• Sand crab number

• Hello Dr. Lai,

• You may not remember me from the hundreds upon hundreds of previous students you have ever had, but I was in your Cluster 3 class only last year. I cannot believe it has been over a year since COSMOS 2012 first started (and now it is already COSMOS 2013 and you are all hurrying to finish your projects)!.....

…I hope all is going well during COSMOS 2013 and that you miss Cluster 3 from 2012 because we miss you all!

• Sincerely,

• Alison Wong

• Cluster 3 Living Oceans and Global Climate Change

• COSMOS UCSD 2012 Alumni

Proof of global warming

• -

• Animal rights organizations[edit]• Animal Aid (UK)• Animal Defense League• Animal Equality• Animal Legal Defense Fund• Animal Liberation Brigade (ALB)• Animal Liberation Leagues• Animal Liberation Press Office• Animal Rights Fund® (ARF)• Animal Welfare Enforcement Agency (UK)• Anonymous for Animal Rights• Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade (CAFT)• Compassion Over Killing (COK)• Comunidad Inti Wara Yassi• Equanimal• Friends of Animals (FoA)• Fight For Animals (FFA)• HAYTAP• In Defense of Animals (IDA)• International Primate Protection League (IPPL)• Italian Horse Protection Association (IHP)• Justice Department (animal rights)• Last Chance for Animals (LCA)• Libera!• Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition (MARC)• Mercy For Animals (MFA)

• People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)• SHowing Animals Respect and Kindness (SHARK)• Save Animals From Exploitation (SAFE)• Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS)• Social Workers for Animals (SWA)• Southern Animal Rights Coalition (SARC)• Stopcrush.org• Western Animal Rights Network (WARN)• Worldwide Events Ending Animal Cruelty (WEEAC)• World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA)• Uncaged Campaigns

• Broadly-focused movements, campaigns and organizations

• Animal Liberation Front (ALF)• Animal Rights Militia (ARM)• Justice Department (animal rights)• Lobster Liberation Front (LLF)• Southern Animal Rights Coalition (SARC)• Western Animal Rights Network (WARN)

Coral Reefs and Climate Change

Coral Reefs• Occupy <0.25% of world’s oceans• Diverse 4-5% of all earth species : rain forest• Habitat for 25% of all marine species• Paradox: low nutrients but high productivity• Past decades: >35 million acres obliterated• 70% will be destroyed in next decades• Coral: polyps, calcium carbonate skeleton• Tropical seas 30 N and S, 20-30 C• Symbiosis: Zooxanthellae

Types of coral reefs

Mushroom and soft Corals

Coral Distribution

Threats

Global Climate Change Threats

• Coral bleaching - caused by elevated sea surface temperatures

• Rising levels of CO2

• Diseases, Plagues and Invasive species - linked to human disturbances in the environment.

Coral reef bleaching

Bleached

Dynamite

Anchor and tourist damage

Algae overgrowth

Cyanide

Silted reef close to mine discharge

Major Threats

Oil slicks

1932

Coral Reefs Are Dying Around the World

• 20% of the world's coral reefs have been effectively destroyed and show no immediate prospects of recovery

• Approximately 40% of the 16% of the world's reefs that were seriously damaged in 1998 are either recovering well or have recovered

• The report predicts that 24% of the world's reefs are under imminent risk of collapse through human pressures; and a further 26% are under a longer term threat of collapse

• Clive Wilkinson, 2004, WWF

Direct Human Pressures • Over-fishing (and global market pressures) -

including the use of damaging practices (bomb and cyanide fishing)

• Sediments - from poor land use, deforestation, and dredging

• Nutrients and Chemical pollution • Development of coastal areas - for urban,

industrial, transport and tourism developments, including reclamation and mining of coral reef rock and sand beyond sustainable limits.

• Global climate change

Climate Change and the World's Coral Reefs, Greenpeace, 1999

• If climate change is not stopped, coral bleaching is set to steadily increase in frequency and intensity all over the world until it occurs annually by 2030 - 2070.

• This would devastate coral reefs globally to such an extent that they could be eliminated from most areas of the world by 2100. Current estimates suggest that reefs could take hundreds of years to recover. The loss of these fragile ecosystems would cost billions of dollars in lost revenue from tourism and fishing industries, as well as damage to coastal regions that are currently protected by the coral reefs that line most tropical coastlines.

The Human Dimension - Governance, Awareness

and Political Will • Rising poverty, increasing populations,

alienation from the land • Poor capacity for management and lack of

resources • Lack of Political Will, and Oceans

Governance

Carbon Dioxide, Coral Reefs, and Climate Change

• CO2 + H2O > CH2O + O2

– photosynthesis

• CH2O + O2 > CO2 + H2O– respiration

• 2HCO3- + Ca2+ > CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

– calcification• CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O > 2HCO3

- + Ca2+

– Dissolution of carbonate

Coral reefs create clouds to control the climateMarine and Freshwater Research (vol 55, p

849), • When the temperature soars, coral reefs might

cool off by creating their own clouds. • Corals are packed full of the chemical dimethyl

sulphide, or DMS • When released into the atmosphere, DMS helps

clouds to form, which could have a large impact on the local climate.

• "Although globally the emission of DMS from the Great Barrier Reef is not huge, on a regional basis it is very significant…"