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Independent media in the

Chinese-speakingsocieties


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Question


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What are the relationships between

independent media, New informationtechnology and New media

environment?

Question


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Independent media


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It refers to those media outlets which areindependent of government and corporate

groups and mostly engaging in social, culturaland political issues or advocacy.

Independent media


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It refers to those media outlets which areindependent of government and corporate

groups and mostly engaging in social, culturaland political issues or advocacy.

Independent media


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New Information technology

New media environment


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Technologies around Internet



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Multiple media outlets


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Multiple media outletsSynergy of multimedia


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New Information

Technology


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New Information

Technology

New media

environment


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New Information

Technology

New media

environment


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The rise ofindependent media

New Information

Technology

New media

environment


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Any intervening factor?


New Information

Technology

New media

environment


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Any intervening factor?


New Information

Technology

New media

environment


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My argument


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My argumentAgainst technological determinism

M


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Political agency are key to the new emergenceof independent media in Hong Kong, Malaysiaand Mainland China


M


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The political agency is triggered by

M


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legitimacy crisis of theauthoritarian regime.

M


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legitimacy crisis of theauthoritarian regime.

changes in political

leadership.


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Hong Kong


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Background

A post-colonial city

Authoritarian regimeFree media market

Cooperating with media tycoons

Continuing the colonial institutions


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Th d li f i d d t


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The decline of independentmedia (1970s-1990s)

Th d li f i d d t


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Independent media had been strong in the

1970s (the late colonial period)


The decline f inde endent


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It was overwhelmed by the rise of mediaconglomerates since the 1980s.

The decline of independent


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The dot-com bubble (1995-2001) only led toa fever in the commercial sector.

It was overwhelmed by the rise of mediaconglomerates since the 1980s.


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The independent media did not regain itsmomentum until 2003.


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The independent media did not regain itsmomentum until 2003.


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f C


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The political crisis of Tung CheeWah's post-colonial regime

Th l l f T Ch


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Economic recession (since 1997)

Th l l f T Ch


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Governance crisis (e.g. Article 23)

Th li i l i i f T Ch


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The SARS outbreak (2003)



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The public anxiety and agencyspread from economy and

politics to media




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New independent media


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Citizen journalism and mediaactivism (Hong Kong In-media

established in 2004)




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Online radio (Shift fromcommercially run to politically

orientated after 2003)



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Mainland China


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B k d


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Background

B k d


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The Chinese Communist Party:

Background

B k d


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The Chinese Communist Party:A meticulous and top-downauthoritarian control over media(since 1949)

Background

Background


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Background

Central Propaganda Department andits branches at all levels of government

Background


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Background


State/party-owned media

Background


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Background



Surveillance: public securitydepartment and police

Background


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Background




State Administration of Radio, Film

Background


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Background




State Administration of Radio, Filmand Television


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Th h f di f i


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The hope for media reform inthe early period of reform

(1980s) was crushed along with

the crackdown on studentmovement in 1989

Th h f di f i


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The sector of informationtechnology and the

investment in IT have beenbooming since the mid1990s.




Th h f di f i


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The sector of informationtechnology and the

investment in IT have beenbooming since the mid1990s.

They did not lead to therise of independent mediauntil 2003





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The year of civil right (weiquan) movement


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y g ( q )(2003)



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y g ( q )(2003)



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The new leadership since 2002/03:

Wen Jiaobao and Hu Jintao

(2003)



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(2003)

The SARS outbreak and a seriesof civil right issues in 2003



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(2003)


Ascendancy of people's politicalexpectation for a loose and free

environment



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(2003)


Ascendancy of people's politicalexpectation for a loose and free

environment

Emergence of public servicesjournalism in mainstream media


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Individual practices


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vs.State



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vs.State



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Celebrity bloggers and citizenjournalist compete with

internet censorship in speed

on internet

vs.State



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Celebrity bloggers and citizenjournalist compete with

internet censorship in speed

on internet

vs.State


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Non-government-affiliated NGOpublications


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They were quickly banned.


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Concluding remarks


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Political opportunities


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pp



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Hong Kong

pp



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Hong Kong Legitimacy crisis

pp



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Mainland China

pp



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Mainland China Changes in politicalleadership

pp

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