salem’s urban streams...based on these parameters as well as salem’s population size, the city...

Salem’s Urban Streams

2018 Annual Cleaning and Data Collection

Prepared by: Meredith Greer

ii Stream Crew Report 2018

Contents

Salem’s Urban Streams ................................................. i

2018 Annual Cleaning and Data Collection ..................................................................................... i

Program History and Crew Structure ........................................................1

Program History .................................................................................. 2

Stream Crew Structure ......................................................................... 2

Stream Crew Bios ................................................................................ 4

Stream Crew Program Goals ..............................................................7

Fulfilling Permit Requirements ............................................................ 8

Creating a Rewarding Internship ........................................................ 9

Site Visits ............................................................................................. 9

Thursday Colloquiums ....................................................................... 11

Annual Urban Stream Symposium .................................................... 11

Ecological Importance and Garbage Removal Protocol ...13

Ecological Importance ....................................................................... 14

Garbage & Debris Removal and Protocol ......................................... 14

ArcGIS Data Collection and ArcGIS Online ......................................................17

Data Collection in ArcGIS Collector Application ................................ 18

iiiTable of Contents

ArcGIS Long Term .............................................................................. 26

Annual Cleaning Results and Watershed Profiles ...............................................27

Watershed Results ............................................................................. 28

Watershed Profiles ............................................................................ 29

Glenn-Gibson Watershed ................................................................. 29

Claggett Creek Watershed ................................................................ 32

Little Pudding River Watershed ........................................................ 36

Mill Creek Watershed ........................................................................ 38

Pringle Creek Watershed .................................................................. 42

Battle Creek Watershed .................................................................... 46

Croisan/Pettijohn Watershed ............................................................ 50

Season Review .............................................................53

2018 Season Review .......................................................................... 54

Concluding Remarks ......................................................................... 54

Recognition Statement ...................................................................... 54

Works Cited .................................................................55Articles ............................................................................................... 55

Images ............................................................................................... 55

Appendix A ..................................................................57

Trash/Green Waste Daily Weights .................................................... 57

Appendix B ..................................................................59

iv Stream Crew Report 2018

1Program History and Crew Structure

Fig. 1.1. 2018 Stream Crew.

Program History and Crew Structure

2 Stream Crew Report 2018

Program HistoryIn February of 1996, the City of Salem and the greater Willamette Valley were hit with a nearly 100-year flood event. The flooding caused substantial damage to local businesses, infrastructure, transportation systems, and personal property. The widespread flooding led to the evacuation of over 3,000 Oregon residents and caused over $500 million in property damage throughout the Pacific Northwest. As a result of the 1996 flood, the City of Salem added the Stream Cleaning Program to its Stormwater Management Plan (SWMP) to help mitigate flooding.

The City of Salem operates under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and the Municipal Separate Sewer System (MS4) Permit. These permits regulate the discharge of pollutants into the City’s waterways. The Stormwater Management Plan mandates that the Stream Crew annually cleans and inspects 50% of the waterways, roughly 45 miles, within the urban growth boundary (UGB) and completes one restoration project.

In 2003 the Stream Crew evolved from a solely field work position to a college internship. Applicants must be current college students, or recent college graduates, enrolled in a natural resources or other environmental focused discipline. A strong academic background in scientific processes has allowed the Stream Crew to make critical in-field decisions that increase conveyance and to keep the health of the riparian environment in mind. Over time the Stream Cleaning Program has evolved and grown as the scope of work completed by Stream Crew has increased. Below are the accomplishments of the 2018 season.

Stream Crew StructureThe 2018 Stream Crew consisted of nine crew members, all current collegiate students or recent graduates of natural resource programs. The Stream Crew consisted of one environmental aide and three crew leads, who each led a group of one or two interns. The full crew breakdown is listed below (figure 1.2), with the Stormwater Quality Supervisor and Project Coordinator being full-time permanent City of Salem employees. Each Stream Crew intern’s diverse background of education and interests is detailed below.


Stormwater Quality

Supervisor

Program Coordinator

Environmental Aide

Crew Lead

Crew Member Crew Member

Crew Lead

Crew Member

Crew Lead

Crew Member Crew Member

Fig. 1.2: Flow chart displaying the Stream Crew hierarchy Fig. 1.2. Flow chart displaying the Stream Crew hierarchy.


Stream Crew Bios

Meridith Greer–Environmental AideB.A. Environmental and Earth Science, Politics: Willamette University

Meridith is a senior at Willamette University studying environmental science and politics. This is her third year on the Stream Crew; in 2016 she was a Crew Lead, and was a crew member in 2015. She is excited to begin her career in environmental policy. When not at work, Meridith enjoys hiking, kayaking, and playing soccer.

Bryce Funk–Crew LeadMathematics: University of Memphis

Bryce is a graduate student at the University of Memphis studying mathematics. He has a deep passion for applying mathematics to problems relating to the natural world.

Kyler Jacobo–Crew LeadB.S. Ecological Engineering: Oregon State University

Kyler is a recent ecological engineering graduate from Oregon State University. He attained his Engineering Intern certificate from the state of Oregon in April and is looking to begin working in stormwater management.

Aaron Orr–Crew LeadB.S. Earth Science/Geology, Chemistry, GIS, and Music: Western Oregon University

Aaron recently graduated from Western Oregon University with a B.S. in Earth Science/Geology with minors in chemistry, GIS, and music. He is particularly interested in hydrologic systems and will be pursuing an M.S. in geohydrology at PSU starting fall 2018.

Ryan Wade–Crew LeadEnvironmental Science: Oregon State University

Ryan is a current student at Oregon State University studying environmental science with a focus on alternative energy. In his free time, Ryan enjoys scuba diving and spending time with his wife and children.


Donté Barker–Crew MemberB.A. Geography and Criminology: Arkansas State University Environmental Law: Willamette University College of Law

Donté is currently a student at Willamette University College of Law. He plans on studying and working in the fields of environmental and energy law.

Phil Birnbaum–Crew MemberB.S. Environmental Science: Oregon State University

Phil recently graduated from OSU majoring in environmental science with an option in water resources. Phil is most interested in working with freshwater ecology in the future.

Haley Rodin–Crew MemberEnvironmental Science: Grand Canyon University

Haley is attending Grand Canyon University in Phoenix, AZ and is studying environmental science. She plans on working in forestry conservation after graduating. In her free time she enjoys running and hiking.

Kyle Schaeffer–Crew MemberEnvironmental Science: Oregon State University

Kyle is currently a student at Oregon State University studying environmental science. When not at work, Kyle enjoys fishing and hiking.

7

Fig. 2.1. Stream Crew trimming willows.

Stream Crew Program Goals


Fulfilling Permit RequirementsThe 1972 Clean Water Act made it unlawful to discharge any pollutant from a point source without a permit1. Municipal governments, such as the City of Salem, are considered point sources of pollution. The Clean Water Act is further divided based on sewer system type, of which there are two main types: combined sewer or separate sewer. The City of Salem has a Municipal Separate Sewer System (MS4), where all stormwater runoff is discharged directly into local waterways without being treated. Based on these parameters as well as Salem’s population size, the City of Salem is ultimately governed by a Phase 1 Municipal Separate Sewer Storm System (MS4) Permit2.

The MS4 Permit allows the City of Salem to discharge stormwater runoff directly into local streams; however, the City is required to manage the amount of various pollutants that are discharged. The Stormwater Management Plan allows the City to create various Best Management Practices (BMPs) to meet the standards of the MS4 permit. The annual Stream Cleaning Crew is one of the BMPs employed by the City of Salem. The measurable goals for the Stream Cleaning Crew are to clean and inspect 50% of the waterways (45 miles) within the Urban Growth Boundary (UBG). The seasonal interns inspect riparian areas and streams, remove garbage and natural debris, inspect for illicit discharges, address potential conveyance concerns, and evaluate areas for stream restoration potential.

Fig. 2.2. Stream Crew receiving instructions about how to perform stream surveys.

In 2018, the Stream Crew also began to help the City of Salem take part in the Community Rating System (CRS) program developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The CRS program is part of the National Flood Insurance Program, a voluntary incentive program that rewards communities that have taken steps to reduce flooding by offering lower flood insurance premium rates. The Stream Crew is able to help in this effort by cleaning and inspecting all of the streams and creeks that run through the City of Salem that have a potential to flood, 56.88 miles

9Goals and Objectives

in total. While in the streams, in addition to removing debris that could potentially reduce stream conveyance, the Stream Crew also can inspect culverts and pipes. Culverts allow streams to pass under sections of road, while pipes often carry water from streets or green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) before entering the streams. Stream Crew counts culvert and pipes as inspected if they are able to see all the way through them to the other side. By having Stream Crew add these duties to their general inspections, blocked culverts (Fig. 2.3) or broken infrastructure (Fig. 2.4) can be identified and work can begin to fix these situations.

Fig. 2.3. Blocked culvert discovered byStream Crew. Fig. 2.4. Broken water pipe discovered byStream Crew.

Creating a Rewarding InternshipAn integral part of the Stream Cleaning Crew is creating a rewarding internship for the students involved. Over the past two years, an emphasis has been placed on increasing the educational aspects of Stream Crew. In addition to in-field work on streams and wetlands, students are able to learn about other aspects of municipal water through site visits and Thursday Colloquiums. These activities provide a unique opportunity for the interns to learn about the multidimensionality of municipal stormwater.

Site VisitsSite visits are planned by the Environmental Aide each season to help increase the interns’ scope of knowledge about water. The goal is to expose interns to various aspects of stormwater and the greater watershed, to increase their understanding of local water resources, and to provide networking opportunities for interns to find full-time positions. The 2018 Stream Crew took four field trips throughout the season:

Geren Island Water Treatment Facility Tour

The City of Salem gets its drinking water from the North Santiam River. The Geren Island Water Treatment Facility, located in Stayton, Oregon, treats the water before piping it into the city. This tour is provided by one of the maintenance operators, and includes a tour of the whole facility accompanied by explanations of the steps taken at each location to treat the water. The tour helps increase the interns’ understanding of the processes associated with urban water.Fig. 2.5. Intake area of the Geren Island Water

Treatment Facility.


Willow Lake Wastewater Treatment Facility Tour

The Willow Lake Wastewater Treatment Facility treats all of the wastewater from the City of Salem, City of Keizer, and City of Turner. The tour takes the interns around the facility, from labs to retaining ponds, giving the interns a full scope of how wastewater is properly treated before it is returned to the Willamette River.

Talking Waters Garden Tour

In addition to site visits around Salem, the Environmental Aide sets up site visits to other stormwater and wastewater facilities to give the interns a broad understanding of the versatility of various stormwater structures. One such example is the wastewater treatment plant in Albany, Oregon. In 2010, the cities of Albany and Millersburg worked with a metal manufacturer, ATI, to create an engineered water treatment wetland called Talking Waters Garden. Inspired by the natural environment, the wetland mimics the cleaning and cooling processes that occur in nature. The tour provides the students a first-hand look at the facility.

Pringle Creek Community Tour

In addition to stormwater and wastewater facilities, Stream Crew also takes tours to various areas around Salem that focus on sustainability and conservation. Pringle Creek Community is a sustainable residential development in Salem. The interns receive a tour of the facility and are able to learn about sustainable development and planning.

Fig. 2.8. Painter’s Hall at Pringle Creek Community.

Fig. 2.7. View of one of the cooling ponds at Talking Waters Garden.

Fig. 2.6. Overhead view of the Willow Lake Wastewater Treatment Facility.

11Goals and Objectives

Thursday ColloquiumsA newer addition to the Stream Crew internship, introduced during the 2016 season, Thursday Colloquiums (or Friday Forums depending on the year) seek to bring in experts from a range of fields to speak to the interns about their work, new research, and possible job opportunities. During the 2018 season, four Thursday Colloquiums were hosted, with speakers ranging from full-time Stormwater staff, a presenter from the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services, to the Oregon Environmental Council. In an attempt to help broaden the interns’ presentation skills, a set of Thursday Colloquiums was also hosted by each individual intern. Each intern presented a 30-45 minute presentation to the rest of the Stream Crew, either on research they did or on other topics of interest. The interns’ presentations proved to be extremely informative, and were good presentation practice before the 2018 Urban Stream Symposium.

Annual Urban Stream SymposiumThe 2018 Stream Crew season culminated with the second annual Urban Stream Symposium. The symposium is an opportunity for the interns to present the accomplishments and research results from that summer’s work to the public. The symposium provides a platform for interns to improve their public speaking, as well as allowing the public to see the faces, facts, and figures behind some of the work the City of Salem does.

In an effort to increase the scope of the 2018 symposium, permanent Stormwater staff, along with the Stream Crew Environmental Aide, attempted to create a comprehensive symposium that touched on the multifaceted approach to stormwater that the City of Salem takes. The 2018 presentation lasted an hour, and the symposium was opened up to posters and displays that allowed interested attendees to find out more information on a variety of stormwater topics. The symposium was a big success this year, drawing a crowd of roughly 40 members of the public as well as being recorded on CCTV, the local Salem non-profit community media center. Due to the success of the 2018 symposium, this type of end-of-year presentation will become a part of the Stream Cleaning Program for years to come.

Fig. 2.9. Urban Streams Symposium insignia.

13

Fig. 3.1. Talking Waters Garden.

Ecological Importance and Garbage Removal Protocol


Ecological ImportanceCreeks and streams are highly dynamic systems, a characteristic that is amplified once they flow into highly developed, urbanized areas. Stream channels become confined and even channelized as urbanization removes natural sinuosity, and reduces riparian zones and flood plains. A major tenant of the Stream Crew Program is to help manage these urban waterways as assets. This means conveyance of water during large rain events is priority, and creeks and streams are still seen as dynamic systems that serve as a habitat for a number of species of flora and fauna.

An important aspect of any healthy stream system is the presence of large woody debris (LWD). This is defined as logs with a diameter of at least 4 inches and a minimum length of 6 feet that protrude out into the stream channel3. LWD is an important contributor to stream health as it promotes bank stability, dynamic flow, and creates diverse habitats within the stream channel. However, in urban waterways, it must be recognized that LWD could also pose a flooding hazard. The Stream Crew is tasked with making the decision to leave or remove LWD on a case-by-case basis, as these logs are often responsible for creating larger debris jams that cause flooding.

The composition of vegetation found in the riparian area is also of importance to Stream Crew. In an effort started this season, crew members begin marking locations where invasive plant species were present. The most common species identified were yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus), Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius), teasel (Dipsacus sp.), and hybrid cattails. Once located, and if feasible, Stream Crew would remove the vegetation (except for Japanese knotweed due to its pervasive nature and ability to start new growth downstream from just a small cut). Invasive species have the ability to outcompete native plant populations. Removing these invasive species can help increase stream and riparian health, as native species are able to recolonize stream banks.

An important part of Stream Crew is to complete annual cleaning efforts within an ecologically sound framework. This allows for our streams to be managed as assets, not only by conveying water during the rainy season, but also by providing intact habitat corridors throughout the city for plant and animal species that also consider Salem to be their home.

Garbage & Debris Removal and ProtocolDocumenting the weight and volume of garbage removed and green waste removed from waterways is highly important. This data allows us to compile an annual total by creek and by watershed, but also builds upon a long-running data set dating back to 1997. This long-running data set is important because it shows the downward trend of annual garbage removed over the years. This type of data helps to validate the annual effort put forth by the Stream Crew.

In years past, Stream Crew would attempt to separate recyclables from trash removed from waterways. The 2018 Crew decided not to attempt this process. This decision was implemented due to a process known as biofouling, or the accumulation of microorganisms or plants on wetted surfaces4. This process can contaminate once recyclable material, rendering it unrecyclable via conventional methods available to Stream Crew. This caused Stream Crew to deposit all garbage removed into a standard waste removal bin.

15Ecological Importance and Waste Removal Protocol

Trash and debris amounts were recorded on a daily basis. Trash was brought back to the City of Salem Shops Complex, where Stream Crew operates, and bags of trash were weighed individually via a Quarrow Digital Fishing Scale (Figure 3.2). This scale allowed Stream Crew to record accurate weights of trash removed per day. This data was then recorded on a Daily Trash/Green Waste Form (Appendix A). Larger amounts of trash (i.e. transient camp clean ups) were taken to the Salem-Keizer Recycling and Transfer Station, where weights were recorded via a large industrial scale.

Fig. 3.2. Fish scale crew use to weigh trash.

Green waste and vegetation removed from creeks and streams were measured in cubic yards. This measurement is an approximation made under the assumption that the bed of the Stream Crew work trucks when full were one cubic yard and that our dump trailer was three cubic yards when full. All green waste (except invasives such as Scotch broom, yellow flag iris, and ludwiga) were deposited at Brown’s Island Demolition Landfill, where the green waste and vegetation is composted and turned into viable nutrient-rich soil.

17

Fig. 4.1. Stream Crew intern collecting data in the field.

ArcGIS Data Collection and ArcGIS Online


Data Collection in ArcGIS Collector ApplicationThe removal of debris and vegetation from Salem’s streams to aid in the ability to convey water is a main goal of the Stream Crew. Just as important, now, is the collection of a wide range of data that allows Salem to better understand its streams. Crew members are trained on using the ArcGIS Collector application (Fig 4.2.), which operates via smartphone, for instream data collection. The addition of the Collector app for use by the Stream Crew and the associated ArcGIS Online data map (Fig 4.3.) is a huge benefit to the way the Stream Crew operates. This section will discuss and describe the types of data collected instream, as well as provide more information regarding the importance of each parameter collected.

The use of the ArcGIS Collector allows for real time, accurate data collection. This means a crew member can record a data point in the field and that point is now instantly available back at the office within the ArcGIS Online map. This allows for the Environmental Aide to have a better understanding of the variability of features within each individual stream and watershed. Another beneficial feature within the Collector application is the ability to create new feature layers within the ArcGIS Desktop and publish them to the online platform, allowing for the creation of new data fields as needed. This provides a visual representation of the different issues and processes being collected throughout the city.

Fig. 4.2. ArcGIS Collector Map. Fig. 4.3. Image of ArcGIS Online Salem Map.

19ArcGIS Collector Application and Data Collection

Debris Jams

A debris jam (Fig. 4.4 and 4.5) is any collection of wood and vegetation spanning a creek or stream that has the ability to either slow or back up the flow of water. This slowing of water poses a serious threat of flooding; therefore, Stream Crew spends a lot of its time identifying these issues, collecting data, and removing jams to aid in the conveyance of water. Collector allows the Stream Crew to record the obstructions (Fig. 4.6) and look back over the years to identify any problem areas that are continually experiencing jams, so the City may better manage these areas.

Fig. 4.4. Before photo of debris jam in Waln Creek. Fig. 4.5. After photo of debris jam in Waln Creek.

Fig. 4.6. View of debris jam point from the Collector Application.


Erosion Observations

This data field is concerned with active (currently eroding) and stable erosion points within the streams of Salem (Fig. 4.7). This data point allows crew members to record data on areas of bank erosion that may lead to larger issues, such as damage to personal property or public infrastructure. The Crew records the height and length of each of these points as well as their susceptibility to further erosion (Fig. 4.8). Each point also includes an image, allowing us to glean more information and compare it to past years.

Fig. 4.7. Bank erosion point located in Bush Park on Pringle Creek.

Fig. 4.8. View of bank erosion point from the Collector Application.


Flowing Outfalls

An outfall is any type of pipe that is conveying water from a non-stream location into a stream as runoff. These outfalls occur throughout the city and in a variety for forms. If the Stream Crew encounters an outfall that is actively flowing and it has been at least 72 hours since the last rain event, the crew will collect it as a data point, as it may be an indication of a bigger issue (Fig. 4.9). These points are then assessed by the Monitoring Crew within the Stormwater Group of Public Works and managed accordingly.

Fig. 4.9. Example of flowing outfall, chlorine test strip on Battle Creek, and view of flowing outfall point from the

Collector Application.


Head Cuts

A head cut is a type of erosion point characterized by a quick drop in streambed elevation. These points are highly susceptible to upstream erosion as flows increase, and are usually a secondary cause from an upstream issue or due to the loss of dynamic substrate (sediments and cobbles). These points are monitored on a yearly basis to assess if the head cut is considered to be stable or still actively eroding (Fig. 4.10).

Fig. 4.10. Image of a stable headcut located on Clark Creek in Clark Creek Park, Salem 2018.


Illegal Camping

This point collects data on the location of transient camps along Salem’s streams. This information is passed along to the Salem Police Department who then notifies the inhabitants, who are allowed 48 hours or more to vacate. Then Stream Crew comes back through to remove any leftover refuse (Fig. 4.11). This task is important because it removes a large amount of possible pollution from entering into Salem’s waterways.

Fig. 4.11. Illegal camping near Claggett Creek.

Fig. 4.12. Illegal camping point in the Collector Application.


Invasive Species Observation

An invasive species is considered any species that is non-native to the ecosystem, or whose introduction causes environmental harm. One of the most well known in this area is Himalayan blackberry. Stream Crew is interested in several invasive species along our creeks and streams, as they have a tendency to outcompete native vegetation. The most common species identified are yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) (Fig. 4.13), Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius), teasel (Dipsacus sp.) and hybrid cattails.

Fig. 4.13. Invasive species point of yellow flag iris on Cinnamon Creek.

Fig. 4.14. View of invasive species point from the Collector Application.


Substrate Change

The substrate, soils, and cobbles that comprise the bed of a creek or stream are also of interest, especially when there is a quick and dramatic change in its composition (Fig. 4.15). This can indicate a number of things, such as scour, debris jams, slowing of flow, or even beaver dams. Recording these changes allows for us to monitor these areas and see how they may change over time.

Fig. 4.15. Substrate change point example.

Priority Reach

Stream Crew defines a priority reach as an area that is highly susceptible to annual flooding. These areas are identified via data from past years and are indicated on the map (both in Collector and ArcGIS Online) (Fig. 4.16) as red and yellow sections of stream. The red stretches indicate areas of very high susceptibility and have flooded in recent years, while yellow indicates areas that are prone to flooding. These are reaches where the Stream Crew focuses on removing debris and vegetation, allowing for maximum conveyance of water to lessen the chance of flooding.

Fig. 4.16. Priority reach section as seen in ArcGIS online Salem map.


Service Requests

A service request is a separate work request received either from a member of the public or from another department within the City of Salem. Almost all service requests relate to debris (trash or vegetation) in and around streams. Collector makes it possible to place these requests on the map, along with their specific information, making it easy for crew members to respond to these issues in a timely manner.

ArcGIS Long TermAs the Stream Crew project continues to evolve and become more robust in its data collection effort and eventually data analysis, we will begin to better understand our dynamic creeks and streams and how to better manage them as assets to the city. One of the most exciting attributes of implementing ArcGIS Collector and ArcGIS Online is the ability to create a long-term data set showing the annual changes within the waterways of Salem. This annual data will be invaluable when it comes to making management decisions in the future.

27

Fig. 5.1. Stream Crew cleaning Shelton Ditch.

Annual Cleaning Results and Watershed Profiles


Watershed Results

Map 5.1. Watershed map of the City of Salem.

Table 5.1. Grouping of watersheds for Stream Crew data collection.

29Annual Cleaning Results and Watershed Profiles

WATERSHED PROFILES

Glenn-Gibson Watershed

Map 5.2. Glenn-Gibson Basin and its streams.

Basin Summary

The Glenn-Gibson Watershed is located in West Salem and is made up of six creeks: Gibson Creek, Wilark Brook, Goldcrest Brook, Glenn Creek, Archer Brook, and Turnage Brook (Map 5.2). Glenn Creek is the main waterway in this watershed; four of the five other creeks drain into it as it runs east towards the Willamette River. Turnage Brook drains directly into the Willamette River but for the purposes of this report the Turnage Brook Watershed was combined into the Glenn-Gibson Watershed. In total there are 7.31 miles of creek in West Salem that the Stream Crew cleans and inspects each summer. The Glenn-Gibson watershed makes up 12.56% of all the streams that the 2018 Stream Crew cleaned and inspected.

Cleaning Results and Anthropogenic Data

During the 2018 field season, the Stream Crew walked and inspected all six waterways that make up this watershed. The Stream Crew removed 59 pounds of trash and 7 debris jams, totaling in 3 yd3 of green waste (Table 5.2). Glenn Creek has two high-priority sections, one near Doaks Ferry Road. and the other near Orchard Heights Park. Both of these sections were cleaned thoroughly to reduce flooding hazards during the winter. The trash pulled out of this watershed made up roughly 1% of the total amount of trash collected this season. For the first time in a number of years, no transient camps were found on Turnage Brook, potentially due to the fact that the City of Salem has been working closely with the Salem Police Department to try to post signs saying “Illegal Camping” in areas that are known for having transient camps in the past.


Table 5.2. Stream Crew cleaning data for Glenn-Gibson Watershed 2018.

Stream Data

Due to the change in elevation in West Salem, only two sections of Glenn Creek have been identified as high-priority sections – areas that require aggressive vegetation removal to ensure conveyance. This generally requires green waste to be removed from riparian areas. This season, the Stream Crew removed 3 yd3 of debris from high-priority sections in West Salem. The Stream Crew also cleared seven debris jams in West Salem. Debris jams often occur at choke points – areas where water is funneled into a narrower channel – which means these debris jams are extremely important to clear (Fig 5.2). Another issue that crews come across in riparian areas are invasive plant species. There are many invasive species within Salem waterways, but the Stream Crew only tracks those that the City has the potential to eradicate. West Salem had a low number of key invasive species identified, only finding a few examples of Japanese knotweed, yellow flag iris, and reed canary grass. The Stream Crew also identified 31 erosion points, both headcuts and bank erosion.

Fig. 5.2. Debris jam before and after in Orchard Heights Park.


Fig. 5.3. Example of an infrastructure observation. A pipe discovered spanning the creek.

Fig. 5.4. Headcut and erosion point. Fig. 5.5. Infrastructure damage leading to substrate change.


Claggett Creek Watershed

Map 5.3. Claggett Creek Basin and its streams.

Basin Summary

The Claggett Creek watershed is located in north Salem, with the majority of Claggett Creek located in the city of Keizer, directly north of Salem. Claggett Creek is made up of one creek with two separate tributaries, Claggett Creek and South Fork Claggett Creek. The Stream Crew only cleans and inspects streams within the City of Salem’s Urban Growth Boundary (UBG), and while the majority of the tributaries in the Claggett Creek watershed are outside Salem’s UBG, the Stream Crew cleaned 2.01 miles of creek in this watershed. This mileage accounts for 3.4% of the total amount of streams that the Stream Crew cleaned and inspected this season.


During the 2018 field season, the Stream Crew walked both reaches of Claggett Creek (Claggett Creek and South Fork Claggett Creek) in their entirety – 2.01 miles in total. Claggett Creek is located in an area with a number of multiple-family units and a large number of transient camping locations, and as a result, always has a large amount of trash in and around its waterways. The Stream Crew removed 1,368 pounds of trash from the Claggett Creek Watershed, which accounted for roughly 24% of all the trash that was collected during this season (Table 5.3). The Stream Crew also cleared three debris jams from this watershed. The majority of Claggett Creek runs through the city of Keizer, and as such the majority of the high-priority sections of that watershed occur outside the Salem UGB and are not cleaned by Stream Crew. This season, crews found a large number of transient camps in this watershed, officially documenting eight within the natural high water line for the creeks. Transient camps often contribute a large amount of trash to the watersheds, and can potentially cause water quality concerns. Stream Crew also found two flowing outfalls; one that had not previously been identified. The Stream Crew also worked closely with City of Salem


Environmental Services to clean up an oil spill from an unknown source, placing booms in the water to soak up the oil and keep it from spreading further (Fig. 5.6).

Table 5.3. Stream Crew cleaning data for Claggett Creek Watershed, 2018.

Fig. 5.6. Oil spill in Claggett Creek.

Stream Data

The 2018 Stream Crew identified and removed three debris jams from the Claggett Creek Watershed. This watershed has some areas where bank erosion is a large issue so Stream Crew had to strategically remove parts of debris jams to ensure conveyance, while at the same time ensuring bank stability. The Stream Crew found no invasive species while in the watershed this season, but did find one example of infrastructure damage: some exposed wires crossing the stream. This finding was reported to full-time stormwater staff to ensure that this issue was given to the correct department to rectify. The Stream Crew noted one substrate change near a large debris jam that was causing water to back up behind it, leading to a large accumulation of fine sediment on the bed of the creek. The Stream Crew also identified eight erosion observations.


Fig. 5.7. Flowing outfall found in Claggett Creek.


Fig. 5.8. Before and after of debris jam in Claggett Creek.


Little Pudding River Watershed

Map 5.4. Little Pudding Basin and its streams.

Basin Summary

The Little Pudding River Watershed covers the eastern side of Salem. Two tributaries of Little Pudding run inside the UBG, East Fork Little Pudding and West Fork Little Pudding. Much of Little Pudding is ephemeral, meaning that water does not flow through the channel year round, drying out in the summer months. This allows for the Stream Crew to quickly clean and inspect these areas. Running through the city of Salem are 5.34 miles of Little Pudding River, which, combined with 3.2 miles of additional unnamed stream fragments, represents 15.01% of the total miles of streams that the Stream Crew cleans and inspects yearly.


The 2018 Stream Crew walked both East Fork Little Pudding and West Fork Little Pudding and collected 511 pounds of trash, which was roughly 9% of the total garbage collected this season. Little Pudding is the only ephemeral watershed inside the city limits, and it is generally cleaned in a joint effort between the Stream Crew and inmate crews working under the supervision of the Operations and Maintenance Crew. East Fork and West Fork Little Pudding can be easily spotted due to the large amounts of reed canary grass that grows along the entirety of the riparian area. Inmate crews work to cut back the grass to allow Stream Crew to inspect and clean the creeks more easily. Due to inmate crews working in this area, all the green waste is removed by inmate crews; therefore, it does not count towards the green waste totals for Stream Crew. The Stream Crew found no transient camps in this watershed this season. The Stream Crew was able to find a flowing outfall that turned out to be an illicit discharge (Fig. 5.9). Illicit discharges occur when a pollutant is introduced into a stream or creek without a permit. In this case Stream Crew came across an illicit discharge in progress, and were able to work with Environmental Services to track the source and issue a warning to the individual.


Table 5.4. Stream Crew cleaning data for the Little Pudding River Watershed, 2018.

Fig. 5.9. Illicit discharge discovered in Little Pudding Watershed.

Stream Data

Due to the ephemeral nature of Little Pudding, and the fact that inmate crews went through each section before Stream Crew, no debris jams were found this season. The Stream Crew only found one other invasive species in this watershed: tansy ragwort (Fig. 5.11). Five bank erosion points were marked in the Little Pudding Watershed (Fig. 5.10).

Fig. 5.10. Bank erosion in West Fork Little Pudding.


Fig. 5.11. Tansy ragwort found near McKay High School.

Mill Creek Watershed

Map 5.5. Mill Creek Basin and its streams.


Basin Summary

Of Salem’s watersheds, the Mill Creek Watershed has the largest volume of water pass through it. This watershed is made up of three water bodies: Mill Creek, Shelton Ditch, and Mill Race. The Mill Creek Watershed has a history of heavy human involvement and impact, both Shelton Ditch and Mill Race are man-made channels that were created to divert flow from Mill Creek. In addition to being the largest watershed, Mill Creek is also the most urban watershed, running directly through the heart of downtown Salem. The Stream Crew cleaned and inspected 15.03 miles in the Mill Creek watershed, which contributed 25.84% of the total mileage.


The 2018 Stream Crew cleaned and inspected all three of the waterways in the Mill Creek Watershed, removing 2,714 pounds of trash along the 15.03 miles. Mill Creek Watershed had the most amount of trash out of any watershed, contributing roughly 48% of all the total trash collected (Table 5.5). In addition to trash, Stream Crew removed 10 cubic yards of green waste from six different debris jams. This green waste total does not account for the daily green waste The Crew collects from the fish screens separating Mill Creek and Mill Race that need to have green waste and garbage removed from them daily. The Mill Creek Watershed does not have any high-priority sections, but Stream Crew spends a large amount of time removing trash and debris due to the high amount of flow that passes through this watershed during winter. The Mill Creek Watershed has a large number of transient camps due to its location in the heart of downtown Salem. This year, Stream Crew marked 15 transient camps, although many of these camps appeared to contain more than one resident. Stream Crew also marked eight flowing outfalls in this watershed. As part of Stream Crew’s duties after finishing cleaning and inspecting, crews worked to identify flowing outfalls that were the result of broken water lines. Stream Crew found one outfall in the Mill Creek Watershed that was the direct result of a broken water line; the Stream Crew was able to report this finding to Public Works for further action (Fig. 5.12). By having the Stream Crew inspect streams and infrastructure near flowing outfalls, they are able to identify broken or failing infrastructure. In 2018, the Stream Crew found one broken water pipe, two failing culverts, and one electrical wire crossing the stream in this watershed.

Table 5.5. Stream Crew cleaning data for Mill Creek Watershed, 2018.


Fig. 5.12. Flowing outfall that led to discovery of Fig. 5.13. Peter Dalrymple teaching Stream Crew interns broken water pipe. how to perform pipeshed investigations.

Stream Data

The Stream Crew removed six debris jams from the Mill Creek Watershed, four of which were on Mill Creek while the last two were on Shelton Ditch. Debris jams are removed to allow for better conveyance in these larger streams during times of high flow. The Mill Creek Watershed has the largest creeks in Salem. Some of these creeks are so deep, even during summer flows, that Stream Crew cannot walk through the channel in chest waders. When this happens, Stream Crew uses a boat or canoe to complete their inspections and cleanings (Fig. 5.14). In 2018, the Stream Crew found three yellow flag iris plants, an invasive species that grows in saturated ground on the banks of streams. When Stream Crew comes across yellow flag iris, they take off the seed pods, with the goal of keeping the plants from spreading further downstream. If time is left at the end of the season, Stream Crew interns will go back to these locations and attempt to remove the whole plant and its root wad. Stream Crew marked eight erosion points, but no substrate changes, mainly because large stretches of this watershed are so deep that Stream Crew was not able to determine substrate types.


Fig. 5.14. Stream Crew Interns preparing to boat down Mill Creek.

Fig. 5.15. Before and after a debris jam in Shelton Ditch.


Pringle Creek Watershed

Map 5.6. Pringle Creek Basin and its streams.

Basin Summary

The Pringle Creek Watershed is one of the largest in Salem. It covers the majority of south Salem and contains two main creeks, Pringle and Clark Creek, as well as the four tributaries of Pringle Creek: East Fork Pringle Creek, West Fork Pringle Creek, West Middle Fork Pringle Creek, and Middle Fork Pringle Creek. Pringle Creek and Clark Creek converge in Bush Park before entering the Mill Creek watershed at Pringle Park, merging with Shelton Ditch as it empties into the Willamette River. During the 2018 Stream Crew season, the 16.38 miles of creeks and streams in the watershed were all cleaned and inspected. The Pringle Creek watershed makes up 28.16% of all waterways in the City of Salem.


The 2018 Stream Crew walked all five creeks located in this watershed: West Middle Fork Pringle Creek, East Fork Pringle Creek, West Fork Pringle Creek, Pringle Creek, and Clark Creek. The Pringle Creek Watershed contains the highest number of priority sections in Salem. Every stream except for Clark Creek had high-priority sections, and as a result, Stream Crew removed 25 cubic yards of green waste from this watershed (Table 5.6). In addition to 25 cubic yards of green waste, the Stream Crew removed 767 pounds of trash, approximately 13.4% of the total trash removed this field season. The Stream Crew also found three transient camps in this watershed; however, there were many more transient camps not in the high water lines that the Stream Crew observed while walking through the streams. Stream Crew also observed three outfalls in the watershed, though none were deemed illicit discharges. Pringle Creek Watershed had the highest number of infrastructure observation points. A total of ten culverts, ten retaining walls, three exposed wires, and two exposed sewer lines were found by the 2018 Crew.


Table 5.6. Stream Crew cleaning data for the Pringle Watershed, 2018.

Stream Data

Pringle Creek has the largest amount of high-priority areas of any watershed in the city. Much of Pringle Creek runs through industrial areas that are built in historic flood plains and are at a high risk of flooding each year. Due to this concern, the Stream Crew aggressively clears these areas, leaving little to no woody vegetation in the creeks in an attempt to ensure maximum conveyance through these sections. This task only becomes more difficult with the added factor that beaver activity in this watershed has been growing over the past couple of years. Beaver dams provide a unique challenge as removing them doesn’t guarantee conveyance, since the beavers often rebuild them quickly. The combination of high-priority cleaning areas and increased beaver activity led the Stream Crew to remove 31 debris jams and a total of 25 cubic yards of green waste from this watershed. This watershed also has a large number of invasive species present. The 2018 Stream Crew found Japanese knotweed, hybrid cattail, yellow flag iris, tansy ragwort, and Scotch broom in this watershed. The invasive species are marked every year in an attempt to track invasive species “hotspots” – areas of high amounts of invasive species that may benefit from restoration efforts. The streams in this watershed are also highly dynamic. Stream Crew marked 18 substrate changes and 111 bank and bed erosion points, indicating a highly active and changing stream.

Fig. 5.16. Before and after of a debris jam caused by beaver activity on Pringle Creek.


Fig. 5.17. Before and after of debris jam on Pringle Creek.

Fig. 5.18. Headcut located on Pringle Creek.


Fig. 5.19. Flowing outfall discovered on Pringle Creek. Fig. 5.20. Japanese knotweed.


Battle Creek Watershed

Map 5.7. The Battle Creek Basin and its streams.

Basin Summary

The Battle Creek Watershed covers the very southern edge of Salem, with at least half of the watershed covering areas outside the UBG. The Battle Creek Watershed is made up of five different creeks: Powell Creek, Scotch Creek, Cinnamon Creek, Battle Creek, and Waln Creek. The creeks are in highly-populated areas, running almost entirely behind residential houses, but they benefit greatly from having a large natural area in the center of the watershed. The Battle Creek Property was once an old golf course, but since 2007 has been a natural flood plain that allows natural flora and fauna to return to the area. The five creeks of this watershed combine to cover 5.25 miles in the watershed. This watershed accounts for 9.3% of the total waterways cleaned and inspected annually.


Stream Crew covered 5.25 miles of the total 8.75 miles, or 82%, of the streams and creeks in the Battle Creek Watershed. During the 2018 season, The Crew removed 118 pounds of trash, 2% of the total trash removed throughout the city (Table 5.7). Four debris jams were also removed to help improve conveyance, totaling 9 yds3 green waste and vegetation. Battle Creek Watershed also had multiple high-priority sections along both Waln Creek and Battle Creek. These sections were cleaned more thoroughly by the Stream Crew in an attempt to reduce flooding hazard. The Battle Creek Watershed also has one transient camp in the high water line. An inmate crew will be going through the area, and will likely clean up leftover trash after the camp has been abandoned due to rising water. The Stream Crew also identified six flowing outfalls, all of which were on Battle Creek. The water table in South Salem is quite high, and groundwater can often be found coming out of pipes during dry weather. The Crew also identified six culverts in the watershed that were partially full of sediment, leading to less pipe capacity for water. These culverts were identified, and Operations


and Maintenance crews were alerted to the problems. Ensuring culverts are clear is another way the Stream Crew can help mitigate flooding hazard in the watershed.

Table 5.7. Stream Crew cleaning data for Battle Creek Watershed, 2018.

Fig. 5.21. Yellow flag iris on Cinnamon Creek stream data.

Stream Data

Battle Creek has had some beaver activity in past years; Stream Crew found evidence of beaver activity in the area this season, and removed at least one beaver dam from the watershed. The Battle Creek Watershed is unique in the fact that the heart of the watershed has a large natural area. This area, Battle Creek Property, used to be an old golf course, and now it supports large numbers of


native plants and animals. Having such a large natural area in a watershed allows Stream Crew to make calculated decisions about debris removal, as flooding in the Battle Creek Property is encouraged. While the Battle Creek Property has many native plant species, the watershed does struggle with the spread of one major invasive species: yellow flag iris. The Crew identified five yellow flag iris plants, some of which were growing close to culverts and not allowing water to pass through. The Stream Crew worked to remove three of these plants and replant them with native bull rush to open up the channel and encourage native plant growth (Fig. 5.23). Stream Crew members also identified a code violation on Battle Creek (Fig. 5.22), where a resident had installed a makeshift pump into the stream for irrigation purposes.

Fig. 5.22. Code violation reported on Battle Creek. Fig. 5.23. Invasive species removed and replaced by Bull Rush.


Fig. 5.24. Bank erosion on Battle Creek.

Fig. 5.25. Before and after of a debris jam on Battle Creek.


Croisan/Pettijohn Watershed

Map 5.8. Croisan/Pettijohn Basin and its streams.

Basin Summary

The Croisan/Pettijohn Watershed is the combination of two separate smaller watersheds that have been combined for the purposes of this report. This watershed is located in the southwestern portion of the City of Salem. Pettijohn is a small creek that flows northward through a low density residential area near Illahe Hills Country Club before flowing into Minto-Brown Island Park, where it drains into the Willamette Slough. Croisan Creek is a slightly larger creek, with its headwaters located just southwest of the city boundary. Croisan also flows northward through a low-density residential area along Croisan Creek Road S. before flowing into Minto-Brown Island park, and eventually draining into the Willamette Slough. These two creeks run 3.64 miles inside of the Urban Growth Boundary and make up 6.7% of the total mileage inspected annually.


The 2018 Stream Crew walked all sections of the Croisan/Pettijohn Watershed, including two smaller tributaries, Chamber Swale and Laurel Creek. The Crews removed 165 pounds of trash from this watershed, which was about 2.9% of the total trash removed throughout the season (Table 5.8). Only four debris jams were found, and due to the large flood plain and dense riparian corridor, only one cubic yard of green waste was removed from this watershed. The large riparian corridor and the space population near creeks means that no high-priority cleaning sections have been identified in this watershed. This watershed is set back from main roads and has large amounts of vegetation, which all contribute to the Stream Crew finding no evidence of transient camping in the watershed. There were only two flowing outfalls identified in the watershed, and Stream Crew only marked four infrastructure observation points, all of which were culverts that were partially filled with sediment.


Table 5.8. Stream Crew cleaning data for the Croisan/Pettijohn Watershed, 2018.

Fig. 5.26. Croisan/Pettijohn Watershed trash removal.

Stream Data

The Stream Crew removed four debris jams in the watershed, including one large debris jam which was blocking access to a culvert that allows Croisan Creek to drain into the Willamette Slough. Clearing that debris jam should allow water to move quickly through that area during high flow events, reducing flooding hazards to local homes (Fig. 5.27). Stream Crew also identified an outbreak of an invasive plant species, Japanese Knotweed, along Croisan Creek. Twenty-three Japanese knotweed plants were identified along this reach – more than double the amount recorded in this section in previous years (Fig. 5.29). Some homes along the creek appeared to be planting the knotweed on their properties, and are likely spreading the plant downstream. The watershed does not have drastic elevation changes, and as a result, only 14 erosion points were identified by Stream Crew.


Fig. 5.27. Before and after of a debris jam on Croisan Creek.

Fig. 5.28. Flowing outfall. Fig. 5.29. Japanese knotweed.

53

Fig. 6.1. Stream Crew Members performing Swift Water Rescue training conducted by the Salem Fire Department.

Season Review


2018 Season ReviewDuring the 2018 field season, the Stream Crew surveyed 56.88 miles of creek within the City of Salem, removing 5,702 pounds of trash, 43 cubic yards of green waste, and 57 debris jams. As the Stream Crew internship continues to evolve, it is necessary to bring in new components to the program. This year, a host of new in-stream data points were added into the ArcGIS Collector application. These new data points allowed Crew members to record data on stream characteristics such as invasive species, debris jams, and erosion points. This increase in data collection will aid in the creation of a long-term data set that will be beneficial for future Stream Crew members and the City of Salem.

Concluding RemarksThe streams and creeks that comprise the watersheds of Salem are an integral part of the city. Not only do they provide conveyance of water during large rain events, they also provide a network of habitat corridors for a range of plant and animal species that reside within the Urban Growth Boundary. Understanding this allows the Stream Crew interns to help manage the streams as the assets they are. Making informed ecological decisions nested in the framework of increasing conveyance means that our streams will be able to provide capacity for higher flows, while also serving as habitat refugia. As Stream Crew continues to improve upon this, Salem will gain a better understanding of the processes occurring within its creeks, streams, and watersheds, and how to better manage these complex systems.

Recognition StatementStream Crew is only made possible through the hard work of full-time City of Salem employees. The 2018 Stream Crew would like to extend unlimited gratitude to those who lent their time, effort, and expertise to make this a memorable and extremely educational experience. A huge thank you goes out to Keith Bondaug-Winn (Stormwater Quality Supervisor), Pete Dalrymple (Stream Crew Project Coordinator), Grey Wolf (Natural Infrastructure Specialist), Kyle Lawrence (Parks and Green Project Coordinator), Kyle Anderson (Engineering Tech III), Justin Boyington (Flow Monitoring Analyst), Anita Panko (Flow Monitoring Analyst), Troy Goby (Flow Monitoring Technician), Eric Kowalski (Flow Monitoring Technician), Deborah Topp (Natural Res. Outreach Specialist), Brandin Krempasky (Water Quality Technician), Nitin Joshi (Water and Environmental Resources Manager) and Mark Becktel (Public Works Operations Manager).

The Stream Crew experience is also positively impacted by the Thursday Colloquium speakers and site visits that occur throughout the season. For this, we would like to extend appreciation to Derek Godwin, Lori Grant, and Kaitlin Lovell. We would also like to thank Geren Island Water Treatment Facility, Willow Lake Wastewater Treatment Facility, Salem Fire Department and Talking Waters Garden.

Lastly, appreciation goes out to the amazing 2018 Crew. Without their hard work and dedication, none of this would have been possible. I would like to thank Bryce Funk, Kyler Jacobo, Aaron Orr, Ryan Wade, Dónte Barker, Phil Birnbaum, Haley Rodin, and Kyle Schaeffer.

Thank You,

Meridith Greer – Environmental Aide

55Works Cited

Works Cited

Articles1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (July 21, 2011). EPA Clean Water Act. Retrieved from

https://www3.epa.gov/region10/pdf/water/CWA_determinations_Oregon_ALC.pdf

2. City of Salem (2000). Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) Discharge Permits and Annual Reports. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.cityofsalem.net/Pages/ms4-permits-annual-Reports.aspx

3. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. Inland Fisheries Division Habitat Conservation and Enhancement Program: Large Woody Debris Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/fishing/restoration/largewoodydebrisfactsheet.pdf

4. Fazey, FM. , Ryan, PG. (Jan. 21 2016). Biofouling on buoyant marine plastics: An experimental study into the effect of size on surface longevity. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26803792

ImagesImages not specified were provided by Meridith Greer and Stream Crew members (Stream Crew

2018).

Images of maps prepared by Peter Dalrymple and Ryan Wade for 2018 Stream Crew. Collector Application for ArcGIS version 17.0.4, build 1030 © 2013–2018 Esri.

Fig. 2.5: Danielle Peterson – Statesman Journal (Aug. 7, 2014). Retrieved from http://www.statesmanjournal.com/picture-gallery/news/local/2014/08/07/geren-island-water-treatment-facility/13752613/

Fig. 2.6: City of Salem. Willow Lake Wastewater Treatment Facility. Retrieved from http://www.cityofsalem.net/Pages/willow-lake-wastewater-treatment.aspx

Fig. 2.7: Talking Waters Garden. Retrieved from https://studioranslam.com/2013/03/20/talking-water-garden

Fig. 2.8: Painters Hall at Pringle Creek Community (2017). Retrieved from https://living-future.org/reveal/painters-hall-at-pringle-creek-community/.

57Appendix A

Appendix A

Data form for recording daily trash weights and Green Waste removal.

Trash/Green Waste Daily WeightsDate Stream Crew Trash (lbs.) Green Waste (yrd3) Cool Finds

59Appendix B

Appendix B Watershed Profile Data 2018 Table of all data collected and used to build the 2018 Watershed Profiles.

Length* Trash (lbs.) DJ GW (yd3)Services Requests

Priority Reaches

Invasive Species Infrastructure DamageSubstrate Change

Outfalls Transient Activity

Glenn/Gibson 7.31 59 7 3 Y/N Type Y/N Type 15 Y/N # of CampsTurnage Br. 1.08 3 1 No No No 2 0 No

Glenn Cr. 3.51 35 4 Yes - High/Med Yes JK (x1), YF (x1) Yes SL (x3) 8 0 No

Goldcrest Cr. 0.91 3 0 No Yes RC (x1) Yes SL (x3) 2 1 NoGibson Cr. 1.02 5 2 No No No 0 0 No

Wilark Br. 0.40 10 0 No No No 0 0 NoArcher Br. 0.39 3 0 No No No 3 0 No

Claggett 2.01 1368 3 0 1Claggett Cr. 2.01 1368 3 No No Yes EW (x1) 1 2 Yes 8

Little Pudding 8.54 511 0 4 0Little Pudding 5.34 511 0 No No TR (x1) No 0 1 No

Other 3.20 0 0 No No No 0 0 No

Mill 15.03 2714 6 10 0Mill Cr. 10.94 1714 4 No Yes YF (x3) Yes Broken Water Pipe (x1) 0 4 Yes 13

Mill Race 1.04 74 0 No No Yes Gate Inlet (x1) 0 0 NoShelton Ditch 3.05 926 2 No No Yes C (x2), EW (x1) 0 4 Yes 2

Pringle 16.38 767 31 25 18W.M. Fork Pringle Cr. 3.88 63 13 Yes - Med Yes JK (x1) No 1 2 Yes 2

E. Fork Pringle Cr. 3.02 90 4 Yes - High Yes HC (x1), YF (x1), JK (x1) Yes C (x1), RW (x1) 1 0 NoW. Fork Pringle Cr. 3.46 321 7 Yes - High Yes RC (x1), HB (x4) TR (x1), JK (x4) Yes C (x5), EW(x3), RW (x3), SL (x1) 15 1 No

Pringle Cr. 4.11 101 4 Yes - High/Med No Yes Bird Netting (x1) 0 0 Yes 1Clark Cr. 1.91 192 3 No Yes YF (x2), JK (x2) Yes C (x4), SL (x1), RW (x6) 1 0 No

Battle 5.25 118 4 9 6Battle Cr. 1.19 16 1 Yes - High/Med No Yes C (x1), EP (x1) 0 6 No

Cinnamon Cr. 0.28 2 0 No Yes YF (x3) No 2 0 NoScotch Cr. 0.57 5 0 No Yes YF (x1) Yes C (x1) 0 0 NoPowell Cr. 0.53 20 0 No No Yes C (x1) 2 0 NoWain Cr. 2.68 75 3 Yes - High Yes YF (x1), JK (x1) Yes C (x1), RW (x1) 2 0 Yes 1

Croisan/Pettijohn 3.64 165 4 1 0Croisan Cr. 1.75 155 3 No Yes JK (x23) Yes C (x3) 0 2 No

Chamber Swale 1.26 0 0 No Yes YF (x1) No 0 0 NoLaurel Cr. 0.21 0 0 No No No 0 0 No

Pettijohn Cr. 0.42 10 1 No No Yes C (x1) 0 0 No 0Total: 58.16 5702 55 52

*Length of stream within Salem city limits.

Invasive Codes: YF=Yellow Flag Iris, JK=Japanese Knotweed, TR=Tansy Ragwort, SB=Scotchbroom, HC=Hybrid Cattail, HB=Hybrid Blackberry, RC=Reed Canary Grass, T=Teasel

Infrastructure Codes: C=Culverts, RW=Retaining Wall, SL=Sewer Line, GS=Gauging Station, EW=Exposed Wires

salem’s urban streams...based on these parameters as well as salem’s population size, the city...

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