Salvia divinorum Datura wrightii o Many plants contain alkaloids for their own protection. o Many of these alkaloids have been adapted for human advantages. o Stimulants such as caffeine, narcotic pain relieving medicines, etc o For example, Datura wrightii contains tropane alkaloids. o These alkaloids contain anesthetic properties. o This property led to the discovery of novocain, used in dentistry. D. Wrightii hawk moth pollination Many toxins may have effects on pollinators. Research is showing that certain plants choose for certain pollinators due to their toxicity. The pollinator gets an extra benefit by drinking the alkaloids to use in its own defense by secretions, using in reproductive sacs, etc On the left is Datura wrightii being pollinated by a long-tongued hawkmoth (order: Lepidoptera). Larva, tomato hornworm, are not affected by toxins of plants. Texas or Scarlet sage Common sage There are over 900 species of salvia. Grow rapidly Attract butterflies and hummingbirds Used as ornamentals Known as sages Flower for long periods, good in dry, hot climates Good flavors (common sage). A perennial herb in the mint family Native to certain areas of the Sierra Mazateca region of Oaxaca, Mexico. It is employed and used by the Mazatec indians for its hallucinogenic effects for ritual divination and healing. Salvia divinorum contains most potent hallucinogen known, Salvinorin A. There is also another component within the plant known as Divinorum A. Salivnorin A acts on the inside of cells rather than on the outside, which makes it very important to study from points of pharmacology, psychotherapy, sociology, and medical biology. WHY??? Salvinorin A interacts with KOR, Kappa Opioid Receptor. The KOR impacts with human perception. This puts salvinorin A in a class of drugs known as KOR agonists. These drugs are widely important to psychotherapeutics for diseases such as schizophrenia and alzheimers disease. Most research currently done is associated with the binding activity and affinity of the KOR to different mutations. Salvinorin A is unique in that it represents the only known small, lipid-like, molecule that selectively and potently activated a peptidergic G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). This could lead to further understanding of the KORs structure which could lead to advances in psychotherapeutics! First recorded mention was by Jean B. Johnson in 1938 who heard of the mazatecs hierba Maria seeing tea. 1962, the first specimen was taken from the mazatecs marked the research of the hallucinogenic effects finding the response of the KOR. o Used as a hallucinogen and abused by many, the plants leaves are smoked, chewed, but never eaten. o Salvinorin A is often extracted out of the plant and used in drinks such as tea. o The plant causes hallucinations that is short lasting. o Other effects include extreme sweating, soreness, feelings of extreme depression, chills, dizziness, nausea, lack of coordination, and a decreased heart rate. Mazatec shaman An entheogen is a drug used for religious purposes. Salvia divinorum is used in the mazatec Indians' religious purposes, but mostly used by the shamans. Shamans are spiritual beings with the ability to heal, work with energies and see visions. This makes them the acceptable person to use the plant. Most of the names given to the plant by the shamans illustrate relationship between the plant and the virgin Mary such as ska Maria Pastora (the herb of Mary, the Sheperdess). The plant is believed to be an incarnation of the virgin Mary. Entheogens are used as an initiation into the shaman practices. In the mazatec religion, one must first master ska Maria to become one with heaven, then he must learn to use morning glory seeds and finally psylocibian mushrooms. Salvia divinorum is used in the mazatec culture to discover the cause of a patients illness, to divine the future, and to answer important questions. It is also used as a medicine for such conditions as diarrhea, headaches, and rheumatism. Salvia divinorum has an interesting hallucinogen, Salvinorin A, that can lead to advances in biological knowledge and psycotherapeutics. Salvia divinorum is an hallucinogen with many varying effects, but mostly used as a entheogen in shaman practices by the mazatec indians where the plant is native and readies most of its history at. Research of this plant has only just begun leaving little understanding of the plant and its effects on humans. rn/salvia_d/salvia_d.htmrn/salvia_d/salvia_d.htm pp d=16&sid=556b5138-a877-4e b1b8e98f1%40sessionmgr7d=16&sid=556b5138-a877-4e b1b8e98f1%40sessionmgr7