same ‘ol extensions all of the classical conditioning extensions apply to operant conditioning as...
TRANSCRIPT
Same ‘Ol Extensions• All of the classical conditioning extensions apply to operant
conditioning as well• ACQUISITION
– When the organism connects the behavior with the stimulus
• EXTINCTION– When you stop pairing the stimulus
with the behavior• SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
– After a rest period, you pair the stimulus with the behavior again
• GENERALIZATION– Behavior is affected by a stimulus
similar to the original• DISCRIMINATION
– Behavior is not affected by a stimulus similar to the original
How would each of these extensions apply to training a dog
to sit through use of treat rewards?
Operant Conditioning Applications
Skinner Box• A device where an animal can press a lever
to receive a food or water reinforcer• Devices are attached to record the animal’s
rate of bar pressing
Shaping• A procedure that teaches a complex behavior
by reinforcing small steps/approximations toward completion of the behavior– Positively Reinforce each small step along the way
– How could you shape a child to walk?
“Good job” when they sit upright
Give them a candy when they start crawling toward you
Hug and a kiss when they stand up
Types of Reinforcers• Primary reinforcers are biologically reinforcing
stimuli that all people naturally desire– Food and water are perfectly examples since we need these to
survive
• Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers are those that can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer in some manner– Money, grades, power, prestige, etc. Primary Reinforcer
Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer
Other Examples??? Other Examples???
Latent Learning• Learning that is occurring but will not be
demonstrated by an organism until it is given a reason to do so– Rats may learn a maze, but won’t
actually go through it fast unless there’s an incentive
– This indicates they’ve developed a cognitive map (a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment)
– You may be learning right now, but I have no idea until I give you an incentive to demonstrate it (test day!)
Overjustification Effect• Giving a reward for already desired behavior
will reduce one’s aspiration to engage in that behavior– If you already enjoy a behavior, ENJOYMENT is the reward
for it– If you start getting PAID to do something you already enjoy,
you are over-rewarding (overjustifying) why you do the behavior… your brain doesn’t naturally like this
– So the enjoyment of the behavior is replaced by the payment
– So… should you really get a job “doing what you love”???
Have you ever noticed college athletes seem to be more passionate about their sport than professional athletes?
Token Economy• An individual is given a token as a reward
for performing a desired behavior; tokens can be exchanged for sought-after prizes– Basic example of Positive Reinforcement
– Used in schools, mental institutions, prisons, households, etc.
– Can you think of any examples of this at the high school?
Premack Principle• Using a desired
behavior to reinforce a non-desired behavior– Sometimes a behavior
can serve as a reward for another behavior!
– For example, telling yourself you can watch the entire season of Game of Thrones if you finish your essay first.
– Different people find different things motivating though, so the same motivators won’t work for everyone
Cognitive Processes and Biological Predispostions of Operant Conditioning
• Cognitive processes are also at work in operant learning– Animals on a time-based
reinforcement schedule respond more frequently as the time gets closer to the reinforcer
• For example, students study the most the night before a test
– This proves that their expectations play a role in learning
• Regarding biology, it is easier to reinforce animal behaviors normally associated with their natural actions– You can use food reinforcement to teach your
dog to sit, but you probably won’t be able to teach it to dance