Saint-Domingue (1750)

• Political– French Colonial Assembly– Military Governor– Civil Governor

• Economy– Agriculture– Mercantile trade restrictions

• Society– the grand blancs– the petits blancs– gens de couleur

• Mulattos• Ex slaves

– African Slaves • Maroons (Runaway

Slaves)– Grand marronage– Petitte marronage

Causes of the Haitian Revolution

• Racial Tensions• Enlightenment ideals

(1700’s)• The American Revolution

(1775-1783)• The French Revolution

(1789)• The Code Noir (Black

Code)• “Night of Fire” (1791)

Independence Movements in the Americas Essay Prompts

• “The causes for the independence movements in the Americas were mainly social.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

• Compare and contrast the causes of the

independence movements of the British colonies in the Americas and the Latin American colonies.

The Mexican Independence 1810-1821

• Grito de Dolores (1810)– Miguel Hidalgo

• Executed 1811

– Jose Maria Morelos• Executed 1815

• The Restoration (1814)• The Cadiz Mutiny (1820)• Plan of Iguala (1821)

– Monarchy– Republic

Social Organization

• Peninsulares

• Creoles

• Mestizos

• Native Americans

• Blacks

Causes Of Independence Movements in Latin America

• Colonial Caste System• Mercantilism• High Taxes• Weakening of Colonial

Church Authority• Colonial Militia

– Peninsular v. Creole Officers

• European Enlightenment Ideals

• American Revolution (1775-1783)

• Consolidacion Decree (1804)

• The Peninsular War (1808-1814)

South American Independence 1811-1825

• Northern South America Simon Bolivar– Venezuela Independence (1811)– Goals of the rebellion– Restoration (1814)– Bolivar flees to Jamaica (1815)– Bolivar returns, changes policy

(1816)– Cadiz Mutiny (1820)– Bolivar defeats last Spanish

troops (1821)– Bolivar exiles self to Europe

Simon Bolivar

“The Liberator”

South American Independence 1811-1825

• Southern South America Jose San Martin– Argentina declares Independence (1810)– Goals of the rebellion– United Providences Proclaimed by

Argentina (1813)– Martin invades Chile (1817), independent

(1818). Reject dictatorship– Martin invades Peru, independence

declared (1821)– Meeting at Guayaquil (1822)– San Martin exiles self to Europe

The Haitian Revolution • Toussaint L’Ouverture

– Background– Allegiance to France– Appointed Lieutenant-

Governor of Saint-Domingue (1796)

– Alliance with Spain

• National Convention Response (1794)– All blacks within French

Empire are free and granted French citizenship

• Civil War (1799-1801)• Foreign involvement

The Haitian Revolution

• Political– New constitution

(1801)

• Economic • Relations with

France 1799-1803• Outcomes

– Haitian independence (1804)

Outcomes Of Independence Movements in Latin America

• Political– New nations created– Increased military authority– Caudillos– No formal ending of wars– Border disputes

• Economic– Free trade– excessive property damage– Decline in foreign investment

• Social– Human loss of life– Some discrimination

eliminated– Decline in slavery– Social structures kept in

place– Creole upper class

• Religious– Loss of power for Catholic

church

Independence Movements in the Americas Essay Prompts

• “The causes for the independence movements in the Americas were mainly social.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?