' into the wind, inwhich a vessel cannot sail directly.[10]

Tacking is essential when sailing upwind. The sails, when correctly adjusted, will generate aerodynamic lift.When sailing downwind, the sails no longer generate aerodynamic lift and airflow is stalled, with the wind pushon the sails giving drag only. As the boat is going downwind, the apparent wind is less than the true wind and

this, allied to the fact that the sails are not producing aerodynamic lift, serves to limit the downwind speed. [11]

Effects of wind shear
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The points of sail. A. In Irons (into

the wind) B. Close Hauled C. BeamReach D. Broad Reach E. Running

Wind shear affects sailboats in motion by presenting a different wind speed and direction at different heightsalong the mast. Wind shear occurs because of friction above a water surface slowing the flow of air. Thus, adifference in true wind creates a different apparent wind at different heights. Sailmakers may introduce sail twistin the design of the sail, where the head of the sail is set at a different angle of attack from the foot of the sail inorder to change the lift distribution with height. The effect of wind shear can be factored into the selection oftwist in the sail design, but this can be difficult to predict since wind shear may vary widely in different weatherconditions. Sailors may also adjust the trim of the sail to account for wind gradient, for example, using a boom

vang.[12]

Points of sail

Further information: Points of sail

The point of sail describes a sailing boat's course in relation to thewind direction.

No sailboat can sail directly into the wind (known as being "in irons"),

and for a given boat there is a minimum angle that it can sail relative tothe wind; attempting to sail closer than that leads to the sails luffingand the boat will slow down and stop. This "no-go zone" (shownshaded in accompanying figure) is about 45 either side of the truewind for a modern sloop.

There are 5 main points of sail. In order from the edge of the no-gozone (or "irons") to directly downwind they are:

close haul (the minimum angle to the wind that the boat and its

rig can manage - typically about 45 )close reach (between close hauled and a beam reach)beam reach (approximately 90 to the wind)broad reach (between a beam reach and running)running (close to directly downwind)

The sail trim on a boat is relative to the point of sail one is on: on a beam reach sails are mostly let out, on a runsails are all the way out, and close hauled sails are pulled in very tightly. Two main skills of sailing are trimmingthe sails correctly for the direction and strength of the wind, and maintaining a course relative to the wind thatsuits the sails once trimmed.

Close Hauled or "Beating"

A boat can be 'worked to windward', to arrive at an upwind destination, by sailing close-hauled with the windcoming from one side, then tacking (turning the boat through the eye of the wind) and sailing with the windcoming from the other side. By this method of zig-zagging into the wind, known as beating, it is possible to reachany upwind destination.[9] A yacht beating to a mark directly upwind one mile away will cover a distancethrough the water of at least 1.4 miles, if it can tack through an angle of 90 degrees including leeway. An oldadage describes beating as sailing for twice the distance at half the speed and three times the discomfort.[13]

An estimate of the correct tacking distance can be obtained (and thereby the time taken to travel it at variousboat speeds) by using Pythagoras' theorem with equal tacks (assume a value of 1). This also assumes a tackingangle of 90. The straight line distance is the hypotenuse value of 2
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Using a series of close-hauled legs tobeat a course upwind.

Close hauled or "beating"

When beating to windward one tack may be more favorable than theother - more in the desired direction. The best strategy is to stay onthe favorable tack as much as possible. If the wind shifts in the sailor'sfavor, called a lift, so much the better, then this tack is even morefavorable. But if it shifts against the sailor's, called a header, then theopposite tack may become the more favorable course. So when thedestination is directly into the wind the best strategy is given by the

racing adage "tack on a header." This is true because a header on onetack is a lift on the other.

How closely a boat can sail into the wind depends on the boat'sdesign, sail shape and trim, the sea state, and the wind speed.

Typical minimum pointing angles to the true wind are as follows.Actual course over the ground will be worse due to leeway.

about 35 for modern racing yachts which have been optimized for upwind performance (like America'sCup yachts)about 40 to 45 for modern cruiser-racer yachts (fast cruising yachts)about 50 to 60 for cruisers and workboats with inefficient keels, inefficient hull shapes, or low draught,when compared to craft designed for sailing performance, and for boats carrying two or more masts(since the forward sails adversely affect the windward ability of sails further aft when sailing upwind)close to 90 for square riggers and similar vessels due to the sail shape which is very ineffective whensailing upwind

Sailing close-hauled under a large amount of sail, and heeling agreat deal, can induce weather helm, or a tendency for the boat

to turn into the wind. This requires pulling the tiller to windward(i.e. 'to weather'), or turning the wheel leeward, in order tocounteract the effect and maintain the required course. The leeside of the hull is more under water than the weather side and theresulting shape of the submerged parts of the hull usually createsa force that pushes the bow to weather. Driving both theasymmetric heeling hull form and the angled rudder through thewater produces drag that slows the boat down. If weather helmbuilds further, it can limit the ability of the helmsman to steer theboat, which can be turned towards but not effectively away from

the wind. At more extreme angles of heel, the boat will spontaneously 'round up' into the wind during gusts, i.e. itwill turn into the wind regardless of any corrective action taken on the helm.

Any action that reduces the angle of heel of a boat that is reaching or beating to windward will help reduceexcessive weather helm. Racing sailors use their body weight to bring the boat to a more upright position, butare not allowed to use "movable ballast" during a race. [14] Reducing or reefing the total sail area will have thesame effect and many boats will sail faster with less sail in a stiff breeze due to the reduction in underwater drag.Easing the sheets on aft-most sails, such as the mainsail in a sloop or cutter can have an immediate effect,especially to help with manoeuvering. Moving or increasing sail area forward can also help, for example byraising the jib (and maybe lowering the staysail) on a cutter.

Reaching
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Reaching

Running wing and wing

When the boat is traveling approximately perpendicular to the wind, this is called reaching. A beam reach iswith the wind at right angles to the boat, a close reach isanywhere between beating and a beam reach, and a broadreach is between a beam reach and running.

For most modern sailboats, that is boats with fore-and-aft sails,reaching is the fastest way to travel. The direction of the wind isideal when reaching because it can maximize the lift generated onthe sails in the forward direction of the boat, giving the best boatspeed. Also when reaching, the boat can be steered exactly inthe direction that is most desirable, and the sails can be trimmedfor that direction.

Reaching may, however, put the boat on a course parallel withthe crests of the waves. When the waves are steep, it may benecessary to sail closer to the wind to avoid waves directly on the beam.

Running

Sailing the boat within roughly 30 degrees either side of dead downwind is called a run. This can be the mostcomfortable point of sail, but requires constant attention. Loss of attention by the helmsman can lead to anaccidental jibe, causing injury to the boat or crew. All on deck must be aware of, and if possible avoid, thepotential arc of the boom, mainsheet and other gear in case an accidental jibe occurs during a run. A preventercan be rigged to reduce danger and damage from accidental jibes.

This is generally the most unstable point of sail, but the easiest for anovice to grasp conceptually, making it a common downfall for

beginners. In stronger winds, rolling increases as there is less rollingresistance provided by the sails, as they are eased out. Also, havingthe sails and boom(s) perpendicular to the boat throws weight andsome wind force to that side, making the boat harder to balance. Insmaller boats, death rolls can build up and lead to capsize.

Also on a run an inexperienced or inattentive sailor can easilymisjudge the real wind strength since the boat speed subtracts directlyfrom the true wind speed and makes the apparent wind less. Inaddition sea conditions can also falsely seem milder than they are as

the waves ahead are being viewed from behind making white caps less apparent. When changing course fromthis point of sail to a reach or a beat, a sailboat that seemed under control can instantly become over-canvassedand in danger. Any boat over-canvassed on a run can round up, heel excessively and stop suddenly in thewater. This is called broaching and it can lead to capsize, possible crew injury and loss of crew into the water.

Options for maneuvering are also reduced. On other points of sail, it is easy to stop or slow the boat by headinginto the wind; there may be no such easy way out when running, especially in close quarters or when aspinnaker, whisker pole or preventer are set.

Basic sailing techniques

Trim

An important aspect of sailing is keeping the boat in "trim".
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Sailing in front of Helsinki, Finland.8mR Sagitta (Camper & Nicholson1929), a true sailboat with no motor,lowers its mainsail after a training

session before returning to itsmooring with the foresail only.

Course made good - The turning or steering of the boat vessel using the wheel or tiller to the desiredcourse or buoy. See different points of sail. This may be a definite bearing (e.g. steer 270 degrees), oralong a transit, or at a desired angle to the apparent wind direction.Trim - This is the fore and aft balance of the boat. The aim is toadjust the moveable ballast (the crew) forwards or backwardsto achieve an 'even keel'. On an upwind course in a small boat,the crew typically sit forward to reduce drag. When 'running', it

is more efficient for the crew to sit to the rear of the boat. Theposition of the crew matters less as the size (and weight) of theboat increases.Balance - This is the port and starboard balance. The aim,once again, is to adjust weight 'windward' or 'leeward' toprevent excessive heeling. The boat moves at a faster velocity ifit is flat to the water.Sail trim - Trimming sails is a large topic. Simply put, however,a sail should be pulled in until it fills with wind, but no further

than the point where the front edge of the sail (the luff) isexactly in line with the wind. Let it out until it starts to flap, andthen pull it in until it stops.Centreboard (Daggerboard) - If a moveable centreboard is fitted, then it should be lowered when sailing"close to the wind" but can be raised up on downwind courses to reduce drag. The centreboard preventslateral motion and allows the boat to sail upwind. A boat with no centreboard will instead have apermanent keel, some other form of underwater foil, or even the hull itself which serves the samepurpose. On a close haul the daggerboard should be fully down, and while running, over half way up.

Together, these points are known as 'The Five Essentials' and constitute the central aspects of sailing.

Tacking and Jibing

There are two ways to change from port tack to starboard tack (or vice versa): either by turning the bowthrough the eye of the wind, "tacking" or the stern, "gybing". In general sailing, tacking is the safer method andpreferred especially when sailing upwind; in windsurfing, jibing is preferred as this involves much lessmaneuvering for the sailor.

For general sailing, during such course changes, there is work that needs to be done. Just before tacking thecommand "Ready about" is given, at which point the crew must man the sheet lines which need to be changedover to the other tack and the helmsman gets ready. To execute the tack the command "Lee-ho" or "Hard-a-lee" is given. The latter is a direct order to the helmsman to push the tiller hard to the leeward side of the boatmaking the bow of the boat come up and quickly turn through the eye of the wind to prevent the boat beingcaught in irons. As the boat turns through the eye of the wind, some sails such as those with a boom and a singlesheet may self-tack and need only small adjustments of sheeting points, but for jibs and other sails with separatesheets on either side, the original sheet must be loosened and the opposite sheet lines hauled in and set quicklyand properly for the new point of sail.

Jibing is often necessary to change course when sailing off the wind or downwind. It is a more dangerousmaneuver because booms must be controlled as the sails catch the new wind direction from astern. Anuncontrolled jibe can happen suddenly by itself when sailing downwind if the helmsman is not paying attention tothe wind direction and can be very dangerous as the main boom will sweep across the cockpit very quickly andwith great force. Before gybing the command "Ready to jibe" is given. The crew gets ready at their positions. Ifany sails are constrained with preventers or whisker poles these are taken down. The command "Jibe-ho" is
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given to execute the turn. The boomed sails must be hauled in and made fast before the stern reaches the eye ofthe wind, so that they are amidship and controlled as the stern passes through the wind, and then let out quicklyunder control and adjusted to the new point of sail.

The choice of which strategy to use (coming-about or jibing) depends on the conditions, sail configuration, andthe craft. For light craft such as a Hobie Cat (which has little mass) coming into the wind should only beattempted when moving very quickly such as >8 knots. Of course this happens under strong wind. The timing ofthe crew shift is also critical when coming into the wind. If in light wind, a jibe is the better choice as there's lessdanger of the wind tipping the boat. A phrase to help remember this is: "light jibe, hard tack" (light/hard referringto wind strength) Of course being caught in irons near shore/structures in strong wind can be catastrohphic.

Reducing sail

An important safety aspect of sailing is to adjust the amount of sail to suit the wind conditions. As the windspeed increases the crew should progressively reduce the amount of sail. On a small boat with only jib andmainsail this is done by furling the jib and by partially lowering the mainsail, a process called 'reefing the main'.

Reefing means reducing the area of a sail without actually changing it for a smaller sail. Ideally reefing does notonly result in a reduced sail area but also in a lower centre of effort from the sails, reducing the heeling momentand keeping the boat more upright.

There are three common methods of reefing the mainsail:

Slab reefing, which involves lowering the sail by about one-quarter to one-third of its full length andtightening the lower part of the sail using an outhaul or a pre-loaded reef line through a cringle at the newclew, and hook through a cringle at the new tack.In-mast (or on-mast) roller-reefing. This method rolls the sail up around a vertical foil either inside a slot in

the mast, or affixed to the outside of the mast. It requires a mainsail with either no battens, or newly-developed vertical battens.In-boom roller-reefing, with a horizontal foil inside the boom. This method allows for standard- or full-length horizontal battens.

Mainsail furling systems have become increasingly popular on cruising yachts, as they can be operatedshorthanded and from the cockpit, in most cases. However, the sail can become jammed in the mast or boomslot if not operated correctly. Mainsail furling is almost never used while racing because it results in a lessefficient sail profile. The classical slab-reefing method is the most widely used. Mainsail furling has an additionaldisadvantage in that its complicated gear may somewhat increase weight aloft. However, as the size of the boat

increases, the benefits of mainsail roller furling increase dramatically.

An old saying goes, "The first time you think of reducing sail you should,"[citation needed] and correspondingly,"When you think you are ready to take out a reef, have a cup of tea first."[citation needed]

Sail trimming

The most basic control of the sail consists of setting its angle relative to the wind. The control line thataccomplishes this is called a "sheet." If the sheet is too loose the sail will flap in the wind, an occurrence that is

called "luffing." Optimum sail angle can be approximated by pulling the sheet in just so far as to make the luffingstop, or by using of tell-tales - small ribbons or yarn attached each side of the sail that both stream horizontallyto indicate a properly trimmed sail.[15] Finer controls adjust the overall shape of the sail.
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A Contender dinghy on a reach.

Boats heeling in front of BritanniaBridge in a round-Anglesey race 1998

Two or more sails are frequently combined to maximize the smooth flow of air. The sails are adjusted to createa smooth laminar flow over the sail surfaces. This is called the "slot effect". The combined sails fit into animaginary aerofoil outline, so that the most forward sails are more in line with the wind, whereas the more aftsails are more in line with the course followed. The combined efficiency of this sail plan is greater than the sum oeach sail used in isolation.

More detailed aspects include specific control of the sail's shape, e.g.:

reefing, or reducing the sail area in stronger windaltering sail shape to make it flatter in high windsraking the mast when going upwind (to tilt the sail towards therear, this being more stable)providing sail twist to account for wind speed differential and tospill excess wind in gusty conditionsgibbing or lowering a sail

Hull trim

Hull trim is the adjustment of a boat's loading so as to change its fore-and-aft attitude in the water. In smallboats, it is done by positioning the crew. In larger boats the weight of a person has less effect on the hull trim,but it can be adjusted by shifting gear, fuel, water, or supplies. Different hull trim efforts are required for differentkinds of boats and different conditions. Here are just a few examples: In a lightweight racing dinghy like aThistle, the hull should be kept level, on its designed water line for best performance in all conditions. In manysmall boats, weight too far aft can cause drag by submerging the transom, especially in light to moderate winds.Weight too far forward can cause the bow to dig into the waves. In heavy winds, a boat with its bow too lowmay capsize by pitching forward over its bow (pitch-pole) or dive under the waves (submarine). On a run inheavy winds, the forces on the sails tend to drive a boat's bow down, so the crew weight is moved far aft.

Heeling

When a ship or boat leans over to one side, from the action of waves or from the centrifugal force of a turn orunder wind pressure or from amount of exposed topsides, it is said to 'heel'. A sailing boat that is over-canvassed and therefore heeling, may sail less efficiently depending on fundamental or opportunistic factors suchas temporary nature of the feature (e.g. wind gust), use (e.g. racing), crew ability, point of sail, hull size &design.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-canvassed_sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transom_(nautical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thistle_(dinghy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angleseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tacking_near_Britannia_Bridge.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Contender_sailing_dinghy.jpg


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When a vessel is subject to a heeling force (such as wind pressure), vessel buoyancy & beam of the hull willcounter-act the heeling force. A weighted keel provides additional means to right the boat. In some high-performance racing yachts, water ballast or the angle of a canting keel can be changed to provide additionalrighting force to counteract heeling. The crew may move their personal weight to the high (upwind) side of theboat, this is called hiking, which also changes the centre of gravity & produces a righting lever to reduce thedegree of heeling. Incidental benefits include faster vessel speed caused by more efficient action of the hull &sails. Other options to reduce heeling include reducing exposed sail area & efficiency of the sail setting & a

variant of hiking called "trapezing". This can only be done if the vessel is designed for this, as in dinghy sailing. Asailor can (usually involuntarily) try turning upwind in gusts (it is known as rounding up). This can lead to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding_uphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinghy_sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapeze_(sailing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking_(sailing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canting_keel


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Musto Performance Skiff

difficulties in controlling the vessel if over-canvassed. Wind can be spilled from the sails by 'sheeting out', orloosening them. Number of sails, their size & shape can be altered. Raising the dinghy centreboard can reduceheeling by allowing more leeway.

The increasingly asymmetric underwater shape of the hull matching the increasing angle of heel may generate anincreasing directional turning force into the wind. The sails' centre of effort will also increase this turning effect orforce on the vessel's motion due to increasing lever effect with increased heeling which shows itself as increasedhuman effort required to steer a straight course. Increased heeling reduces exposed sail area relative to the winddirection, so leading to an equilibrium state. As more heeling force causes more heel, weather helm may beexperienced. This condition has a braking effect on the vessel but has the safety effect in that an excessively hardpressed boat will try and turn into the wind therefore reducing the forces on the sail. Small amounts (5 degrees)of weather helm are generally considered desirable because of the consequent aerofoil lift effect from the rudder.This aerofoil lift produces helpful motion to windward & the corollary of the reason why lee helm is dangerous.Lee helm, the opposite of weather helm, is generally considered to be dangerous because the vessel turns awayfrom the wind when the helm is released, thus increasing forces on the sail at a time when the helmsman is notincontrol.

Sailing hulls and hull shapes

Further information: Hull (watercraft)

Sailing boats with one hull are "monohulls", those with two are"catamarans", those with three are "trimarans". A boat is turned by arudder, which itself is controlled by a tiller or a wheel, while at thesame time adjusting the sheeting angle of the sails. Smaller sailingboats often have a stabilising, raisable, underwater fin called acentreboard, daggerboard, or leeboard; larger sailing boats have afixed (or sometimes canting) keel. As a general rule, the former arecalled dinghies, the latter keelboats. However, up until the adoption ofthe Racing Rules of Sailing, any vessel racing under sail wasconsidered a yacht, be it a multi-masted ship-rigged vessel (such as asailing frigate), a sailboard (more commonly referred to as awindsurfer) or remote-controlled boat, or anything in between. (See Dinghy sailing.)

Multihulls use flotation and/or weight positioned away from the centre line of the sailboat to counter the force ofthe wind. This is in contrast to heavy ballast that can account for up to 90% (in extreme cases like AC boats) ofthe weight of a monohull sailboat. In the case of a standard catamaran there are two similarly-sized and -shapedslender hulls connected by beams, which are sometimes overlaid by a deck superstructure. Another catamaranvariation is the proa. In the case of trimarans, which have an unballasted centre hull similar to a monohull, twosmaller amas are situated parallel to the centre hull to resist the sideways force of the wind. The advantage ofmultihulled sailboats is that they do not suffer the performance penalty of having to carry heavy ballast, and theirrelatively lesser draft reduces the amount of drag, caused by friction and inertia, when moving through the water.

One of the most common dinghy hulls in the world is the Laser hull. It was designed by Bruce Kirby in 1971and unveiled at the New York boat show (1971) It was designed with speed and simplicity in mind. The Laseris 13 feet 10.5 inches long and a 12.5 foot water line and 76 square feet (7.1 m2) of sail.

Types of sails and layouts

Further information: Sailboat
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_(boat)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinghyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_(sailing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinghy_sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsurferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Rules_of_Sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimaranshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaranshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_helmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_helmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musto_Performance_Skiffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Musto_Skiff.jpg


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Traditional sailing off the northerncoast of Mozambique.

A traditional modern yacht is technically called a "Bermuda sloop"(sometimes a "Bermudan sloop"). A sloop is any boat that has a singlemast and usually a single headsail (generally a jib) in addition to themainsail (Bermuda rig but c.f. Friendship sloop). A cutter (boat) alsohas a single mast, set further aft than a sloop and more than oneheadsail. Additionally, Bermuda sloops only have a single sail behindthe mast. Other types of sloops are gaff-rigged sloops and lateen

sloops. Gaff-rigged sloops have quadrilateral mainsails with a gaff (asmall boom) at their upper edge (the "head" of the sail). Gaff-riggedvessels may also have another sail, called a topsail, above the gaff.Lateen sloops have triangular sails with the upper edge attached to agaff, and the lower edge attached to the boom, and the boom and gaffare attached to each other via some type of hinge. It is also possible for a sloop to be square rigged (havinglarge square sails like a Napoleonic Wars-era ship of the line). Note that a "sloop of war", in the naval sense,may well have more than one mast, and is not properly a sloop by the modern meaning.

If a boat has two masts, it may be a schooner, a ketch, or a yawl, if it is rigged fore-and-aft on all masts. A

schooner may have any number of masts provided the second from the front is the tallest (called the "mainmast"). In both a ketch and a yawl, the foremost mast is tallest, and thus the main mast, while the rear mast isshorter, and called the mizzen mast. The difference between a ketch and a yawl is that in a ketch, the mizzenmast is forward of the rudderpost (the axis of rotation for the rudder), while a yawl has its mizzen mast behindthe rudderpost. In modern parlance, a brigantine is a vessel whose forward mast is rigged with square sails,while her after mast is rigged fore-and-aft. A brig is a vessel with two masts both rigged square.

As one gets into three or more masts the number of combinations rises and one gets barques, barquentines, andfull rigged ships.

A spinnaker is a large, full sail that is only used when sailing off wind either reaching or downwind, to catch themaximum amount of wind.

Sailing by high altitude wind power

SkySails is sailing freighter ships.[16] Speedsailor Dave Culp strongly introduced his OutLeader kite sail forspeedsailing.[17] Malcolm Phillips invents an advanced sailing technique using high altitude kites and kytoon.[18]

Rigid foils

With modern technology, "wings", that is rigid sails, may be used in place of fabric sails. An example of thiswould be the International C-Class Catamaran Championship and the yacht USA 17 that won the 2010America's Cup.[19] Such rigid sails are typically made of thin plastic fabric held stretched over a frame.[19]

Alternative wind-powered vessels

Some non-traditional rigs capture energy from the wind in a different fashion and are capable of feats thattraditional rigs are not, such as sailing directly into the wind. One such example is the wind turbine boat, alsocalled the windmill boat,[20] which uses a large windmill to extract energy from the wind, and a propeller to

convert this energy to forward motion of the hull. A similar design, called the autogyro boat, uses a wind turbinewithout the propellor, and functions in a manner similar to a normal sail.[21] A more recent (2010) developmentis a cart that uses wheels linked to a propeller to "sail" dead downwind at speeds exceeding wind speed.[22][23]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_faster_than_the_wind#Sailing_dead_downwind_faster_than_the_windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogyrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_America%27s_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing_90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_C-Class_Catamaran_Championshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail#Sail_typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkySailshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_rigged_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquentinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigantinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoonerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_the_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaff_righttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutter_(boat)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_sloophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_righttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_sloophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mozambique_-_traditional_sailboat.jpg


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Standing rigging (on the left) andrunning rigging (on the right), on asailing boat.

Kitesurfing and windsurfing

Kitesurfing and windsurfing are other forms of sailing.

Sailing terminology

Further information: Glossary of nautical terms

Sailors use traditional nautical terms for the parts of or directions on a vessel: starboard (right), port or larboard(left), forward or fore (front), aft or abaft (rearward), bow (forward part of the hull), stern (aft part of the hull),beam (the widest part). Vertical spars are masts, horizontal spars are booms (if they can hit the sailor), yards,gaffs (if they are too high to reach) or poles (if they cannot hit the sailor).

Rope and lines

In most cases, rope is the term used only for raw material. Once a

section of rope is designated for a particular purpose on a vessel, itgenerally is called a line, as in outhaul line ordock line. A very thickline is considered a cable. Lines that are attached to sails to controltheir shapes are calledsheets, as in mainsheet. If a rope is made ofwire, it maintains its rope name as in 'wire rope' halyard.

Lines (generally steel cables) that support masts are stationary and arecollectively known as a vessel's standing rigging, and individually ashrouds orstays. The stay running forward from a mast to the bow is

called theforestay orheadstay. Stays running aft are backstays or

after stays.Moveable lines that control sails or other equipment are knowncollectively as a vessel's running rigging. Lines that raise sails arecalled halyards while those that strike them are called downhauls.Lines that adjust (trim) the sails are calledsheets. These are oftenreferred to using the name of the sail they control (such as mainheet, orjib sheet). Sail trim may also be controlled with smaller lines

attached to the forward section of a boom such as a cunningham; aline used to hold the boom down is called a vang, or a kickerin the

United Kingdom. A topping liftis used to hold a boom up in the absence of sail tension. Guys are used tocontrol the ends of other spars such as spinnaker poles.

Lines used to tie a boat up when alongside are called docklines, docking cables ormooring warps. Indinghies the single line from the bow is referred to as the painter. A rode is what attaches an anchored boat toits anchor. It may be made of chain, rope, or a combination of the two.

Some lines are referred to as ropes:

a bell rope (to ring the bell),

a bolt rope (attached to the edge of a sail for extra strength),a foot rope (for sailors on square riggers to stand on while reefing or furling the sails), anda tiller rope (to temporarily hold the tiller and keep the boat on course).

Other terms
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_righttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painter_(rope)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnaker_polehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(sailing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_(sailing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topping_lifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_(sailing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halyardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_rigginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_rigginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_termshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsurfinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitesurfinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rigging,_sailing.jpg


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Sailboat on a mooring ball nearYoungstown, NY

Walls are called bulkheads orceilings, while the surfaces referred toas ceilings on land are called 'overheads'. Floors are called 'soles' ordecks. "Broken up" was the fate of a ship that hit a "rocky point" orwas simply no longer wanted. The toilet is traditionally called the'head', the kitchen is thegalley. When lines are tied off, this may bereferred to as 'made fast' or 'belayed.' Sails in different sail plans haveunchanging names, however. For the naming of sails, see sail-plan.

Knots and line handling

See also: List of knots

The tying and untying of knots and hitches as well as the general handling of ropes and lines are fundamental tothe art of sailing.[24] The RYA basic 'Start Yachting' syllabus lists the following knots and hitches:

figure-eight knot stopper knotround turn and two half hitches secure the end of a rope to a fixed object

bowline used to form a fixed loop at the end of a rope

It also lists securing a line around a cleat and the use of winches and jamming cleats. [25]

The RYA Competent Crew syllabus adds the following to the list above, as well as knowledge of the correctuse of each:

clove hitch securing lines running along a series of postsrolling hitch rigging a stopper to relax the tension on a sheetreef knot joining two ends of a single line to bind around an objectsingle and double sheet bend joining two ropes of different diameters

In addition it requires competent crewmembers to understand 'taking a turn' around a cleat and to be able tomake cleated lines secure. Lines and halyards need to be coiled neatly for stowage and reuse. Dock lines needto be thrown and handled safely and correctly when coming alongside, up to a buoy, and when anchoring, aswell as when casting off and getting under way.[26]

Rules and regulations

Every vessel in coastal and offshore waters is subject to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions atSea (the COLREGS). On inland waterways and lakes other similar regulations, such as CEVNI in Europe, mayapply. In some sailing events, such as the Olympic Games, which are held on closed courses where no otherboating is allowed, specific racing rules such as the Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS) may apply. Often, in clubracing, specific club racing rules, perhaps based on RRS, may be superimposedonto the more generalregulations such as COLREGS or CEVNI.

In general, regardless of the activity, every sailor must

Maintain a proper lookout at all times

Adjust speed to suit the conditionsKnow whether to 'stand on' or 'give way' in any close-quarters situation.[27]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Rules_of_Sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Europ%C3%A9en_des_Voies_de_la_Navigation_Int%C3%A9rieurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_bendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef_knothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_hitchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove_hitchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competent_Crewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(nautical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_turn_and_two_half_hitcheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure-eight_knothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Yachting_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_knotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail-planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_(ship)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mooring-youngstown.jpg


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The stand-on vessel must hold a steady course and speed but be prepared to take late avoiding action toprevent an actual collision if the other vessel does not do so in time. The give-way vessel must take early,positive and obvious avoiding action, without crossing ahead of the other vessel.(Rules 16-17)

1. If an approaching vessel remains on a steady bearing, and the range is decreasing, then a collision islikely. (Rule 7) This can be checked with a hand-bearing compass.

2. The sailing vessel on port tack[28] gives way to the sailing vessel on starboard tack[29] (Rule 12)

3. If both sailing vessels are on the same tack, the windward boat gives way to the leeward one (Rule 12)4. If a vessel on port tack is unable to determine the tack of the other boat, she should be prepared to giveway (Rule 12)

5. An overtaking vessel must keep clear of the vessel being overtaken (Rule 13)6. Sailing vessels must give way to vessels engaged in fishing, those not under command, those restricted in

their ability to manoeuvre and should avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by herdraft. (Rule 18)

The COLREGS go on to describe the lights to be shown by vessels under way at night or in restricted visibility.Specifically, for sailing boats, red and green sidelights and a white sternlight are required, although for vessels

under 7 metres (23.0 ft) in length, these may be substituted by a torch or white all-round lantern. (Rules 22 &25)

Sailors are required to be aware not only of the requirements for their own boat, but of all the other lights,shapes and flags that may be shown by other vessels, such as those fishing, towing, dredging, diving etc., as wellas sound signals that may be made in restricted visibility and at close quarters, so that they can make decisionsunder the COLREGS in good time, should the need arise. (Rules 32 - 37)

In addition to the COLREGS, CEVNI and/or any specific racing rules that apply to a sailing boat, there are also

The IALA International Association of Lighthouse Authorities standards for lateral marks, lights, signals,and buoyage and rules designed to support safe navigation.The SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea) regulations, specifically Chapter V,which became mandatory for all leisure craft users of the sea from 1 July 2002.[30] These regulationsplace the obligations for safety on the owners and operators of any boat including sailboats. They specifythe safety equipment needed, the emergency procedures to be used appropriate to the boat's size and itssailing range, and requirements for passage planning with regard to weather and safety.

Licensing

Licensing regulations vary widely across the world. While boating on international waters does not require anylicense, a license may be required to operate a vessel on coastal waters or inland waters. Some jurisdictionsrequire a license when a certain size is exceeded (e.g., a length of 20 meters), others only require licenses topilot passenger ships, ferries or tugboats. For example, the European Union issues the International Certificateof Competence, which is required to operate pleasure craft in most inland waterways within the union. TheUnited States in contrast has no licensing, but instead has voluntary certification organizations such as theAmerican Sailing Association. These US certificates are often required to charter a boat, but are not required byany federal or state law.

Sailboat racing

Main article: Sailing (sport)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sailing_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Certificate_of_Competencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Safety_of_Life_at_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_markshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Lighthouse_Authoritieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea#Part_D_-_Sound_and_light_signalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea#Part_C_-_Lights_and_shapeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea#Section_II_.28for_vessels_in_sight_of_one_another.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea#Section_II_.28for_vessels_in_sight_of_one_another.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea#Section_II_.28for_vessels_in_sight_of_one_another.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea#Section_II_.28for_vessels_in_sight_of_one_another.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea#Section_II_.28for_vessels_in_sight_of_one_another.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea#Section_I_.28for_any_visibility.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea#Section_II_.28for_vessels_in_sight_of_one_another.29


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Windjammer Parade at Kiel Week inGermany, the world's biggest regattaand sailing event

A yacht race on Lake Pijnne inJyvskyl, Finland.

U.S. Sailing team at the WorldMilitary Games Sailing Competition,December 2003

Sailboat racing generally fits into one of two categories:

ClassWhere all the boats are substantially similar, and the first boatto finish wins. (e.g. 470, 49er, Contender, Farr 40, Laser, Lido14, RS Feva, Soling, Star, Thistle, etc.)

HandicapWhere boats of different types sail against each other and arescored based on their handicaps which are calculated eitherbefore the start or after the finish. ( e.g. Fastnet Race,Commodore's Cup, Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, BermudaRace, etc.) The two most common handicap systems are theIRC and the Portsmouth Yardstick, while the PerformanceHandicap Racing Fleet (PHRF) is very common in the U.S.A.

Class racing can be further subdivided. Each class has its own set of

class rules, and some classes are more restrictive than others.

In a strict one-design class the boats are essentially identical.Examples include the 29er, J/24, Laser, and RS Feva.

At the other end of the extreme are the development classes based ona box-rule. The box-rule might specify only a few parameters such asmaximum length, minimum weight, and maximum sail area, thusallowing creative engineering to develop the fastest boat within theconstraints. Examples include the Moth (dinghy), the A Class

Catamaran, and the boats used in the America's Cup, Volvo OceanRace, and Barcelona World Race.

Many classes lie somewhere in between strict one-design and boxrule. These classes allows some variation, but the boats are stillsubstantially similar. For instance, both wood and fiberglass hulls areallowed in the Albacore, Wayfarer, and Fireball classes, but the hullshape, weight, and sail area are tightly constrained.

Sailboat racing ranges from single person dinghy racing to large boats

with 10 or 20 crew and from small boats costing a few thousanddollars to multi-million dollar America's Cup or Sydney to HobartYacht Race campaigns. The costs of participating in the high end large boat competitions make this type ofsailing one of the most expensive sports in the world. However, there are inexpensive ways to get involved insailboat racing, such as at community sailing clubs, classes offered by local recreation organizations and in someinexpensive dinghy and small catamaran classes. Additionally high schools and colleges may offer sailboat racingprograms through the Interscholastic Sailing Association (in the USA) and the Intercollegiate Sailing Association(in the USA and some parts of Canada). Under these conditions, sailboat racing can be comparable to or lessexpensive than sports such as golf and skiing. Sailboat racing is one of the few sports in which people of all agesand genders can regularly compete with and against each other.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_Sailing_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscholastic_Sailing_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinghy_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireball_(dinghy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayfarer_(dinghy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albacore_(dinghy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_World_Racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Ocean_Racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Class_Catamaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth_(dinghy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS_Fevahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_(dinghy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J/24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29er_(boat)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Handicap_Racing_Fleethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Yardstickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRC_(sailing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_to_Hobart_Yacht_Racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore%27s_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastnet_Racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thistle_(dinghy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(sailboat)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS_Fevahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lido_14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_(dinghy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farr_40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contender_(dinghy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49er_(dinghy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/470_(dinghy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailboat_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Sailing_Team2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4nnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%A4rkinen_bridge_during_P%C3%A4ij%C3%A4nnepurjehdus_2007.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regattahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_Weekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windjammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windjammerparade.jpg


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The Thistle, an example of a one-design sailboat class.

Most sailboat and yacht racing is done in coastal or inland waters. However, in terms of endurance and risk tolife, ocean races such as the Volvo Ocean Race, the solo VELUX 5 Oceans Race, and the non-stop soloVende Globe, rate as some of the most extreme and dangerous sporting events. Not only do participantscompete for days with little rest, but an unexpected storm, a single equipment failure, or collision with an ice floecould result in the sailboat being disabled or sunk hundreds or thousands of miles from search and rescue.

The sport of Sailboat racing is governed by the International Sailing Federation, and the rules under whichcompetitors race are the Racing Rules of Sailing, which can be found on the ISAF web site.

Recreational sailing

Sailing for pleasure can involve short trips across a bay, day sailing, coastal cruising, and more extendedoffshore or 'blue-water' cruising. These trips can be singlehanded or the vessel may be crewed by families orgroups of friends. Sailing vessels may proceed on their own, or bepart of a flotilla with other like-minded voyagers. Sailing boats may beoperated by their owners, who often also gain pleasure frommaintaining and modifying their craft to suit their needs and taste, or

may be rented for the specific trip or cruise. A professional skipperand even crew may be hired along with the boat in some cases.People take cruises in which they crew and 'learn the ropes' aboardcraft such as tall ships, classic sailing vessels and restored workingboats.

Cruising trips of several days or longer can involve a deep immersionin logistics, navigation, meteorology, local geography and history,fishing lore, sailing knowledge, general psychological coping, andserendipity. Once the boat is acquired it is not all that expensive an

endeavor, often much less expensive than a normal vacation on land.It naturally develops self-reliance, responsibility, economy, and manyother useful skills. Besides improving sailing skills, all the other normalneeds of everyday living must also be addressed. There are workroles that can be done by everyone in the family to help contribute toan enjoyable outdoor adventure for all.

A style of casual coastal cruising called gunkholing is a popular summertime family recreational activity. Itconsists of taking a series of day sails to out of the way places and anchoring overnight while enjoying suchactivities as exploring isolated islands, swimming, fishing, etc. Many nearby local waters on rivers, bays, sounds,and coastlines can become great natural cruising grounds for this type of recreational sailing. Casual sailing tripswith friends and family can become lifetime bonding experiences.

Passagemaking

Long-distance voyaging, such as that across oceans and between far-flung ports, can be considered the near-absolute province of the cruising sailboat. Most modern yachts of 2555 feet long, propelled solely bymechanical powerplants, cannot carry the fuel sufficient for a point-to-point voyage of even 250500 mileswithout needing to resupply; but a well-prepared sail-powered yacht of similar length is theoretically capable of

sailing anywhere its crew is willing to guide it. Even considering that the cost benefits are offset by a muchreduced cruising speed, many people traveling distances in small boats come to appreciate the more leisurelypace and increased time spent on the water. Since the solo circumnavigation of Joshua Slocum in the 1890s,long-distance cruising under sail has inspired thousands of otherwise normal people to explore distant seas and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Slocumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunkholinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(nautical)#Skipperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-handed_sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruising_(maritime)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_sailerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Rules_of_Sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Sailing_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e_Globehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VELUX_5_Oceans_Racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo_Ocean_Racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thistle_(dinghy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lettenmaier.jpg


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horizons. The important voyages of Robin Lee Graham, Eric Hiscock, Don Street[31] and others have shownthat, while not strictly racing, ocean voyaging carries with it an inherent sense of competition, especially thatbetween man and the elements. Such a challenging enterprise requires keen knowledge of sailing in general aswell as maintenance, navigation (especially celestial navigation), and often even international diplomacy (forwhich an entire set of protocols should be learned and practiced). But one of the great benefits to sailboatownership is that one may at least imagine the type of adventure that the average affordable powerboat couldnever accomplish.

See also

Sailing (sport)Sailing at the Summer OlympicsAmerican Sail Training AssociationBoat buildingCanadian Yachting AssociationCatboat and Sloop

Day sailerDinghy racingIce boatLand sailingGlossary of nautical termsMarinaPlaning (sailing)Puddle Duck RacerRacing Rules of Sailing

Royal Yachting AssociationSingle-handed sailingSolar sailTrailer sailerU.S. intercollegiate sailing championsUS SailingYacht charter

Notes

1. ^ Carter, Robert "Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millenniaBC"Antiquity Volume 80 No.307 March 2006 [1](http://oxfordbrookes.academia.edu/documents/0010/3548/Carter_Boats_Antiquity.pdf)

2. ^ "Transportation and Maps" in Virtual Vault (http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?q1=Transportation+and+Maps&PHPSESSID=709io6475tfesngi2m7226o454), the art of the boat is sofaan online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada

3. ^ "2.972 How A Sail Boat Sails Into The Wind"(http://web.mit.edu/2.972/www/reports/sail_boat/sail_boat.html). Web.mit.edu. Retrieved 2010-06-30.

4. ^ "The physics of sailing" (http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/sailing.html).Animations.physics.unsw.edu.au. Retrieved 2010-06-30.5. ^ ab "how a sail works @" (http://www.sailtheory.com/sail.html). Sailtheory.com. Retrieved 2010-06-30.6. ^ "WSSR Newsletter No 177. Hydroptere World Records. 23/09/09"

(http://www.sailspeedrecords.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104:wssr-newsletter-no-
http://www.sailspeedrecords.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104:wssr-newsletter-no-177-hydroptere-world-records-230909&catid=2:news&Itemid=5http://www.sailtheory.com/sail.htmlhttp://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/sailing.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/2.972/www/reports/sail_boat/sail_boat.htmlhttp://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?q1=Transportation+and+Maps&PHPSESSID=709io6475tfesngi2m7226o454http://oxfordbrookes.academia.edu/documents/0010/3548/Carter_Boats_Antiquity.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht_charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercollegiate_sports_team_champions#Sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_sailerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_sailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-handed_sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Yachting_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Rules_of_Sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddle_Duck_Racerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planing_(sailing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_termshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_sailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinghy_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_sailerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Yachting_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sail_Training_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_at_the_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hiscockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Lee_Graham


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177-hydroptere-world-records-230909&catid=2:news&Itemid=5). Sailspeedrecords.com. 2009-09-04.Retrieved 2010-06-30.

7. ^ "l'Hydroptre" (http://www.hydroptere.com/). Hydroptere.com. Retrieved 2010-06-30.8. ^ See "How fast do these things really go?" in the "FAQ published by the Four Lakes Ice Yacht Club"

(http://iceboat.org/faqiceboat.html).9. ^ ab How sail boats sail against the wind? Faster than the wind?

http://PhysicsForArchitects.com/Sailing_against_the_wind.php10. ^ "OZ PD Racer - Measuring Leeway and Tacking Angle - Michael Storer Boat Design"

(http://www.storerboatplans.com/Pdr/PDRmeasurepointingleeway.html). Storerboatplans.com. Retrieved 2010-06-30.

11. ^ Large sails of big area, spinnakers serve to increase the sail area for more performance downwind.12. ^ Garrett, Ross (1996). The Symmetry of Sailing. Dobbs Ferry: Sheridan House. pp. 9799. ISBN 1-57409-

000-3.13. ^ Each leg at 45 degrees to the true wind is 0.71 miles, but in reality is longer as total tacking angles greater

than 90 are the norm and leeway can be significant14. ^ http://www.sailing.org/documents/racing-rules.php, "51 MOVABLE BALLAST: All movable ballast, including

sails that are not set, shall be properly stowed. Water, dead weight or ballast shall not be moved for the purposeof changing trim or stability. Floorboards, bulkheads, doors, stairs and water tanks shall be left in place and allcabin fixtures kept on board. However, bilge water may be bailed out."

15. ^ http://www.aclasssailing.co.nz/Sailing%20With%20A%20Smile.pdf16. ^ "SkySails - Home" (http://skysails.com). Skysails.com. Retrieved 2010-06-30.17. ^ Timothy Lesle (December 10, 2006). "Sailing an Oil Tanker"

(http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/magazine/10section3a.t-10.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-06-30.

18. ^ * US Patent 6925949 (http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=0MwTAAAAEBAJ) Elevated sailingapparatus by Malcolm Phillips, filed Dec 31, 2002.

19. ^ ab "c class catamarans" (http://www.sailmagazine.com/cclasscats/). Sailmagazine.com. Retrieved 2010-06-30.

20. ^ "Windmill Sailboat: Sailing Against the Wind"

(http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/02/windmill_sailbo.php). TreeHugger. Retrieved 2010-06-30.21. ^ WebCite query result (http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://uk.geocities.com/fnsnclr%40btinternet.com/yachts/auto/index.htm&date=2009-10-25+04:15:58)

22. ^ Cort, Adam (April 5, 2010). "Running Faster than the Wind"(http://sailmagazine.com/racing/running_faster_than_the_wind/). sailmagazine.com. Retrieved April 6, 2010.

23. ^ "Ride Like the Wind (only faster)" (http://www.fasterthanthewind.org/). Retrieved April 6, 2010.24. ^ Tom Lochhass. "Basic Sailing Knots" (http://sailing.about.com/od/learntosail/a/basicsailingknotshub.htm).

New York Times Company. Retrieved 9 July 2012.25. ^ Jinks, Simon (2007). RYA Sail Cruising and Yachtmaster Scheme: Syllabus and logbook. Eastleigh,

Hampshire: Royal yachting Association. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-905104-98 Check|isbn= value (help).26. ^Competent Crew: Practical Course Notes. Eastleigh, Hampshire: Royal Yachting Association. 1990. pp. 32

43. ISBN 0 901501 35 2.27. ^ Pearson, Malcolm (2007).Reeds Skipper's Handbook. Adlard Coles Nautical. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-7136-8338-

7.28. ^ Sails set for a breeze coming from the left hand side of the boat29. ^ Sails set for a breeze coming from the right side of the boat30. ^ Pearson, Malcolm (2007).Reeds Skipper's Handbook. Adlard Coles Nautical. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-7136-

8338-7.31. ^ http://www.street-iolaire.com/bio.htm

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http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?q1=Transportation+and+Maps&PHPSESSID=709io6475tfesngi2m7226o454http://www.street-iolaire.com/bio.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-8338-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-8338-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlard_Coleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_901501_35_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905104-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://sailing.about.com/od/learntosail/a/basicsailingknotshub.htmhttp://www.fasterthanthewind.org/http://sailmagazine.com/racing/running_faster_than_the_wind/http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://uk.geocities.com/fnsnclr%40btinternet.com/yachts/auto/index.htm&date=2009-10-25+04:15:58http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/02/windmill_sailbo.phphttp://www.sailmagazine.com/cclasscats/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=0MwTAAAAEBAJhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/magazine/10section3a.t-10.htmlhttp://skysails.com/http://www.aclasssailing.co.nz/Sailing%20With%20A%20Smile.pdfhttp://www.sailing.org/documents/racing-rules.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57409-000-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnakerhttp://www.storerboatplans.com/Pdr/PDRmeasurepointingleeway.htmlhttp://physicsforarchitects.com/Sailing_against_the_wind.phphttp://iceboat.org/faqiceboat.htmlhttp://www.hydroptere.com/http://www.sailspeedrecords.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104:wssr-newsletter-no-177-hydroptere-world-records-230909&catid=2:news&Itemid=5


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Rousmaniere, John, The Annapolis Book of Seamanship, Simon & Schuster, 1999Chapman Book of Piloting(various contributors), Hearst Corporation, 1999Herreshoff, Halsey (consulting editor), The Sailors Handbook, Little Brown and Company, 1983Seidman, David, The Complete Sailor, International Marine, 1995Jobson, Gary, Sailing Fundamentals, Simon & Schuster, 1987

External links

American Sailing Association (http://www.asa.com/)US Sailing (http://www.ussailing.org/)Sailing (http://www.dmoz.org/Recreation/Boating/Sailing//) at the Open Directory ProjectThe physics of sailing (http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/sailing.html) (School of Physics,University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)

Cruising on small craft travel guide from Wikivoyage

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http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sailing&oldid=570474436http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cruising_on_small_crafthttp://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/sailing.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Projecthttp://www.dmoz.org/Recreation/Boating/Sailing//http://www.ussailing.org/http://www.asa.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Olympic_sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mixed_sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sailing

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