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© tutor2u AQA A Level Psychology Topic Worksheet (Edition 1) Specification 7181, 7182 For Teaching from September 2015

Title: Biopsychology Specification: The divisions of the nervous system: central and peripheral (somatic and autonomic).

Q1 MCQ: Which of the following responses is caused by an activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?

A Increased heart rate B Pupil dilation C Increased salivation D Increased blood pressure

Q2 Complete the diagram Complete the diagram of the nervous system, using the key terms listed below.

Key terms: Sympathetic Nervous System, Brain, Somatic Nervous System, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nervous System (PSN), Central Nervous System (CNS), Autonomic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System.

Q3 Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Decide whether each of the responses listed below is caused by an activation of the sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system and complete the table below. Responses: Contracts (stimulates bladder); Dilates pupils; Stimulates saliva production; Increases heartbeat; Stimulates digestion; Decreases saliva production; Slows heartbeat; Inhibits digestion; Constricts pupils; Inhibits bladder contraction

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Dilates pupils Decreases saliva production Increases heartbeat Inhibits digestion Inhibits bladder contraction

Constricts pupils Stimulates saliva production Slows heartbeat Stimulates digestion Contracts (stimulates) bladder

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Q4 Match them up Match up the components of the nervous system on the left, with the correct description on the right. The first one has been done for you.

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION Central nervous system

Provides conscious awareness; involved in all psychological processes.

Spain cord Relays messages from the CNS to the

rest of the body. Brain

Play an important role in homeostasis.

Peripheral nervous system

Returns the body to is normal restating state.

Somatic nervous system Transfers messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body.

Autonomic nervous system

Prepares the body for fight or flight.

Sympathetic nervous system

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Maintains communication between the CNS and outside word.

Q5 Apply your knowledge Below is an answer to the following exam-style question: Explain two differences in the organisation and/or function of the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. (4 marks). One difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system is that one of the systems has two sub-components.* Another difference is that one system has sensory and motor pathways whereas the other one does not.* This answer is likely to achieve 1/2 marks, because it has not elaborated either point. Rewrite the answer below, expanding on each sentence where there is an asterisk *. One difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system is that one of the systems has two sub-components. The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, whereas the somatic nervous system is a standalone system. Another difference is that one system has sensory and motor pathways whereas the other one does not. The somatic nervous system consists of sensory receptors which carry information to the spinal cord and brain and motor pathways which control movement, whereas the autonomic nervous system only consists of motor pathways, controlling internal organs and glands.

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Title: Biopsychology Specification: The divisions of the nervous system: central and peripheral (somatic and autonomic).

Q1 MCQ: Which of the following responses is caused by an activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?

A Increased heart rate B Pupil dilation C Increased salivation D Increased blood pressure

Q2 Complete the diagram Complete the diagram of the nervous system, using the key terms listed below.

Key terms: Sympathetic Nervous System, Brain, Somatic Nervous System, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nervous System (PSN), Central Nervous System (CNS), Autonomic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System.

Q3 Sympathetic or parasympathetic? Decide whether each of the responses listed below is caused by an activation of the sympathetic nervous system or parasympathetic nervous system and complete the table below. Responses: Contracts (stimulates bladder); Dilates pupils; Stimulates saliva production; Increases heartbeat; Stimulates digestion; Decreases saliva production; Slows heartbeat; Inhibits digestion; Constricts pupils; Inhibits bladder contraction

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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Q4 Match them up Match up the components of the nervous system on the left, with the correct description on the right. The first one has been done for you.

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

Central nervous system Provides conscious awareness; involved

in all psychological processes.

Spain cord Relays messages from the CNS to the rest of the body.

Brain Play an important role in homeostasis.

Peripheral nervous system Returns the body to is normal restating

state.

Somatic nervous system Transfers messages to and from the

brain and the rest of the body.

Autonomic Prepares the body for fight or flight.

Sympathetic nervous system Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Parasympathetic nervous system Maintains communication between the

CNS and outside word.

Q5 Apply your knowledge Below is an answer to the following exam-style question: Explain two differences in the organisation and/or function of the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. (4 marks). One difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system is that one of the systems has two sub-components.* Another difference is that one system has sensory and motor pathways whereas the other one does not.* This answer is likely to achieve 1/2 marks, because it has not elaborated either point. Rewrite the answer below, expanding on each sentence where there is an asterisk *.

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Title: Biopsychology Topic: The structure and function of sensory, relay and motor neurons. The process of synaptic transmission, including reference to neurotransmitters, excitation and inhibition. Q1 True or false? A Motor neurons carry messages to the peripheral nervous system. False B Excitation makes a presynaptic neuron more likely to fire. False D Sensory neurons carry messages to the spinal cord and brain. True E Inhibition makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire. True

Q2 Label the neuron Label the neuron using the key terms below and answer the additional questions.

A = Dendrite B = Cell body C = Myelin sheath D = Axon

Key terms: Cell body, Myelin sheath, Axon, Dendrite. Which type of neuron is shown in this picture?

A) Sensory neuron B) Relay neuron C) Motor neuron

Outline one difference between the type of neuron shown in this picture and one other type of neuron (2 marks). Motor neurons are found in the central nervous system whereas relay sensory neurons are found in receptor cells (e.g. the eyes).

Q3 Sensory, Relay or Motor Neuron? Which of the following descriptions bests describes a: sensory, relay or motor neuron. are found in receptors such as the eyes, ears, tongue and skin, and carry nerve impulses to the spinal cord and brain. These nerve impulses are translated into ‘sensations’.

Sensory neuron

are found in the central nervous system (CNS) and control muscle movements. Motor neuron

are found in between sensory input and motor output/response. These neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord. Relay neuron

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Q4 Match them up Match up the key neuron/neurotransmitter terms on the left, with the correct description on the right.

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION Dendrite

Insulates the axon so that the electrical impulses travel faster along the axon.

Axon

Receives a signal from other neurons or sensory receptor cells. This part of the neuron is typically connected to the cell body.

Myelin sheath Connects the neuron to other neurons (or directly to organs), using a process called synaptic transmission.

Axon terminal a long slender fibre that carries nerve impulses, in the form of an electrical signal known as action potential.

Action potential Information which is passed down the axon of the neuron as an electrical impulse

Q5 Apply your knowledge Answer the following application question. Rhiannon is comparing the effects of smoking and drinking. She discovers that nicotine is a stimulant which produces an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic neuron, causing the release of dopamine, whereas alcohol interacts with GABA receptors which produces an inhibitory effect. With reference to smoking and drinking, outline what is meant by the term excitation and inhibition. (4 marks). As smoking is excitatory it makes the post-synaptic cell more likely to fire. This means that when nicotine binds to the post-synaptic receptors is causes an electrical charge in the cell membrane which results in an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP), which makes the postsynaptic cell more likely to fire and in this case release dopamine. Drinking alcohol on the other hand causes inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP), as it interacts with GABA postsynaptic cell making them less likely to fire.

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Title: Biopsychology Topic: The structure and function of sensory, relay and motor neurons. The process of synaptic transmission, including reference to neurotransmitters, excitation and inhibition. Q1 True or false? A Motor neurons carry messages to the peripheral nervous system. B Excitation makes a presynaptic neuron more likely to fire. C Sensory neurons carry messages to the spinal cord and brain. D Inhibition makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire.

Q2 Label the neuron Label the neuron using the key terms below and answer the additional questions.

A = B = C = D =

Key terms: Cell body, Myelin sheath, Axon, Dendrite. Which type of neuron is shown in this picture?

A) Sensory neuron B) Relay neuron C) Motor neuron

Outline one difference between the type of neuron shown in this picture and one other type of neuron (2 marks).

Q3 Sensory, Relay or Motor Neuron? Which of the following descriptions bests describes a: sensory, relay or motor neuron. are found in receptors such as the eyes, ears, tongue and skin, and carry nerve impulses to the spinal cord and brain. These nerve impulses are translated into ‘sensations’.

are found in the central nervous system (CNS) and control muscle movements.

are found in between sensory input and motor output/response. These neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord.

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Q4 Match them up Match up the key neuron/neurotransmitter terms on the left, with the correct description on the right.

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

Dendrite Insulates the axon so that the electrical impulses travel faster along the axon.

Axon

Receives a signal from other neurons or sensory receptor cells. This part of the neuron is typically connected to the cell body.

Myelin sheath Connects the neuron to other neurons (or directly to organs), using a process called synaptic transmission.

Axon terminal a long slender fibre that carries nerve impulses, in the form of an electrical signal known as action potential.

Action potential Information which is passed down the axon of the neuron as an electrical impulse

Q5 Apply your knowledge Answer the following application question. Rhiannon is comparing the effects of smoking and drinking. She discovers that nicotine is a stimulant which produces an excitatory effect on the postsynaptic neuron, causing the release of dopamine, whereas alcohol interacts with GABA receptors which produces an inhibitory effect. With reference to smoking and drinking, outline what is meant by the term excitation and inhibition. (4 marks).

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Title: Biopsychology Topic: The function of the endocrine system: glands and hormones.

Q1 MCQ: Which of the following statements about the hypothalamus is false? The hypothalamus…

A regulates the endocrine system. B is physically connected to the pituitary gland. D stimulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. E is sometimes known as the master gland.

Q2 Label the endocrine system Label the endocrine system using the key terms below and answer the additional question.

A = Hypothalamus B = Pituitary gland C = Thyroid gland D = Adrenal glands E = Ovaries F = Testes

Key terms: Adrenal glands, Ovaries, Thyroid, Pituitary Gland, Testes, Hypothalamus. Select two of the glands above and outline the main hormones released. (2 marks) Pituitary gland = ACTH/Oxytocin Thyroid gland = Thyroxine Adrenal gland = Adrenaline/Cortisol Ovaries = Oestrogen Testes = Testosterone

Q3 Fill in the blanks Below is an explanation of how the endocrine system triggers the fight or flight response. Using the key terms below, fill in the blanks. The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline which prepares the body for fight or flight. When these hormones circulate through the body, it causes a number of physiological changes, including: increased heart rate which pushes blood to the muscles, heart and other vital organs. Breathing becomes more rapid to increase our intake of oxygen. These hormones also trigger the release of glucose to support energy to the body for the fight-or-fight response. Key term: Glucose, Adrenaline, Blood, Oxygen, Noradrenaline, Heart.

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Q4 Match them up Match the hormones on the left, with their effect on the right.

HORMONE EFFECT

Testosterone

Responsible for regulating metabolism.

Oestrogen

Responsible for the development of male sex characteristics during puberty while also promoting muscle growth.

Adrenaline The key hormone in the fight or flight response.

Cortisol

Stimulates the adrenal cortex and the release of cortisol during the stress response.

Thyroxine Controls the regulation of the female reproductive system, including the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Adrenocortical trophic hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates the release of glucose to provide the body with energy, while supressing the immune system.

Q5 Spot the mistakes Below is an answer to the following question: Describe the functions of the endocrine system. (6 marks) The answer contains 6 mistakes. Can you highlight all 6 mistakes and say why they’re wrong? The function of the endocrine system is to regulate the activity of organs within the body. For example, the job of the hypothalamus pituitary gland is to influence the release of hormones from other glands within the body. The pituitary gland has two lobes and the posterior anterior lobe which releases ACTH which stimulates the adrenal medulla cortex to release cortisol when we are stressed. In turn, cortisol stimulates the release glucose to provide the body with energy while enhancing suppressing the immune system. Another gland, the thyroid gland, is responsible for the release of melatonin thyroxine, which plays an important role in biological rhythms, including the sleep-wake cycle and metabolism.

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Title: Biopsychology Topic: The function of the endocrine system: glands and hormones.

Q1 MCQ: Which of the following statements about the hypothalamus is false? The hypothalamus…

A regulates the endocrine system. B is physically connected to the pituitary gland. C stimulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. D is sometimes known as the master gland.

Q2 Label the endocrine system Label the endocrine system using the key terms below and answer the additional question.

A = B = C = D = E = F =

Key terms: Adrenal glands, Ovaries, Thyroid, Pituitary Gland, Testes, Hypothalamus. Select two of the glands above and outline the main hormones released. (2 marks)

Q3 Fill in the blanks Below is an explanation of how the endocrine system triggers the fight or flight response. Using the key terms below, fill in the blanks. The adrenal medulla releases _______________ and _______________which prepares the body for fight or flight. When these hormones circulate through the body, it causes a number of physiological changes, including: increased __________ rate which pushes __________ to the muscles, heart and other vital organs. Breathing becomes more rapid to increase our intake of __________. These hormones also trigger the release of __________ to support energy to the body for the fight-or-fight response. Key term: Glucose, Adrenaline, Blood, Oxygen, Noradrenaline, Heart.

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Q4 Match them up Match the hormones on the left, with their effect on the right.

HORMONE EFFECT

Testosterone Responsible for regulating metabolism.

Oestrogen Responsible for the development of male sex characteristics during puberty while also promoting muscle growth.

Adrenaline The key hormone in the fight or flight response.

Cortisol Stimulates the adrenal cortex and the release of cortisol during the stress response.

Thyroxine Controls the regulation of the female reproductive system, including the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Adrenocortical trophic hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates the release of glucose to provide the body with energy, while supressing the immune system.

Q5 Spot the mistakes Below is an answer to the following question: Describe the functions of the endocrine system. (6 marks) The answer contains 6 mistakes. Can you highlight all 6 mistakes and say why they’re wrong? The function of the endocrine system is to regulate the activity of organs within the body. For example, the job of the hypothalamus is to influence the release of hormones from other glands within the body. The pituitary gland has two lobes and the posterior lobe which releases ACTH which stimulates the adrenal medulla to release cortisol when we are stressed. In turn, cortisol stimulates the release glucose to provide the body with energy while enhancing the immune system. Another gland, the thyroid gland, is responsible for the release of melatonin, which plays an important role in biological rhythms, including the sleep-wake cycle and metabolism.

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Title: Biopsychology Topic: The fight or flight response including the role of adrenaline. Q1 True or false? During the fight or flight response… A the process of salvation is inhibited True B blood is diverted away from the surface of the skin True C the process of digestion is stimulated False D respiration increases True E the adrenal cortex secretes adrenaline into the blood stream False F there is a decrease in the release of noradrenaline False G pupils dilate True

Q2 Fill in the blanks Complete the diagram outlining the Fight or Flight response, using the key terms listed below.

Key terms: Hypothalamus, Sympathomedullary Pathway, Adrenal medulla, Adrenaline, Fight or Flight, Noradrenalin, Limbic System.

Adrenaline causes a number of physiological changes to prepare the body for fight or flight.

The adrenal medulla secretes the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream.

The SNS stimulates the adrenal medulla, part of the adrenal gland.

The hypothalamus activates the sympathomedullary pathway – the pathway running to the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

The amygdala (part of the limbic system) is activated which send a distress signal to the hypothalamus.

A person enters a stressful/dangerous situation.

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Q3 Evaluating ‘Fight or Flight’ For each of the evaluation points described below, explain why they are an issue for the fight or flight response.

Gray (1988) suggests that the first response to danger is not to fight or flight but to avoid confrontation altogether, which is known as ‘freeze’.

This suggests that the fight or flight explanation of behaviour is limited and doesn’t fully explain the complex cognitive and biological factors that underpin the human response to stress/danger.

According to Taylor et al. (2000), women are more likely to protect their offspring (tending) and form alliances with other women (befriend), rather than fight an adversary or flee.

Therefore, while the original fight or flight explanation may have been limited in its application to females, this has prompted more recent research which has provided an alternate explanation which is applicable to females.

Modern day life rarely requires such an intense biological response and repeated activation of the fight or flight response can have a negative consequence on our health, e.g. raised blood pressure and heart disease.

This matters because the activation of the fight or flight response can increase blood pressure and cause damage to blood vessels and contribute to heart disease. This suggests that the fight or flight response is a maladaptive response in modern-day life.

Q4 Apply your knowledge Below is an answer to the following question: Outline the function of adrenaline in the fight-or-flight response. (4 marks) Adrenaline is secreted from the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream, leading to a number of physiological changes. Firstly, our heart rate increases*, secondly, our pupils dilates* and thirdly, there is a reduction in the functioning of non-essential functions, for example the digestive system.* This answer is likely to achieve 2 marks, because it has not explained why these changes occur. Rewrite the answer below, expanding on each sentence where there is an asterisk *. Adrenaline is secreted from the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream, leading to a number of physiological changes. Firstly, our heart rate increases* to increase blood flow to organs and the movement of adrenaline around the body, secondly, our pupils dilates* to increase light entry into the eye and enhance vision and thirdly, there is a reduction in the functioning of non-essential functions, for example the digestive system, to increase the energy supply to other essential functions.

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Title: Biopsychology Topic: The fight or flight response including the role of adrenaline. Q1 True or false? During the fight or flight response… A the process of salvation is inhibited B blood is diverted away from the surface of the skin C the process of digestion is stimulated D respiration increases E the adrenal cortex secretes adrenaline into the blood stream F there is a decrease in the release of noradrenaline G pupils dilate

Q2 Fill in the blanks Complete the diagram outlining the Fight or Flight response, using the key terms listed below.

Key terms: Hypothalamus, Sympathomedullary Pathway, Adrenal medulla, Adrenaline, Fight or Flight, Noradrenalin, Limbic System.

Adrenaline causes a number of physiological changes to prepare the body for ______________________________.

The adrenal medulla secretes the hormones ______________________________and ______________________________ into the bloodstream.

The SNS stimulates the ______________________________, part of the adrenal gland.

The hypothalamus activates the ______________________________ – the pathway running to the adrenal medulla and the

______________________________.

The ______________________________ (part of the ______________________________) is activated which send a distress signal to

the ______________________________.


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Q3 Evaluating ‘Fight or Flight’ For each of the evaluation points described below, explain why they are an issue for the fight or flight response.

Gray (1988) suggests that the first response to danger is not to fight or flight but to avoid confrontation altogether, which is known as ‘freeze’.

According to Taylor et al. (2000), women are more likely to protect their offspring (tending) and form alliances with other women (befriend), rather than fight an adversary or flee.

Modern day life rarely requires such an intense biological response and repeated activation of the fight or flight response can have a negative consequence on our health, e.g. raised blood pressure and heart disease.

Q4 Apply your knowledge Below is an answer to the following question: Outline the function of adrenaline in the fight-or-flight response. (4 marks) Adrenaline is secreted from the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream, leading to a number of physiological changes. Firstly, our heart rate increases*, secondly, our pupils dilates* and thirdly, there is a reduction in the functioning of non-essential functions, for example the digestive system.* This answer is likely to achieve 2 marks, because it has not explained why these changes occur. Rewrite the answer below, expanding on each sentence where there is an asterisk *.

SAMPLE


Adrenaline causes a number of physiological changes to prepare the body for fight or flight.

The adrenal medulla secretes the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream.

The SNS stimulates the adrenal medulla, part of the adrenal gland.

The hypothalamus activates the sympathomedullary pathway (SAM pathway) –the pathway running to the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system

(SNS)

The amygdala (part of the limbic system) is activated which send a distress signal to the hypothalamus.


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