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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

A Proposed Cold Storage

A Design Presented to the Faculty of the Mechanical DepartmentCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Refrigeration Engineering And Design

Presented by:

Presented to:

Engr, Arleigh Rafael Lozano



INTRODUCTION

The introduction of refrigeration technology a century earlier has created a huge

impact in the proper application of a controlled atmospheric storage. This innovation is

widely used in many industries nowadays due to its potential and affectivity.

In line with the conditions that must be meet in order to have a good storage

room, the design of a long-term storage for fresh beef involves several factors. It must

be convenient for handling and management of the stored products. The structural

design must be right for the products. In general, any type of building can be a good

storage if it is structurally adequate, well insulated and meets the functional needs.

Environmental control, including a good insulation system, is the key.

In relation to this rapid growth of refrigeration and cold storage technology, we

the Mechanical Engineering student of RTU-Mandaluyong in supervision of Engineer

Arleigh Rafael Lozano created our own design of cold storage system for 32 tons of

beef. This design is essential for food industry, food processing, and food marketing

applications.



Content Outline:

1.) Background of the Project

1.1. Location Map

1.2. Vicinity Map

1.3. Socio – economic Study

1.4. Environmental Impact

2.) Survey

2.1. Infrastructure

2.2. Floor Plan

2.3. Electrical Plan

2.4. Data / Facts

3.) Definition and Terms

4.) Refrigeration and Load Calculation

4.1. Product Load

4.2. Heat Transmission through Walls, Floor and Ceiling

4.3. Lights

4.4. Heats Transfer through Air change

4.5. Human or Personnel

4.6. Machine

4.7. Defrosting

5.) Components Selection

5.1. Evaporator

5.2. Compressor

5.3. Condenser

5.4. Thermostatic Expansion Valve

6.) Specification

7.) Bill of Materials

8.) Recommendation and Justification

9.) Abstract



TYPE OF COLD STORAGE

LONG AND SHORT COLD STORAGE

PRODUCT TO BE STORED

BEEF FRESH MEET (unpack)

BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Proper storing of food such as beef is our aim of this project. In refrigeration,

constant cooling is achieved by the circulation of refrigerant in cooling system, in which it

evaporates to a gas and then condense back again into a liquid in continues cycle. If it is

no leakage occurs, the refrigerant last indefinitely through out the entire life of the

system. All that is required to maintain cooling is a constant of energy, or power, and a

method of dissipating waste heat.

The safe storage period depends upon the product and the storage

temperature and operational techniques vary greatly. The purposed was restarted as to

provide cold storage of high quality product to be stored to a long time, especially beef

meat for human consumption. In our point of view, economic provides a mean of

selecting project. It plays a vital role in the lives of the individual who will believe in

capability of serving as well as in the country’s economic growth. Undoubtedly this

project can harm the environment if precautions are not undertaken, endangering not

only the nature but also people’s welfare.

Location Map

Vicinity Map



Socio – economic Study

Our said cold storage is to be located at center business of Taguig, it is

surrounded by food industries, semiconductors industries and passenger terminals, it will

take a almost half kilometer away from LMR market and Signal village market. A

slaughter house is one kilometer away form the said Cold storage located at Lower

Bicutan, Taguig.

The ambient temperature of the location is around 25 to 35 depending on the

season. It could be accessible to travel in service roads and highways due to wide

construction ways around the said location.



ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Safety of people, environment and living organism is our concern so we assure

that this project “Cold Storage” will not harm the said concern. Some refrigerant are

dangerous to our environment that causes global warming. Because we want our project

environment friendly, we choose to use R134a as the refrigerant. This refrigerant is

(CFC) Choroflourocarbon free and prevents ozone layer deflection. Proper waste

disposal is also our concern to ensure not only the health of the consumers but also the

people living near the project.

SurveyInfrastructure

Wall ConstructionDoor construction :

Stainless steel

Polyurethane

Stainless steel

Ceiling :

2” concrete cement plaster

3” corkboard

8” sand aggregate



Components:

Evaporator

An evaporator changes liquid into gaseous state. For instance, water is heated and

changed into steam. Therefore, it is the opposite of a condenser.

How an evaporator works

The solution containing the desired product is fed into the evaporator and passes a heat

source. The applied heat converts the water in the solution into vapor. The vapor is

removed from the rest of the solution and is condensed while now the concentrated

solution is either fed into a second evaporator or is removed. The evaporator as a

machine generally consists of four sections. The heating section contains the heating

medium, which can vary. Steam is fed into this section. The most common medium

consists of parallel tubes but others have plates or coils. The concentrating and

separating section remove the vapor being produced in the solution. The condenser

condenses the separated vapor, then the vacuum or pump provides pressure to

increase circulation.

Types of Evaporators

Natural/Forced circulation evaporator – these kinds of evaporators are based on the

natural circulation of the product caused by the density differences that arise from

heating. In an evaporator tubing, after the water begins to boil, bubbles will rise and

cause circulation, facilitating the separation of the liquid and the vapor at the top of the

heating tubes. The amount of evaporation that takes place depends on the temperature

difference between the steam and the solution.



Falling film evaporators – this kind of evaporator is generally made of long

tubes (4-8 meters in length) which are surrounded by steam jackets. The uniform

distribution of the solution is important when using this type of evaporator. The solution

enters and gains velocity as it flows downward. This gain in velocity is attributed to the

vapor being evolved against the heating medium, which flows downward as well.

Condenser

Condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid

state, also known as phase transition. In so doing, the latent heat of steam is given out

inside the condenser.

Types of Condensers

Water-cooled condenser - Water-cooled condensers are of the multi-pass shell and

tube type, with circulating water flowing through the tubes. The refrigerant vapor is

admitted to the shell and condensed on the outer surfaces of the tubes.



Air-cooled condensers – The construction of air-cooled condensers makes use of

several layers of small tubing formed into flat cells. The external surface of this tubing is

provided with fins to ease the transfer of heat from the condensing refrigerant inside the

tubes to the air circulated through the condenser core around the external surface of the

tubes (fig. 6-20). Condensation takes place as the refrigerant flows through the tubing,

and the liquid refrigerant is discharged from the lower ends of the tubing coils to a liquid

receiver on the condensing unit assembly.



Compressor

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing

its volume. Compression of a gas naturally increases its temperature. Compressors are

similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid

through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of

a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible, so the main action of a pump is to transport

liquids.

Types of compressors

Centrifugal compressors – use a vane rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to

force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas.

Diagonal or mixed flow compressors – are similar to centrifugal compressors, but

have a radial and axial velocity component at the exit from the rotor.

Reciprocating compressors – use pistons driven by a crankshaft. They can be either

stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric

motors or internal combustion engines.

Fan Coil Units

A Fan Coil Unit (with supplementary air) is a “below-window unit…which moves the

room air as it provides either heating or cooling. Centrally conditioned, tempered fresh

air is brought to the space in a constant-volume stream; the fan moves both fresh and

room air across a coil that either heats or cools the air, as required.” In addition, Fan Coil

Units have a flexible installation, and may be located in arrangements other than below-

window, as required.



Circulating Pump

A pump is a device used to move liquids or slurries. A pump moves liquids from lower

pressure to higher pressure, and overcomes this difference in pressure by adding

energy to the system (such as water system).

Expansion Valve

An expansion valve is precision device used to meter the flow of liquid refrigerant

entering the evaporator at a rate that matches the amount of refrigerant being boiled off

in the evaporator, This is it’s main purpose but like all the other metering devices it also

provides a pressure drop in the system, separating the high pressure side of the system

from the low pressure side. Thus allowing low pressure refrigerant to absorb heat onto

it’s self.

Operation:

The operation of the refrigeration system of our design follows the simple vapor

compression cycle: at first the refrigerant will enter the compressor as a vapor; the vapor

is compressed at constant entropy and exits the compressor superheated. The vapor

travels through the condenser which first cools and removes the superheat and then

condenses the vapor into a liquid by removing additional heat at constant pressure and

temperature.



The liquid refrigerant goes through the expansion valve where its

pressure abruptly decreases, causing flash-evaporation and auto-refrigeration of,

typically, less than half of the liquid. That results in a mixture of liquid and vapor at a

lower temperature and pressure. The cold liquid-vapor mixture then travels through the

evaporator coil or tubes and is completely vaporized by cooling the warm water that is

from the fan coil units being returned by the water pump.

The chilled water serves as the secondary refrigerant. It is needed to cool the fan

coil units which are located inside the storage room to absorb the heat. The resulting

refrigerant vapor returns to the compressor.



REFRIGERATION TERMS

Atmospheric pressure – The pressure exerted on all the things on the Earth’s.

Barometric pressure – Same as atmospheric pressure. The absolute pressure on a

barometer in inches of mercury.

BTU (British thermal unit) – The amount of heat required to raise the temperature

required of 1 pound of water 1oF. A quantity of heat.

Centigrade (oC) – The scale temperature measurement commonly used world wide.

Cold – Having less heat energy than the object against which it is compared. A relative

term for temperature.

Condensation – The process by which a gas is change into liquid at constant

temperature by heat removal.

Condenser – A heat exchange coil within a mechanical refrigeration system used to

reject heat from the system. The coil where condensation takes place.

Conduction – A means of heat transfer whereby heat is moved from molecule to

molecule of a substance by a chain collision of those molecules.

Conductor – A material which facilitate heat transfer by conduction.

Convection – Heat transfer within a fluid by the movement of heated molecules from

one place to another.

Cooling load – Heat which flows into a space from outdoors or indoors.

Density – The mass of a substance per unit volume, measured in pounds per cubic foot

for gases.



Design cooling load – The rate at which heat flows into a space on a design day. The

design day usually presents the space with 95% or more of its highest possible load.

Enthalpy – Total heat content expressed in Btu per pound of the substance (Btu/lb).

Evacuation – The process of moving air, moisture, and other gases from the inside of

refrigeration system.

Fahrenheit – The scale of temperature measurement most commonly used in the

United States.

Fluid – Any substance in its liquid or gas state.

Heat transfer – The movement of heat from one place to one another, between two

substances, or within the substances.

Heating capacity – The rate of heat at which a device can add heat to a substance,

expressed in Btu/h.

Insulator – A material which inhibits heat transfer conduction.

Latent heat – The energy of molecular separation and arrangement. It cannot be

measured with a thermometer. Associate with change of state of a substance.

Latent heat of fusion – The heat required to change 1 pound of a substance from a

solid to a liquid at its melting temperature.

Latent heat of vaporization – The heat required to change 1 pound of a substance

from a saturated liquid into a saturated vapor.

Low temperature refrigeration – The application of mechanical refrigeration for

maintaining very low temperatures.



Pressure – Force per unit area.

Process air conditioning – Conditioning air so that a product can be beneficially

manufactured, maintained or controlled.

Rate – How fast something proceeds. Occurrences per unit time.

Refrigerant – A fluid that picks up heat by evaporating at a low temperature and

pressure. It gives up heat by condensing at a higher temperature and pressure.

Saturated liquid – A liquid that contains all the heat it can hold without changing into a

vapor.

Saturated vapor – A vapor that contains all the heat it can hold without becoming

superheated.

Saturated temperature –The boiling point of a refrigerant. It is dependent upon

pressure.

Sensible cooling capacity – The rate at which refrigeration system can remove

sensible heat.

Sensible heat – The energy of molecular motion. Measured with temperature.

Specific heat – The amount of heat required to raise 1 pound of a substance 1oF.

Subcooled liquid – A liquid at temperature below the saturation temperature of a

substance.

Total cooling load – The rate at which total heat enters a space.



COOLING LOAD CALCULATION

For freezing room a slaughter house the cooling load is to be calculated.

FREEZING ROOM FOR BEEF MEAT

The following data were known:1. Floor plan see sketch.2. Daily incoming mass of meat: = 500 kg per day3. Freezing room temperature: tR = -1oC (form ASRAE table for meat storage)4. Ambient air temperature: ta = 36oC5. Relative humidity: RH = 87 % (form ASRAE table for meat storage)6. Operating time of air cooled system: 18 hours per day7. Defrosting time: 2 hours per day8. Inspection in the freezing room: 2 persons, 2 hours per day9. Refrigerant: R134a10. Insulating material: Expanded polystyrene D= 40 kg/m3 (from ASRAE table p. 90)

A. All lacking values are to be determined.B. Appropriate type of evaporator and air cooled type condensing unit including

compressor are to be determined and recommended.C. Sketch the location of all the refrigeration components with piping diagram.

1. Calculation of total mass capacity of the freezing room considering space for inspection, partitions and palette.



2. Heat of infiltration/transmission from the outside wall Q:



Wall No. 1:

Wall No. 2:

Wall No. 3

Wall No. 4:

Ceiling:

Flooring:



3. Heat load through air change, Qair:

Thus,

4. Heat load from beef, QB:



Thus,

5. Heat load from person, Qp:



Thus,

6. Heat load from lights, QL:

Thus,

7. Preliminary evaporators heat load, Qo:



8. Heat load from evaporator’s fan and defrostingBased on experience, add 20% to Qo

9. Heat load from evaporator’s fan, Qf.



EVAPORATOR

(We choose two evaporators)

TD = 8 KTo = -8 oC

Relative Humidity = 80%Qo = 18500 W

SPECIFICATIONWall-mounted EvaporatorBrand FlatlineModel FHVT 614

Refrigerant R134aNormal Capacity 9.38 kW

Standard Capacity 18500WSurface Area 0.892 m2Air Capacity 6780 m3/h

Air Throw 13 mTube Volume 8.2 dm3

CONNECTIONSInlet 15 mm

Outlet 28 mm

FANType of Current 0.36/0.48Input Capacity 80/112 W

RPM 1340/1460 rpm

ELECTRIC DEFROST FHVTCoil 3 X 1310 W

Drip Tray 1310 WTotal 5240 W



Compressor

To= -5oC

Ta= 43oC

Qo= 18500 W

SPECIFICATION

Brand BOCKModel SHGX4/650-4l

Theoretical volume flow rate 67.9 m3/hOil charge 3.4 Li

Power consumption 8.38 kWCurrent consumption 15.31 A

Input voltage 440 V

FANInput voltage 230 V

Rating 170 W



CONDENSER

Qc=37100 W

Tc= 50 oC

Ta= 40 oC

SPECIFICATIONBrand ALVModel ALV-VL056/2L

Capacity 37.6/29.2 kWAir Capacity 12400/8400 m3/hSurface area 1.56 m2

connectionInlet 42 mm

Outlet 28 mmFans

No. of revolution 890/600 rpmInput capacity 420/220 W

Weight 145 kgTube volume 24.5 dm3



BILL OF MATERIALSReliance Commercial Inc.Davila St. cor. Pasong Tamo ExtensionTejeros, Makati City

Quantity/Unit Description Amount

1 unit Acetylene tank 5,000.002 pcs. Adjustable wrench 1,000.001 unit Air compressor 17,000.003 pcs. Ball hammer 850.001 unit Bench vise 1,900.001 set Combination wench 1200.001 set Cutting torch and hose 5,000.002 unit Clamp hoist (electric) 7,800.002 pcs. Crocodile jack 2,000.002 pcs Chain block 2,100.001 set Drill press 5,500.001 unit Electric grinder 5,100.001 unit Electric hand drill 5,000.005 pcs Fire extinguisher 13,000.001 set Flaring tools 1,500.00

15 meters Fire hose 3,200.001 unit Generator set 150,000.001 set Grease gun 600.001 unit High pressure washer 10,000.001 unit Multi-tester (electrical) 3,000.001 unit Oxygen tank 3,500.003 pcs Pipe wrench 2,000.001 unit Pipe treading 25,000.002 unit Pliers 600.002 unit Pullers 1,200.001 set Screw drivers 1,200.003 pcs Vise grip 1,000.00

2 pcs. Evaporator 70,000.001 pc Semi-Hermetic compressor 80,000.001 pc. Condenser

(ALV-VL056/2L)180,000.00

Total 605250.00



RECOMMENDATION

CONDITIONS OF FROZEN STORAGE

As there is a certain degree of quality deterioration, even at very low

temperatures, storage life is limited. The usual temperatures are in the range of -18° to -

25°C for periods of preservation of one year or more. However, each type of meat

requires specific conditions.

In addition to personal hygiene, and cleaning and disinfection programmes in

slaughterhouses, chilling facilities and cutting rooms, particular care should be taken

when cutting and deboning and packaging, keeping contamination of the meat to a

minimum. Carcasses should preferably be cut while hanging or on regularly cleaned

surfaces, with tools frequently sterilized during operation and the meat stored in clean

containers. The packaging material should be of good quality and clean.

It is recommended that carcasses be thawed at 4° to 6°C, in a hanging position

and without any covering (plastic or jute is removed), inside a cold chamber with a

reasonably low level of air circulation - about 0.2 m/s. Relative humidity must be kept low

at the beginning (70 percent) to avoid frost forming on the meat surface, with an

increase at the end of the thawing period up to 90–95 percent. In these conditions

thawing of beef carcasses lasts about four to five days and of smaller carcasses one to

three days. It must take place in installations specifically designed for this purpose.

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Appendix D

Appendix E

Appendix F

Appendix G

Appendix H

Appendix I

Appendix J

Appendix K

Appendix L COMPRESSOR

Appendix M

Appendix N

Appendix O

Appendix P CONDENSER

Appendix Q

Appendix R

Appendix S



A Proposed Cold Storage

A Design Presented to the Faculty of the Mechanical DepartmentCollege of Engineering and Industrial Technology

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Refrigeration Engineering And Design

Presented by:

Bayanay, Marvin G.

Batalla,

Liwag, Marvin G.

Tagapan, Mark Nyson G.

Rimas, Carlo James G.

Presented to:

Engr, Arleigh Rafael Lozano

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