salwan public school polsc.pdf · book one: the cold war era the cold war era key points cuban...

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SALWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

POL SCIENCE RECKONER

SESSION: 2020-2021

NAME: ________________________________

CLASS:_____XII_____ SECTION: ____________

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PREFACE

Purpose

The study of Political Science helps one cultivate logical thinking and reasoning, and it provides

systematic approach to real life situation. The purpose is to convey the nature of the subject, and the

logical interconnections of its parts.

The Ready Reckoner for Class XII has been prepared in conformity with the National Curriculum

Framework 2005, CBSE Senior School Curriculum 2020-2021 and latest CBSE syllabus and pattern. We

believe, this text will make apparent the content and scope of the subject and emphasize its themes,

and provide the foundation for further learning.

With necessary illustrations and assignments, within each part, chapters are devoted to the subtopics,

and the assignments are designed as per the need of the learners. The frequently used illustrations

convey additional information and explanation and serve as extensions of the text—not just

identification or documentation of the figure. The opening summary of each chapter captures the

reader’s interest and attention in preparation for the subject. In short, every effort has been made to

gain and retain student attention.

Approach

Each of the four parts of this reckoner have been carefully designed to focus on the following:

Overview of the topic/ Value points

Reinforcement of the content in the form of varied exercises

To invoke/inculcate the spirit of research based learning

To invoke/inculcate higher order thinking skills

To invoke/ inculcate values

Each Chapter has been divided into parts:

Consisting of value points.

Consisting of, 1 mark, 2 marks, 4 marks and 5 & 6marks questions.

Consisting of Value Based/ HOTS questions.

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INDEX

S.No TOPIC Pg.No.

1. Syllabus

2. Design Of The Paper

3. The Cold War Era

4. Disintegration of the soviet Union

5. U.S. Hegemony in World Politics

6. Alternative Centres of Power

7. Contemporary South Asia

8. International Organizations

9. Security in Contemporary World

10. Environment

11. Globalization

12. Challenges to Nation Building

13. Era of One Party Dominance

14. Politics of Planned Development

15. India’s External Relations

16. Challenges to and restoration of the Congress System

17. Crisis of Democratic Order

18. Popular Struggles

19. Regional Aspirations

20. Recent Development in Indian Politics

21. Sample Papers And Marking Schemes

22. Model Answer Sheet

23. Study Skills

24. References

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SYLLABUS

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QUESTION PAPER DESIGN

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BOOK ONE: THE COLD WAR ERA

The Cold War Era

Key Points

Cuban Missile Crisis was the high point of the world politics which made whole world nervous by

creating ideological clashes between the two superpowers, the US and Soviet Union namely cold

war.

Cold War referred to competitions, tensions and series of confrontations between the US and USSR.

The world was on a brink of another war but actually no war happened.

Cold War began when the US dropped bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in diplomatic manner to

warn Soviet Union.

Aware of the military capabilities, both the powers became reluctant to initiate war to protect world

from large scale .They followed the policy of deterrence.

USA and USSR formed alliance in order to spread their spheres of influence .The western alliance

formed by US built NATO, South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) and Central Treaty

organization (CENTO).

The Soviet Union created Eastern alliance known as WARSAW PACT.

Smaller states joined either the alliance to get the promise of protection, weapons and economic

aid against their local rivals.

Superpower required them to gain on access to vital resources, territory to launch weapons and

troops, to spy on each other and economic support.

Despite of occurring crisis in Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan, both the superpowers behaved

rationally and responsibly.

A series of arms control treaties were signed by both the superpowers: Limited Test Ban Treaty,

Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty and Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty.

The newly decolonized countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, played a crucial role in reducing

cold war conflicts and maintain peace and stability all over the world. They formed what came to be

known as NAM (Non Aligned Movement).

Five founder members of NAM were Yugoslavia's Josip Broz Toto, India's JL Nehru, Egypt's leader

Journal Abdul Nasser, Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah .

The United Nations Conference of Trade and Development (UNCTAD) report1972: The control of

the LDCs over their natural resources, to make western market available to them to reduce cost of

technology and to provide greater role in international economic institutions.

India responded stayed away from alliances but later on it raised voice against newly decolonized

countries becoming part of either of the alliance. India laid the foundation of NAM.

NAM served India's interests also to participate in international decisions and maintained balance

between two superpowers.

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India's policy was criticised on grounds of possessing contradictory postures i.e. signed treaty of

friendship with USSR in August 1971 for 20 years and developed good relations with the US during

Bangladesh crisis.

It is said that NAM has lost its relevance after disintegration of USSR and end of cold war in 1991.

NAM is based on a resolve to democratise international system to redress existing inequities that

poor and very small countries need not to follow any of the big powers instead they can pursue an

independent foreign policy also.

These core values make NAM relevant even in today's scenario as it has stood of adverse

circumstances and served an important purpose of protecting the interests of third world

countries.

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(1 Mark Questions)

a) What is meant by the term deterrence?

b) Give the significance of Bandung Conference.

c) Who were the Allied and the Axis Powers?

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(2 Mark Questions)

a) What was India’s response to the ongoing Cold War?

b) Who were the key founder members of NAM?

c) What do you mean by the arenas of the Cold War?

(4 Mark Questions)

a) Why did the superpowers have military alliances with the smaller countries?

b) What was the Cuban Missile crisis?

c) “NAM is still relevant in the present unipolar world after the end of the Cold War.” Do you

agree? Support your answers with arguments.

(5 Mark Questions)

Read the passage and answer the question given below:

Keeping in view the military features of the Cold War, the two super powers and the countries of in the

rival bloc led by the superpowers were expected to behave as rational and responsible actors.

a) Why did the super powers adopt rational and responsible attitude?

(6 Mark Questions)

a) Examine the contradictory views on the justification of dropping of Atom Bomb on Japan.

b) What was India’s foreign policy towards the US and USSR during the Cold War Era? Do you think

this policy helped India’s interests?

c) What were the three culminating factors of Belgrade Summit?

Let’s ponder:

a) Is NAM a policy of neutrality or isolationism? Elaborate.

b) In what way NAM posed a challenge to Bipolarity?

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MCQ

Q1. The smallest states were important for Super powers due to:

a) Resources such as oil

b) Territory for spying

c) c. economic support

d) all of the above

Q2. ‘Marshall Plan’ was for the reconstruction of:

a) Eastern Europe

b) Western Europe

c) Eastern Asia

d) Western Asia

Q3. Who called Cold War as ‘long twilight struggle’?

a) President George Washington

b) President Roosevelt

c) President Kennedy

d) President Truman

Q4. Identify the incorrect statement

a) India was a founder member of NAM

b) India’s Non alignment was termed as ‘unprincipled’

c) During cold war period, India was close to USSR

d) None of the above

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Disintegration of the Soviet Union

Key Points:

The Russian revolution in 1917 gave birth to USSR with inspiration of Socialism, ensure a minimum

standard of living for all its citizens and also the government subsidized basic necessities and

productive assets were owned and controlled by the state.

Russia was the only republic among fifteen republics who was benefitting the most in the region.

In comparison to the west the Soviet Union lagged behind in technology, infrastructure and could

not fulfill political aspirations of people. Its invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 also weakened the

system further.

The policies of economic and political reform to democratize the system initiated by Mikhail

Gorbachev, General Secretary of Communist Party of Soviet Union in 1905 were opposed by leaders

within communist party and people as well.

In 1991, under the leadership of Boris Yeltsin the people of republic of Russia, Ukraine and Baltics

declared themselves independent.

These independent states formed The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

Russia was accepted as successor state of Soviet Union and accepted all international treaties and

commitments of Soviet Union and carried out some nuclear disarmament measures with the US. It

also got the seat of permanent member in the UNSC.

The rise of nationalism and the desire for Sovereignty within republics like Russia, the Baltic Republics

(Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), Ukraine, Georgia and other proved to be most immediate cause for

disintegration of USSR.

Disintegration of USSR resulted the end of Cold War confrontations, created dominant capitalist

system, emerged any new states and the advantage was taken by Central Asian Countries of their

geographical locations by maintaining relations with Russia, the West, the US, China and others.

The process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system in

Russia, Central Asia and East Europe was influenced by World Bank and IMF came to be known as

Shock Therapy. Features of Shock Therapy: privatization of property, private firm’s emergence, complete switch to

free trade and Foreign Direct Investment, Financial opening up, Currency convertibility as well as

break up of existing trade alliances among the countries of Soviet Bloc to maintain relations directly

with the West.

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Results of shock therapy: in the largest garage sale in history, declined value of Russian Currency

'Ruble', due to inflation, food was imported, destroyed Old Social Welfare System, Migration of

educated and intellectual manpower and disparities due to privatization between rich and poor

regions of Russia.

The constitution of newly democratic institutions was drafted in hurry where strong executives

appointed themselves as presidents due to weak parliament and lack of independent judiciary as in

Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

Crisis was faced by the newly independent countries from Russia. Russia revived in 2000 due to

export of natural resources like oil, natural gas and minerals which were available in abundance.

Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. And from where these pipelines

crossed, were paid on rent. Also these countries faced civil wars and insurgencies as in Russia, two

republics Chechnya and Dagestan had violent secessionist movements, in Central Asia Civil War took

place in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Czechoslovakia was also split into two. Even countries and provinces

like Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, and Georgia are fighting over river water leading to instability and making

life difficult for ordinary people.

The Central Asian Republics were rich in hydrocarbon resources for economic benefit as Oil

Companies and outside powers has a competition to exploit these natural resources. Also the US

approached them to hire bases and territories during wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

India and Russia: share a vision of multipolar World order, collective security, greater regionalism,

negotiated settlements of international conflicts, on independent foreign policy and decision making

through UN.

India is benefitted from Russia on issues of Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on

international terrorism, access to Central Asia and balancing its relations with China. In return Russia

has also been benefitted from India on ground of second largest arms market for Russia.

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(1 Mark Questions)

a) What do you understand by the Socialist Bloc?

b) What was the largest garage sale in history?

c) Explain ‘Perestroika’.

(2 Marks Questions)

a) What is meant by Shock Therapy?

b) Mention any four features that distinguish the Soviet Economy from that of capitalist

country like the USA.

c) Who was Gorbachev? Why did he seek to reform Soviet Society?

(4 Marks Questions)

a) In what ways the Soviet Union lagged behind the west?

b) Examine any four causes for the disintegration of Soviet Union?

c) Examine any Four consequences of Shock Therapy.

(5 Marks Questions)


The people in the East European countries which were the part of the Soviet Bloc started to protest

against their own governments and Soviet control. A coup took place in 1991 that was encouraged

by communist party hardliners. Power began to shift from the Soviet centre to the republics,

especially in more Europeanized part of the Soviet Union, which saw themselves as sovereign states.

a) Why did people protest against Gorbachev’s policy? Who emerged as the national hero in the protest

move?

(6 Marks Questions)

a) Explain the nature of conflict in Central Asia.

b) Examine the consequences of the disintegration of the USSR on the world politics.

c) Examine India’s relations with the Post-Communist countries.

Let’s Ponder:

a) How has central Asia become a zone of competition between outside powers?

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MCQ

Q1. Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in the Year:

a) 1989

b) 1969

c) 1979

d) 1949

Q2. Which of the following is not a Baltic Republic?

a) Estonia

b) Latvia

c) Georgia

d) Lithuania

Q3. Independence movement began in Lithuania in:

a) 1985

b) 1988

c) 1989

d) 1991

Q4. Identify the incorrect statement

a) India has maintained Cordial relations with almost all the post-communist nations

b) Russia and India share a vision of multipolar world

c) India continues to favor Russia and ignore USA

d) All of the above

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US Hegemony in World Politics

Key Points:

The name America refers to the United States of America. It covers two continents—the North and the

South America.

The disintegration of USSR in 1991 made US the world Uni- polar. The US showed its true interests in the

world politics through the operation desert storm by the UN during first Gulf War to retreat Iraqi forces

from Kuwait. US came out victorious due to vast technological gap between the US military capability

and other states.

Each present of the US had focus on hegemony but varied on the kind for the nation. Clinton, the newly

elected President of US in 1992 and again in 1996, focused on soft issues like democracy promotions

climate change and World trade rather than of military power and security.

The US policies were contradicted through operation infinite freedom against Al-Qaeda in response to

the bombings of US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, Dar-es-Salam and Tanzania in 1998.

On 11 September 2001, nineteen hijackers hailing from a number of Arab countries took control of four

commercial aircraft shortly after take-off and crushed into World Trade Centre in New York, Pentagon

building in Arlington. Virginia (US Defense Department) and the capital building of the US congress in

Pennsylvania , came to be known as event of 9/11 in US.

In response to 9/11 George W. Bush won the elections in the US succeeding Bill Clinton. The US launched

Operation Enduring Freedom against all those suspected behind attack in 9/11 mainly Al-Qaeda and

Taliban regime.

US reacted to this act of terrorism and made arrests all over the world, transported and detained the

persons in secret prisons like Guantanamo Bay, a US navy base in Cuba where the prisoners did not

enjoy the protection of international law or the law of their own country or that of the US. Even the

UN representatives were not allowed to meet these persons.

8 .On 19 March 2003 the US launched Operation Iraqi Freedom to prevent Iraq from developing

Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) .The true intention of the US was to control oil fields and

installing a regime in Iraq friendly to US.

Hegemony is an international system with only one centre of power to be gained and retained in the

form of military domination, economic political chart and central superiority which was enjoyed only by

the US after disintegration of Soviet Union.

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Kinds of Hegemony:

Hegemony as hard power is based on military capabilities of a country and the US has proved it. The

US today spends more on its military than the next 12 powers and even technologically no other

power can match with the US.

Hegemony as structural power must sustain global structure in economic sense. The US has provided

global public goods as sea lanes of communications (SLOCs) as well as accounts for 15 percent of

world trade if EU is included and 20 percent in world economy. The US has contributed basic

economic structure in the form of Britton Woods System and Degree in MBA.

Hegemony as soft power implies class ascendency in social, political and ideological spheres which

is more effective than coercion to move hand in hand and the US was proved ultimately triumphant

in this.

Constraints on the US hegemonic power

Institutional architecture (division of power).

Open nature of American Society

And the presence of only one organization in international system to moderate the exercise of

American Power i.e. NATO.

India’s relation with the US: After the collapse of Soviet Union, India decided to liberalize its

economy and integrate it with global economy. Hence the US also found India an attractive economic

partner due to technological dimension and the role of Indian -American diaspora. India needs an

appropriate mix of foreign policy strategies to deal with the US. Either India should maintain

aloofness from Washington and comprehend its military power or to establish mutual convergences

or to lead a coalition in weaning the hegemony assay from its dominance.

To deal with the hegemony, all the states bear the different strategies either to extract benefits by

operating within hegemonic system or to stay away as far as possible from dominant power i.e.

Russia, China and European Union have opted this policy. Both the policies are known as Bandwagon

Strategy and to hide respectively.

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(1 Mark Questions) a) What is Unipolar system? b) What are Global Public Goods? Give examples. c) What is Hegemony?

(2 Marks Questions) a) What was the first Gulf War?

b) What was 9/11?

c) Mention any two constraints that operate on the US hegemony?

(4 Marks Questions)

a) Explain US hegemony as hard power.

b) What was “Operation Iraqi Freedom”?

c) Explain hegemony as Structural Power.

(5 Marks Questions)


The US hegemony is not only purely military or economic in nature of status but it has its cultural

dimension also which specifies the nature of ‘Hegemony as soft power.’ Here this sense of Hegemony

implies class ascendancy in the social, political and particularly ideological spheres. Hegemony arises

when the dominant class or country can win the consent of dominant class or country by persuading

the dominant classes to view the world in a manner favourable to the ascendancy of the dominant

class.

a) Explain ‘Hegemony as Soft Power’.

(6 Marks Questions)

a) How can hegemony be overcome?

b) Explain the three strategies that India can adopt against USA that have been suggested by

various analysts.

c) “If big and resourceful states cannot resist the US hegemony, it is unrealistic to expect much

smaller and weaker non-state actors to offer any resistance”. Examine this proposition and give your

opinion.

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Let’s ponder:

a) Analyse the political impact of hegemony of the U.S. on the world.

b) Examine the U.S. hegemony under Jefferson Bill Clinton.

MCQ

Q1. Name the place where the fourth Air plane was crashed in 9/11 attack?

a) Pennsylvania

b) Washington DC

c) Pentagon

d) World Trade Centre

Q2. Which among the following statements is wrong about the contemporary world order?

a) There is an absence of a world government, which could regulate the State’s behavior.

b) The US is the predominant player in world affairs.

c) States are using force against one another.

d) States, which violate international law, are severely punished by the UN.

Q3. Which among the following statements is wrong with regard to Operation Iraqi Freedom?

a) More than forty countries joined in the US led coalition of the willing to invade Iraq.

b) The reason given for invading Iraq was to prevent it from developing weapons of mass destruction.

c) The action was taken with the prior approval of the UN.

d) The US-Ied coalition did not face major resistance from Iraqi forces.

Q4. Which among the following statements about hegemony is incorrect?

a) The word implies the leadership or predominance of one State.

b) It was used to denote the predominance of Athens in ancient Greece.

c) The country having hegemonic position will possess unchallenged military power.

d) Hegemonic position is fixed. Once a hegemon, always a hegemon.

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Alternative Centers of power

Key Points:

The Second World War, changed the economic structure of Europe .US and other European countries

planned out their economies to deal with this crisis.

To revive European economy, the US introduced `Marshall Plan' with aim to establish organization

for European Economic Cooperation in 1948. Through OEEL, Western European States began to

cooperate on trade and economic issues.

In 1992 a group of European Capitalist countries with a common foreign and security policy,

cooperation on justice and home affairs and creation of single currency and also has its own flag,

anthem and founding date formed what came to be called European Union.

The European Union has tremendous economic, political, diplomatic and military influence

It is the world's biggest economy which gives it influence over its closest neighbors and in Asia and

Africa. It functions as an important bloc in international world economic organization as the World

Trade Organization.

In political and diplomatic influence, two members of EU, Britain and France hold permanent seat

in UN Security Council as well as non-permanent members in UNSC which enabled to influence the

US policies

Militarily, the EU's combined armed forces are the second largest in the world by spending second

after the US and Britain and France also have nuclear arsenal. And it is most important source of

space and communications technology also.

Though EU bears common interests. Still its member states have their own foreign relations and

defense policies that are often at odds with each other i.e. Britain favored the US's Iraq invasion

which other members of EU Germany and France opposed America's this policy. All these limit the

ability of the EU to act in matters of foreign relations and defense.

Association of South East Asian Nations popularly known as ASEAN was born to fulfill the need of

the South East regions of Asia which suffered economic political consequences of repeated

colonialism and the problems of nation building.

ASEAN was established in 1967 by five countries of this region—Indonesia, Malaysia,

Philippines, Singapore and Thailand by signing the Bangkok Declaration. Over the years Brunei, Darr-

es-Salam, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia made its strength to ten.

ASEAN WAY', is a form of informal interaction, non-confrontation and cooperation standing on

three pillars in 2003 i.e. ASEAN Security Committee, ASEAN Economic Committee and ASEAN

Socio-Cultural Committee.

ASEAN VISION 2020 encourages negotiations over the conflicts in the region by mediating the end

of Cambodian conflict, East Omar Crisis and meets annually to discuss East Asian Cooperation.

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In recent years. India has also tried to make agreements with ASEAN by signing free Trade Areas with

two ASEAN members—Singapore and Thailand as well as signed on FTA with ASEAN itself.

China emerged as the fastest growing economy since economic reforms of 1978 .It is projected to

overtake the US as the world's largest economy by 2040 with the economic strength of population,

land-mass, resources, regional location and political influence.

China adopted the Soviet model of development in 1949, under the leadership of Mao by assuring

employment, social welfare, education to all and better health as China began to use its own

resources and grow Chinese economy at the rate of 5-6 percent. China ended its political and

economic isolation with major policy decisions taken in 1970s.

Changes in China-US relations, 1972, four areas of modernization (Agriculture, Industry, Science,

Technology) in 1973, open door policy in 1978, privatization of agriculture and industries in 1982 and

1990 and setting up of special Economic Zones.

Regionally and globally China is going to be recognized as an economic power due to contributory

factors i.e. integration and interdependency have tempered its issues with Japan, the US, ASEAN,

Russia, Taiwan. Even China's outward looking investment and aid policies in Latin America and

Africa are projecting it as a global player.

Indo-China relations

Areas of conflict:

From 1950 onwards both the nations were involved in the differences on the issues of Tibet

problem.

Border issues in Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai chin area of Ladakh, Chinese attack in 1962 Chinese

contribution to Pakistan's nuclear programme .

Areas of cooperation

From the mid-1970, a series of talks have helped to resolve border issues in 1981 and now these

relations have strategic and economic dimensions.

Rajiv Gandhi's visit to China in 1980,

Atal Bihari Vajpayee's visit in 2003 has accommodated both the countries to maintain peace and

tranquility on the border.

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(1 Mark Questions)

a) Name the members of the ASEAN Regional Forum.

b) What is the significance of ASEAN flag?

c) Name the pillars of ASEAN community.

(2 Marks Questions)

a) What are the objectives of establishing Regional Organizations?

b) What are the components of ASEAN Vision-2020?

c) What was Marshal Plan?

(4 Marks Questions)

a) Identify the contentious issues between China and India.

b) “The European Union is more a nation-state than an Economic Union”. Justify.

c) In what ways does the present Chinese economy differ from its command economy?

(5 Marks Questions)


The ASEAN Regional Forum which are based on the conviction that outstanding territorial disputes

should not escalate into armed confrontation. The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) carries out

coordination of security and foreign policy. At the same time ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very

important regional organisation. Its Vision-2020 has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the

international community. This builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiations over

conflicts in the region.

a) The peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional

economic organisations. Justify this statement.

(6Marks Questions)

a) How did the European countries resolve their Post-Second World War Problem? Briefly outline the

attempts that led to the formation of the European Union.

b) List out the steps taken by China towards the introduction of Open Economy. Examine its

significance.

c) “ASEAN was and still remains principally an economic association.” Justify.

Let’s ponder:

a) The emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. Do

you agree with the statement? Substantiate your arguments.

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MCQ Q1. Arrange the following in chronological order:

a) China’s accession to WTO

b) Establishment of the EEC

c) Establishment of the EU

d) Birth of ARF

Q2. The ASEAN WAY:

a) Reflects the lifestyle of ASEAN members.

b) A form of interaction among ASEAN members that is informal and cooperative.

c) The defence policy followed by the ASEAN members.

d) The road that connects all the ASEAN members.

Q3. Who among the following adopted an ‘open door’ policy?

a) China

b) EU

c) Japan

d) USA

Q4. Fill in the blanks:

a) The border conflict between China and India in 1962 was principally over............... and __________

region.

b) ARF was established in the year _______

c) China entered into bilateral relations with __________ (a major country) in 1972.

d) ________ plan influenced the establishment of the organisation for European Economic Cooperation

in 1948.

e) __________ is the organisation of ASEAN that deals with security.

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Contemporary South Asia

Key points

A group of seven countries namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri

Lanka which stand for diversity in every sense and constituted a geo-political space, formed what is

called South Asia

These countries share an aspiration for democracy and have a mixed experience of the same which can be drawn from the examples of Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Maldives.

Pakistan began post-cold war period with successive democratic governments but suffered a military coup in 1999.

In Nepal successful uprising led to restoration of democracy in 2006. India and Sri Lanka have also operated a democratic system, despite many limitations and even

Maldives have strengthened democracy. In Pakistan, military rule and democracy go hand in hand. After 1971, an elected government was

formed under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, removed by General Zia-Ul-Haq in 1977.Again in 1982, in Pakistan, by a pro-democracy protest, democratic government was established in 1988 under the leadership of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif. Later on the history repeated and General Parvez Musharraf took the command in 1999 and got elected in 2005.

Bangladesh apart of West Pakistan was formed when India intervened and supported the demand of creation of East Pakistan financially and militarily. Consequently in December 1971, Pakistan surrendered with the formation of an independent country named Bangladesh.

Bangladesh drafted its own constitution declaring faith in secularism, democracy and socialism.

Political events in Bangladesh had a mixed experience of democracy and military coupe. In 1975,

Sheikh Mujibur Rehman formed presidential set up, but was assassinated by military leader Zia-ur-

Rehman in 1979. Repeated assassination of Zia-ur-Rehman under another military takeover by H.M.

Ershad who stepped down in 1990. Since 1991, representative democracy has been working in

Bangladesh.

Sri Lanka has maintained a democratic political system with a considerable economic growth i.e one

of the first developing countries to control population growth rate, liberalized economy, and bears highest per capita gross Domestic Product despite the ongoing conflicts.

India’s relation with the South Asian countries: India-Pakistan

The wars between these countries took place in 1947-48, 1965 and 1971 on the issues of Pak Occupied Kashmir (POK) and Line of Control (LOC).

Control of Siachin glacier, Acquisition of arms and sharing of river water.

Both the governments are suspicious to each other on the ground of Pakistani strategy to help

Kashmiri militants and ISI to be involved in Anti-India campaign. Pakistan blames India for making

trouble in Sindh and Baluchistan.

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India and Bangladesh

Differences over the issues of sharing of Ganga and Brahmaputra River water, Illegal in migration to India. Support for anti-Indian-Islamic fundamentalists. Refusal to allow Indian troops and not to export natural gas to India.

Cooperation in improving economic relations between the two regional powers. An important link to India's 'Look East' Policy.

India and Nepal - Differences over Nepal's relations with China Inaction against anti-Indian elements i.e. Maoists.

Cooperation in Economic growth of both the countries. Both signed the treaty of trade and commerce in 2005 and friendship in 2006 to provide financial and technical assistance and to allow citizens to move without visas and passport.

India and Bhutan

Attach importance on the issues to wipe out the guerillas and militants from North-eastern India. Involvement of India also in big hydroelectric projects in Bhutan is the biggest source of

development aid.

India - Maldives Cooperation in Economy, tourism and fisheries. In November 1988, India reacted quickly against an attack from Tamil Mercenaries on Maldives.

In spite of the above mentioned conflicts and differences, South Asian countries has friendly

relations among themselves. Hence, a major regional initiative has been taken in the form of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in 1982. SAARC members signed South Asian

Free Trade Agreements (SAFTA) to form free trade zone for the whole South Asia.

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(1 marks questions :)

a) Mention the member states of SAARC.

b) Name the type of government exists in Bangladesh?

c) Give one area of tension between India and Pakistan.

d) How is India close to Maldives?

e) What is SAFTA?

(2marks questions :)

a) List the disputes between some South Asian countries excluding India.

b) List the challenges to the democracy in Nepal?

c) 3. Mention two areas each of cooperation and disagreement between India and Bangladesh?

(4 marks questions)

a) Write a short note on the role and the limitations of SAARC as a forum for facilitating economic

cooperation among the South Asian countries.

b) Examine the role of military in Pakistan.

c) How are the external powers influencing bilateral relations in South Asian? Take any one example

to illustrate your point.

(5 mark question)

Read the passage and answer the following questions

The lack of genuine international support for democratic rule in Pakistan has further encouraged

the military to continue its dominance. The United States and other Western countries have

encouraged the military's authoritarian rule in the past, for their own reasons. Given their fear of

the threat of what they call 'global Islamic terrorism' and the apprehension that Pakistan's nuclear

arsenal might fall into the hands of these terrorist groups, the military regime in Pakistan has been

seen as the protector of western interest in west Asia and south Asia.

a) What is the hurdle of democracy in Pakistan?

b) Why did the western countries encourage the military to continue its dominance in Pakistan?

c) What should the citizens of Pakistan do in such situations? Give reasons?

(6 marks questions)

a) Examine the success of regional cooperation in South Asia.

b) Write an essay on Indo-pak relations.

c) How far is it true to call Bangladesh a democratic state?

d) India’s neighbors often think that the Indian government tries to dominate and interfere in the

domestic affair of the smaller countries of the region. Is this a correct impression? Give reason for

your answer.

32

Let's ponder:

a) Is Nepal a democracy? Elucidate.

b) List the dispute between some South Asian countries.

Identify the country:

a) The struggle among pro-monarchy, pro-democracy groups and extremists created an atmosphere

of political instability.

b) A landlocked country with the multi-party competition.

c) The first country to liberalize the economy in the South Asian region.

d) In the conflict between the military and pro-democracy groups, the military has prevailed over

democracy.

e) Centrally located and shares borders with most of the South Asian Countries.

f) Earlier the island had the Sultans as the head of state. Now, it is a republic.

g) Small savings and credit cooperatives in rural areas have helped in reducing poverty.

h) A landlocked country with a monarchy

Q2. Which among the following statements about South Asia is wrong?

a) All the countries in South Asia are democratic.

b) Bangladesh and India have signed an agreement on river-water sharing.

c) SAFTA was signed at the 12thSAARC Summit in South Asian politics.

d) The US and China play an influential role in South Asian politics.

International Organization

Key Points:

The United Nations was a successor to 'League of Nations' formed immediately after the second

world through a charter by 51 states on 20th October 1945 with the headquarter at New York.

The aim of the International organizations is

a) To help countries to cooperate to create better living conditions all over the world

b) To provide common platform to discuss contentious issues

c) To find peaceful solutions, by a mechanism, rules and bureaucracy.

d) To prevent international conflicts to facilitate co-operation.

UN's main organs are:

General Assembly and Security Council.

a) Other specialized agencies like WHO, UNDP, UNHRG, UNHCR, UNICEF, and UNESCO to deal with

social and economic issues and to work in an efficient manner and to bring world together.

b) The UNSC consists of five permanent members i.e. the US, Russia, France, China and the UK, who

enjoy Veto Power. The UN's representative head is Secretary General.

33

c) UN role in Global politics post-Cold War, was affected. Events like. collapse of Soviet Union,

emergence of China and India as rising powers, entry of new members, and confrontations with the

challenges like

Genocide, civil war, ethnic conflict, terrorism, nuclear proliferation etc changed the expectations

from an international body.

Reforms were suggested in the UN to meet the contemporary needs.

a) Organizations structure and processes

b) A review of the issues that fall within jurisdiction of UN.

Other issues: veto power conferred upon the permanent members, dominance of powerful

countries in UN and participation of the UN member states in peace and security missions etc.

In January 1997, Kofi Annan, UN Secretary General initiated the reforms in the UN.

Criteria for becoming the member of UN:

a) The country should be a major economic and military power

b) Contributor to UN Budget

c) A populous one

d) Should respect democracy and human rights

Steps to make the UN more relevant, 2005,

a) By creating peace building commissions

b) Human rights council,

c) Agreement to achieve Millennium Development Goals,

d) Condemnation of terrorism

e) Creation of Democracy fund and an agreement to wind up Trusteeship Council.

India’s and the UN:

a) India is a big supporter of restructuring of the UN

b) It has promote the development and cooperation among states,

c) Reforms in the composition of Security Council

d) And to include more representation in council

India has sought for the permanent membership of UN Security Council based on the grounds that India is the Second most populous country, largest democracy, initiations in the UN, economic emergence and regular financial contributor to the UN.

Members against India’s inclusion as permanent members in the Security Council criticize saying that: On the basis of its troubled relationship with Pakistan, nuclear weapon capabilities, and India’s inclusion might lead to some emerging powers (Brazil, Germany, Japan, and South Africa) to want the same. Those in support of India’s inclusion in UNSC like France and the USA advocates that Africa and South America must be represented for they do not have any representation in the present structure.

34

Criticism against the UN : It can’t serve as a balance against US dominance because the US is the only Superpower after 1991 and may ignore any international organization economically and militarily, its veto power also can stop any move damaging its interests as well as enjoys a considerable say in the choice of Secretary General of the UN.

Despite all above, the UN Serves a purpose in bringing the world together in dealing with conflicts and social and economic issues. The UN provides a space within which arguments against specific US attitude and policies are heard and compromised.

UN'S SIGNIFICANT AGENCIES a) International Monetary Fund (IMF)

At the international level, overseas financial institutions and regulations. It consists of 180 members. Out of them, G-8 members enjoy more powers i.e. the US, Japan, Germany, France, the UK, Italy, Canada and Russia except China and Saudi Arabia. The US alone enjoys 16.75% voting rights.

b) World Bank It was created in 1944. It works for human development, agriculture and rural development,

environmental protection, infrastructure and governance and provides loans and grants to developing countries. It is criticized for setting the economic agenda of poorer nations, attaching stringent conditions to its loans and forcing free market reforms.

c) WTO-World Trade Organization

An international organization to set the rules for global trade which was set up in 1995 as a

successor to General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) and has 157 members. (as on 1

September 2012). Major economic powers such as the US, EU and Japan have managed to use the

WTO to frame rules of trade to advance their own interests. The developing countries often

complain of non-transparent procedure and being pushed around by big powers.

d) IAEA-International Atomic Energy Agency

It was established in 1957 to implement US president Dwight Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace"

proposal. It seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to prevent its use for military

purpose.

36

(1 mark question)

a) When was the UN founded?

b) What is VETO power?

c) Is Trusteeship Council redundant now?

d) How many members are there in UNGA?

e) Name the present secretary general of the UN?

(2 marks question)

a) Why do we need an international organization?

b) How is US Hegemony a challenge to the UN?

c) What are the functions of UNSC?

d) Why do we need reformation in the UN? Give any two reasons?

e) Why should India get a permanent seat in UNSC?

(4 marks question)

a) Describe the evolution of the UN?

b) Describe the vital reforms required by UN?

c) What suggestions are given for reforming the UN structure and process?

d) How has jurisdiction of the UN enhanced in the post-cold war world?

(5 marks question)

Read the passage and answer the questions

One of India's major concern has been the composition of the Security Council, which has remained

largely static while the UN General Assembly membership has extended considerably. India

considers that this has harmed the representative character of the Security Council. It also argues

that an expanded council, with more representation, will enjoy greater support in the world

community.

a) Why is India worries about the composition of Security Council?

b) How will the extended structure of the Security Council benefit the humanity?

c) Is it essential to increase the members of the Security Council? Give reasons.

(6 marks question)

a) Do you think India’s claim to membership of UN Security Council is justified? Describe.

b) Describe the difficulties which exist in reforming the UN.

c) Despite Failure, UN, it is an indispensable body? Comment.

d) Describe the suggestions for reforming the UN with special reference to the Security Council.

37

Let's ponder:

a) Is UN relevant after the collapse of the Soviet Union?

b) Is UN a US agency?

1. Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements about the veto power:

a) Only the permanent members of the Security Council possess the veto power.

b) It’s a kind of negative power.

c) The Secretary-General uses this power when not satisfied with any decision.

d) One veto can stall a Security Council resolution.

2. Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements about the way the UN functions:

a) All security and peace-related issues are dealt with in the Security Council.

b) Humanitarian policies are implemented by the main organs and specialized agencies spread across

the globe.

c) Having consensus among five permanent members on security issues is vital for its implementation.

d) The members of the General Assembly are automatically the members of all other principal organs

and specialized agencies of the UN.

3. Which among the following would give more weightage to India’s proposal for permanent

membership in the Security Council?

a) It has been a member of the UN since its inception

b) It is located in Asia.

c) India’s growing economic power and a stable political system.

4. Fill in the blanks:

a) The prime objective of UN is ……..

b) The highest functionary of the UN is Called ....…..

c) The UN Security Council has ................ permanent and .......... non-permanent members.

d) ………… is the present UN Secretary General.

38

SECURITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Key points

'Security' is freedom from 'threats', security protects core values from threatening by preventing,

limiting and ending the war.

The notions of security can be grouped into two i.e.

Traditional concept

Non-traditional concept.

The Traditional notion includes external and internal threats both. External threats experience

military war, balance of power and alliance building threats whereas internal includes internal peace

and order.

Non-traditional security focus on Human and Global security by covering all of human kinds. Human

security in a narrow sense protects individuals from internal violence only whereas broadly it

protects from hunger, diseases and natural disasters. Global security responds to threats like global

warming, international terrorism and health epidemics like AIDS, bird flu and so on.

The means of traditional security limit the violence up to maximum extent through disarmament,

arms-control and confidence building. Disarmament bounds states to give up certain kinds of

weapons. Arms control regulates acquisition of weapons and confidence building share ideas and

informations with rival countries Non-traditional security.

New sources of threats include terrorism, Human Rights, Global Poverty, Migration, and Health

epidemics.

Terrorism refers to political violence targeting civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.

Human Rights threats involve political rights, economic and social rights as well as rights of colonised

people and indigenous minorities.

Global poverty suffers from low per capita income and economic growth and high population

migration creates international political friction as states pursue different rules for migrants and

refugees.

Health epidemics cover HIV—AIDS, bird flu, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) through

migration business, tourism and military operations.

39

Cooperative security required to alleviate poverty, manage migration, refugee movements and

control epidemics. Cooperation may be bilateral, regional, continental or global depending on the

nature of threat and willingness and ability of countries to respond either nationally or

internationally.

India has faced both traditional and non-traditional threats to its security. India's security strategy

has four broad components:

Strengthening military capabilities

To strength international norms and institutions

To meet security challenges inside the border

To develop to lift citizens out of poverty, missing an economic inequalities

40

(1 marks question)

Define security.

What are core values of a country?

Name any one threat from internal security?

What is cooperative security?

Name any one measure used by India to strengthen its security.

(2 marks question)

What is Balance of power? How could a nation achieve it?

Distinguish between the traditional and non-traditional concept of security.

Human security stresses on “freedom from wants” and “freedom from fear” .Justify the statement.

What are the choices available to a state when its traditional security perspective is threatened?

How do nuclear weapons act as deterrence for security? Explain.

(4 marks question)

Explain any four components of India’s security strategy.

How is global poverty a source of insecurity?

Why is Human security more important than territorial security in the contemporary times?

Suggest some effective step which would limit war between the countries.

What is military alliance? Explain with example.

(5 marks question)

Globally, this disparity contributes to the gap between the Northern and Southern countries of the

world. Within the South, disparities have also sharpened, as a few countries have managed to slow

down population growth and raise incomes while others have failed to do so. For example, most of the

world’s armed conflicts now take place in sub-Sahara Africa, which is also the poorest region of the

world. At the turn of the 21st century, more people were being killed in wars in this region than in the

rest on the world combined.

What are the reason for disparity in the Southern countries of the world?

Where does the world's armed conflicts in a great number take place? What is the reason for this?

In what ways are the Northern countries of the world different from Southern countries?

(6 marks question)

What is security? What are the internal and external aspects of traditional concept of security?

How is cooperation possible in traditional security?

Examine the new sources of threat in contemporary world politics.

What are the security concerns of India? What is its traditional and non - Traditional form?

Substantiate your answer with examples.

41

Let's ponder

Is environment degradation a threat to security? Explain.

Which among the following is a traditional threat?

a) Poverty

b) Misery

c) AIDS

d) Attack of Neighbor

1. Which among the following would you consider as a traditional security concern/non-

traditional/ not a threat?

a) The spread of chikungunya/dengue fever

b) Inflow of workers from a neighbouring nation.

c) Emergence of a group demanding nationhood for their region.

d) Emergence of a group demanding autonomy for their region.

e) A newspaper that is critical of the armed-forces in the country.

2. Match the terms with their meaning:

1. Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) a) Giving up certain types of weapons.

2. Arms Control b) A process of exchanging information on defence matters between nations regular basis.

3. Alliance c) A coalition of nations meant to deter

or defend against military attacks.

4. Disarmament d) Regulates the acquisition of development of weapons.

42

Environment and Natural Resources

Key points

Environmental concerns in Global politics include issues regarding the loss of fertility of agricultural

land, grazing, depletion of water resources.

Loss of bio-diversity,

Real danger to ecosystem and coastal pollution, deteriorating of marine environment.

The adverse effects of the economic development became visible from 1960s.

The Earth Summit held in Rio-de-Janerio Brazil in 1992 revealed different views i.e. global north

(the first world countries) and global south (the third world countries).

Global North was concerned with the issues of ozone depletion and global warming.

Global south focused on economic development and environment management by Agenda 21.

Global commons refers to the areas or regions which require common governance by international

community on major problems of ecological issues.

Discovery of ozone hole over Antarctic, Earth's atmosphere and ocean floor associated with

technology and Industrial development.

The Rio Declaration at the Earth Summit in 1992 adopted the principle of common but

differentiated responsibilities. It referred to the special needs of developing countries in the fields

such as :

Development, application and interpretation of rules of international environmental law to protect

environment by both developing nations in a responsible manner.

The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) also emphasized to

protect the climate system on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but

differentiated responsibilities and capabilities.

Common property resources refer to a group who have both rights and duties with respect to

nature, levels of use and the maintenance of a given resource with mutual understanding and

practices i.e. management of sacred groves on state owned forest land.

India plays a dominating role on the environmental issues as it signed and ratified 1997 Kyoto

protocol in August 2002 to follow common but differentiated responsibilities India participated in

global efforts by introducing National Auto fuel Policy, Electricity Act, 2003 and National Mission on

Biodiesel.

'Resources Geopolitics' is all about who gets what, when, where and how?

The practices of neo- colonialism ensured a steady flow of resources by deployment of military

forces near exploitation sites and sea-lanes of communications, the stock piling of strategic

resources and efforts to prop up friendly governments.

43

In the contemporary times the global economy relied on oil as a portable and essential fuel.

Water is another important resource relevant to global politics. Regional variations and increasing

scaring of fresh water may also lead to conflicts in the world to play politics.

Indigenous people bring the issues of environment, resources and politics together. Indigenous

people live with their social, economic, cultural customs in particular areas who speak of their

struggle, agenda, and rights to have equal status i.e. Island states in ocean region, Central and South

America, Africa, India and South East Asia.

The rights of indigenous communities have been neglected in domestic and international politics

for long. Efforts have been made in the world council of indigenous people in 1975 to receive

consultative status for them in the UN.

46

(1 marks question)

What is Global North and Global South?

What do you mean by Global Commons?

What is UNFCCC?

How is water a geopolitics resource?

Who are called indigenous people in India?

(2 marks question)

What was the Kyoto Protocol?

What is India’s National Fuel policy?

Highlight any two problems of indigenous people.

Explain the importance and role of concept of common but differentiated responsibilities

pertaining to the environment.

What was Earth Sumit?

(4 marks question)

What were the outcome of the Rio-De-Jenerio Summit?

Examine the principle of “Common but Differentiated responsibility”.

Describe the various types of movements related to environmental protection.

What is geopolitics? How are oil and water important as scare resources?

What has been the India’s concern on environmental issues?

(5 marks question)

1. Why do you think, the fingers are designed like chimneys and the world made into a

lighter?

2. Which among the following best explains the reason for growing concerns about the

environment?

a) The developed countries are concerned about projecting nature.

b) Protection of the environment is vital for indigenous people and natural habitats.

c) The environmental degradation caused by human activities has become pervasive and has

reached a dangerous level.

d) None of the above.

3. Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements about the Earth Summit:

a) It was attended by 170 countries, thousands of NGO) s and many MNCs.

b) The Summit was held under the aegis of the UN.

c) For the first time, global environmental issues were firmly consolidated at the political

level.

d) It was a summit meeting.

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4. Which among the following are true about the Global Commons?

a) The earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, ocean floor and outer space are considered as part the

Global Commons.

b) The Global Commons are outside sovereign jurisdiction.

c) The question of managing the Global Commons has reflected the North-South divide.

d) The countries of the North are more concerned about the protection of the global Commons than

the countries of the South.

(6 marks question)

a) ”Compromise and accommodation are two essential policies required to save planet earth”.

Substantiate the statement.

b) What is meant by Global Commons? How are they exploited and polluted?

c) Describe the environmental concern in global politics and the efforts done to resolve the

problem?

d) Why have issues related to environmental protection become important in 1990’s? Examine in

context of movements for the protection of environment.

Let's ponder

a) Examine India's approach to the protection of environment?

b) How have indigenous people fought for their rights? Give instances.

48

Globalization

Key points:

Globalization means the integration of economy of a country in the process of free flow of trade

and capital. Globalization increases the volume of trade in goods and services, inflows private

foreign capital, increases foreign direct investment, creates new jobs, strengthens domestic

economics, and improves productive efficiency and healthy competition.

The negative impacts of globalization include: failure to generate sufficient employment, modern

methods of cultivation are not acquainted to less educated persons, generates income inequality

and exploits natural resources and labor force.

The process of globalization is fostered through many factors such as the historical factors,

technological innovations, liberalization of foreign trade and investment policies, and opening of

multinational companies. Impact of Globalization can be seen as:

Economic globalization i.e. the flow of commodity, capital, people and ideas prompts rich countries

to invest their money in countries other than their own. It also draws attention towards the role of

JMF and WTO in determining economic policies across the world.

Cultural globalization that emerges and enlarges our choices and modifies our culture without

overwhelming the traditional norms i.e. burger cannot be a substitute for masala dosa. Hence, it

broadens our cultural outlook and promotes cultural homogenization.

Criticism of globalization:

The political, economic cultural grounds. Politically it weakens the state by reducing its sovereignty.

Economically it has made rich richer and the poor poorer creating disparities.

Culturally has been harmed traditions and lost age old values and ways. The World Social

Forum (WSF) has also opposed neo-liberal globalization.

India and Globalization:

Globalization connected Indian economy with the world economy from 1991 onwards.

The processes like liberalization or privatization are an integral part of the process of

globalization.

Liberalization proclaims freedom of trade and investment, controls allocation of resources

in domestic economy, rapid technological progress

49

Privatization allows private sector and other foreign companies to produce goods and services.

Critics of globalization object to various cultural influences of foreign T.V. channels, celebration of

Valentine's Day and Westernization of dress of girls students in school and colleges.

50

(1 marks question)

a) What is globalization?

b) Give one factor leading to the rise of globalization?

c) What is the example of Mac Donalization?

d) Give one economic consequences of the globalization?

e) Give any one ground on which India resists globalization.

(2 marks question)

a) Does globalization lead to cultural homogenization or cultural hetrogenization or both? Justify.

b) How has technology contributed to globalization?

c) How has globalization been resist?

d) Give any two political consequences of globalization?

e) What are the causes of globalization?

(4 marks question)

a) How has globalization impacted India and how has India impacted globalization?

b) What is the impact of globalization on state sovereignty?

c) Give any four negative effects of globalization.

d) Mention any four positive effects of globalization?

5 marks question)

During the colonial period, as a consequence of Britain's imperial ambitions, India became an exporter

of primary goods and raw materials and a consumer of finished goods. After independence, because of

this experience with British, we decided to make things ourselves rather than relying on others. We also

decided not to allow others to export to us so that our own producers could learn to make things. This

'protectionism' generated its own problems.

a) After independence India decided to produce articles of daily use on its own. Give reasons.

b) Why did India not allow the others to export to us?

(6 marks question)

a) Describe the impact of globalization especially with the changing role of state in the developing

countries?

b) Do you agree that globalization leads to cultural heterogeneity? Explain

c) What are the economic implications of globalization? Examine

Let's ponder

“A process has led to Mc Donalisation, Herterogenisation, Homogenization, and Fast food habits

and jeans culture. The trend seems to be healthy but is not without its side effects”. Which can

be very dangerous for the counting?

51

BOOK 2: POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE

Challenges of Nation Building

Key Points

"Tryst with destiny" speech was made by first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru at

the hour of midnight on 14thAugust 1947 while addressing a special session of the Constituent

Assembly.

Challenges in independent India: A challenge to shape a nation as a united country, to develop

democratic practices and to ensure development and well-being by evolving effective policies for

economic development and eradication of poverty and unemployment.

Two nation theory propounded by Muhammad Ali Jinnah was aimed:

To create a separate state for Muslims, Partition as India and Pakistan

Many difficulties arose like: Problem of east and west, merging of NWFP, Problems with provinces

of Punjab and Bengal and the principle of religious majorities.

Consequences of the partition of 1947:

It was most abrupt and unplanned. Created and spread communal riots dividing country into various

community zones, social sufferings to shelter in refugee camps, killing of women and separation of

family members, it divided financial assets, employees and created conflicts between Hindus and

Muslims.

Division of British India into:

British Indian provinces and princely states.

Princely states enjoyed some form of control over their internal affairs under British supremacy.

The announcement by British to end the control over the states' after independence, led to a serious

problem of the integration of princely states into Indian Union The states were given freedom to

join either India or Pakistan. And the problems arose in Travancore, Hyderabad, and Bhopal to

further divide India.

The government adopted an approach to tackle the challenge based on three considerations i.e.:

will of integration of people of princely states, a flexible approach to accommodate plurality and

demands of region and concern about integrity of India with peaceful negotiations in a firm

diplomatic manner. With the efforts of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel the challenge of integrating the

princely states was met. Junagarh, Hyderabad, Kashmir and Manipur still remained a challenge.

52

Hyderabad

The largest princely state was under the rule of Nizam who was not argued to be integrated. But

the society protested against the rule of Nizam. The central government had to interfere against

Razakars and in September 1948. Nizam's forces were controlled with the accession of Hyderabad.

Manipur

Bodhachandra Singh, Maharaja of Manipur, made it a constitutional monarchy and became first

state to hold elections under universal Adult franchises. But on sharp difference over merger of

Manipur, the government of India pressurized Maharaja into signing a merger of Manipur in

September 1949.

Reorganization of states

Linguistic states were formed to change the nature of democratic policies which accepted the

regional and linguistic claims and provided a uniform base to the plural nature of democracy.

The state Reorganization Commission was formed in 1953 by central government. Its main

recommendations were : to redraw the boundaries of the states on the basis to reflect boundaries

of state on behalf of different languages, creation of 14 states and six union territories by giving

uniform basis to state boundaries.

53

Exercise

(1 Mark Questions)

a) Name the leader that played a historical role in negotiating with the rulers of princely states to join

the Indian union.

b) What is meant by two nation theory?

c) What was the basis of the report of the state’s reorganization commission?

d) Who speech was known as tryst with destiny? (HOTS)

(2Mark Questions)

a) Identify any two consequences of the partition of India.

b) Mention any two challenges faced by India just after independence.

(4Mark Questions)

a) How was the princely state of Manipur acceded to India? (HOTS)

b) What was the significance of linguistic reorganization of Indian states to the nation building?

(5 Marks Passage Based Questions)

Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions:

We should begin to work on that spirit and in course of time all these angularities of majority and

minority communities .The Hindu community and the Muslim community because even as regards

Muslim’s you have Pathan’s, Punjabis, Shias and Sunnis and so on and among the Hindus you have done

in Vaishnava’s ,Khatri’s and also Bengali’s and so on-will vanish…. You are free to go to your temples,

you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in the state of Pakistan. You may

belong to any religion of caste ok creed -that has nothing to do with the business of the state.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

a) Do you think that Jinnah’s statement contradicts the theory which was the basis of creation of

Pakistan?

Justify your answer.

b) What is the essence of Jinnah’s statement in this passage?

c) To what extent did Pakistan live up to Jinnah’s expectations in this passage? (HOTS)

54

PICTURE BASED QUESTIONS (5 Marks]

Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Questions

What does this picture represent?

Mention some consequences of partition.

Which year is being denoted in the picture? Answers

55

Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Questions

1. Identify the person in the centre of the cartoon and mention the challenge surrounding him.

a) What does the picture actually refer?

b) How did India avoid all these conflicts?

(6 Mark Questions)

a) How did the reorganization of states take place in India after its independence?

b) Bring out two major differences between the challenge of nation building for eastern and

western regions.

Let’s ponder

a) Is Kashmir still a dispute? Why do you think despite international organization like UN the

matter of Kashmir remains a bone of contention between India and Pakistan?

56

MCQ

1. Which among the following statements about the partition is incorrect?

a) Partition of India was the outcome of the “two-nation theory”.

b) Punjab and Bengal were the two provinces divided on the basis of religion.

c) East Pakistan and West Pakistan were not contiguous.

d) The scheme of Partition included a plan for the transfer of population across the border.

2. Match the principles with instances:

(a) Mapping of boundaries on religious ground (i) Pakistan and

Bangladesh

(b) Mapping of boundaries on grounds of different languages (ii) India and Pakistan

(c) Demarcating boundaries within a country by geographical zones (iii) Jharkhand and

Chattisgarh

(d) Demarcating boundaries within a country on administrative and

political grounds

(iv) Himachal Pradesh and

Uttarakhand

3. Make a current political map of India (showing outlines of states) and mark the location of the

following Princely States.

a) Junagadh

b) Manipur

c) Mysore

d) Gwalior

Era of one party Dominance

Key points

After independence, our leaders laid great emphasis on method to be adopted to fulfill the aspirations

of the people. In pursuit of establishing democracy in India the Election Commission of India came into

existence in January 1950. Sukumar Sen became first Chief Election Commissioner of India. The

commission had a mammoth task :

Of redrawing of the boundaries of electoral constituencies,

Electoral roll consisting eligible voters

To hold free and fair elections.

57

The first general election of India became a landmark due to:

It’s competitiveness, Encouraging participation, fair results and proved its critics wrong not to

hold elections in conditions of poverty. In the 1952 election Congress party scored a big victory

but it was not in power in the states like Travancore Cochin i.e. Kerala, Madras and Orissa.

Congress dominated in India due to:

Identification with freedom struggle, popular appeal of charismatic leaders, a broad manifesto

including every section of society and consensus building role of party.

Congress was founded by Dr. A.O. Hume in 1805.In the initial years it was considered a political

party in the form of social and ideological coalition by accommodating different social groups and

individuals holding different beliefs and ideologies. Even in pre-independence days, many

organization and parties with their own constitutions and organizational structures were allowed

to exist within the Congress .

The coalition nature of the Congress Party encouraged various factions which were based on either

ideological considerations or personal ambitions or rivalries.

Factions are the groups formed inside the party

Before the first General Election of 1952, some of the vibrant and opposition parties came into

existence which gained as a token of representation only to maintain democratic character. These

parties played the role of

Keeping the ruling party under check, prevented resentment, groomed leaders, along with a mutual

respect and among Congress leaders as well as opposition part’s leaders.

The origin of the socialist party can be traced back to the mass movement stage of the Indian

National Congress which was formed in 1934 by Acharya Narendra Dev and later on, it was

separated to form socialist party in 1948 with ideology of democratic socialism and criticized

capitalism.

In the early 1920’s communist groups emerged in different parts of India having a belief of

communism. The Communist Party of India was primarily secular, modern and authoritarian.

Bhartiya Jana Sangh was formed by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee in 1951 with the ideology of one

country, one culture and one nation and called for the union of India and Pakistan to form what

was called Akhand Bharat.

Swantrata Party was formed in 1959 after Nagpur resolution of the Congress and called for land

ceilings. Its important leaders were C.Rajgopalachari, K.M.Munshi, N.G.Ranga and Minoo Masani.

It laid great emphasis on a limited role of the state in the economic affairs and also closer ties

with US.

59

(1 Mark Questions)

a) Differentiate between one party dominance and one party system.

b) When and why was the electronic voting machine used in India for the first time?

c) How did socialist party origin?

(2Mark Questions)

a) Highlight any two features of the ideology of Bhartiya Jana Sangh.

b) How has the method of voting changed from the first general elections in 1952 to general

elections in 2014?

c) What were the reasons for the dominance of one party system in India?

(4Mark Questions)

a) Describe the organization of Congress party as a social and ideological coalition.

b) Write a short note on the role of the opposition parties in the era of one party dominance.

(5 Marks Passage Based Questions)

Secondary, in a party that has tile nature of a coalition, there is a greater tolerance of internal

differences and ambitions of various grou.ps and leaders are accommodated, The Congress did both

these things during the freedom struggle and continued doing this even after Independence. That

is why, even if a group was not happy with the position. of the party or with its share of power, it

would remain inside the party and fight the other group rather than leaving the party and becoming

an 'opposition'.

a) What do you mean by a faction?

b) How did coalition-like character affect the nature of Congress Party?

c) How did Congress avoided to increase number of 'opposition'?

(6Mark Questions)

a) Describe the various steps taken to hold the first general elections in India. How far these elections

were successful?

b) Write an essay on the dominance of Congress in the first three General Elections.

Let’s ponder

Congress being an umbrella party incorporating all diversity stayed unchallenged in dominance for

three decades. Discuss what may be the reason for its near extinction from political arena in present

scenario?

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1. Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks.

a) The First General Elections in 1952 involved simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and...............

(The President of India/State Assemblies/Rajya Sabha/The Prime Minister)

b) The party that won these second largest number of Lok Sabha seats in the first elections was

the.....................(Praja Socialist Party/ Bharatiya Jana Sangh/Communist Party of India/(Bharatiya

Janata Party)

c) One of the guiding principles of the ideology of the Swatantra Party was................... (Working class

interest/protection of Princely States/Economy free from State control/Autonomy of States within

the Union)

2. Match the following:

1. S.A. Dange a) Bharatiya Jana Sangh

2. Shyama Mukherjee b) Swatantra Party

3. Minoo Masani c) Praja Socialist Party

4. Asoka Mehta d) Communist Party of India

3. Four statements regarding one-party dominance are given below. Mark each of them as true or

false.

a) One-party dominance is rooted in the absence of strong alternative political parties

b) One-party dominance occurs because of weak public opinion.

c) One-party dominance is linked to the nation’s colonial past.

d) One-party dominance reflects the absence of democratic ideals in a country.

61

Politics of Planned Development

Key Points:

'Development' means the process of living standard and attaining an economic level of industrial

production.

Immediately after independence, the major challenges that laid before the government were

poverty alleviation, social and economic redistribution development of agriculture.

Planning is a systematic regulation of purposeful activity to achieve national goals.

India followed the model adopted by USSR for planning i.e. advanced education, medical care and

technological skills.

'Bombay Plan' was drafted in 1994 to make the states to take major initiatives in industrial and

other economic investments.

Before independence, the need for planning was felt to set up National Planning

Committee in 1930s to collect data and setting aims as well as opted for five year plans and annual

budget.

The Planning Commission of India was set up in 1950 as an 'Extra-constitutional body' along with

Prime Minister as its chairman, minister’s in charge and some other member-to be advisory in

nature.

India neither followed the capitalist nor the socialist model of economic development, but adopted

mixed economy to co-exist private and public sector also, to attain rapid economic development

aiming at social welfare and private owned means of production to be regulated by the state

The first five year plan that commenced in 1951, was drafted by economist K.N. Roy aimed at:

Investment in dams and irrigation, land reforms and to raise the level of National Income.

Second five year plan emphasized on:

Heavy industrialization even in rural areas. The second five year plan was being criticized for the

creation of prosperity in urban and industrial sections at the cost of rural welfare. During the

planning period, some reforms were introduced in the Agrarian sector to abolish Zamindari system,

consolidate the lands.

However due to the lack of government persuasion to implement these reforms they didn’t bring

out the desired results. Even some laws remained only on paper.

Between 1965 and 1967, country faced severe crisis droughts occurred in many parts of country.

In Bihar it was a famine situation. The food prices also hit a high in Bihar and due to government’s

policy of zoning; trade of food across states was prohibited, which reduced the availability of food

in Bihar. The Green Revolution emphasized on new strategies of agricultural practice to be offered

by government.

High yielding variety of seeds, fertilizers, pesticide better irrigation at highly subsidized prices.

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Positive impact of Green Revolution

Produced favorable conditions for poor peasants made the ‘Middle Peasant Sections’ politically

influential Increased the per acre yield

Negative impact Green Revolution

Created a gap between landlords and poor and delivered only a moderate agricultural growth. Only

the states of Punjab, Haryana and UP benefitted the most from it. The ‘White Revolution’ in Gujarat

was started by Verghese Kurien known as the Milkman of India’.

Gujarat Cooperative Milk and Marketing Federation Ltd was launched, which further launched

‘Amul’. The Amul pattern became a uniquely appropriate model for rural development and poverty

alleviation which came to be known as white revolution.

The Kerala model was based on ‘Decentralized planning’ to focus on education, health, land

reforms, effective food distribution and poverty alleviations. It involved people in making plans at

panchayat, blocs and district level.

63

Exercise

a) What is 'Development'?

b) What is 'Left' and 'Right' in politics?

c) What are the key conflicts associated with Orissa reserved Iron Resources? (HOTS)

d) What was Bombay Plan?

(2 Marks Questions)

a) Differentiate between the main objectives of the First and Second Five Year Plans.

b) Differentiate between the capitalist and socialist models of development.

c) What is meant by decentralized planning?

d) Which are the two models of development? Which model of development was adopted by India?

e) What is the meaning and importance of economic planning in Indian context?

f) Which state was prone to food crisis in the early years of independence? (HOTS)

64

(4 Marks Questions)

a) List any two merits and two demerits of Green Revolution

b) How was Planning Commission of India set up? Mention its scope of work.

(Passage based 5 marks)

It was in Bihar that the food -crisis was most acutely felt as the state faced a near-famine situation.

The food shortage was significant in all districts of Bihar, with 9 districts producing less than half of

their normal output. Five of these districts, in fact, produced less than one-third of what they

produced normally. Food deprivation subsequently led to acute and widespread malnutrition. It

was estimated that the calorie intake dropped from 2200 per capital per day to as low as 1200 in

many regions of the state) as against the requirement of 2450 per day for the average person).

Death rate in Bihar in 1967 was 34% higher than the number of deaths that occurred in the following

year. Food prices also hit a high in Bihar during the year, even when compared with other north

Indian state. For wheat and rice the prices in the state were twice or more than their prices in more

prosperous Punjab. The government had "Zoning" policies that prohibited trade of food across

states; this reduced the availability of food in. Bihar dramatically. In situations such as this, the

poorest sections, of the society suffered the most

a) What is food-crisis?

b) What were the reasons of food crisis in Bihar?

c) What do you understand by 'Zoning' policies of government?

(6Marks Questions)

a) State the main arguments in the debate that ensued between the industrialists and

agricultural development at the time f the Second Five Year Plan.

Part D

Let’s Ponder

“Liberalization and Globalization has led to a shift from the socialist state to a competitive

capitalist state.”

a) Do you think that this shift of ideology goes against the spirit of our preamble?

65

1. Which of these statements about the Bombay Plan is incorrect?

a) It was a blueprint for India’s economic future.

b) It supported state-ownership of industry.

c) It was made by some leading industrialists.

d) It supported strongly the idea of planning.

2. Which of the following ideas did not form part of the early phase of India’s development policy?

a) Planning

b) Liberalization

c) Cooperative farming

d) Self-sufficiency

3. The idea of planning in India was drawn from

a) The Bombay plan

b) Experiences of the Soviet bloc countries

c) Gandhian vision of society

d) Demand by peasant organizations

India’s External Relations

Key points

India after independence faced the twin challenges of Welfare of the people and Creation of a

democratic system. India took a lead and participated in the world affairs as an independent nation

amidst many issues left behind unresolved by British like partition and poverty alleviation. India decided

to conduct foreign relations with an aim to respect the sovereignty of other nations to achieve

security through maintenance of peace. Article 51 of Indian Constitution laid down directive Principles

of State Policy in this regard.

The foreign policy of a nation reflects the country’s stand on domestic and external factors. Pt. J.L.

Nehru was the ‘Chief Architect of India’s Foreign Policy’ with the objectives of :

a) Preserving sovereignty of India,

b) Protection of territorial integrity and promotion of rapid economic development.

To achieve its goals India adopted NAM to stay away from any military blocs. NAM was established

in 1955 at Bandung conference.

66

Nehru’s Era witnesses strengthening of contacts between India and States in Asia and Africa .Many

steps were taken by India in this regard:

a) Convening conferences on Asian Relations (March 1947),

b) Supporting Indonesia’s Freedom Struggle(1949),

c) Standing strongly decolonization process

d) Engaging herself in Bondung Conference in 1955 with the newly independent Asian and African

Nations.

Panchsheel, the five principles of peaceful co-existence (29 April 1954) between India and China

was a stronger step towards friendship and relations. India advocated China’s new government as

a communist even in the UN after Chinese revolution in 1949 to ahead a friendly step.

Indo-China relations:

a) Conflict on annexation of Tibet by China and suppressed ‘Tibetan culture also.

b) China claimed Aksai Chin area and NEFA within the Indian Territory.

These differences could not be resolved despite correspondence and discussions and led India to

indulge in a conflict.

Indo-Pak relations:

a) India and Pakistan conflicted on initiative of Pakistan’s serious armed conflict over Kashmir issue in

1965.

b) The UN intervened and made the both to sign Tashkent Agreement in 1966 to relieve the situation.

c) 1965 war added to India’s already difficult economic situation.

India-Bangladesh relations:

Bangladesh War 1971, when there were clashes between East and West Pakistan and India

supported freedom struggle in Bangladesh and declared unilateral ceasefire with the surrender of

Pakistan. India and Pakistan signed Shimla Agreement on 3rd July 1972 to formalize the return of

Peace.

lndia’s Nuclear Policy :

No first use and reiterates India’s commitment to verifiable on non-discriminatory nuclear

disarmament leading to nuclear weapon world. Pt. J .L. Nehru was against nuclear weapons, so he

placed nuclear disarmament and considered NPT as discriminatory and India has always been

committed to use Weapons for peaceful purposes.

67

Exercise

(1Mark Question)

a) What is foreign policy?

b) What was Bandung conference?

c) Mention the Article of Indian constitution to promote international peace and security

(2Mark Question)

a) Which two differences between India and China led to an army conflict in 1962?

b) Highlight any two/four major objectives of Prime Minister Nehru's Foreign Policy.

c) Why did India oppose the international treaties on Nuclear non -proliferation? (HOTS)

(4Mark Question)

a) Describe any four issues of conflict between India and China.

b) Describe any two major issues of conflict between India and Pakistan leading to war of 1971.

c) What was Tibet issue? How did it cause tension between India and China? Explain. (HOTS)

(5Mark Question)

a) What does Independence consist of? It consists of fundamentally and basically of foreign relations.

That is the test of independence. All else is local autonomy. Once the foreign relations go out of

your hands into the charge of somebody else, to that extent and in that measure you are not

independent. (Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru)

a) What does the extract signify?

b) What is not independence as per Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru

c) What did India do to maintain its Sovereignty?

68

(6Mark Question)

a) Does India’s foreign policy reflect her desire to be an important regional power? Validate your

answer with the help of an example.

b) How does the political leadership of a nation affect its foreign policy? Explain this with the help of

examples from India’s foreign policy?

Let’s Ponder

a) India’s foreign policy has been criticized for being too mild to deal with an aggressive move in the

neighborhood. Is it a sign of weakness or strength?

1. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ against each of these statements.

Non-alignment allowed India to gain assistance both from the USA and USSR.

India’s relationship with her neighbours has been strained from the beginning.

The cold war has affected the relationship between India and Pakistan.

The Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1971 was the result of India’s closeness to the USA.


a) The goal of India's foreign policy in

the period 1950-1964

a) Tibetan spiritual leader who crossed over to

India

b) Panchsheel b) Preservation of territorial integrity, sovereignty

and economic development

c) Bandung Conference c) Five principal of peaceful coexistence

d) Dalai Lama d) Led to the establishment of NAM

Challenges to and restoration of the Congress System

Key Points

After the death of Prime Minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru in May 1964 Indian political system was

surrounded some unresolved problems like poverty, inequality, communal and regional divisions

,because of which the period of 1960’s came to be called as a dangerous decade.

Political challenges (1964 to 1966)

‘Economic Crisis’ due to Indo-China War of 1962 and Indo-Pak War of 1965

Failed Monsoons, droughts and food crisis which was symbolized as a famous slogan to resolve the

issues like ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kissan’.

69

Challenges before the Congress Party: The challenge of political succession after the death of Lal

Bahadur Shastri .An intense competition between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi over succession

to party leadership which was resolved through a secret ballot among Congress MP’s. Indira Gandhi

defeated Morarji Desai and a peaceful transition of power was seen as a ‘Sign of Maturity of India’s

Democracy’.

Economic Crisis prior to 1967 general elections:

The government of Indira Gandhi decided to devalue the Indian rupee in order to check economic

crisis of 1967.Consequently, one US dollar could be purchased for less than Rs.5 after devaluation

which cost more than Rs.7.The economic situation triggered a price rise. People protested against

essential commodities price rise and unemployment. Even by socialist and communist parties for

greater equality.

Results of the devaluation of rupee:

Rise of Non-Congressism with different programmes and ideologies to form anti-Congress fronts. It

was claimed to be necessary for democratic purposes. 1967 as a Landmark year (‘Political

earthquake’.) The fourth general election held in 1967, were not in favor of Congress. The political

leaders like Kamraj in Tamilnadu, S.K. Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal and K.B.

Sahay in Bihar were defeated along with majority lost in other states

For the very first time any non-Congress party has secured majority including coalition government

consisting of different non-Congress parties which were termed as ‘Political earthquake’.

The election of 1967 Landmark year in India’s Political and Electoral history:

Coalitions were formed together by joint legislature parties to be called SVD i.e. Samyukta Vidhayak

Dal. The SVD in Bihar included the two socialist parties-SSP and PSP along with CPI on the left and

Jana Sangh on the right. In Punjab it was called popular United Front and comprised the two rival

Akali Parties at that time.

Crisis in the Congress Party

After 1967, Indira Gandhi faced two challenges:

a) To build her independence from ‘Syndicate’

b) To regain ground which were lost in 1967 elections by Congress.

Indira Gandhi adopted a very bold strategy to combat these challenges:

She converted it into ideological struggle, launched a series of initiatives and got the Congress

Working Committee to adopt "Ten Point

70

Programme’

Other popular measures included social control of Banks, Nationalization of General Insurance, and

Ceiling on Urban Property and Income, Public Distribution of Food Grains, Land Reforms etc.

Syndicate was the informal name given to a group of Congress leader like K. Kamraj, S.K.Patil, N.

Sanjeeva Recldy, Atulya Ghosh who were in control of Party as organization i.e, within Congress.

Syndicate had a greater say in Indira Gandhi’s first council of Ministers and in Policy formulations

and implementations. After split, Congress (O) and Indira led Congress (R) formed which won the

popularity after 1971.

Reasons for a formal split in the Congress in 1969:

On nomination of candidate for president’s post. Diplomatically, Indira Gandhi’s candidate won over

syndicate’s candidate (V.V. Giri over N. Sanjeeva Reddy), which formalized the split in Congress into

two separate parties. Congress (O) i.e. organization led by syndicate known as a ‘Old Congress’ and

Congress (R) i.e. requisitionists led by Indira Gandhi known as ‘New Congress’.

Political situation in the country:

Everyone believed that real organizational strength was under command of Congress (O), all major

parties like SSP, PSP, Bhartiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra Party and Bhartiya Kranti Dal also formed

‘Grand Alliance’ against Indira Gandhi with a common programme of ‘Indira Hatao’. In contrast to

‘Indira Hatao’, Indira Gandhi put forward a positive programme ‘Garibi Hatao’

Indira Gandhi’s victory in 1971 elections was due to:

She was able to generate a support base among landless laborers, dalits, adivasis, and minorities.

women and unemployed youth. She focused on growth of public sector, Imposition of ceiling on

rural land holdings and Urban property and removal of disparity etc.

This was seen as not only the revival of the old Congress Party but she re-invented the party by

forming an entirely different popular party to accommodate some social groups, the poor, the

Women, the dalits, adivasis and the minorities. Thus, Indira Gandhi restored the Congress system

by changing the nature of Congress system itself.

(1 Mark)

a) Who coined the term ‘Aya Ram Gaya Ram’?

b) What was the Kamraj Plan?

c) What is defection?

(2 Marks)

a) Write note on the verdict of 1971 elections.

b) What do you understand by ‘Non-congressism’?

c) Trace the outcome of the 4th General Elections.

71

(4 Marks)

a) Why was 1960s labeled as ‘Dangerous Decade’?

b) What was the role played by the Congress syndicate?

c) What were the SVD Arrangements?

(5 Marks)

a) What is the message conveyed by the cartoon

b) Who coined this term?

c) For whom was this term coined?

d) How has the Indian government addressed this problem?

(6 Marks) a) Describe the factors, which led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi in the 1971. b) Describe the presidential election of 1969?

Let’s ponder:

Do you agree that this mode of appointment of governors is relevant till date? Give reasons.

72

Crisis of Democratic Order

Key points

Congress faced opposition from non-Congress parties due to personalization of politics. The

`Marxist-Leninist' groups were strong in West-Bengal, which used arms and insurgent techniques to

overthrow capitalist order to establish political system. But the state government took stringent

measures to suppress them. Nation witnessed uprisings everywhere.

Jayaprakash Narayana organized the first nationwide Satyagraha demanding Indira Gandhi's

resignation. He made people aware not to obey illegal and 'immoral orders',as well as

IndiraGandhi's elections were also declared invalid on Grounds to use government servants inter

election campaign on an election petition filed by Raj Narain, a socialist leader.

George Fernandez led the Railway strike of 1974 for pressing their demands related to bonus and

service conditions. The government declared the strike illegal and deployed the Territorial Army to

protect railway trades. Thus, strike was called off after twenty days without any settlement.

The political and economic condition of the country worsened and Indira Gandhi declared

emergency. Before, the declaration of emergency, many differences arose between the

government and the ruling party leading to a strain between judiciary, legislature and executive on

issues of intervention in constitutional provisions by government or parliament.

Keshavanand Bharti case was a landmark case where the judiciary declared that parliament cannot

amend in constitutional basic features in a controversial manner. It mixed up constitutional

interpretations and political ideologies rapidly.

On 25 June 1975 the government declared emergency on recommendation of Prime Minister on a

ground of threat of international disturbances, which invoked Article 352 of Constitution to bring

law and order, restore efficiency and above all, implement the pro-poor welfare programmes.

Consequences of emergency

a) It affected civil liberties by making large scale arrests as well as citizen's right to life and liberty were

also taken away.

b) It affected relationship between the executive and judiciary to bring new changes in the constitution

by 42nd amendment like duration of legislatures, elections can be postponed by one year during an

emergency.

c) It affected Mass Media also i.e. 'Press censorship'

The State commission headed by J .C. Shah, was appointed in May 1977 by Janata Party

government to enquire into several aspects of allegations of abuse of authority, excesses and

malpractices committed and action taken in the wake of emergency

73

Report of the Shah Commission:

Many excesses committed, maximum arrests under the preventive detention law, illegal

restrictions on press and verbal orders to cut electricity at 2 a.m. of all newspaper presses.

Lessons from Emergency:

It is difficult to do away with democracy, secondly, to proclaim emergency advice must be taken in

writing (by president) by council of ministers, thirdly, it made everyone more aware of the value of

civil liberties. The Lok Sabha elections of 1977 to be turned into a referendum. Hence politics after

emergency was characterized by two major developments of politics.

1977 elections defeated Congress on people’s verdict against emergency and opposition and

insurgent fought on the slogan ‘save democracy’. Mid-term elections 1980 were held due to Janata

Party lacked direction, leadership and a common programme as well as could not bring any

fundamental change in policies pursued by Congress.

The legacy of emergency of 1975 was felt in every spheres of life and the politics can be described

as a period of constitutional and political crisis to have its origin in constitutional battle over the

jurisdiction of the parliament and the judiciary.

74

(1 Mark)

a) Who is the founder of CPI (ML)?

b) Who gave a call of Total Revolution?

c) Who led the nationwide Railway workers’ strike?

(2 Marks)

a) What was the Naxalite Movement?

b) What is censorship of press?

c) What were the main findings of the Shah Commission?

(4 Marks)

a) What were the controversies regarding Emergency?

b) Examine the outcome of the Sixth General Elections.

c) Write a short note on Gujarat and Bihar movements.

(5 Marks)

a) What is the message conveyed by the cartoon?

b) What are the reasons behind this development?

c) What was the outcome of this development?

(6 Marks)

a) What were the lessons from Emergency?

b) What were the excesses committed during Emergency?

c) What were the main areas of confrontation between the executive and

judiciary at the time of Emergency?

75

Let’s ponder:

‘Governments that are perceived to be undemocratic are severely punished by the voters’. Evaluate

the statement with reference to the last General Elections.

1. State whether the following statements regarding the Emergency are correct or incorrect.

a) It was declared in 1975 by Indira Gandhi.

b) It led to the suspension of all fundamental rights.

c) It was proclaimed due to the deteriorating economic conditions.

d) Many Opposition leaders were arrested during the emergency.

e) CPI supported the proclamation of the Emergency.

Rise of Popular Movements

Key Points

The dissatisfaction with the attitude of the government led the people to come together and raise

voice to fulfill their demands.

Movements can be either party based or non-party based movements.

Party based movements are supported by political parties (Trade Union Movement in Kolkata,

Kanpur, Bombay etc.) Nonparty based movements are based on the loss of faith in existing

democratic institutions or electoral politics (Students and Youth from different sections merge

themselves).

Non- party movements emerged due to: disillusions among many sections of society, failure of

Janata experiment, a Gulf between Urban industrial sectors, political instability, existence of social

inequality and sense of injustice.

Chipko Movement was a protest organized against the commercial logging permitted by the

government. Both men and women participated in the movement and refused sports manufacturer

to use the ash tree for the commercial purposes. It included a novel aspect in the form of active

participation of women with the agenda of social issues.

Dalit Panthers a militant organization of Dalit Youth, formed in 1972 in Maharashtra. Dalit Panthers

addressed the issues to fight against caste based inequalities, demanded effective implementation

of reservations and social justice by restoring a mass action in various states.

Bhartiya Kissan Union (BKU) was one of leading farmers movement in the form of agrarian struggle

of farmers against process of liberalization of Indian Economy. The BKU demanded higher

government floor prices, abolition of restrictions, guaranteed supply of electricity and the provision

of a government pension to farmers.

The Anti-Arrack Movement started by rural women in the state of Andhra Pradesh fought against

alcoholism, mafias by a mobilization of women to ban on the sale of alcohol. This movement openly

discussed the issues of domestic violence like dowry, sexual violence etc.

76

Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) was a movement to save river Narmada. It opposed the

construction of multipurpose dam known as Narmada Sagar project questioned ongoing

developmental projects also.

NBA was shifted from its initial demand for rehabilitation to total opposition to the Dam. It achieved

comprehensive National Rehabilitation Policy 2003 by government.

The movements aimed at:

a) Making people aware of their rights and expectations to contribute in the expansion of democracy

rather than causing disruptions.

b) The movement for right to information started in 1990 demanding the records of famine relief work

and accounts of laborers by Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sanghan (MKSS). Finally, it was legislated and

became a law in 2005.

Questions:

(1 Mark)

a) What are popular struggles or social movements?

b) What is RTI? How was it passed?

c) What was NFF?

(2 Marks)

a) Who were the Dalit Panthers?

b) What was the Self Respect Movement?

c) What was NBA?

(4 Marks)

a) List some of the shortcomings of popular struggles.

b) What was BKU? Examine its main demands.

c) What IS the impact of the popular struggles on democracy?

77

(5 Marks)


b) In the light of the cartoon depicted above trace the efficacy of RTI.

(6 Marks)

a) What were the lessons learnt from Popular struggles?

b) What was the Anti-Arrack Movement? How did it become a women’s movement?

c) Differentiate between party based and non-party based movements with the help of examples.

Let’s ponder:

‘Development means different things for different people’. In the light of this statement, evaluate the

contemporary developments vis-a-vis Narmada Bachao Andolan.

78

1. Which of these statements are incorrect:

a) The Chipko Movement was an environmental movement to prevent cutting down of trees.

b) Raised questions of ecological and economic exploitation.

c) Was a movement against alcoholism started by the women?

d) Demanded that local communities should have control over their natural resources.

2. Some of the statements below are incorrect. Identify the incorrect statements and rewrite

those with necessary correction.

a) Social movements are hampering the functioning of India’s democracy.

b) The main strength of social movements lies in their mass base across social sections.

c) Social movements in India emerged because there were many issues that political parties did not

address.

79

Regional Aspirations

Key points

1980s may be seen as a period of rising regional aspirations creating various regional movements

which conclude in a negotiated settlement or accords between the governments groups.

Indian approach maintained a balance in the principles of unity and diversity even by redrawing

the internal boundaries of country in response to preserve the culture of different regions and

linguistic groups.

Post-independence, India had to cope up with the issues of partition, displacement, integration

of princely states and reorganization of states i.e. Jammu and Kashmir issues political

aspiration, North-East had no consensus to be a part of India and Dravidian movement briefly

toyed with the idea of separate country.

Jammu and Kashmir comprised of three social and political regions namely Kashmir, Jammu

and Ladakh region. On the issue of regional autonomy, Accession was promised on reference of

people. Special federal status guaranteed byArti.cle 370, to protect regional autonomy.

Jammu and Kashmir:

Between 1953 to 1974, Congress exercised a lot of influence on the politics of Jammu and

Kashmir.

In 1974, Sheikh became Chief Minister of the state. From 1989, separatist politics was also

surfaced in Kashmir with the stronger demand for intra state autonomy rather than state

autonomy. In present scenario, most of separatist in dialogue are trying to re-negotiate a

relationship of the state with India.

Punjab :

Anandpur Sahib Resolution was passed at the conference of Akali Dal at Anandpur Sahib in 1973

to ascertain regional autonomy and to redefine centre -state relationship. It had a limited appeal

and Akali government was dismissed in 1980. Afterwards, the movement launched by Akali Dal

took the form of armed insurgency and resolution became controversial.In 1985, Punjab accord

was signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Harchand Singh Longowal, President of Akali Dal. As a

result it was decided to transfer Chandigarh, appointment of a commission to resolve border

dispute and agreement for compensation to better treatment.But violence led many excesses

and fragmentation of Akali Dal. President's rule was imposed in the state. In 1997, first normal

elections in Punjab were held in post militancy era and alliance of Akali Dal and BJP scored a major

victory.

The North-East

Consists of seven states referred to as 'S even Sisters'.

The reorganisation of North-East was complete by 1972 but did not end the autonomy demands

i.e. Bodos, Karbis, Dimasas demanded separate state in Assam. Issues were resolved with the

grant of some autonomy to these issues. Even 'Assam Accord' was signed over the issue of

'Outsiders' in Assam in 1985.

80

The Assam movement led by AASU: Was combination of cultural pride and economic

backwardness as it was against outsiders to maintain cultural integration and poverty,

unemployment also existed despite natural resources like oil, tea and coal.

Goa along with Daman and Diu :

Under the Portuguese which expected freedom in 1947 but Portuguese refused. Goa wanted to

be merged with motherland and suppressed from religious conversions and civil rights known as

'Goa Problem'. In 1961, Government of India sent army under 'Operation Vijay' and liberated Goa

from Portugal rule and in 1987, Goa attained the status of 'State' position.

Regional aspirations may focus on demands of statehood and economic development

autonomy and separation were Lessons from the Regional aspirations: Expression of regional

issues is not abnormal phenomenon, to respond through democratic negotiations power sharing

among groups and parties, economic development of region and flexible federal system.

82

Questions:

(1 Mark)

a) What is the scope of Article 370 of Indian Constitution?

b) What was the role played by the MNF?

c) Why do some states demand secession?

(2 Marks)

a) What was the Punjab Accord?

b) How has Mizoram become one of the most peaceful states of the Indian Union?

c) What was the Dravidian Movement?

(4 Marks)

a) What was the Anand Pur Sahib Resolution 1973?

b) What do you understand by the ‘Movement against outsiders’?

c) Explain the social demographic profile of the state of J&K.

(5 Marks)

a) Identify the key figures in the cartoon.

b) What message does this cartoon convey about the Centre-state relations?

(6 Marks)

a) What are the issues affecting the politics of North-East?

b) What are the different strands on the Kashmir issue?

c) What are the lessons learnt from regional aspirations?

Let’s ponder:

As the Foreign Minister of India devise a future course of action encompassing the areas of tension

between India and Pakistan to improve bilateral ties.

83

Match the following:

A. Nature of Regional aspirations. B. States

a) Socio-religious identify leading to statehood a) Nagaland/ Mizoram

b) Linguistic identity and tensions with Centre b) Jharkhand/ Chattisgarh

c) Regional imbalance leading to demand for Statehood. c) Punjab

d) Secessionist demands on account of tribal identity d) Tamil Nadu.

84

Recent Developments in Indian Politics

Key points

The decade of eighties saw five developments in the country which had a long lasting impact on

the political developments in the country i.e. End of Congress system in 1980, Mandal Issues in

1990, New Economic Reforms in 1991, Ayodhya dispute in 1992 and Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi

in 1991.

1989 elections led an era of coalitions with the defeat of Congress Party. There emerged several

parties and no single party secured a clear majority of seats in any Lok Sabha .Regional parties

played a crucial role in forming ruling alliances.

The nineties also saw the emergence of powerful parties and movements to represent the Dalits

and backward castes as well as regional assertions. There have been nine governments at the

centre which have either been coalition government or minority governments supported by

other parties or regional parties only.

The Mandal Issue started with the national front government's decision to implement the

recommendation of Mandal Commission. The main demands were: that jobs in central

government should be reserved for other backward classes leading to violent anti-mandal protest

in country between supporters and opponents of OBC reservations.

The constituents of Janata Party like Bhartiya Kranti D al and the`Samyukta Socialist Party' had a

powerful rural base among some sections of the OBCs as well as BAMCEF, i.e. Backward and

Minority Classes Employees Federation was formed in 1978 taking strong position in favor of

political power to Bahujan—the SC, ST, OBCs and minorities. It resulted the rise of the (BSP)

Bahujan Samaj Party under the leadership of Kanshi Ram.

Hindutva literally means Hinduism defined by its originator V.D. Savarkar as basis of Indian

nationhood to be members of Indian nation Ayodhya Issue was started with the demolition of

the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in December 1992 to symbolize various changes in politics and

debates about Indian nationalism and secularism. These developments are associated with the

rise of BJP and Politics of Hindutva'.

The political formation of the country changed after the 1990s, with the emergence of broadly

four groups of parties i.e.parties in coalition with Congress, parties in alliance with BJP, left front

parties, others who are not part of the rest to make political competition multi-concerned.

In 2002,the Anti-Muslim Riots took place in the form of violence against Muslims through an

incident at a station called Godhra when a bogey, full of Karsevaks was set on fire and suspected

the hand of Muslims in it.

Human Rights Commission criticized Gujarat government’s role in failing to control violence and

showed that government machinery also becomes susceptible to passion and alert us to dangers

involved in using religious sentiments for political purposes.

85

In the midst of severe competition and many conflicts, a consensus appears to have emerged

among most parties consisting of main four elements, i.e. Agreement or new economic policies

Acceptance of political and social claims of backward castes, Acceptance of role of state level

Parties in governance of country and Emphasis on pragmatic considerations rather than

ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement.

(1 Mark)

a) What is the New Economic Policy?

b) What was the main Recommendation of the Second Backward Class Commission?

c) What was the Ayodhya Dispute?

(2 Marks)

a) What does it mean to support a government from outside?

b) ‘Coalition governments are here to stay’. Justify the statement.

c) Why was Rajiv Gandhi assassinated?

(4 Marks)

a) What are the major areas of consensus between political parties in India?

b) What were the crucial developments in the decade of 1990’s?

c) What was the Godhara communal carnage?

(5 Marks)


b) Which side of the picture depicts stable government and why?

86

(6 Marks) a) Examine the political emergence of Bhartiya Janta Party. b) Define the Term Coalition. In the new era of coalition politics, political parties are not aligning

or realigning on the basis of ideology. Do you agree?

c) What were the results of the General Elections in 1980?

Let’s ponder:

How far it would be correct to characterize India as a secular country when it has experienced state

sponsored religious violence many-a-times?

1. Unscramble a bunch of disarranged press clipping file of Unni-Munni... and arrange the file

chronologically.

a) Mandal Recommendations and Anti Reservation Stir.

b) Formation of Janata Dal.

c) The demolition of Babri Masjid.

d) Assassination of Indira Gandhi.

e) The formation of NDA government.

f) Godhra incident and its fallout.

g) Formation of UPA government.


a) Politics of Consensus a) Shah Bano case

b) Caste-based parties b) Rise of OBCs

c) Personal Law and Gender Justice c) Coalition government

d) Growing strength of Regional parties d) Agreement on Economic

policies

87

Sample Paper Class 12 Political Science

Time Allowed - 3 hours Max marks – 80

General instructions:

All questions are compulsory.

a) Question nos. 1 to 20 carry 1 mark each. Answer should not exceed 20 words each.

b) Question nos. 21 to 23 carry 2 marks each. Answer should not exceed 40 words each.

c) Question nos. 24 to 27 carry 4 marks each. Answer should not exceed 100 words each.

d) Question nos. 28 to 30 carry 5 marks each. Two passage-based questions and one picture

based question. Answer should not exceed 150 words each.

e) Question no 31 is a map-based question. Write its answers in your answer book.

f) Question nos. 32 to 34 carry 6 marks each (each with an internal choice). Answer should

not exceed 150 words each.

Section A

1. Complete the following in a meaningful way: What are safety nets?

OR

In 1945 the allied forces included the US _______ USSR and _______.

2. Which event in 1989 led to the unification of Germany?

3. Correct the statement and rewrite:-

The first world was the communist countries and the third world was the capitalist countries.

4. Name any two founder leaders of NAM? ________.

5. Which state was carved out of Assam from the following

a. Meghalaya

b. Sikkim

c. Manipur

d. Tripura

6. What was the main purpose of launching Operation Enduring freedom?

7. The strategy of staying as far removed from the dominant power as possible is also known as

____________________________________.

8. Informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative interaction among members of South East Asian

Nations is also called _______.

9. Identify the country: Where the Monarch worked to weed out militants and guerrillas from

north-eastern India that operated in his country with a view to help India.

10. Which of the following countries had an issue related to the migration of Rohingyas.

a) Nepal

b) Bhutan

c) Myanmar

d) China

88

11. Complete the sentence-

The Rio Summit recommended a list of development practices called-

_____________________.

12. The famous speech delivered by Jawahar Lal Nehru at the hour of midnight on 14-15 August,

1947 has come to be called as ________.

13. Which institution has replaced the planning commission?

14. Name the person with whom would you associate the following slogans?

a) Aya Ram and Gaya Ram ________.

b) Total Revolution ________.

15. Select the correct option: The Grand Alliance of opposition of 1971

a) Got a combined tally of seats that was less than 40.

b) Had a clear ideological programme.

c) Had a grand finish in the 1970 elections.

d) Proved to be a grand success.

16. Select the correct option for the leader and the country that helped to reach the Tashkent

agreement between India and Pakistan:

a) India, Nehru

b) USSR, Kosygin

c) Egypt, Nasser

d) Indonesia, Sukarno

17. Correct and rewrite the statement-

a) Ravi, Beas river dispute was resolved between Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Uttarakhand.

b) Identify the organization that brokered the Indus water treaty

between India and Pakistan.

c) At the time of Independence, Indian leaders were committed to the

aims of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity and ________.

d) Correct the following sentence and rewrite it:

On June 1977, Prime Minister Morarji Desai recommended the imposition of the emergency to

Gyani Zail Singh.

Section- B

a) Mention any two main objectives of the United Nations.

b) Highlight two arenas of Cold War along with example of each.

c) Explain with the help of an example the meaning of Anti-Congress.

89

Section C

a) Describe the objectives of Iraq invasion by the US.

b) Highlight the role of Jawaharlal Nehru the first Prime Minister of India in the formation of India’s

foreign policy.

c) Analyze any four challenges faced by Election Commission of India before the first General

Election.

OR

a) Which two models of modern development were there before India on the eve of independence?

Which model did India decide to choose and why?

b) You are an important leader of Farmers’ agitation. The Government authorities ask you to

present any two demands on behalf of the farmers. On priority basis, which three demands will

you make? Support your demands with appropriate arguments.

Section D

Study the given cartoon carefully and answer the questions that follow:

a. What does lion in the cartoon represent? What does it believe?

b. What does tiger in the cartoon represent? What is its demand?

c. Which country’s problem is depicted here? Which dilemma of government is represented by this

cartoon?

d. Name the external powers that helped to resolve issues.

90

Question

To be attempted only by visually impaired students

‘In spite of the ongoing conflict, Srilanka recorded development”. Comment.

1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

The growing focus on environmental issues within the arena of global politics was firmly

consolidated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held at Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992. This was also called the Earth Summit….What was obvious at the Rio

Summit was the rich and the developed countries of the first world generally referred to as the

“Global North” were pursuing a different environmental agenda than the poor and the

developing countries of the III world called the “Global South”...The differences in their approach

culminated into the adoption of the principle called “Common but differentiated

responsibilities.”

a) How was the environmental concern of the first world different from that of the third world?

b) In what ways did the principle of “Common but differentiated responsibilities’ help in

addressing and overcoming the differences between the “Global North” and ‘Global South”?

2. Read the given passage and answer the questions that follow: “In the early years of

independence, two contradictory tendencies were already well advanced inside the Congress

Party. On the other hand, the national party executive endorsed socialist principles of state

ownership, regulation and control over key sectors of the economy in order to improve

productivity and at the same time curb economic concentration. On the other hand, the national

Congress government pursued liberal economic policies and incentives to private investment that

was justified in terms of sole criterion of achieving maximum increase in production”.

a) What concept of planning was finally adopted by India?

b) In order to improve productivity which principles were endorsed by the national party?

c) Do you agree - that there was a contradiction between the central leadership of the Congress

party and its state-level leaders. Justify your answer.

3. In the given outline political map of India five states have been marked as (A) (B) (C)(D) and (E).

Identify these states on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names

in your answer book, along with their respective serial number of the information used and the

concerned alphabets as per the following format:

91

a) The state where women put a ban on the sale of arrack and stopped its auction.

b) The state where there was anti-Hindi agitation in 1965.

c) The state where the MKSS demanded records for famine relief and accounts of labours.

d) The state where the Sardar Sarovar dam is located.

e) The state which saw a farmer’s agitation in 1988 protesting against the governments increases

electricity rates.

Corresponding numbers Answer Corresponding Alphabet

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

4. Visually impaired students: Answer the following questions by naming the state

a) The state where the movement to hug trees to avoid felling them for sports good began.

b) The state where the Narmada Sagar dam has been constructed

c) The state where the Anandpur Sahib Resolution has been signed.

d) The state which was a Union territory but became a full-fledged state in 1987.

e) The state where the leader Laldenga entered into an armed struggle with India.

Section E

a) Critically evaluate the role of the UNO in a Un ipolar world. Is it still relevant? How?

OR

b) Examine the role of traditional notion of security in the contemporary world.

a) Identify the two power blocs by emphasising their role during the Cuban missile crisis.

OR

b) Compare and contrast the “shock therapy “of the USSR with “the open door’ policy of China.

a) “The split of Congress in 1969 was inevitable.” Elaborate.

OR

b) “Government that are seen to be unstable, quarrelsome and divisive have been severely

punished”. Elucidate giving examples from 1975-1977.

92

Class 12 Political Science

Answers

1. Safety nets are made to protect nations and are for minimizing the negative effects of

globalization on those who are economically weak.

OR

UK, France

2. Fall of the Berlin Wall

3. The first world was capitalist countries and the third world was developing countries.

4. Sukarno Tito Jawaharlal Nehru, Nasser and Nkrumah(any two)

5. (a) Meghalaya

6. The main purpose of Operation Enduring freedom-2001 was to punish all those behind 9/11

attack, mainly Al Qaeda and Taliban regime.

7. Hide Strategy

8. ASEAN way

9. Bhutan

10. (c) Myanmar

11. Agenda 21

12. Tryst with Destiny

13. Neeti Ayog

14. Aya Ram Gaya Ram-Gaya Lal- Total Revolution-Jai Prakash Narayan

15. a) Got a combined tally of seats that was less than 40.

16. b) USSR, Kosygin.

17. Ravi, Beas river dispute was resolved between Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.

18. World Bank

19. Democracy

20. On June 25th 1975, PM INDIRA GANDHI recommended the imposition of emergency to President

FAKHRUDDIN ALI AHMED.

21. The UN’s main objectives purposes:

a) Maintaining worldwide peace and security.

b) Developing relations among nations.

OR

22. Fostering cooperation between nations in order to solve economic, social, cultural, or

humanitarian international problems. OR any two relevant points

23. Arena is an area where the cold war occurred.

a) North Korea(supported by USSR) Vs South Korea (supported by USA)

b) Northern Vietnam (supported by USSR) Vs Southern Vietnam (supported by USA).

93

24. Non-Congress-ism is a term that is used to describe the anti-congress waves

started by non-congress parties with rightist and leftist leanings. Parties felt Congress rule to be the

root cause of various problems faced by our country such as food problems, economic crisis,

corruption and dependence on foreign countries. This not only resulted in the defeat of many

Congress stalwarts but also led to many internal revolts in the party. The coinage of this term can

be rightfully traced back to the elections of 1967. A proposal by Ram Manohar Lohia in the early 60s

that there was a viable alternative to the Congress Party and that all it needed was for the

opposition to unite.

25. USA went to war in Iraq, for looking:-from WMD, terrorism to democracy in the Middle East.

President Bush and his administration said that the U.S. was going to war with Iraq because of the

imminent threat of Saddam's weapons of mass destruction and ties to terrorism also. And a threat

to USA friends in the region. To protect the region USA went to war.

26. a) Jawaharlal Nehru was the chief architect of the foreign policy of India as he held both the Prime

Minister Office and the Foreign Ministry from 1947-1964.

b) The three major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy were to preserve the sovereignty of India,

protect India’s territorial integrity and promote India’s rapid economic development. He formed the

foundation of the policy of non-alignment. Afro-Asian unity and the establishment of diplomatic

relations with other countries after India’s independence.

27. Challenges faced by the Election commission of India before first General

elections:

a) Delimitation of Electoral constituencies- free and fair elections

b) Absence of electoral rolls. Preparing the election rolls was a huge task as many citizens were eligible

to vote.

c) Illiterate population- did not know details like wife of and daughter of…15% voters illiterate out of

17 crore eligible voters because of which special method of voting was needed.

d) Mistake in electoral rolls-Large population and voters to hold free and fair elections. Large number

of staff and infrastructure for the first time.

ANY OTHER RELEVANT POINT.

OR

Two models of development before

a) India Liberal Capitalist model in US and Europe and

b) Socialist model in USSR.

India had two wings one very impressed with the USSR socialist model - Nehru and the communist

party of India as they saw poverty alleviation and social-economic redistribution the prime concern

and primary responsibility of the Government. India adopted the mixed model a planned economy

with State intervention in the Public sector which had the large industries.

ANY OTHER RELEVANT POINT.

94

28. a) Higher government floor prices for food and staple crop- due to effort

b) Give electricity on subsidized rates

c) Waive repayment of loans in a phased manner

d) Provide health and pension benefits

e) Protect the Indian produce in the international market. Not have agriculture in purview of WTO

f) Danger of market crisis for cash crops.

( any two)

29. a) Lion represents Sinhala community of Srilanka, it believes that Srilanka belongs to Sinhalas and

no concessions to the Tamils should be given.

b) Tiger represents the LTTE- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The neglect of Tamilsconcers by

Sinhala led to its formation. It demands for a separate country for the Tamils of Sri Lanka

c) Cartoon depicts the dilemma of the Sri Lankan leadership in trying to balance the Sinhala

hardliners lion or the Tamil militant or he tiger while negotiating peace. The government thinks

if it goes according to Sinhala community, actions would be taken by LTTE in Sri Lanka and if LTTE

is given preference, Sinhala community would become upset and country would be divided.

30. a) The developed countries of the first world generally referred to as ‘Global North’ were

concerned with the ozone depletion and global warming, whereas the developing countries of

the third world called the ‘Global South” were anxious to address the relationship between

economic development and environmental management.

b) There were major differences between the countries of the North and the South over

environmental issues. The developed countries of the North wanted everyone to be made equally

responsible for ecological conservation. The Global South, on the other hand, felt that much of

the environmental degradation caused today is the result of economic activities pursued by the

Global North. Hence they believed that the Global North owes a greater responsibility of undoing

the damage now.

c) Moreover, the developing countries are undergoing a process of industrialization and they

should not be subjected to the same restrictions which apply to the developed countries.

d) These two concerns were effectively addressed by the Principle of “Common but differentiated

responsibilities’. It accepted that the special needs of the developing countries be taken into

consideration and in view of different contributions of global environmental degradation; states

have common but differentiated responsibilities.

31. a) The author is talking about contradiction regarding adoption of development models either

socialist or capitalist. Political implications of this contradiction may result in the differences

among party members itself and government can issue licensing and permits in more

complicated manner

b) Congress was pursuing this policy as a sole criterion of achieving maximum increased in

production. Yes it was related to the nature of opposition parties to be pursued liberal economic

policies and incentives to private investment.

c) No, there was not a contradiction between the central leadership of the Congress Party and its

state-level leaders because state emphasized on states’ ownership, regulation. Control over key

sectors improved productivity whereas control leadership pursued liberal economic policies and

incentives to private investment.

95

32.

Corresponding numbers Answer Corresponding Alphabet

(i) Uttar Pradesh E

(ii) Andhra Pradesh B

(iii) Gujarat D

(iv) Tamilnadu C

(v) Rajasthan A

33. Examine the role of traditional notion of security in the contemporary world. External an

internal.

a) Concerned with military threats

b) Choices before government-surrender prevent r defend - use deterrence defence alliance

building and balance of power

c) Build up military power

d) Threats from outside the border

e) In the country the threats are controlled and regulated by the government.

f) This was secured to the powerful countries of the world

g) Each responsible for their own security

h) Newly independent nations worried about internal separatist threats

i) Some countries in Africa and Asia that are newly independent worried about the military

conflict with neighbours.

j) Attacks from the Cold war superpowers from each other and colonies worried of cold war

turning into hot war.

34. The two power blocs by emphasising their role during the Cuban missile crisis.

The Eastern bloc and the Western bloc-WARSAW and the NATO were competitive blocs two

power blocs came into existence after the Second World War. The United States of America and

Soviet Russia became two Superpowers. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, leaders of the U.S. and

the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over

the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba Face off Cuba and then arena of cold

war where there was negotiated settlement between Kennedy and Khrushchev Turkey

dismantling negotiated. USA obliged.

OR

96

Compare/ Contrast

China

a) The Chinese did not go for shock therapy but opened their economy step by step.

b) The privatization of agriculture began in 1982 and was followed by the privatization of industry

in 1998.

c) Trade barriers were eliminated only in special economic zones (SEZs) where foreign investors

could set up enterprises.

d) In China, the state played and continues to play a central role in setting up a market economy

USSR

a) Shock therapy Gorbachev ahead of his times with Perestroika and Demokratizatsiya and Glasnost

b) Sudden shift to Liberal Capitalism collapse of Economy. Rise of Mafia - Garage sale of Industries.

35. Reasons for split ( any three)

a) She gave left orientation

b) overlooked syndicate bosses

c) Presidential elections VV Giri vs. Neelam S, Reddy

d) abolished privy purses

e) Banks nationalised -some old guards were against it

f) Sidelined some congress members

g) Negated and overlooked policies- whip vs. conscience- not willing to follow conservative lines of

policy.

OR

Emergency showed weakness and strength of the Indian democracy

a) Political crisis and a change in the party system

b) elections of 77 took all by surprise

c) Opposition and coalition politics came into the foray.

d) Opposition fought on “save democracy”- felt the pulse of the nation though it did not affect the

southern states

e) Janata party referendum was Emergency and excesses during the emergency.

f) Also showed once in power how unstable parties are Morarji Desai and Ch.Charan Singh. Stiff

competition within the party and could not bring about the expected fundamental changes.

97

SAMPLE PAPER

SUBJECT: POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS 12

TIME ALLOWED: 3 HRS M.M: 80

General instructions:

a) All questions are compulsory.

b) Question nos. 1 to 20 carry 1 mark each. Answer should not exceed 20 words each.

c) Question nos. 21 to 23 carry 2 marks each. Answer should not exceed 40 words each.

d) Question nos. 24 to 27 carry 4 marks each. Answer should not exceed 100 words each.

e) Question nos. 28 to 30 carry 5 marks each. Two passage-based questions and one picture based

question. Answer should not exceed 150 words each.

f) Question no 31 is a map-based question. Write its answers in your answer book.

g) Question nos. 32 to 34 carry 6 marks each (each with an internal choice). Answer should not

exceed 150 words each.

1. Which among the following statement doesnot reflect the objectives of NAM?

a) Enabling newly decolonized countries to pursue independent policies.

b) No to joining any military alliances.

c) Following a policy of ‘neutrality’ on global issues.

d) Focus on elimination og global economic inequalities.

2. Identify the country:

Where the Monarch worked to weed out militants and guerrillas from north-eastern India that

operated in his country with a view to help India.

3. Which of the following was not given primacy by the makers of the Soviet System?

a) Abolition of Private Property

b) Society based on the principle of equality.

c) No opposition party to be allowed.

d) No state control over economy.

4. The famous speech delivered by Jawahar Lal Nehru at the hour of midnight on 14-15 August,

1947 has come to be called as ________.

5. Why were the Indian leaders reluctant in accepting the principle of linguistic reorganization of

states of Indian Union just after Independence?

6. Which party organized massive agitation of peasants in Telangana and what was their main

demand?

7. What factors played a crucial role in making the Akalis unstable in Punjab?

8. What is terrorism?

9. In order to counter the US-Pakistan-China axis, India signed a 20 year Treaty of ___________

with Soviet Union in August______.

98

10. ____________ Country that was first to liberalize its economy in the South Asian region.

11. ” _______ and ________ have resisted the ______ Treaty and the adoption of ______”.

State whether the statement is True/False. Correct the false statement.

12. Globalization originated in India.

13. The extent of the victory of the congress in the first three general elections was artificially

boosted by our electoral system.

14. Zoologists fear that mining and industry would pollute the environment.

15. Write the proper sequence of the following events:

a) British burning on Washington, DC.

b) Aircraft crash into the North Tower.

c) Bombing of US embassies in Kenya and Nairobi.

d) End of cold war.

16. Name the paramilitary force of Hyderabad Nizam to counter communist forces during 1947.

17. Match the following Secretary Generals of UNO with their respective countries:

1. Trygve Lie a) Egypt

2. Boutros-Boutros Ghali b) Ghana

3. Kofi Annan c) Burma (Myanmar)

4. U Thant d) Norway

18. Mention any one finding of Shah Commission?

19. What was the main aim of Assam movement from 1979 to 1985?

20. What was Bombay Plan?

21. What is Sardar Sarovar project? What arguments have been given in its support?

22. What difficulties wwere faced by the Election Commission to hold free and fair elections in India

in 1952?

23. The idea of Pakistan might have appeared simple, but its creation presented many severe

difficulties.” Elucidate.

24. What were the factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate the reforms in the USSR? Any four points.

25. Explain the US hegemony as a structural power with the help of four examples.

26. Write a short note on: First and second five year plan

27. Mention any four types of excesses made during the Emergency imposed in 1975.

28. Read the following passage and answer the following questions:

The Cuban missile crisis was a high point of what came to be known as the cold war. The cold war

referred to the competition, the tensions and a series of confrontations between the United

States and Soviet Union, backed by their respective allies. Fortunately, it never escalated into a

hot war that

is a full-scale war between these two powers.

a) Why was the Cuban missile crisis considered as a high point of cold war?

b) Mention any two contentious issues between USA and USSR.

c) Name any two military alliances formed by the USA during the cold war.

99

29. The growing focus on environmental issues within the arena of global politics was firmly

consolidated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held at Rio de

Janerio, Brazil in June 1992. This was also called the Earth Summit…What was obvious at the Rio

summit was the rich and the developed countries of the first world generally referred to as the

‘Global North’ were pursuing a different environmental agenda than the poor and the developing

countries of the III world called the ‘Global South…The differences in their approach culminated

into the adoption of the principle called “Common but differentiated responsibilities”.

a) Why was the environmental concern of the first world different from that of the III world?

b) In what ways the principle of ‘Common but differentiated responsibilities’ helped in addressing

and overcoming the differences between the ‘Global North’ and ‘Global South’?

30. Study the given cartoon carefully and answer the questions that follow-

a) What does lion in the cartoon represent? What does it believe?

b) What does tiger in the cartoon represent? What is its demand? c) Which country’s problem is depicted here? Which dilemma of government is represented by

this cartoon? d) Name the external powers that helped to resolve issues.

31. In the given political outline map of the World, five countries have been shown as A, B, C, D and E. With the help of the information given below, identify these countries and write their correct names along with the serial number of the information used and the related alphabet as per the following format in your answer-book:

Sr. No. of the information used

Alphabet concerned Name of the country

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

100

a) The county where Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987.

b) This country is of the view that the major responsibility of curbing gas emissions rests with the

developed countries.

c) This country is known for its forest movements.

d) The first anti-dam movement aimed to save the Franklin River and its surrounding forests was

launched in this country.

e) The largest producer of mineral oil in the world.

32. Do you agree with the statement that ‘‘the foreign policy of independent India has pursued the

dream of a peaceful world’’? Support your answer with any three suitable arguments.

OR

Give any three suitable arguments in favour of ‘‘India being a staunch supporter of the decolonisation

process and in firm opposition to racialism’’.

33. ‘‘European Union is a highly influencial regional organisation.’’ Support the statement with any

three suitable arguments.

OR

‘‘India has always tried to have good and cooperative relations with all its neighbours.’’ Support the statement with any three appropriate arguments.

34. Describe two areas of cooperation and disagreement each between India and Bangladesh. OR

Describe any four steps taken by China to grow its economy.

101

SAMPLE PAPER

CLASS – XII

SUBJECT – POLITICAL SCIENCE

TIME ALLOWED: 3 HRS M.M:80

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

a) This question paper consists of 34 questions. All the questions are compulsory.

b) Question numbers 1 to 20 are of 1 mark each. Answer to these questions should not exceed 20

words each.

c) Question numbers 21 to 23 are of 2 marks each. Answer to these questions should not exceed

40 words each.

d) Question numbers 24 to 27 are of 4 marks each. Answer to these questions should not exceed

100 words each.

e) Question numbers 27 to to 30 are passage based questions of 5 marks each.

f) Question number 31 is a map/ picture based question and is of 5 marks.

g) Question numbers 32 to 34 are of 6 marks each. Answer to these questions should exceed 150

words each.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Name the originator of the idea of ‘Hindutva’. 1

2. Name the two parties which supported the coalition of United Front in 1996 from outside. ½ + ½ =1

3. Who was known as Frontier Gandhi? Which region of India did he belong to? ½ + ½ =1

4. State any one reason to justify that India was born under difficult circumstances. 1

5. Which conference marked the zenith of India’s engagement with the newly independent countries

of Asia and Africa?

1

6. Name any two leaders who were competing for the post of PM during the 1977 elections. ½ + ½ =1

7. Mention the plea put forward by the Akalis in the Anandpur Sahib Resolution in 1973. 1

8. Name the 22nd state of India which got integrated into the Indian Union. 1

9. Give one reason to justify why cold war is also known as an ideological war. 1

10. State any one achievement of the Chipko movement. 1

11. State any two aspects of the struggle led by Periyar in Tamil Nadu. ½ + ½ =1

12. State the significance of the Berlin Wall. 1

13. Name the person who took over as the Chief Minister of Kerala in 1957. 1

14. When and by whom was the Bharatiya Jana Singh formed? 1

15. Highlight any one difference between Nehru’s Congress and Indira Gandhi’s Congress.

16. Who succeeded Jawaharlal Nehru as the PM and when?

17. Name the two models of development that India was confronted with on the eve of independence.

18. Name the principal architect of the Second Five Year Plan.

19. Briefly explain the policy of Zoning.

20. Who was known as the ‘Milkman of India.?

21. Explain any two difficulties encountered while executing the partition.

22. Explain any two difficulties encountered while executing the partition.

1

102

23. State any four provisions included in the Punjab Accord.

24. Is NAM same as neutrality or isolationism? Give reasons to justify your answer.

25. In what ways was one – party dominance in India different from that of the Congress

dominance in India?

26. Briefly discuss the two events which strained the relationship between India and China.

27. Discuss any four issues in Indian politics in the period after 1989.

28. In what sense did the Soviet economy became bureaucratic and authoritarian?

28. 29. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:

In the face of prevailing food crisis, the country was clearly vulnerable to external pressures and

dependent on food aid, mainly from the United States. The United States, in turn, pushed India to

change its economic policies. The government adopted a new strategy for agriculture in order to

ensure food sufficiency. Instead of the earlier policy of giving more support to the areas and farmers

that no were lagging behind, now it was decided to put more resources into areas which already

had irrigation and those farmers who were already well off. The argument was that those who already

had the capacity could help increase production rapidly in the short run. Thus the government offered,

high yielding variety seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and better irrigation at highly subsidized rates.

The government also gave a guarantee to buy the product of the farmers at a given price. This was

the beginning of the “Green Revolution’

a) Briefly explain the new strategy adopted by the government to boost agricultural production in India.

b) Which states of northern India experienced this new strategy?

c) State any one positive and one negative effect of this new strategy.

1

30. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

The new Congress had something that its big opponents lacked – it had an issue, an agenda and a

positive slogan. The Grand alliance did not have a coherent political programme. Indira Gandhi said

that the opposition alliance had only one common programme ‘Indira Hatao’. In contrast to this,

she put forward a positive programme captured in the famous slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’.

a) Which Congress is being referred to as the ‘New Congress’?

b) Highlight any two steps taken by Indira Gandhi to remove poverty.

c) How far is it justified to call the ‘opposition alliance’ as the ‘Grand Alliance’?

½ + ½ =1

31. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:

In April 1961, the leaders of the USSR were worried that the USA would invade communist –

ruled Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro, the president of the small island nation. Nikita Khrushchev,

the leader of the Soviet Union, decided to convert Cuba into a Russian base. Three weeks after the

USSR had placed the nuclear weapons in Cuba, the Americans became aware of it. Both were feared

that war might break out. A clash seemed imminent in what came to be known as the ‘Cuban Missile

Crisis’. The prospects of this clash made the whole world nervous.

a) What was USSR worried for in April 1961?

b) What did Nikita Khrushchev do in response to American action?

c) Why were both the superpowers hesitant to initiate the war?

1

103

32. Give below is an outline map of India. Five places have been marked on the map as A, B, C, D and E.

On the basis of the information given below, identify and write the names of the places. Mention the

alphabet also.

a) State in which the BSP emerged to form government.

b) State which was the protectorate of India but became 22nd state of Indian Union

c) State where Operation blue star was launched.

d) State which is highly affected by the Naxalites.

e) State in which riots took place in 2002.

1+2+2=5

OR

104

Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:

a) Identify and name the person, who is holding the beam between the public and the private

sector.

b) Why has a big tilt towards the public sector been shown in the cartoon?

c) How did the over – emphasis on public sector adversely affect the Indian economy?

33. ‘Governments that are perceived to be anti – democratic are severely punished by the voters.’

Explain the statement with reference to the Emergency period of 1975 – 77.

OR

The anti-arrack movement in Andhra Pradesh drew the attention of the country to some

serious issues. What were these issues?

34. Explain the internal divisions of the State of Jammu and Kashmir and describe how these lead to

multiple regional aspirations in that State.

OR

Explain the two major developments around 1986 which became central to the politics of BJP.

. 35. What were the factors that lead to the disintegration of the USSR?

OR

Evaluate India’s changing relationship with the US.

105

SAMPLE PAPER

Subject – Political Science

Class -XII

TIME: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80

General Instructions:-

Question Nos. 1 to 20 carries 1 mark each. Answer should not exceed 20 words each.

Question Nos. 21 to 23 carries 2 marks each. Answer should not exceed 40 words each.

Question Nos.24 to 27 carries 4 marks each. Answer should not exceed 100 words each.

Question Nos. 28-30 carries 5 marks each. Answer should not exceed 150 words each.

Question No. 31 is a map-based question. Write its answer in your answer book.

Question Nos. 32 to 34 carries 6 marks each. Answer should not exceed 150 words each

Section-A

1. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was established in ………………..

2. ……………. Called Cold War as “ Long twilight struggle”

3. Which of the following statements that describe the nature of Soviet economy is wrong?

a) Socialism was the dominant ideology.

b) State ownership/control existed over the factors of production.

c) People enjoyed economic freedom

d) Every aspect of the economy was planned and controlled by the state.

4. …………….. party dominated the Soviet Union’s political system.

5. …………….. initiated the reforms in the USSR in 1985.

6. Which of the following is considered as the product of American Hegemony?

a) WTO

b) United Nation

c) ILO

d) SAARC

7. Justify that “Regionalism is not as dangerous as Communalism”.

8. Why do some people feel that Article 370 should be revoked?

9. Correct the following sentence and rewrite it—

On June 1977, Prime Minister Morarji Desai recommended the imposition of the emergency to

GyaniZail Singh

10. The border conflict between China and India in 1962 was principally over……. and...… region.

11. ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM was established in the year ……..

106

12. Which among the following statements about South Asia is wrong?

a) All the countries in South Asia are democratic.

b) Bangladesh and India have signed an agreement on river water sharing.

c) SAFTA was signed at the 12th SAARC Summit in South Asian Politics.

d) The US and China play an influential role in South Asian Politics.

13. The highest functionary of the UN is called……………

14. Identify the organisation that brokered the Indus water treaty between India and Pakistan.

15. Correct and rewrite the statement-----

Ravi, Beas river dispute was resolved between Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Uttarakhand.

16. Select the correct option for the leader and the country that helped to reach the Tashkent

agreement between India and Pakistan:

a) India, Nehru

b) USSR, Kosygin

c) Egypt, Nasser

d) Indonesia, Sukarno

17. Name the person with whom would you associate the following slogans?

a) Aya Ram and Gaya Ram ………………

b) Total Revolution ……………………….

18. One of the guiding principles of the ideology of the Swatantra Party was ….......

19. Why was ASEAN established?

20. …………. Undertook a fast unto death from 19 Oct, 1952 demanding separate state of …….. and

died during the fast on 15 December, 1952.

SECTION-B

21. How far do you agree that the plural and secular culture of Jammu and Kashmir is still largely

intact?

Ans. Candidates are free to write their answer in favour or against the statement with appropriate

argument and facts. For example – Plural and secular culture of J & K is still intact as most of the

Hindu pilgrimages are supported by the Muslims – or It is not intact as most of the Hindus were

forced to leave the valley due to the fear of terrorists and the separatists.

22. Why is technology considered to be a critical element of globalisation? Explain.

Ans. Without technology – improved means of communication and transport – globalization

would have not been possible. Inventions like telephone, internet and smart phone have reduced

the physical distances and brought us closer.

The flow of ideas, people, capital and commodities have also helped the process of globalization.

Means of transport such as aeroplanes, fast moving trains and bullet trains have also reduced the

physical gap between people. So technology is the important and critical element of

globalization.

23. Explain with the help of an example the meaning of Anti- Congressism.

107

SECTION-C

24. Analyse any four challenges faced by Election Commission of India before the first General

Election.

OR

Which two models of modern development were there before India on the eve of independence?

Which model did India decide to choose and why?

25. Explain the nature of Indo-Sri Lankan relationship.

26. “Fascist state is a totalitarian state.” Comment.

27. “Regional parties in the present day India have acquired a very important role.” Do you agree?

Give arguments in support of your answer.

SECTION-D

28. Study the cartoon given below and answer the following questions:

a) Which country is represented by this mighty soldier?

b) Why have the names of so many countries been written on the uniform of the soldier?

c) What message does this cartoon convey to the international community?

108

29. Read the following passage and answer the questions below:-

“In the early years of independence, two contradictory tendencies were already well advanced

inside the Congress Party. On the other hand, the national party executive endorsed socialist

principles of state ownership, regulation and control over key sectors of the economy in order

to improve productivity and at the same time curb economic concentration. On the other hand,

the national Congress government pursued liberal economic policies and incentives to private

investment that was justified in terms of sole criterion of achieving maximum increase in

production”. (Francine Frankel)

a) What concept of planning was finally adopted by India?

b) In order to improve productivity which principles were endorsed by the national party?

c) Do you agree - that there was a contradiction between the central leadership of the Congress

party and its state level leaders. Justify your answer

30. Read the given passage and answer the following questions.

The best way to respond to regional aspirations is through democratic negotiations rather than

through suppression. Look at the situation in the eighties - militancy had erupted in Punjab;

problems were persisting in the North-East; students in Assam were agitating; Kashmir Valley was

on the boil. Instead of treating these as simple law and order problems, the Government of India

reached negotiated settlement with regional movements.

Questions

a) How are regional aspirations dangerous for the unity of the country?

b) What is meant by democratic negotiations?

c) Who was leading the agitation in Assam?

d) What steps were taken by the Government of India to respond to the regional aspirations?

31. In the given political outline map of world, locate the following and symbolize them as

indicated:

a) The country Iraq invaded in Aug. 1990.

b) The country in the Presidentship of Saddam Hussain.

c) The country referred to as a hegemonic power.

d) The operation Infinite Reach was launched against these countries.

109

SECTION-E

32. How can we deal with various contemporary threats to security?

OR

Describe the various aspects of the presidential elections of 1969.

33. Discuss India’s role in the Non-Aligned Movement.

OR

The Shah Commission was appointed in 1977 by the Janta Party Government. Why it appointed

and what was were its findings.

34. Write a short note on Non- Congressism.

OR

Resistance is the only option available to overcome the hegemony. Justify the statement by

comparing it to other anti- hegemony strategies.

110

MODEL ANSWER SCRIPT

127

STUDY SKILLS TO EXCEL IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

Attend the School regularly

Prepare short notes to remember the main sub-topics

Read newspaper, especially the Edit Page to connect theory & practice

Never do selective study / cramming from help books

Refer only CBSC Sample Papers & previous year Board Examination Papers

Focus on cartoon based/picture interpretation questions

Read in between the lines as passage based questions are asked from the chapter

Do not miss out the information given in plus boxes and stamps.

Study on a regular basis and maintain a revision checklist

Create your own mind maps to facilitate better learning.

REFERENCES

NCERT TEXTBOOKS:

The Cold War Era

Politics in India since Independence

CBSE Senior School Curriculum 2020-21.

128

SALWAN EDUCATION TRUST

REGD. OFFICE: Salwan Education Trust, Secretariat, C/o Salwan Schools Complex,

Pandit Girdhari Lal Salwan Marg,

Rajendra Nagar, New Delhi-110060.

Phone : +91-11-49254500

www.salwaneducationtrust.org

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