salk institute mobile lab review: we extracted dna from wheat germ and discovered that the color of...
TRANSCRIPT
Salk Institute Mobile Lab
Review:
• We extracted DNA from wheat germ
• And discovered that the color of DNA is …
• No matter what organism it comes from, DNA in a tube looks the same!
WHITE!
Salk Institute Mobile Lab
So how can scientists tell different DNA apart?
Salk Institute Mobile Lab
So how can scientists tell different DNA apart?
• Remember that DNA is a long molecule of A, T, G, C
ATTTCGCAATATTTCGCAATTAGGCATCGGACGTAGCCTAGGCATCGGACGTAGCC
TAGGCAGTCGATCGTCAGTCTTCTAGGCAGTCGATCGTCAGTCTTCTAACCGGATACCAGACCAGGTCCCGTAACCGGATACCAGACCAGGTCCCG
TTAACGCGGATATAGCCTGTCAGCTGATTTAACGCGGATATAGCCTGTCAGCTGATGGACATCGACTCTGAACTCGACACATCCCTGGACATCGACTCTGAACTCGACACATCCCTTAACCGATCGTCTCTGACCTCGACCTGACGTAACCGATCGTCTCTGACCTCGACCTGACG
CGGTAACTGATCTCCCGATCCCCGATCCTGACGGTAACTGATCTCCCGATCCCCGATCCTGATGACACAGCTCGACTCCGACATCGCCCAGCTGACACAGCTCGACTCCGACATCGCCCAGCTTAAGCTACGGGACTAGCATCGATCGATCGTTAAGCTACGGGACTAGCATCGATCGATCGTTGACCAGCTAGCTCTGACCTCGACCTGACTTGACCAGCTAGCTCTGACCTCGACCTGAC
CGGGATAGCTCTAGCTCTGAGAGCTCGCGGGATAGCTCTAGCTCTGAGAGCTCGTGAAACCGTAAAATCGTCTCTGATATAGTGAAACCGTAAAATCGTCTCTGATATAG
CCCGACCTTCGGATATACGTTCTGCCCGACCTTCGGATATACGTTCTGTTAGACTGTGACAGCTTAGCTTAGACTGTGACAGCTTAGC
TAGCGGTAGATCGATAGCGGTAGATCGATAGCTTAGCT
+ + Restriction Restriction Enzymes Enzymes which act likewhich act likeChemical Chemical ““scissorsscissors””
Salk Institute Mobile Lab
So how can scientists tell different DNA apart?
• Remember that DNA is a long molecule of A, T, G, C
ATGGTACGCATGGTCTCGAGCATAGCTTTCATGGCTTATGGTACGCATGGTCTCGAGCATAGCTTTCATGGCTTCATCAT CATCAT CATCAT
Salk Institute Mobile Lab
Result:
• Lots of different size pieces of DNAATTTCAT
ATTTCATTAGGCAT
TAGGCAT
GAC
GTAC
AT
GAC
GTAC
AT
TAGGCAGTCGATCGTCAGTCCAT
TAGGCAGTCGATCGTCAGTCCAT
AA
CC
GG
ATA
CA
T
AA
CC
GG
ATA
CA
T
TAGACCAG
GTCCAT
TAGACCAG
GTCCAT
TTAACGCGGATATAGCCTGTCAGCTGAT
TTAACGCGGATATAGCCTGTCAGCTGAT
GGACATCGACTCTGAACTCGACACACAT
GGACATCGACTCTGAACTCGACACACAT
TAACCGATCGTCTCTGACCTCGACCTGCAT
TAACCGATCGTCTCTGACCTCGACCTGCAT
CGGTAACTGATCTCCCGATCCCCGATCCTGA
CGGTAACTGATCTCCCGATCCCCGATCCTGA
TGACACAGCTCGACTCCGACTTCGCCCAGC
TGACACAGCTCGACTCCGACTTCGCCCAGC
TTAAGCTACGGGACTAGCGTCGATCGACCAT
TTAAGCTACGGGACTAGCGTCGATCGACCAT
TTGACCAGCTAGCTCTCAT
TTGACCAGCTAGCTCTCAT
CTCGACCTCATCTCGACCTCAT
CGGGATAGCTCTAGCTCTGAGCAT
CGGGATAGCTCTAGCTCTGAGCAT
CCAT
CCAT
TC
AT
TC
AT
CATCAT
CG
CA
TC
GC
AT
AAATCG
TCAT
AAATCG
TCAT
CCATCCAT
Salk Institute Mobile Lab
ATTTCAT
ATTTCATTAGGCAT
TAGGCAT
GAC
GTAC
AT
GAC
GTAC
AT
TAGGCAGTCGATCGTCAGTCCAT
TAGGCAGTCGATCGTCAGTCCAT
AA
CC
GG
ATA
CA
T
AA
CC
GG
ATA
CA
T
TAGACCAG
GTCCAT
TAGACCAG
GTCCAT
TTAACGCGGATATAGCCTGTCAGCTGAT
TTAACGCGGATATAGCCTGTCAGCTGAT
GGACATCGACTCTGAACTCGACACACAT
GGACATCGACTCTGAACTCGACACACAT
TAACCGATCGTCTCTGACCTCGACCTGCAT
TAACCGATCGTCTCTGACCTCGACCTGCAT
CGGTAACTGATCTCCCGATCCCCGATCCTGA
CGGTAACTGATCTCCCGATCCCCGATCCTGA
TGACACAGCTCGACTCCGACTTCGCCCAGC
TGACACAGCTCGACTCCGACTTCGCCCAGC
TTAAGCTACGGGACTAGCGTCGATCGACCAT
TTAAGCTACGGGACTAGCGTCGATCGACCAT
TTGACCAGCTAGCTCTCAT
TTGACCAGCTAGCTCTCAT
CTCGACCTCATCTCGACCTCAT
CGGGATAGCTCTAGCTCTGAGCAT
CGGGATAGCTCTAGCTCTGAGCAT
CCAT
CCAT
TC
AT
TC
AT
CATCAT
CG
CA
TC
GC
AT
AAATCG
TCAT
AAATCG
TCAT
CCATCCAT
Next step is to sort the pieces by sizeusing Gel Electrophoresis
Salk Institute Mobile Lab
Gel Electrophoresis
• Gel is made from Agarose powder which comes from seaweed
DNA pieces go hereDNA pieces go here
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Smaller piecesSmaller pieces
DNA pieces separated by SIZE!
Salk Institute Mobile Lab
So how do scientists tell different DNA apart?
• Everyone’s DNA is unique!– So everyone’s DNA gets cut up differently!
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Different Patterns!
DifferentDifferent DNA samples DNA samples
Salk Institute Mobile Lab
DNA Fingerprinting
• Unique DNA = Unique patterns– Just like your fingerprints are unique!
Apply electricityApply electricityBigger piecesBigger pieces
Smaller piecesSmaller pieces
Different Patterns!
DifferentDifferent DNA samples DNA samples
Salk Institute Mobile Lab
DNA Fingerprinting
• Unique DNA = Unique patterns– Just like your fingerprints are unique!
Apply electricityApply electricityBigger piecesBigger pieces
Smaller piecesSmaller pieces
Different Patterns!
DifferentDifferent DNA samples DNA samples
Zoologistsuse it for animal breeding
Forensic Scientistsuse it to solve crime scenes
Oncologists
use it to research
cancer genes
Marine Biologistsuse it to identify
new species
Immunologists
use it to study
mutated viruses
Geneticistsuse it to determine evolution patterns
Salk Institute Mobile Lab
• In labs we use a carcinogen called EtBr to make the DNA show up
• Food color dyes have their own color!
Salk Institute Mobile Lab
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